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Lin F, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Hong W, Fu L, Zhou M, Xu A. Target area treatment ratio of varied lesions in the cultured pure melanocyte transplantation repigmentation of vitiligo: A retrospective study. J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38895831 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Autologous cultured pure melanocyte transplantation (CMT) can be utilized to treat stable vitiligo cases, but clinical data are insufficient to improve its efficacy. To evaluate the influence of various factors on the therapeutic effect of CMT, this single-center retrospective study enrolled stable vitiligo patients who underwent CMT between 2009 and 2020. Univariate and multivariable analysis were used to determine the factors affecting the outcome of repigmentation. The study included 491 patients with long-term follow-up data (6-120 months). It was found that 69.7% of patients achieved an excellent re-color effect and 18.4% achieved a good re-color effect. There were statistically significant differences in pigmentation between patients with stable disease course, vitiligo type, and lesion site. Overall, a significant positive correlation between the target area treatment ratio of varied lesions and the percentage of repigmentation was found. CMT is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of stable vitiligo. Various factors, especially the target area treatment ratio of varied lesions, should be carefully assessed before using CMT. As the target area treatment ratio of varied lesions could further improve the post-operative repigmentation other than type of vitiligo. This clinic trial was approved by Hangzhou Third People's Hospital (number 2023KA015, national clinical record number MR-33-23-034502).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Lin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujie Zheng
- Hangzhou Third People's Hospital Affiliated to the Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weisong Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaoni Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aie Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Odontogenic Differentiation-Induced Tooth Regeneration by Psoralea corylifolia L. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2300-2308. [PMID: 35678685 PMCID: PMC9164060 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44050156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoralea corylifolia L. (P. corylifolia) has been used as an oriental phytomedicine to treat coldness of hands and feet in bone marrow injury. Hydroxyapatite is usually used for tooth regeneration. In this study, the role of P. corylifolia and bakuchiol, a compound originated from P. corylifolia as differentiation-inducing substances for tooth regeneration, was determined by monitoring odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). We confirmed that P. corylifolia extracts and bakuchiol increased the odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. In addition, the expression of the odontogenic differentiation marker genes alkaline phosphatase (APL), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), osteocalcin (OC), and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein-1 (DMP-1) was proved by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression of dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein-1 (DMP-1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) was proved by western blotting. Further, by confirming the increase in small mothers against decapentaplegia (SMAD) 1/5/8 phosphorylation, the SMAD signaling pathway was found to increase the differentiation of odontoblasts. This study confirmed that P. corylifolia L. extracts and bakuchiol alone promote odontogenic differentiation in hDPSCs. These results suggest that bakuchiol from P. corylifolia is responsible for odontogenic differentiation, and they encourage future in vivo studies on dentin regeneration.
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3
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Faraj S, Kemp EH, Gawkrodger DJ. Patho-immunological mechanisms of vitiligo: the role of the innate and adaptive immunities and environmental stress factors. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 207:27-43. [PMID: 35020865 PMCID: PMC8802175 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal melanocyte loss in vitiligo, triggered by stresses ranging from trauma to emotional stress, chemical exposure or metabolite imbalance, to the unknown, can stimulate oxidative stress in pigment cells, which secrete damage-associated molecular patterns that then initiate innate immune responses. Antigen presentation to melanocytes leads to stimulation of autoreactive T-cell responses, with further targeting of pigment cells. Studies show a pathogenic basis for cellular stress, innate immune responses and adaptive immunity in vitiligo. Improved understanding of the aetiological mechanisms in vitiligo has already resulted in successful use of the Jak inhibitors in vitiligo. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the pathological mechanisms in vitiligo and locate loci to which therapeutic attack might be directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Faraj
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - David John Gawkrodger
- Department of Infection, Immunology and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Elhalmoushy PM, Elsheikh MA, Matar NA, El-Hadidy WF, Kamel MA, Omran GA, Elnaggar YS. Novel Berberine-Loaded Hyalurosomes as A Promising Nanodermatological Treatment for Vitiligo: Biochemical, Biological and Gene Expression Studies. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Inhibition of Fam114A1 protects melanocytes from apoptosis through higher RACK1 expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24740-24752. [PMID: 34837888 PMCID: PMC8660612 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fam114A1 is a gene closely related to the development of nerve cells, melanocytes, and nerve cells that originate from the neural crest of the embryonic ectoderm. Recent studies showed that Fam114A1 has a role in the occurrence of ankylosing myelitis spondylitis and autoimmune enteritis; still, its cellular function remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of Fam114A1 on the biological activity of melanocytes. We found that the expression of Fam114A1 in vitiligo melanocytes (MCV-L, MCV-N, PI3V) was higher than that in normal melanocytes, and the biological function of melanocytes was significantly affected when the Fam114A1 gene was silenced. Inhibition of Fam114A1 increased proliferation, migration, and melanin synthesis proteins, decreased apoptosis, while its overexpression reversed this process. Mechanistically, we discovered that RACK1 is a target protein of Fam114A1 and that RACK1 can be negatively regulated by Fam114A1. Further study showed that Fam114A1 inhibition could not protect melanocytes from apoptosis once the expression of RACK1 protein was silenced. In summary, Fam114A1 is an effective regulatory protein for regulating the function of melanocytes. Inhibition Fam114A1 protects melanocytes from apoptosis through increasing RACK1.
