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Stebbing MJ, Shafton AD, Davey CE, Di Natale MR, Furness JB, McAllen RM. A ganglionic intestinointestinal reflex activated by acute noxious challenge. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G360-G373. [PMID: 38226653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00145.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
To investigate noxious stimulation-responsive neural circuits that could influence the gut, we recorded from intestinally directed (efferent) nerve filaments dissected from mesenteric nerves close to the small intestine in anesthetized rats. These exhibited baseline multiunit activity that was almost unaffected by vagotomy (VagX) and reduced only slightly by cutting the splanchnic nerves. The activity was halved by hexamethonium (Hex) treatment. When an adjacent gut segment received an intraluminal stimulus 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS) in 30% ethanol, mesenteric efferent nerve activity increased for more than 1 h. The increased activity was almost unaffected by bilateral vagotomy or splanchnic nerve section, indicating a lack of central nervous involvement, but it was 60% reduced by hexamethonium. Spike sorting discriminated efferent single and predominantly single-unit spike trains that responded to TNBS, were unaffected by splachnectomy but were silenced by hexamethonium. After noxious stimulation of one segment, the adjacent segment showed no evidence of suppression of gut motility or vasoconstriction. We conclude that luminal application of a noxious stimulus to the small intestine activates an entirely peripheral, intestinointestinal reflex pathway. This pathway involves enteric intestinofugal neurons that excite postganglionic sympathetic neurons via a nicotinic synapse. We suggest that the final sympathetic efferent neurons that respond to a tissue damaging stimulus are distinct from vasoconstrictor, secretomotor, and motility inhibiting neurons.NEW & NOTEWORTHY An intraluminal noxious chemical stimulus applied to one segment of small intestine increased mesenteric efferent nerve activity to an adjacent segment. This was identified as a peripheral ganglionic reflex that did not require vagal or spinal connections. Hexamethonium blocked most, but not all, ongoing and reflex mesenteric efferent activity. The prevertebral sympathetic efferent neurons that are activated likely affect inflammatory and immune functions of other gut segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Stebbing
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony D Shafton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine E Davey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin M McAllen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Ziaka M, Exadaktylos A. Pathophysiology of acute lung injury in patients with acute brain injury: the triple-hit hypothesis. Crit Care 2024; 28:71. [PMID: 38454447 PMCID: PMC10918982 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been convincingly demonstrated in recent years that isolated acute brain injury (ABI) may cause severe dysfunction of peripheral extracranial organs and systems. Of all potential target organs and systems, the lung appears to be the most vulnerable to damage after ABI. The pathophysiology of the bidirectional brain-lung interactions is multifactorial and involves inflammatory cascades, immune suppression, and dysfunction of the autonomic system. Indeed, the systemic effects of inflammatory mediators in patients with ABI create a systemic inflammatory environment ("first hit") that makes extracranial organs vulnerable to secondary procedures that enhance inflammation, such as mechanical ventilation (MV), surgery, and infections ("second hit"). Moreover, accumulating evidence supports the knowledge that gut microbiota constitutes a critical superorganism and an organ on its own, potentially modifying various physiological functions of the host. Furthermore, experimental and clinical data suggest the existence of a communication network among the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and its microbiome, which appears to regulate immune responses, gastrointestinal function, brain function, behavior, and stress responses, also named the "gut-microbiome-brain axis." Additionally, recent research evidence has highlighted a crucial interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the lungs, referred to as the "gut-lung axis," in which alterations during critical illness could result in bacterial translocation, sustained inflammation, lung injury, and pulmonary fibrosis. In the present work, we aimed to further elucidate the pathophysiology of acute lung injury (ALI) in patients with ABI by attempting to develop the "double-hit" theory, proposing the "triple-hit" hypothesis, focused on the influence of the gut-lung axis on the lung. Particularly, we propose, in addition to sympathetic hyperactivity, blast theory, and double-hit theory, that dysbiosis and intestinal dysfunction in the context of ABI alter the gut-lung axis, resulting in the development or further aggravation of existing ALI, which constitutes the "third hit."
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi Ziaka
- Clinic for Geriatric Medicine, Center for Geriatric Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kantonsspital Baselland, Bruderholz, Switzerland.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Aristomenis Exadaktylos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Shiraishi S, Liu J, Saito Y, Oba Y, Nishihara Y, Yoshimura S. A New Non-Obese Steatohepatitis Mouse Model with Cardiac Dysfunction Induced by Addition of Ethanol to a High-Fat/High-Cholesterol Diet. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:91. [PMID: 38392309 PMCID: PMC10886349 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Non-obese metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has been associated with cardiovascular-related mortality, leading to a higher mortality rate compared to the general population. However, few reports have examined cardiovascular events in non-obese MASLD mouse models. In this study we created a mouse model to mimic this condition. In this study involving seven-week-old C57BL/6J male mice, two dietary conditions were tested: a standard high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (STHD-01) and a combined diet of STHD-01 and ethanol. Over periods of 6 and 12 weeks, we analyzed the effects on liver and cardiac tissues using various staining techniques and PCR. Echocardiography and blood tests were also performed to assess cardiac function and liver damage. The results showed that mice on the ethanol-supplemented STHD-01 diet developed signs of steatohepatitis and cardiac dysfunction, along with increased sympathetic activity, as early as 6 weeks. At 12 weeks, more pronounced exacerbations accompanied with cardiac dilation, advanced liver fibrosis, and activated myocardial fibrosis with sympathetic activation were observed. This mouse model effectively replicated non-obese MASLD and cardiac dysfunction over a 12-week period using a combined diet of STHD-01 and ethanol. This dietary approach highlighted that both liver inflammation and fibrosis, as well as cardiac dysfunction, could be significantly worsened due to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Our results indicate that alcohol, even when completely metabolized on the day of drinking, exacerbates the progression of non-obese MASLD and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Shiraishi
- Exploratory Research Department, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Fujisawa-shi 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jinyao Liu
- Student Medical Academia Investigation Lab, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Exploratory Research Department, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Fujisawa-shi 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oba
- Student Medical Academia Investigation Lab, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuiko Nishihara
- Exploratory Research Department, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Fujisawa-shi 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satomichi Yoshimura
- Student Medical Academia Investigation Lab, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Londregan A, Alexander TD, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: The role of enteroendocrine cells in visceral pain. J Neurochem 2023; 167:719-732. [PMID: 38037432 PMCID: PMC10917140 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
While visceral pain is commonly associated with disorders of the gut-brain axis, underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervate visceral structures and undergo hypersensitization in inflammatory models. The characterization of peripheral DRG neuron terminals is an active area of research, but recent work suggests that they communicate with enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the gut. EECs sense stimuli in the intestinal lumen and communicate information to the brain through hormonal and electrical signaling. In that context, EECs are a target for developing therapeutics to treat visceral pain. Linaclotide is an FDA-approved treatment for chronic constipation that activates the intestinal membrane receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C). Clinical trials revealed that linaclotide relieves both constipation and visceral pain. We recently demonstrated that the analgesic effect of linaclotide reflects the overexpression of GUCY2C on neuropod cells, a specialized subtype of EECs. While this brings some clarity to the relationship between linaclotide and visceral analgesia, questions remain about the intracellular signaling mechanisms and neurotransmitters mediating this communication. In this Fundamental Neurochemistry Review, we discuss what is currently known about visceral nociceptors, enteroendocrine cells, and the gut-brain axis, and ongoing areas of research regarding that axis and visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Londregan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Tyler D. Alexander
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Vicki & Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience at Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Vicki & Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience at Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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Masliukov PM, Emanuilov AI, Budnik AF. Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2249-2263. [PMID: 35762574 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gut motility, secretion, and blood flow in the gut microvasculature and can modulate gastrointestinal inflammation. Sympathetic neurons signal via catecholamines, neuropeptides, and gas mediators. In the current review, we summarize the current understanding of the mature sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract with a focus mainly on the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia as the main output to the gut. We also highlight recent work regarding the developmental processes of sympathetic innervation. The anatomy, neurochemistry, and connections of the sympathetic prevertebral ganglia with different parts of the gut are considered in adult organisms during prenatal and postnatal development and aging. The processes and mechanisms that control the development of sympathetic neurons, including their migratory pathways, neuronal differentiation, and aging, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr M Masliukov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Andrey I Emanuilov
- Department of Human Anatomy, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Antonina F Budnik
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy, Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov, Nalchik, Russia
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Liu P, Liu M, Xi D, Bai Y, Ma R, Mo Y, Zeng G, Zong S. Short-chain fatty acids ameliorate spinal cord injury recovery by regulating the balance of regulatory T cells and effector IL-17 + γδ T cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:312-325. [PMID: 37056207 PMCID: PMC10106403 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunctions. The gut microbiome has an important role in SCI, while short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are one of the main bioactive mediators of microbiota. In the present study, we explored the effects of oral administration of exogenous SCFAs on the recovery of locomotor function and tissue repair in SCI. Allen's method was utilized to establish an SCI model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The animals received water containing a mixture of 150 mmol/L SCFAs after SCI. After 21 d of treatment, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score increased, the regularity index improved, and the base of support (BOS) value declined. Spinal cord tissue inflammatory infiltration was alleviated, the spinal cord necrosis cavity was reduced, and the numbers of motor neurons and Nissl bodies were elevated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunohistochemistry assay revealed that the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 increased and that of IL-17 decreased in the spinal cord. SCFAs promoted gut homeostasis, induced intestinal T cells to shift toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, and promoted regulatory T (Treg) cells to secrete IL-10, affecting Treg cells and IL-17+ γδ T cells in the spinal cord. Furthermore, we observed that Treg cells migrated from the gut to the spinal cord region after SCI. The above findings confirm that SCFAs can regulate Treg cells in the gut and affect the balance of Treg and IL-17+ γδ T cells in the spinal cord, which inhibits the inflammatory response and promotes the motor function in SCI rats. Our findings suggest that there is a relationship among gut, spinal cord, and immune cells, and the "gut-spinal cord-immune" axis may be one of the mechanisms regulating neural repair after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Mingfu Liu
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Deshuang Xi
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yiguang Bai
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanchong Central Hosipital, the Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Ruixin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yaomin Mo
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- College of Public Hygiene of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Shaohui Zong
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Zhai Z, Su PW, Ma LY, Yang H, Wang T, Fei ZG, Zhang YN, Wang Y, Ma K, Han BB, Wu ZC, Yu HY, Zhao HJ. Progress on traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of ischemic stroke via the gut-brain axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114056. [PMID: 36446240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common issue that severely affects the human health. Between the central nervous system and the enteric system, the " Gut-Brain " axis, the bidirectional connection involved in the neuro-immuno-endocrine network, is crucial for the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke can lead to change in the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal hormones, which will then reversely affect the disease development. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has unique advantages with reference to the treatment for ischemic stroke. The latest research revealed that a significant portion of medicines and prescriptions of TCM exert their therapeutic effects by improving the gut microbiota and regulating the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones. The present review summarized the Chinese medicines that play a therapeutic role in cerebral ischemia through regulating the "Gut-Brain" axis and described the corresponding mechanisms. This study attempts to provide reference for clinical selection of Chinese medicines and helps better understand the relevant mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhai
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Pei-Wei Su
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lan-Ying Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng-Gen Fei
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ke Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bing-Bing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi-Chun Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hua-Yun Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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Zhang Y, Lang R, Guo S, Luo X, Li H, Liu C, Dong W, Bao C, Yu Y. Intestinal microbiota and melatonin in the treatment of secondary injury and complications after spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:981772. [PMID: 36440294 PMCID: PMC9682189 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.981772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system (CNS) disease that can cause sensory and motor impairment below the level of injury. Currently, the treatment scheme for SCI mainly focuses on secondary injury and complications. Recent studies have shown that SCI leads to an imbalance of intestinal microbiota and the imbalance is also associated with complications after SCI, possibly through the microbial-brain-gut axis. Melatonin is secreted in many parts of the body including pineal gland and gut, effectively protecting the spinal cord from secondary damage. The secretion of melatonin is affected by circadian rhythms, known as the dark light cycle, and SCI would also cause dysregulation of melatonin secretion. In addition, melatonin is closely related to the intestinal microbiota, which protects the barrier function of the gut through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and increases the abundance of intestinal microbiota by influencing the metabolism of the intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota can influence melatonin formation by regulating tryptophan and serotonin metabolism. This paper summarizes and reviews the knowledge on the relationship among intestinal microbiota, melatonin, and SCI in recent years, to provide new theories and ideas for clinical research related to SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rui Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shunyu Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Luo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cencen Liu
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Zhongjiang County, Deyang, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Changshun Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Neurological Diseases and Brain Function Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Cho Y, Han Y, Kim Y, Han S, Oh K, Chae H, Hongmin C, Ryu M. Anatomical structures and needling method of the back-shu points BL18, BL20, and BL22 related to gastrointestinal organs: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review of acupoints and exploratory mechanism analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29878. [PMID: 36316824 PMCID: PMC9622668 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acupuncture treatment on back-shu points (BSPs) has received attention owing its ability to control the function of visceral organs. We aimed to conduct a systematic review to provide detailed information on the effectiveness and safety of BL18, BL20, and BL22 on the digestive system in terms of soft tissue and anatomical structure and assist in the appropriate application. METHODS Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, OASIS, RISS, and CNKI were searched from their inception to July 2021. This systematic review included randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, case series, and case reports that addressed anatomical structures or needling methods of BL18, BL20, and BL22. RESULTS In total, 115 articles were included from the 7 electronic databases. One hundred eight articles described the depth and method. A total of 96 articles described depth, 86 articles described the angle, and 74 articles described both. Seventy-nine articles described the target muscles and anatomical structure. Acupuncture on BSP is effective in gastrointestinal diseases because of compression of the spinal nerve, sympathetic nerve hyperactivity, and connection of the diaphragm. By reviewing each study's acupuncture method and target muscles, we analyzed the angle and depth of the needle that effectively leads to therapeutic response. CONCLUSIONS This study provides guidance on applying needles in terms of anatomical structures to yield therapeutic responses. However, few studies have assessed how to effectively stimulate BSP to trigger digestive effects and their mechanisms. Additional studies on the relationship between BSP and the digestive system are needed to use these acupoints for digestive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonwoo Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaejin Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Sihyun Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichang Oh
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyocheong Chae
- Academic Affairs Board, Korean Medical Society of Soft Tissue, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chu Hongmin
- Academic Affairs Board, Korean Medical Society of Soft Tissue, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Daecheong Island Branch Office of a Ongjin Public Health Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Chu Hongmin, Daecheong Island Branch Office of a Ongjin Public Health Center, 3, Daecheong-ro, Daecheong-myeon, Ongjin-gun, Incheon, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
| | - Myungseok Ryu
- Academic Affairs Board, Korean Medical Society of Soft Tissue, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Daemyung Korean Medicine Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Chu Hongmin, Daecheong Island Branch Office of a Ongjin Public Health Center, 3, Daecheong-ro, Daecheong-myeon, Ongjin-gun, Incheon, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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10
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Yasmin F, Sahito AM, Mir SL, Khatri G, Shaikh S, Gul A, Hassan SA, Koritala T, Surani S. Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2022; 13:128-142. [PMID: 36187600 PMCID: PMC9516456 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i5.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It has financial and quality of life impact on patients. Although there has been a significant advancement in treatments, a considerable number of patients do not respond to it or have severe side effects. Therapeutic approaches such as electrical neuromodulation are being investigated to provide alternate options. Although bioelectric neuromodulation technology has evolved significantly in the last decade, sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for fecal incontinence remains the only neuromodulation protocol commonly utilized use for GI disease. For IBD treatment, several electrical neuromodulation techniques have been studied, such as vagus NS, SNS, and tibial NS. Several animal and clinical experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness, with encouraging results. The precise underlying mechanisms of action for electrical neuromodulation are unclear, but this modality appears to be promising. Randomized control trials are required to investigate the efficacy of intrinsic processes. In this review, we will discuss the electrical modulation therapy for the IBD and the data pertaining to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Yasmin
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Moiz Sahito
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Lamiya Mir
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Govinda Khatri
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Somina Shaikh
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Ambresha Gul
- Department of Medicine, People’s University of Medical and Health Sciences, Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan
| | - Syed Adeel Hassan
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louiseville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Thoyaja Koritala
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY 55902, United States
| | - Salim Surani
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
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11
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Zhang Z, Sui R, Ge L, Xia D. Moxibustion exhibits therapeutic effects on spinal cord injury via modulating microbiota dysbiosis and macrophage polarization. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5800-5811. [PMID: 35876627 PMCID: PMC9365548 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to study the effect of moxibustion (MOX) on microbiota dysbiosis and macrophage polarization, so as to unveil the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of MOX in the management of spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI animal models were established to study the effect of MOX. Accordingly, it was found that MOX treatment significantly suppressed the Ace index and Shannon index in the SCI group. Moreover, the reduced relative levels of Lactobacillales and Bifidobacteriales and the elevated relative level of Clostridiales in the SCI animals were mitigated by the treatment of MOX. The body weight, food intake, energy expenditure (EE) index and respiratory quotient (RQ) index of SCI mice were all evidently decreased, but the levels of interleukin (IL)-17, interferon (IFN)-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-1β were increased in the SCI group. Moreover, MOX treatment significantly mitigated the dysregulation of above factors in SCI mice. Accordingly, we found that the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) score was negatively correlated with the level of Clostridiales while positively correlated with the level of Lactobacillales. The apoptotic index and caspase-3 level were both evidently increased in the SCI group, while the SCI+MOX group showed reduced levels of apoptotic index and caspase-3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the treatment with MOX can promote microbiota dysbiosis and macrophage polarization, thus alleviating spinal cord injury by down-regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121012, China
| | - Rubo Sui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121012, China
| | - Lili Ge
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121012, China
| | - Dongjian Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121012, China
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12