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6
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Lin F, Hu W, Xu W, Zhou M, Xu AE. CXCL9 as a key biomarker of vitiligo activity and prediction of the success of cultured melanocyte transplantation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18298. [PMID: 34521889 PMCID: PMC8440594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential biomarkers of vitiligo by evaluating the disease activity and curative effect of autologous cultured pure melanocyte transplantation (CMT) on patients. Altogether, 36patients with stable vitiligo were treated with CMT. Blister fluid samples were collected from patients with stable vitiligo. Patients with active vitiligo were matched with healthy controls. The chemokine levels in the serum and blister fluid samples were measured using Luminex. The curative effect on patients with stable vitiligo was evaluated 6 months after treatment. Treatment responses were defined according to the extent of repigmentation as effective (if 50% or more repigmentation was achieved) or ineffective (if less than 50% or worse repigmentation was achieved). Patients received re-transplantation if the initial treatment was ineffective. The levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)9 and CXCL10 in blister fluid samples were significantly lower in stable patients than in active participants. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were sensitive and specific in diagnosing active vitiligo. Further, 65.6% (21/32) of patients who received CMT had effective treatment responses. The high CXCL9 level in the blister fluid was a significant predictor of ineffective treatment responses. The treatment response was significantly enhanced after treatment. Four patients with ineffective treatment responses received anti-inflammatory treatment and re-transplantation. The CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels in the blister fluid were related to the presence of active vitiligo. Also, the CXCL9 level was a predictor of the effectiveness of CMT in treating vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaoni Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ai-E Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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7
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Diehl C, Sadoughifar R, Binic I, Golubovic M. A new, innovative, and safe treatment in vitiligo: Results of a randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group study. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14697. [PMID: 33351209 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting around 1% of the population worldwide. No existing treatment is giving fully satisfactory results. Further investigations are welcomed for innovative and safe treatments bringing better results. This trial aimed to compare the efficacy and tolerance of various treatment protocols on vitiligo lesions. Four randomized groups of 10 patients with vitiligo covering 8% to 14% of skin surface, except hands and feet were assigned during 8 weeks to (a) UVB microphototherapy 300 to 320 nm (Bioskin-) 1 x week; (b) VITILSI- gel 2 x day; (c) VITILSI- gel 2xday + Bioskin- 1 x week; and (d) placebo 2 x day. Efficacy of the treatment was assessed by planimetry, comparing the photographs of the patients taken at baseline and after 8-week treatment. After completion of the treatment, the increase of the pigment area was 28% in G1 (Bioskin-), 19% in G2 (VITILSI-), 41% in G3 (Bioskin- + VITILSI-) and null in G4. No subject stopped the treatment and no side effect was observed. It was demonstrated that the gel under study was able per se to induce repigmentation in vitiligo lesions and that the results were significantly better when combined with NB-UVB. The protocols used in this trial resulted safe and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Diehl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome G. Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Roxanna Sadoughifar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome G. Marconi, Rome, Italy.,Bidar Skin Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iva Binic
- Medical Faculty, Psychiatric Clinic, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Masa Golubovic
- Department of Dermatology, Clinical Center, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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8
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Mumtaz H, Anis S, Akhtar A, Rubab M, Zafar A, Niazi N, Bahadur H, Talpur AS, Shafiq MA, Fatima T. Efficacy of Tacrolimus Versus Clobetasol in the Treatment of Vitiligo. Cureus 2020; 12:e11985. [PMID: 33437542 PMCID: PMC7793363 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder of the skin and mucous membranes which is characterized by circumscribed depigmented macules and patches. Vitiligo is a progressive disorder in which some or all of the melanocytes in the affected skin are selectively destroyed. Around 0.5-2% of the world population is affected by vitiligo and the average age of onset is 20 years. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of tacrolimus versus clobetasol in the treatment of vitiligo. It is an open randomized control trial conducted in the Department of Dermatology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan for six months. Methods One hundred sixty-two patients of vitiligo were included in the study. The disease was diagnosed on basis of clinical features and the Standard Assessment scale proposed by Hossain which was used to monitor and grade the response. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups by lottery method having 81 patients in each group. Group A was given tacrolimus whereas Group B was given clobetasol. Patients were followed up every four weeks. On the 12th week of treatment, effectiveness was assessed by measuring the Assessment scale proposed by Hossain. The results of the two groups were then compared. Results Sixty-three patients (38.9%) were males whereas 99 patients (61.1%) were females. The mean age of the patients included in the study was 29.68 + 8.162 years. The mean weight of the patients was 62.25 + 9.529 Kg. Out of 162, treatment was effective in 89 patients (54.9%) whereas in 73 patients (45.1%) the treatment was ineffective. In Group A (tacrolimus), 42 patients (51.9%) had effective treatment (on the complete resolution of symptoms) whereas 39 patients (48.1 %) had ineffective treatment. In Group B (clobetasol), 47 patients (58%) had effective treatment, and the rest (34, 42%) had ineffective treatment. A Chi-Square test was applied to compare the efficacy of the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference in both the groups in terms of efficacy. Group B was numerically superior in terms of effective treatment (47 versus 42) but not superior statistically. Conclusion Comparison of tacrolimus and clobetasol in patients of vitiligo showed no significant difference in the efficacy of the two groups. It can be concluded that tacrolimus may be considered superior to corticosteroids as its local and systemic adverse effects are less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mumtaz
- Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, GBR.,General Medicine, Surrey Docks Health Center, London, GBR.,Surgery, KRL Hospital, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Salwa Anis
- Internal Medicine, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, PAK
| | | | | | | | - Nayab Niazi
- Medical Department, Doctor Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad, PAK
| | | | | | - Muhammad A Shafiq
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Internal Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Tehreem Fatima
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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9
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Tang J, Fewings E, Chang D, Zeng H, Liu S, Jorapur A, Belote RL, McNeal AS, Tan TM, Yeh I, Arron ST, Judson-Torres RL, Bastian BC, Shain AH. The genomic landscapes of individual melanocytes from human skin. Nature 2020; 586:600-605. [PMID: 33029006 PMCID: PMC7581540 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Every cell in the human body has a unique set of somatic mutations, yet it remains difficult to comprehensively genotype an individual cell1. Here, we developed solutions to overcome this obstacle in the context of normal human skin, thus offering the first glimpse into the genomic landscapes of individual melanocytes from human skin. As expected, sun-shielded melanocytes had fewer mutations than sun-exposed melanocytes. However, within sun-exposed sites, melanocytes on chronically sun-exposed skin (e.g. the face) displayed a lower mutation burden than melanocytes on intermittently sun-exposed skin (e.g. the back). Melanocytes located adjacent to a skin cancer had higher mutation burdens than melanocytes from donors without skin cancer, implying that the mutation burden of normal skin can be harnessed to measure cumulative sun damage and skin cancer risk. Moreover, melanocytes from healthy skin commonly harbor pathogenic mutations, though these mutations tended to be weakly oncogenic, likely explaining why they did not give rise to discernible lesions. Phylogenetic analyses identified groups of related melanocytes, suggesting that melanocytes spread throughout skin as fields of clonally related cells, invisible to the naked eye. Overall, our study offers an unprecedented view into the genomic landscapes of individual melanocytes, revealing key insights into the causes and origins of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eleanor Fewings
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Darwin Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanlin Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aparna Jorapur
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel L Belote
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew S McNeal
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tuyet M Tan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah T Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Judson-Torres
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Hunter Shain
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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The Surprising Effect of Phenformin on Cutaneous Darkening and Characterization of Its Underlying Mechanism by a Forward Chemical Genetics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041451. [PMID: 32093380 PMCID: PMC7073119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin in the epidermis is known to ultimately regulate human skin pigmentation. Recently, we exploited a phenotypic-based screening system composed of ex vivo human skin cultures to search for effective materials to regulate skin pigmentation. Since a previous study reported the potent inhibitory effect of metformin on melanogenesis, we evaluated several biguanide compounds. The unexpected effect of phenformin, once used as an oral anti-diabetic drug, on cutaneous darkening motivated us to investigate its underlying mechanism utilizing a chemical genetics approach, and especially to identify alternatives to phenformin because of its risk of severe lactic acidosis. Chemical pull-down assays with phenformin-immobilized beads were performed on lysates of human epidermal keratinocytes, and subsequent mass spectrometry identified 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). Consistent with this, AY9944, an inhibitor of DHCR7, was found to decrease autophagic melanosome degradation in keratinocytes and to intensely darken skin in ex vivo cultures, suggesting the involvement of cholesterol biosynthesis in the metabolism of melanosomes. Thus, our results validated the combined utilization of the phenotypic screening system and chemical genetics as a new approach to develop promising materials for brightening/lightening and/or tanning technologies.