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Cook TM, Mansuy-Aubert V. Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2068365. [PMID: 35482894 PMCID: PMC9067538 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2068365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trillions of bacteria reside within our gastrointestinal tract, ideally forming a mutually beneficial relationship between us. However, persistent changes in diet and lifestyle in the western diet and lifestyle contribute to a damaging of the gut microbiota-host symbiosis leading to diseases such as obesity and irritable bowel syndrome. Many symptoms and comorbidities associated with these diseases stem from dysfunctional signaling in peripheral neurons. Our peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of a variety of sensory, autonomic, and enteric neurons which coordinate key homeostatic functions such as gastrointestinal motility, digestion, immunity, feeding behavior, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and more. The composition and signaling of bacteria in our gut dramatically influences how our peripheral neurons regulate these functions, and we are just beginning to uncover the molecular mechanisms mediating this communication. In this review, we cover the general anatomy and function of the PNS, and then we discuss how the molecules secreted or stimulated by gut microbes signal through the PNS to alter host development and physiology. Finally, we discuss how leveraging the power of our gut microbes on peripheral nervous system signaling may offer effective therapies to counteract the rise in chronic diseases crippling the western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Cook
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA,CONTACT Virginie Mansuy-Aubert Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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13
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Populin L, Stebbing MJ, Furness JB. Neuronal regulation of the gut immune system and neuromodulation for treating inflammatory bowel disease. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:953-966. [PMID: 34761177 PMCID: PMC8565205 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut immune system in the healthy intestine is anti-inflammatory, but can move to a pro-inflammatory state when the gut is challenged by pathogens or in disease. The nervous system influences the level of inflammation through enteric neurons and extrinsic neural connections, particularly vagal and sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, each of which exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Within the enteric nervous system (ENS), three neuron types that influence gut immune cells have been identified, intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons that project to the mucosa, and cholinergic neurons that influence macrophages in the external muscle layers. The enteric neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tachykinins, and neuromedin U (NMU), which are contained in IPANs, and VIP produced by the mucosa innervating neurons, all influence immune cells, notably innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILC2 are stimulated by VIP to release IL-22, which promotes microbial defense and tissue repair. Enteric neurons are innervated by the vagus, and, in the large intestine, by the pelvic nerves. Vagal nerve stimulation reduces gut inflammation, which may be both by stimulation of efferent (motor) pathways to the ENS, and stimulation of afferent pathways that connect to integrating centers in the CNS. Efferent pathways from the CNS have their anti-inflammatory effects through either or both vagal efferent neurons and sympathetic pathways. The final neurons in sympathetic pathways reduce gut inflammation by the action of noradrenaline on β2 adrenergic receptors expressed by immune cells. Activation of neural anti-inflammatory pathways is an attractive option to treat inflammatory bowel disease that is refractory to other treatments. Further investigation of the ways in which enteric reflexes, vagal pathways and sympathetic pathways integrate their effects to modulate the gut immune system and gut inflammation is needed to optimize neuromodulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Populin
- Department of NeuroscienceSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Martin J. Stebbing
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Anatomy & PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - John B. Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Anatomy & PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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14
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Transdermal auricular vagus stimulation for the treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci 2021; 236:102886. [PMID: 34634682 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a chronic disorder characterized by symptoms of orthostatic intolerance such as fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, palpitations, dyspnea, chest discomfort and remarkable tachycardia upon standing. Non-invasive transdermal vagal stimulators have been applied for the treatment of epilepsy, anxiety, depression, headache, and chronic pain syndromes. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects after transdermal vagal stimulation raised interest for applications in other diseases. Patients with sympathetic overactivity, reduced cardiac vagal drive and presence of systemic inflammation like POTS may benefit from tVNS. This article will address crucial methodological aspects of tVNS and provide preliminary results of its acute and chronic use in POTS, with regards to its potential effectiveness on autonomic symptoms reduction and heart rate modulation.
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15
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Yang X, Lou J, Shan W, Ding J, Jin Z, Hu Y, Du Q, Liao Q, Xie R, Xu J. Pathophysiologic Role of Neurotransmitters in Digestive Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:567650. [PMID: 34194334 PMCID: PMC8236819 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.567650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are special molecules that serve as messengers in chemical synapses between neurons, cells, or receptors, including catecholamines, serotonin, dopamine, and other neurotransmitters, which play an important role in both human physiology and pathology. Compelling evidence has indicated that neurotransmitters have an important physiological role in various digestive diseases. They act as ligands in combination with central or peripheral receptors, and transmits signals through chemical synapses, which are involved in regulating the physiological and pathological processes of the digestive tract organs. For instance, neurotransmitters regulate blood circulation and affect intestinal movement, nutrient absorption, the gastrointestinal innate immune system, and the microbiome. In this review, we will focus on the role of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of digestive tract diseases to provide novel therapeutic targets for new drug development in digestive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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16
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Norton CE, Grunz-Borgmann EA, Hart ML, Jones BW, Franklin CL, Boerman EM. Role of perivascular nerve and sensory neurotransmitter dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1887-H1902. [PMID: 33710922 PMCID: PMC8163646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00037.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with both impaired intestinal blood flow and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the functional role of perivascular nerves that control vasomotor function of mesenteric arteries (MAs) perfusing the intestine during IBD is unknown. Because perivascular sensory nerves and their transmitters calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) are important mediators of both vasodilation and inflammatory responses, our objective was to identify IBD-related deficits in perivascular sensory nerve function and vascular neurotransmitter signaling. In MAs from an interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10-/-) mouse model, IBD significantly impairs electrical field stimulation (EFS)-mediated sensory vasodilation and inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction, despite decreased sympathetic nerve density and vasoconstriction. The MA content and EFS-mediated release of both CGRP and SP are decreased with IBD, but IBD has unique effects on each transmitter. CGRP nerve density, receptor expression, hyperpolarization, and vasodilation are preserved with IBD. In contrast, SP nerve density and receptor expression are increased, and SP hyperpolarization and vasodilation are impaired with IBD. A key finding is that blockade of SP receptors restores EFS-mediated sensory vasodilation and enhanced CGRP-mediated vasodilation in MAs from IBD but not Control mice. Together, these data suggest that an aberrant role for the perivascular sensory neurotransmitter SP and its downstream signaling in MAs underlies vascular dysfunction with IBD. We propose that with IBD, SP signaling impedes CGRP-mediated sensory vasodilation, contributing to impaired blood flow. Thus, substance P and NK1 receptors may represent an important target for treating vascular dysfunction in IBD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study is the first to show that IBD causes profound impairment of sensory vasodilation and inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in mesenteric arteries. This occurs alongside decreased SP-containing nerve density and increased expression of NK1 receptors for SP. In contrast, CGRP dilation, nerve density, and receptor expression are unchanged. Blocking NK1 receptors restores sensory vasodilation in MAs and increases CGRP-mediated vasodilation, indicating that SP interference with CGRP signaling may underlie impaired sensory vasodilation with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Norton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Marcia L Hart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Benjamin W Jones
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Erika M Boerman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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17
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Huo JY, Jiang WY, Lyu YT, Zhu L, Liu HH, Chen YY, Chen M, Geng J, Jiang ZX, Shan QJ. Renal Denervation Attenuates Neuroinflammation in the Brain by Regulating Gut-Brain Axis in Rats With Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:650140. [PMID: 33981735 PMCID: PMC8109795 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.650140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The development of neuroinflammation deteriorates the prognosis of myocardial infarction (MI). We aimed to investigate the effect of renal denervation (RDN) on post-MI neuroinflammation in rats and the related mechanisms. Methods and Results: Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham or ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce MI. One week later, the MI rats received a sham or RDN procedure. Their cardiac functions were analyzed by echocardiography, and their intestinal structures, permeability, and inflammatory cytokines were tested. The intestinal microbiota were characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing. The degrees of neuroinflammation in the brains of rats were analyzed for microglia activation, inflammatory cytokines, and inflammation-related signal pathways. In comparison with the Control rats, the MI rats exhibited impaired cardiac functions, intestinal injury, increased intestinal barrier permeability, and microbial dysbiosis, accompanied by increased microglia activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain. A RDN procedure dramatically decreased the levels of renal and intestinal sympathetic nerve activity, improved cardiac functions, and mitigated the MI-related intestinal injury and neuroinflammation in the brain of MI rats. Interestingly, the RDN procedure mitigated the MI-increased intestinal barrier permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokines and plasma LPS as well as ameliorated the gut microbial dysbiosis in MI rats. The protective effect of RDN was not significantly affected by treatment with intestinal alkaline phosphatase but significantly reduced by L-phenylalanine treatment in MI rats. Conclusions: RDN attenuated the neuroinflammation in the brain of MI rats, associated with mitigating the MI-related intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yu Huo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wan-Ying Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Ting Lyu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Geng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi-Jun Shan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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The intestinal neuro-immune axis: crosstalk between neurons, immune cells, and microbes. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:555-565. [PMID: 33542493 PMCID: PMC8075967 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated by a complex network of neurons that coordinate critical physiological functions. Here, we summarize recent studies investigating the crosstalk between gut-innervating neurons, resident immune cells, and epithelial cells at homeostasis and during infection, food allergy, and inflammatory bowel disease. We introduce the neuroanatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, detailing gut-extrinsic neuron populations from the spinal cord and brain stem, and neurons of the intrinsic enteric nervous system. We highlight the roles these neurons play in regulating the functions of innate immune cells, adaptive immune cells, and intestinal epithelial cells. We discuss the consequences of such signaling for mucosal immunity. Finally, we discuss how the intestinal microbiota is integrated into the neuro-immune axis by tuning neuronal and immune interactions. Understanding the molecular events governing the intestinal neuro-immune signaling axes will enhance our knowledge of physiology and may provide novel therapeutic targets to treat inflammatory diseases.
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19
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Jing Y, Bai F, Yu Y. Spinal cord injury and gut microbiota: A review. Life Sci 2020; 266:118865. [PMID: 33301807 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), intestinal dysfunction has a serious impact on physical and mental health, quality of life, and social participation. Recent data from rodent and human studies indicated that SCI causes gut dysbiosis. Remodeling gut microbiota could be beneficial for the recovery of intestinal function and motor function after SCI. However, few studies have explored SCI with focus on the gut microbiota and "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. In this review, the complications following SCI, including intestinal dysfunction, anxiety and depression, metabolic disorders, and neuropathic pain, are directly or indirectly related to gut dysbiosis, which may be mediated by "gut-brain" interactions. Furthermore, we discuss the research strategies that can be beneficial in this regard, including germ-free animals, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, phages, and brain imaging techniques. The current microbial research has shifted from descriptive to mechanismal perspective, and future research using new technologies may further demonstrate the pathophysiological mechanism of association of SCI with gut microbiota, elucidate the mode of interaction of gut microbiota and hosts, and help develop personalized microbiota-targeted therapies and drugs based on microbiota or corresponding metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Jing
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing 100068, China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Fan Bai
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing 100068, China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Yan Yu
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing 100068, China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China.
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20
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Kim KN, Yao Y, Ju SY. Heart rate variability and inflammatory bowel disease in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23430. [PMID: 33235125 PMCID: PMC7710256 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) maintains homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract, including immunity, inflammation and motility, through the brain-gut axis. To date, the associations between ANS function and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been controversial and inconclusive in human studies. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched through February 2020 for articles reporting these association between heart rate variability (HRV), an indirect measure of ANS activity, and IBD. The standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Ten eligible studies involving 273 ulcerative colitis patients, 167 Crohn's disease patients and 208 healthy controls were included. The values of the total power (SMD = -0.83, 95% CI = -1.44, -0.21), high frequency (SMD = -0.79, 95% CI = -1.20, -0.38), RR interval (SMD = -0.66, 95% CI = -1.04, -0.27), standard deviation of the RR intervals (SMD = -1.00, 95% CI = -1.73, -0.27), percentage of RR intervals with a greater than 50-millisecond variation (SMD = -0.82, 95% CI = -1.33, -0.30) and the square root of the mean squared differences in successive RR intervals (SMD = -0.71, 95% CI = -1.15, -0.26) of the IBD patients were lower than those of the healthy controls, and moderate to large effect sizes were observed in all HRV indices, except for low frequency (SMD = -0.41, 95% CI = 0.95, 0.13). IBD was strongly associated with an overall decrease in HRV, indicating substantially decreased ANS activity. Furthermore, the parasympathetic nerve displayed a stronger inverse association with ANS activity than the sympathetic nerve, indicating ANS dysfunction in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Nam Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yao Yao
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies and Raissun Institute for Advanced Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sang-Yhun Ju
- Department of Family Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Lisukha LM, Kolpakov IY. STATE OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH PATHOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS, WHO LIVE AT RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE. PROBLEMY RADIAT︠S︡IĬNOÏ MEDYT︠S︡YNY TA RADIOBIOLOHIÏ 2020; 24:395-410. [PMID: 31841482 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2019-24-395-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to study the state of cognitive functions in children who were born and permanently live at radioactive contaminated territories (RCT) with pathology of the upper digestive tract, using pathopsychological testing; to increase the effectiveness of treatment and prophylactic measures aimed at preserving and restoring the health of RCT residents. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND METHODS A randomized blind controlled clinical trial was conducted. There were examined, a total of 90 persons aged 6 to 17 years (35 boys and 55 girls) who were divided into two groups: the control group (I) included 30 persons of the conventional «clean» territories, and the main group (II) - 60 patients with patho- logy of the digestive organs who were born and live at the RCT. The study program included: the collection of anam- nesis, complaints; clinical and instrumental examinations. The following tests were applied by us: «What things are hidden in the drawings», Toulouse-Pieron, Raven, and Luria testing. For detecting the anxiety level, and the subjec- tive signs of autonomic dysfunctions were used the Spilberg-Hanin self-diagnosis and the Wein questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS It was shown that in children aged 6-11 years, according to the results of the Toulouse-Pieron test, speed of cognitive information-processing was significantly decreased by 7.17 conventional units, while on the back- ground of the etiopathogenetic treatment of the digestive tract - by 10.24 conventional units relative to the va- lues of the control group. The long-term memory was statistically significantly decreased in the examined children of senior school age (from 12 to 17 years). A significant increase in reactive anxiety and a reverse correlation between the personal anxiety (PA) and speed of cognitive information-processing (r = -0.331) were recorded in patients aged 6-11 years. In older patients, PA was increased.Сonclusions. The obtained results indicate that the state of cognitive functions was characterized by a decrease in speed of cognitive information-processing, long-term memory and a high level of anxiety in children aged from 6 to 17 years residents of RСT with pathology of digestive organs, according to the used testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Lisukha
- O. O. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz St., Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - I Ye Kolpakov
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka St., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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22
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Sharma RK, Oliveira AC, Yang T, Kim S, Zubcevic J, Aquino V, Lobaton GO, Goel R, Richards EM, Raizada MK. Pulmonary arterial hypertension-associated changes in gut pathology and microbiota. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00253-2019. [PMID: 32743008 PMCID: PMC7383054 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00253-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates an interplay among multiple organs such as brain, vasculature, gut and lung in the development of established pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This has led us to propose that activated microglia mediated-enhanced sympathetic activation contributes to PAH pathophysiology. Since enhanced sympathetic activity is observed in human PAH and the gut is highly innervated by sympathetic nerves that regulate its physiological functions, we hypothesized that PAH would be associated with gut pathophysiology. A monocrotaline rat model of PAH was utilized to investigate the link between gut pathology and PAH. Haemodynamics, histology, immunocytochemistry and 16S RNA gene sequencing were used to assess cardiopulmonary functions, gut pathology and gut microbial communities respectively. Monocrotaline treatment caused increased right ventricular systolic pressure, haemodynamics and pathological changes associated with PAH. PAH animals also showed profound gut pathology that included increased intestinal permeability, increased muscularis layer, decreased villi length and goblet cells. These changes in gut pathology were associated with alterations in microbial communities, some unique to PAH animals. Furthermore, enhanced gut-neural communication involving the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and increased sympathetic drive were observed. In conclusion, our data show the presence of gut pathology and distinct changes in gut microbiota and increased sympathetic activity in PAH. They suggest that dysfunctional gut-brain crosstalk could be critical in PAH and considered a future therapeutic target for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K. Sharma
- Dept of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aline C. Oliveira
- Dept of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Dept of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Seungbum Kim
- Dept of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Dept of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Victor Aquino
- Dept of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gilberto O. Lobaton
- Dept of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ruby Goel
- Dept of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elaine M. Richards
- Dept of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Dept of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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23
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Li XJ, You XY, Wang CY, Li XL, Sheng YY, Zhuang PW, Zhang YJ. Bidirectional Brain-gut-microbiota Axis in increased intestinal permeability induced by central nervous system injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:783-790. [PMID: 32472633 PMCID: PMC7366750 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system injuries may lead to the disorders of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and enteric nervous system. These effects then cause the changes in the intestinal microenvironment, such as a disordered intestinal immune system as well as alterations of intestinal bacteria. Ultimately, this leads to an increase in intestinal permeability. Inflammatory factors produced by the interactions between intestinal neurons and immune cells as well as the secretions and metabolites of intestinal flora can then migrate through the intestinal barrier, which will aggravate any peripheral inflammation and the central nervous system injury. The brain‐gut‐microbiota axis is a complex system that plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases. It may also increase the consequences of preventative treatment. In this context, here we have summarized the factors that can lead to the increased intestinal permeability and some of the possible outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jin Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Yu You
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong-Ying Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Li Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sheng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng-Wei Zhuang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