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Nowroozpoor Dailami K, Hosseini A, Rahmatpour Rokni G, Saeedi M, Morteza‐Semnani K, Sadeghi Z, Ghasemzadeh Diva SM, Goldust M, Lotti T, Vojvodic A, Goren A, Sonthalia S, Rathod D. Efficacy of topical latanoprost in the treatment of eyelid vitiligo: A randomized, double‐blind clinical trial study. Dermatol Ther 2019; 33:e13175. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azita Hosseini
- Faculty of PharmacyMazandaran University of Medical Science Sari Iran
| | - Ghasem Rahmatpour Rokni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterHemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of PharmacyMazandaran University of Medical Science Sari Iran
| | - Katayoun Morteza‐Semnani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of PharmacyMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Zeinab Sadeghi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of PharmacyMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | | | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Rome G. Marconi Rome Italy
| | - Torello Lotti
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Studies Guglielmo Marconi Rome Italy
| | - Aleksandra Vojvodic
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyMilitary Medical Academy of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Andy Goren
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Studies Guglielmo Marconi Rome Italy
| | - Sidharth Sonthalia
- Skinnocence: The Skin Clinic, Department of Dermatology & STDKalyani‐Escorts Hospital Gurgaon India
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12
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Cui L, Hou X, Li W, Leng Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Hou Y, Liu Z, Kang W. Dynamic changes of secondary metabolites and tyrosinase activity of Malus pumila flowers. BMC Chem 2019; 13:81. [PMID: 31384828 PMCID: PMC6661837 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic changes of secondary metabolites and tyrosinase activity of Malus pumila flowers were investigated during blooming for full use of M. pumila flowers. Phlorizin, astragalin and afzelin were selected as the indicators to determine the optimum extraction conditions of M. pumila flowers by HPLC analysis and three-factor and three-level orthogonal design experiments. When the smashing mesh number was 40 mesh, the ultrasonic time was 30 min, the solid–liquid ratio was 1:120, and the centrifugal speed was 10,000 r/min, the total content of the three compounds was the highest. The total content of phlorizin, astragalin and afzelin increased firstly and then decreased, and the highest was on the third day (176.74 mg/g). At the same time, the tyrosinase activity of M. pumila flowers showed that it had an activation effect on tyrosinase during early blooming period, however it exhibited inhibitory effect during late blooming period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- 1National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Xingzi Hou
- 1National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Wenjing Li
- 1National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Yuchun Leng
- 1National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- 1National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Xinjuan Li
- 1National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Yangyang Hou
- 1National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- 1National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- 1National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
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13
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Jowkar F, Godarzi H, Parvizi MM. Can we consider silymarin as a treatment option for vitiligo? A double-blind controlled randomized clinical trial of phototherapy plus oral Silybum marianum product versus phototherapy alone. J DERMATOL TREAT 2019; 31:256-260. [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1595506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Jowkar
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Dermatology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Godarzi
- Dermatology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Koul B, Taak P, Kumar A, Kumar A, Sanyal I. Genus Psoralea: A review of the traditional and modern uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 232:201-226. [PMID: 30521980 PMCID: PMC7127090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Psoralea (Fabaceae) harbours 105 accepted species that are extensively used by local peoples and medicinal practitioners of China, India, and other countries for treatment of tooth decay, psoriasis, leucoderma, leprosy, kidney problems, tuberculosis, indigestion, constipation and impotence. Presently, pharmacological research reports are available on only few species namely Bituminaria bituminosa (Syn: P. bituminosa), P. canescens, P. corylifolia, P. esculenta, P. plicata and P. glandulosa which are valued for their chemical constituents and traditional uses. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review article provides explicit information on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of selected Psoralea species. The possible trends and perspectives for future research on these plants are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive and systematic review of the extant literature was carried out, and the data under various sections were identified using a computerized bibliographic search via the PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE, EMBASE, INMEDPLAN, NATTS as well as several websites. KEY FINDINGS A total of 291 bioactive compounds from 06 species of genus Psoralea have been isolated and characterized. However, P. bituminosa alone possess nearly 150 compounds. These bioactive compounds belong to different chemical classes, including flavonoids, coumarins, furanocoumarins, chalcones, quinines, terpenoids and some others due to which these species exhibit significant anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-helmintic, anti-diabetic, diuretic, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer and anti-tumor activities. P. corylifolia L. (Babchi), a Chinese traditional medicinal plant has been used in traditional medicine for many decades for its healing properties against numerous skin diseases such as leprosy, psoriasis and leucoderma. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro studies and in vivo models have provided a simple bio-scientific justification for various ethnopharmacological uses of Psoralea species. From the toxicological perspective, the root, leaf, and seed extracts and their preparations have been proven to be safe when consumed in the recommended doses. But, meticulous studies on the pharmaceutical standardization, mode of action of the active constituents, and sustainable conservation of Psoralea species are needed, to meet the growing demands of the pharmaceutical industries, and to fully exploit their preventive and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Koul
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara , Punjab 144411, India.
| | - Pooja Taak
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara , Punjab 144411, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Centre, CROM-MASS, CENIVAM, Industrial University of Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9, Edificio 45, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Anil Kumar
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Plant Transgenic Laboratory, P.O. Box 436, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, U.P., India
| | - Indraneel Sanyal
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Plant Transgenic Laboratory, P.O. Box 436, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, U.P., India.
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Gomes IA, de Carvalho FO, de Menezes AF, Almeida FM, Shanmugam S, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J, Quintans-Júnior LJ, de Moura TR, Oliveira PD, de Souza Araújo AA. The role of interleukins in vitiligo: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:2097-2111. [PMID: 29704266 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a disorder of the skin that causes depigmentation and asymptomatic macules whose exact cause is still unclear. Although its aetiology is not fully elucidated, the main theory of its pathomechanism is that it is associated with the autoimmune process. There is few summarized information about the role of inflammatory mediators, as interleukins, in vitiligo, so our aim was to present a systematic review of the role of interleukins in vitiligo, focusing on interleukins. In this review, we included all studies assessing interleukin levels in vitiligo patients conducted up to June 2017. Quality assessment of these studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The interleukins mainly involved were IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17. The studies highlight the crucial role of IL-17 in the onset and progression of the disease, and its synergistic action with IL-2, IL-6 and IL-33. Dysregulated levels of the interleukins were also correlated with the stage of disease, the affected skin surface area, and indicated as the main factor for lymphocyte infiltration found in depigmented regions. These findings illustrate the growing need for new therapies targeting vitiligo and further research into the role of interleukins as an area of particular interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - F O de Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação em Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Rua Cláudio Batista S/N Bairro Sanatório, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - A F de Menezes
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação em Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Rua Cláudio Batista S/N Bairro Sanatório, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - F M Almeida
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - S Shanmugam
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - J de Souza Siqueira Quintans
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - L J Quintans-Júnior
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - T R de Moura
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - P D Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - A A de Souza Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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16