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24
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O'Donovan SM, Crowley EK, Brown JRM, O'Sullivan O, O'Leary OF, Timmons S, Nolan YM, Clarke DJ, Hyland NP, Joyce SA, Sullivan AM, O'Neill C. Nigral overexpression of α-synuclein in a rat Parkinson's disease model indicates alterations in the enteric nervous system and the gut microbiome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13726. [PMID: 31576631 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the build-up of α-synuclein protein aggregates throughout the brain; however α-synuclein is also expressed in enteric neurons. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and pathology are frequently reported in PD, including constipation, increased intestinal permeability, glial pathology, and alterations to gut microbiota composition. α-synuclein can propagate through neuronal systems but the site of origin of α-synuclein pathology, whether it be the gut or the brain, is still unknown. Physical exercise is associated with alleviating symptoms of PD and with altering the composition of the gut microbiota. METHODS This study investigated the effects of bilateral nigral injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-α-synuclein on enteric neurons, glia and neurochemistry, the gut microbiome, and bile acid metabolism in rats, some of whom were exposed to voluntary exercise. KEY RESULTS Nigral overexpression of α-synuclein resulted in significant neuronal loss in the ileal submucosal plexus with no change in enteric glia. In contrast, the myenteric plexus showed a significant increase in glial expression, while neuronal numbers were maintained. Concomitant alterations were observed in the gut microbiome and related bile acid metabolism. Voluntary running protected against neuronal loss, increased enteric glial expression, and modified gut microbiome composition in the brain-injected AAV-α-synuclein PD model. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These results show that developing nigral α-synuclein pathology in this PD model exerts significant alterations on the enteric nervous system (ENS) and gut microbiome that are receptive to modification by exercise. This highlights brain to gut communication as an important mechanism in PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M O'Donovan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Erin K Crowley
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Orla O'Sullivan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Timmons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Centre of Gerontology and Rehabilitation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David J Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Palus K, Obremski K, Bulc M, Całka J. The impact of low and high doses of acrylamide on the intramural neurons of the porcine ileum. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110673. [PMID: 31302221 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the influence of acrylamide supplementation, in tolerable daily intake (TDI) dose and a dose ten times higher than TDI, on the neurochemical phenotype of the ENS neurons and synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines in the wall of the porcine ileum. The study was performed on 15 juvenile female Danish Landrace pigs, divided into three groups: C group- animals receiving empty gelatine capsules, LD group- animals receiving capsules with the TDI dose (0.5 μg/kg b.w./day) of acrylamide and HD group- animals receiving acrylamide in a dose ten times higher than the TDI (5 μg/kg b.w./day) in a morning meal for 28 days. It was established that supplementation of acrylamide led to an increase in substance P (SP)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, galanin (GAL)- and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)-like immunoreactive (LI) neurons as well as a decrease in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) -like immunoreactivity in all types of ileum intramural plexuses. Moreover, using ELISA method, an increase in the level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF- α) was noted in the ileum wall. The results suggest that SP, CGRP, GAL, nNOS and VACHT participate in the regulation of inflammatory conditions induced by acrylamide supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Palus
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10- 718, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Obremski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Bulc
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10- 718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10- 718, Olsztyn, Poland
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Hanman A, Chen JH, Parsons SP, Huizinga JD. Noradrenaline inhibits neurogenic propulsive motor patterns but not neurogenic segmenting haustral progression in the rabbit colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13567. [PMID: 30761706 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive sympathetic inhibition may be a cause of colon motor dysfunction. Our aim was to better understand the mechanisms of sympathetic inhibition on colonic motor patterns using the rabbit colon, hypothesizing that noradrenaline selectively inhibits propulsive motor patterns. METHODS Changes in motor patterns of the rabbit colon were studied ex vivo using noradrenaline and adrenoceptor antagonists and analyzed using spatiotemporal diameter maps. KEY RESULTS Noradrenaline abolished propulsive contractions: it abolished the long-distance contractions (LDCs) from a baseline frequency of 0.8 ± 0.3 and the clusters of fast propagating contractions (FPCs) at a frequency of 14.4 ± 2.8 cpm. Both motor patterns recovered after addition of the α2 -adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine to a frequency of 0.5 ± 0.2 and 9.9 ± 3.3 cpm, respectively. The β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol did not prevent the loss of propulsive motor patterns with noradrenaline. Noradrenaline did not inhibit haustral boundary contractions and increased the frequency of the myogenic ripples from 8.3 ± 1.4 to 10.5 ± 1.3 cpm which was not affected by yohimbine, propranolol nor the α1 -adrenoceptor blocker prazosin. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Noradrenergic inhibition of propulsive motor patterns is mediated by the α2 -adrenoceptor to inhibit the neurogenic LDCs and the neurogenic clustering of FPCs. The neurogenic haustral boundary contractions are not affected, suggesting that α2- receptors are on selective neural circuits. The excitatory effect of noradrenaline on ripples may be due to the activation of adrenoceptors on interstitial cells of Cajal, but action on α1- receptors was excluded. No role for the β-adrenoceptor was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Hanman
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean P Parsons
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Jing Y, Yang D, Bai F, Zhang C, Qin C, Li D, Wang L, Yang M, Chen Z, Li J. Melatonin Treatment Alleviates Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Gut Dysbiosis in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2646-2664. [PMID: 30693824 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disturbs the autonomic nervous system and induces dysfunction in multiple organs/tissues, such as the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The neuroprotective effects of melatonin in SCI models have been reported; however, it is unclear whether the beneficial effects of melatonin are associated with alleviation of gut dysbiosis. In this study, we showed that daily intraperitoneal injection with melatonin following spinal cord contusion at thoracic level 10 in mice improved intestinal barrier integrity and GI motility, reduced expression levels of certain proinflammatory cytokines, improved animal weight gain and metabolic profiling, and promoted locomotor recovery. Analysis of gut microbiome revealed that melatonin treatment decreased the Shannon index and reshaped the composition of intestinal microbiota. Melatonin-treated SCI animals showed decreased relative abundance of Clostridiales and increased relative abundance of Lactobacillales and Lactobacillus, which correlated with alteration of cytokine (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) expression and GI barrier permeability, as well as with locomotor recovery. Experimental induction of gut dysbiosis in mice before SCI (i.e., by oral delivery of broad-spectrum antibiotics) exacerbates neurological impairment after SCI, and melatonin treatment improves locomotor performance and intestinal integrity in antibiotic-treated SCI mice. The results suggest that melatonin treatment restores SCI-induced alteration in gut microbiota composition, which may underlie the ameliorated GI function and behavioral manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Jing
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Degang Yang
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Bai
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Li
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Limiao Wang
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Mingliang Yang
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China.,Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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28
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Payne SC, Furness JB, Stebbing MJ. Bioelectric neuromodulation for gastrointestinal disorders: effectiveness and mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:89-105. [PMID: 30390018 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract has extensive, surgically accessible nerve connections with the central nervous system. This provides the opportunity to exploit rapidly advancing methods of nerve stimulation to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Bioelectric neuromodulation technology has considerably advanced in the past decade, but sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence currently remains the only neuromodulation protocol in general use for a gastrointestinal disorder. Treatment of other conditions, such as IBD, obesity, nausea and gastroparesis, has had variable success. That nerves modulate inflammation in the intestine is well established, but the anti-inflammatory effects of vagal nerve stimulation have only recently been discovered, and positive effects of this approach were seen in only some patients with Crohn's disease in a single trial. Pulses of high-frequency current applied to the vagus nerve have been used to block signalling from the stomach to the brain to reduce appetite with variable outcomes. Bioelectric neuromodulation has also been investigated for postoperative ileus, gastroparesis symptoms and constipation in animal models and some clinical trials. The clinical success of this bioelectric neuromodulation therapy might be enhanced through better knowledge of the targeted nerve pathways and their physiological and pathophysiological roles, optimizing stimulation protocols and determining which patients benefit most from this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Payne
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Zhang C, Zhang W, Zhang J, Jing Y, Yang M, Du L, Gao F, Gong H, Chen L, Li J, Liu H, Qin C, Jia Y, Qiao J, Wei B, Yu Y, Zhou H, Liu Z, Yang D, Li J. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in male patients with chronic traumatic complete spinal cord injury. J Transl Med 2018; 16:353. [PMID: 30545398 PMCID: PMC6293533 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is a major physical and psychological problem in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), and gut dysbiosis is commonly occurs in SCI. Here, we document neurogenic bowel management of male patients with chronic traumatic complete SCI in our centre and perform comparative analysis of the gut microbiota between our patients and healthy males. METHODS A total of 43 male patients with chronic traumatic complete SCI (20 with quadriplegia and 23 with paraplegia) and 23 healthy male adults were enrolled. Clinical data and fresh stool specimens were collected from all participants. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to survey the neurogenic bowel management of 43 patients with SCI. Gut microbiomes were analysed by sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS NBD was common in adult male patients with chronic traumatic complete SCI. Patients with quadriplegia exhibited a longer time to defecate than did those with paraplegia and had higher NBD scores and heavier neurogenic bowel symptoms. The diversity of the gut microbiota in the SCI group was reduced, and the structural composition was different from that of the healthy adult male group. The abundance of Veillonellaceae and Prevotellaceae increased, while Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides decreased in the SCI group. The abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides in the quadriplegia group and Acidaminococcaceae, Blautia, Porphyromonadaceae, and Lachnoclostridium in the paraplegia group were significantly higher than those in the healthy male group. Serum biomarkers (GLU, HDL, CR, and CRP), NBD defecation time and COURSE had significant correlations with microbial community structure. Microbial community structure was significantly associated with serum biomarkers (GLU, HDL, CR, and CRP), NBD defecation time, and COURSE. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a comprehensive landscape of the gut microbiota in adult male patients with chronic traumatic complete SCI and documents their neurogenic bowel management. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in SCI patients was correlated with serum biomarkers and NBD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Yingli Jing
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Mingliang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Liangjie Du
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Huiming Gong
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Chuan Qin
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Yanmei Jia
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Jiali Qiao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Bo Wei
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Hongjun Zhou
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Laboratory Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
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Fornai M, van den Wijngaard RM, Antonioli L, Pellegrini C, Blandizzi C, de Jonge WJ. Neuronal regulation of intestinal immune functions in health and disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13406. [PMID: 30058092 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve-mucosa interactions control various elements of gastrointestinal functions, including mucosal host defense, gut barrier function, and epithelial cell growth and differentiation. In both intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases, alterations of autonomic nerve activity have been observed to be concurrent with the disease course, such as in inflammatory and functional bowel diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. This is relevant as the extrinsic autonomic nervous system is increasingly recognized to modulate gut inflammatory responses. The molecular and cellular mechanisms through which the extrinsic and intrinsic nerve pathways may regulate digestive mucosal functions have been investigated in several pre-clinical and clinical studies. PURPOSE The present review focuses on the involvement of neural pathways in gastrointestinal disease, and addresses the current strategies to intervene with neuronal pathway as a means of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R M van den Wijngaard
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - W J de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Stojanovska V, McQuade RM, Miller S, Nurgali K. Effects of Oxaliplatin Treatment on the Myenteric Plexus Innervation and Glia in the Murine Distal Colon. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:723-736. [PMID: 29741434 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418774755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent) is a first-line treatment of colorectal malignancies; its use associates with peripheral neuropathies and gastrointestinal side effects. These gastrointestinal dysfunctions might be due to toxic effects of oxaliplatin on the intestinal innervation and glia. Male Balb/c mice received intraperitoneal injections of sterile water or oxaliplatin (3 mg/kg/d) triweekly for 2 weeks. Colon tissues were collected for immunohistochemical assessment at day 14. The density of sensory, adrenergic, and cholinergic nerve fibers labeled with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), respectively, was assessed within the myenteric plexus of the distal colon. The number and proportion of excitatory neurons immunoreactive (IR) against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were counted, and the density of glial subpopulations was determined by using antibodies specific for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and s100β protein. Oxaliplatin treatment induced significant reduction of sensory and adrenergic innervations, as well as the total number and proportion of ChAT-IR neurons, and GFAP-IR glia, but increased s100β expression within the myenteric plexus of the distal colon. Treatment with oxaliplatin significantly alters nerve fibers and glial cells in the colonic myenteric plexus, which could contribute to long-term gastrointestinal side effects following chemotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Stojanovska
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Miller
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kigerl KA, Mostacada K, Popovich PG. Gut Microbiota Are Disease-Modifying Factors After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:60-67. [PMID: 29101668 PMCID: PMC5794696 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts the autonomic nervous system (ANS), impairing its ability to coordinate organ function throughout the body. Emerging data indicate that the systemic pathology that manifests from ANS dysfunction exacerbates intraspinal pathology and neurological impairment. Precisely how this happens is unknown, although new data, in both humans and in rodent models, implicate changes in the composition of bacteria in the gut (i.e., the gut microbiota) as disease-modifying factors that are capable of affecting systemic physiology and pathophysiology. Recent data from rodents indicate that SCI causes gut dysbiosis, which exacerbates intraspinal inflammation and lesion pathology leading to impaired recovery of motor function. Postinjury delivery of probiotics containing various types of "good" bacteria can partially overcome the pathophysiologal effects of gut dysbiosis; immune function, locomotor recovery, and spinal cord integrity are partially restored by a sustained regimen of oral probiotics. More research is needed to determine whether gut dysbiosis varies across a range of clinically relevant variables, including sex, injury level, and injury severity, and whether changes in the gut microbiota can predict the onset or severity of common postinjury comorbidities, including infection, anemia, metabolic syndrome, and, perhaps, secondary neurological deterioration. Those microbial populations that dominate the gut could become "druggable" targets that could be manipulated via dietary interventions. For example, personalized nutraceuticals (e.g., pre- or probiotics) could be developed to treat the above comorbidities and improve health and quality of life after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Kigerl
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Klauss Mostacada
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Cervi AL, Moynes DM, Chisholm SP, Nasser Y, Vanner SJ, Lomax AE. A role for interleukin 17A in IBD-related neuroplasticity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28560787 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes to the structure and function of the innervation of the gut contribute to symptom generation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, delineation of the mechanisms of these effects has proven difficult. Previous work on sympathetic neurons identified interleukin (IL)-17A as a novel neurotrophic cytokine. Since IL-17A is involved in IBD pathogenesis, we tested the hypothesis that IL-17A contributes to neuroanatomical remodeling during IBD. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase was used to identify sympathetic axons in mice with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and controls. Axon outgrowth from sympathetic neurons in response to incubation in cytokines or endoscopic patient biopsy supernatants was quantified. KEY RESULTS DSS-induced colitis led to an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the inflamed colon but not the spleen. Colonic supernatants from mice with colitis and biopsy supernatants from Crohn's disease patients increased axon outgrowth from mouse sympathetic neurons compared to supernatants from uninflamed controls. An antibody that neutralized IL-17A blocked the ability of DSS-induced colitis and Crohn's disease supernatants to induce axon extension. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These findings identify IL-17A as a potential mediator of neuroanatomical remodeling of the gut innervation during IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Cervi
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D M Moynes
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - S P Chisholm
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Nasser
- Departments of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - S J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A E Lomax
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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The Norepinephrine Metabolite 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid Is Produced by the Commensal Microbiota and Promotes Chemotaxis and Virulence Gene Expression in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00431-17. [PMID: 28717028 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00431-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a commonly occurring foodborne pathogen responsible for numerous multistate outbreaks in the United States. It is known to infect the host gastrointestinal tract, specifically, in locations associated with lymphoid tissue. These niches serve as sources of enteric neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, that are known to increase virulence in several pathogens, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli The mechanisms that allow pathogens to target these niches are poorly understood. We previously reported that 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA), a metabolite of norepinephrine produced by E. coli, is a chemoattractant for the nonpathogenic E. coli RP437 strain. Here we report that DHMA is also a chemoattractant for EHEC. In addition, DHMA induces the expression of EHEC virulence genes and increases attachment to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro in a QseC-dependent manner. We also show that DHMA is present in murine gut fecal contents and that its production requires the presence of the commensal microbiota. On the basis of its ability to both attract and induce virulence gene expression in EHEC, we propose that DHMA acts as a molecular beacon to target pathogens to their preferred sites of infection in vivo.
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Mittal R, Debs LH, Patel AP, Nguyen D, Patel K, O'Connor G, Grati M, Mittal J, Yan D, Eshraghi AA, Deo SK, Daunert S, Liu XZ. Neurotransmitters: The Critical Modulators Regulating Gut-Brain Axis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2359-2372. [PMID: 27512962 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, including catecholamines and serotonin, play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Studies on these neurotransmitters mainly revolved around their role in the "fight or flight" response, transmitting signals across a chemical synapse and modulating blood flow throughout the body. However, recent research has demonstrated that neurotransmitters can play a significant role in the gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. Norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), and serotonin have recently been a topic of interest because of their roles in the gut physiology and their potential roles in GI and central nervous system pathophysiology. These neurotransmitters are able to regulate and control not only blood flow, but also affect gut motility, nutrient absorption, GI innate immune system, and the microbiome. Furthermore, in pathological states, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Parkinson's disease, the levels of these neurotransmitters are dysregulated, therefore causing a variety of GI symptoms. Research in this field has shown that exogenous manipulation of catecholamine serum concentrations can help in decreasing symptomology and/or disease progression. In this review article, we discuss the current state-of-the-art research and literature regarding the role of neurotransmitters in regulation of normal GI physiology, their impact on several disease processes, and novel work focused on the use of exogenous hormones and/or psychotropic medications to improve disease symptomology. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2359-2372, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Luca H Debs
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Amit P Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Desiree Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Kunal Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Gregory O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - M'hamed Grati
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Adrien A Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sapna K Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Xue Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Jiao CL, Chen XY, Feng JX. Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's-associated Enterocolitis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:1491-7. [PMID: 27270548 PMCID: PMC4910376 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.183433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To systematically summary the updated results about the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis (HAEC). Besides, we discussed the research key and direction based on these results. Data Sources: Our data cited in this review were obtained mainly from PubMed from 1975 to 2015, with keywords “Hirschsprung enterocolitis”, “Hirschsprung's enterocolitis”, “Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis”, “Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis”, “HAEC”, and “EC”. Study Selection: Articles regarding the pathogenesis of HAEC were selected, and the articles mainly regarding the diagnosis, surgical approach, treatment, and follow-up were excluded. Results: Several factors, mainly including mucus barrier, intestinal microbiota, and immune function, as well as some other factors such as genetic variations and surgical reasons, have been found to be related to the pathogenesis of HAEC. Changed quantity and barrier property of mucus, different composition of microbiota, and an abnormal immune state work together or separately trigger HAEC. Conclusions: The maintenance of intestinal homeostasis is due to a well cooperation of microbiota, mucus barrier, and immune system. If any part presents abnormal, intestinal homeostasis will be broken. Meanwhile, for patients with Hirschsprung's disease or HAEC, dysfunction of these parts has been found. Thus, the happening of HAEC may be mainly attributed to the disorders of intestinal microbiota, mucus barrier, and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Jiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Xu-Yong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Jie-Xiong Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
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Erndt-Marino JD, Hahn MS. Probing the response of human osteoblasts following exposure to sympathetic neuron-like PC-12 cells in a 3D coculture model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:984-990. [PMID: 27860234 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the capacity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to regulate bone homeostasis has implications for a number of metabolic diseases and may help establish connections between certain neurological conditions and bone quality. The goal of the present work was to gain a deeper understanding of the influence of the SNS on the phenotype of osteoblasts, a major cell type in bone. An in vitro coculture model with human osteoblasts and sympathetic-like, neuroendocrine pheochromocytoma-12 (PC-12) cells encapsulated within separate 3D poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels was utilized to assess markers involved with bone ECM formation and osteoclast formation. In terms of bone ECM proteins, only osteopontin (OPN) was significantly increased in osteoblasts exposed to PC-12 cells relative to osteoblast mono-culture controls. In contrast, all bone resorption markers investigated (IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, VEGF-A) were enhanced at the gene level and the ratio of osteoprotegerin (OPG) to RANKL was significantly decreased in osteoblasts exposed to PC-12 cells. Cumulatively, these data indicate that the SNS may substantially influence bone resorption. Because of the context-dependent nature of the SNS, future studies will characterize the secretion profile of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from the PC-12 cells in our model. Additionally, various SNS modulating pharmacologic agents will be examined for their capacity to reduce expression of bone resorption/inflammatory markers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 984-990, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Mariah S Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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Santisteban MM, Qi Y, Zubcevic J, Kim S, Yang T, Shenoy V, Cole-Jeffrey CT, Lobaton GO, Stewart DC, Rubiano A, Simmons CS, Garcia-Pereira F, Johnson RD, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. Hypertension-Linked Pathophysiological Alterations in the Gut. Circ Res 2016; 120:312-323. [PMID: 27799253 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sympathetic nervous system control of inflammation plays a central role in hypertension. The gut receives significant sympathetic innervation, is densely populated with a diverse microbial ecosystem, and contains immune cells that greatly impact overall inflammatory homeostasis. Despite this uniqueness, little is known about the involvement of the gut in hypertension. OBJECTIVE Test the hypothesis that increased sympathetic drive to the gut is associated with increased gut wall permeability, increased inflammatory status, and microbial dysbiosis and that these gut pathological changes are linked to hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Gut epithelial integrity and wall pathology were examined in spontaneously hypertensive rat and chronic angiotensin II infusion rat models. The increase in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rat was associated with gut pathology that included increased intestinal permeability and decreased tight junction proteins. These changes in gut pathology in hypertension were associated with alterations in microbial communities relevant in blood pressure control. We also observed enhanced gut-neuronal communication in hypertension originating from paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and presenting as increased sympathetic drive to the gut. Finally, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (captopril) normalized blood pressure and was associated with reversal of gut pathology. CONCLUSIONS A dysfunctional sympathetic-gut communication is associated with gut pathology, dysbiosis, and inflammation and plays a key role in hypertension. Thus, targeting of gut microbiota by innovative probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal transplant, in combination with the current pharmacotherapy, may be a novel strategy for hypertension treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Santisteban
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Yanfei Qi
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville.
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Seungbum Kim
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Tao Yang
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Vinayak Shenoy
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Colleen T Cole-Jeffrey
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Gilberto O Lobaton
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Daniel C Stewart
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Andres Rubiano
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Chelsey S Simmons
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Fernando Garcia-Pereira
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Richard D Johnson
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Carl J Pepine
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville.
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Rahman AA, Robinson AM, Brookes SJH, Eri R, Nurgali K. Rectal prolapse in Winnie mice with spontaneous chronic colitis: changes in intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the rectum. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:285-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Palus K, Całka J. The Influence of Prolonged Acetylsalicylic Acid Supplementation-Induced Gastritis on the Neurochemistry of the Sympathetic Neurons Supplying Prepyloric Region of the Porcine Stomach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143661. [PMID: 26606050 PMCID: PMC4659606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was designed to establish the localization and neurochemical phenotyping of sympathetic neurons supplying prepyloric area of the porcine stomach in a physiological state and during acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) induced gastritis. In order to localize the sympathetic perikarya the stomachs of both control and acetylsalicylic acid treated (ASA group) animals were injected with neuronal retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB). Seven days post FB injection, animals were divided into a control and ASA supplementation group. The ASA group was given 100 mg/kg of b.w. ASA orally for 21 days. On the 28th day all pigs were euthanized with gradual overdose of anesthetic. Then fourteen-micrometer-thick cryostat sections were processed for routine double-labeling immunofluorescence, using primary antisera directed towards tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin (GAL), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), leu 5-enkephalin (LENK), cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript peptide (CART), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The data obtained in this study indicate that postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers supplying prepyloric area of the porcine stomach originate from the coeliac-cranial mesenteric ganglion complex (CCMG). In control animals, the FB-labelled neurons expressed TH (94.85 ± 1.01%), DβH (97.10 ± 0.97%), NPY (46.88 ± 2.53%) and GAL (8.40 ± 0.53%). In ASA group, TH- and DβH- positive nerve cells were reduced (85.78 ± 2.65% and 88.82 ± 1.63% respectively). Moreover, ASA- induced gastritis resulted in increased expression of NPY (76.59 ± 3.02%) and GAL (26.45 ± 2.75%) as well as the novo-synthesis of nNOS (6.13 ± 1.11%) and LENK (4.77 ± 0.42%) in traced CCMG neurons. Additionally, a network of CART-, CGRP-, SP-, VIP-, LENK-, nNOS- immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers encircling the FB-positive perikarya were observed in both intact and ASA-treated animals. The results of this study indicate involvement of these neuropeptides in the development or presumably counteraction of gastric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Palus
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Alterations in the distal colon innervation in Winnie mouse model of spontaneous chronic colitis. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:497-512. [PMID: 26227258 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is innervated by extrinsic sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory nerve fibers as well as by intrinsic fibers from the neurons in myenteric and submucosal ganglia embedded into the gastrointestinal wall. Morphological and functional studies of intestinal innervation in animal models are important for understanding the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The recently established Winnie mouse model of spontaneous chronic colitis caused by a point mutation in the Muc2 mucin gene develops inflammation due to a primary epithelial defect. Winnie mice display symptoms of diarrhea, ulcerations and rectal bleeding similar to those in IBD. In this study, we investigated myenteric neurons, noradrenergic, cholinergic and sensory nerve fibers in the distal colon of Winnie (Win/Win) mice compared to C57/BL6 and heterozygote littermates (Win/Wt) using histological and immunohistochemical methods. All Win/Win mice used in this study had inflammation with signs of mucosal damage, goblet cell loss, thickening of muscle and mucosal layers, and increased CD45-immunoreactivity in the distal colon. The density of sensory, cholinergic and noradrenergic fibers innervating the myenteric plexus, muscle and mucosa significantly decreased in the distal colon of Win/Win mice compared to C57/BL6 and Win/Wt mice, while the total number of myenteric neurons as well as subpopulations of cholinergic and nitrergic neurons remained unchanged. In conclusion, changes in the colon morphology and innervation found in Winnie mice have multiple similarities with changes observed in patients with ulcerative colitis.
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Mulchandani N, Yang WL, Khan MM, Zhang F, Marambaud P, Nicastro J, Coppa GF, Wang P. Stimulation of Brain AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Attenuates Inflammation and Acute Lung Injury in Sepsis. Mol Med 2015; 21:637-44. [PMID: 26252187 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are enormous public health problems with astronomical financial repercussions on health systems worldwide. The central nervous system (CNS) is closely intertwined in the septic process but the underlying mechanism is still obscure. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a ubiquitous energy sensor enzyme and plays a key role in regulation of energy homeostasis and cell survival. In this study, we hypothesized that activation of AMPK in the brain would attenuate inflammatory responses in sepsis, particularly in the lungs. Adult C57BL/6 male mice were treated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR, 20 ng), an AMPK activator, or vehicle (normal saline) by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, followed by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) at 30 min post-ICV. The septic mice treated with AICAR exhibited elevated phosphorylation of AMPKα in the brain along with reduced serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), compared with the vehicle. Similarly, the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 as well as myeloperoxidase activity in the lungs of AICAR-treated mice were significantly reduced. Moreover, histological findings in the lungs showed improvement of morphologic features and reduction of apoptosis with AICAR treatment. We further found that the beneficial effects of AICAR on septic mice were diminished in AMPKα2 deficient mice, showing that AMPK mediates these effects. In conclusion, our findings reveal a new functional role of activating AMPK in the CNS to attenuate inflammatory responses and acute lung injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Mulchandani
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Weng-Lang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.,Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Moshahid Khan
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Fangming Zhang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Philippe Marambaud
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Nicastro
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Gene F Coppa
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.,Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
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Weinstein LI, Revuelta A, Pando RH. Catecholamines and acetylcholine are key regulators of the interaction between microbes and the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:39-51. [PMID: 26378438 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that catecholamines (CAs) and acetylcholine (ACh) play essential roles in the crosstalk between microbes and the immune system. Host cholinergic afferent fibers sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger efferent cholinergic and catecholaminergic pathways that alter immune cell proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production. On the other hand, microbes have the ability to produce and degrade ACh and also regulate autogenous functions in response to CAs. Understanding the role played by these neurotransmitters in host-microbe interactions may provide valuable information for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Islas Weinstein
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Pathology Section, The Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Revuelta
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Pathology Section, The Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernandez Pando
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Pathology Section, The Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
The human intestine houses an astounding number and species of microorganisms, estimated at more than 10(14) gut microbiota and composed of over a thousand species. An individual's profile of microbiota is continually influenced by a variety of factors including but not limited to genetics, age, sex, diet, and lifestyle. Although each person's microbial profile is distinct, the relative abundance and distribution of bacterial species is similar among healthy individuals, aiding in the maintenance of one's overall health. Consequently, the ability of gut microbiota to bidirectionally communicate with the brain, known as the gut-brain axis, in the modulation of human health is at the forefront of current research. At a basic level, the gut microbiota interacts with the human host in a mutualistic relationship - the host intestine provides the bacteria with an environment to grow and the bacterium aids in governing homeostasis within the host. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the lack of healthy gut microbiota may also lead to a deterioration of these relationships and ultimately disease. Indeed, a dysfunction in the gut-brain axis has been elucidated by a multitude of studies linked to neuropsychological, metabolic, and gastrointestinal disorders. For instance, altered microbiota has been linked to neuropsychological disorders including depression and autism spectrum disorder, metabolic disorders such as obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Fortunately, studies have also indicated that gut microbiota may be modulated with the use of probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplants as a prospect for therapy in microbiota-associated diseases. This modulation of gut microbiota is currently a growing area of research as it just might hold the key to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Brain-Body Institute, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Zhang X, Li Y, Zhang X, Duan Z, Zhu J. Regulation of transepithelial ion transport in the rat late distal colon by the sympathetic nervous system. Physiol Res 2014; 64:103-10. [PMID: 25194126 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The colorectum (late distal colon) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, and many colorectal diseases are related to disorders of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic regulation of colorectal ion transport is rarely reported. The present study aims to investigate the effect of norepinephrine (NE) in the normal and catecholamine-depleted condition to clarify the regulation of the sympathetic adrenergic system in ion transport in the rat colorectum. NE-induced ion transport in the rats colorectum was measured by short-circuit current (I(sc)) recording; the expression of beta-adrenoceptors and NE transporter (NET) were quantified by real-time PCR, and western blotting. When the endogenous catecholamine was depleted by reserpine, the baseline I(sc) in the colorectum was increased significantly comparing to controls. NE evoked downward deltaI(sc) in colorectum of treated rats was 1.8-fold of controls. The expression of beta(2)-adrenoceptor protein in the colorectal mucosa was greater than the control, though the mRNA level was reduced. However, NET expression was significantly lower in catecholamine-depleted rats compared to the controls. In conclusion, the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in regulating basal ion transport in the colorectum. Disorders of sympathetic neurotransmitters result in abnormal ion transport, beta-adrenoceptor and NET are involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, Key Laboratory for Medical Tissue Regeneration of Henan Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China. or/and
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Sharkey KA, Savidge TC. Reprint of: Role of enteric neurotransmission in host defense and protection of the gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci 2014; 182:70-82. [PMID: 24674836 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host defense is a vital role played by the gastrointestinal tract. As host to an enormous and diverse microbiome, the gut has evolved an elaborate array of chemical and physicals barriers that allow the digestion and absorption of nutrients without compromising the mammalian host. The control of such barrier functions requires the integration of neural, humoral, paracrine and immune signaling, involving redundant and overlapping mechanisms to ensure, under most circumstances, the integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. Here we focus on selected recent developments in the autonomic neural control of host defense functions used in the protection of the gut from luminal agents, and discuss how the microbiota may potentially play a role in enteric neurotransmission. Key recent findings include: the important role played by subepithelial enteric glia in modulating intestinal barrier function, identification of stress-induced mechanisms evoking barrier breakdown, neural regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, the role of afferent and efferent vagal pathways in regulating barrier function, direct evidence for bacterial communication to the enteric nervous system, and microbial sources of enteric neurotransmitters. We discuss these new and interesting developments in our understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in gastrointestinal host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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