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Wan J, Lin F, Zhang W, Xu A, DeGiorgis J, Lu H, Wan Y. Novel approaches to vitiligo treatment via modulation of mTOR and NF-κB pathways in human skin melanocytes. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:391-400. [PMID: 28367103 PMCID: PMC5370446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.17318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a skin depigmentation disorder with an increasing prevalence. Among recognized mechanisms is the oxidative stress that affects melanocytes which are responsible for skin pigmentation. Studies have shown that high concentration of hydrogen peroxide, or H2O2, induces apoptotic activities. Few studies have been done with lower doses of H2O2. Using human skin melanocytes, we investigated the effect of moderate concentration of H2O2 on melanocyte dendrites. Confocal data show that H2O2 at 250 µM induces loss of dendrites, as indicated by cytoskeletal proteins. α-melanocyte stimulating hormone or α-MSH pretreatment protects against H2O2-induced loss of dendrites, while α-MSH alone enhances dendrites. PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 and mTORC1 inhibitor Rapamycin inhibit α-MSH-induced dendrites. In this study, we also investigated the effect of TNFα on cultured human skin melanocytes, since TNFα plays important roles in vitiligo. Confocal data demonstrate that TNFα induces NFκB activation. Western blot analysis shows that TNFα induces IκB phosphorylation and degradation. Interestingly, α-MSH does not have any effect of TNFα-induced IκB degradation and NF-κB activation. α-MSH, however, activates mTORC1 pathway. TNFα induces p38 but not AMPKα activation. Collectively, our data suggest that modulation of mTOR and NF-κB pathways may be a novel approach for better clinical management of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Wan
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, USA
| | - Fuquan Lin
- Department of Dermatology, the 3 rd Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Guiyang Medical University, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Aie Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the 3 rd Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Joseph DeGiorgis
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, USA
| | - Hongguang Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Guiyang Medical University, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Yinsheng Wan
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, USA
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17
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Prospect of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells in Clinical Application. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7695836. [PMID: 28090209 PMCID: PMC5206454 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7695836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) represent a transient and multipotent cell population that contributes to numerous anatomical structures such as peripheral nervous system, teeth, and cornea. NCSC maldevelopment is related to various human diseases including pigmentation abnormalities, disorders affecting autonomic nervous system, and malformations of teeth, eyes, and hearts. As human pluripotent stem cells including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can serve as an unlimited cell source to generate NCSCs, hESC/hiPSC-derived NCSCs can be a valuable tool to study the underlying mechanisms of NCSC-associated diseases, which paves the way for future therapies for these abnormalities. In addition, hESC/hiPSC-derived NCSCs with the capability of differentiating to various cell types are highly promising for clinical organ repair and regeneration. In this review, we first discuss NCSC generation methods from human pluripotent stem cells and differentiation mechanism of NCSCs. Then we focus on the clinical application potential of hESC/hiPSC-derived NCSCs on peripheral nerve injuries, corneal blindness, tooth regeneration, pathological melanogenesis, Hirschsprung disease, and cardiac repair and regeneration.
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18
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Vitiligo: Pathogenesis, clinical variants and treatment approaches. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:335-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Gao C, Yang L, Chen M, Zhang H. Principles of Differentiation and Prescription for Vitiligo in Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on a Literature Investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1159/000441845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Adly MA, Assaf HA, Abdel-Rady SF, Ahmed NS, Hussein MRA. Immunohistochemical Analysis of GDNF and Its Cognate Receptor GFRα-1 Protein Expression in Vitiliginous Skin Lesions. J Cutan Med Surg 2015; 20:130-4. [PMID: 26337382 DOI: 10.1177/1203475415601828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an idiopathic skin disease, characterized by circumscribed white macules or patches on the skin due to loss of the functional melanocytes. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its cognate receptor (GFRα-1) are distal members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. GDNF, produced by the basal cell keratinocytes, is involved in the migration and differentiation of the melanocytes from the neural crest to the epidermis. This study examines the hypothesis that expression of GDNF protein and its cognate receptor GFRα-1 protein is altered in vitiliginous skin. PATIENTS AND METHODS To test our hypothesis, we examined the expression patterns of these proteins in vitiliginous and corresponding healthy (control) skin biopsies (20 specimens each) using immunoperoxidase staining techniques. RESULTS We found variations between the vitiliginous skin and healthy skin. In healthy skin, the expression of GDNF and GFRα-1 proteins was strong (basal cell keratinocytes and melanocytes), moderate (spinous layer), and weak (granular cell layer). In contrast, weak expression of GDNF protein was observed in all epidermal layers of vitiliginous skin. GFRα-1 protein expression was strong (basal cell keratinocytes and melanocytes), moderate (spinous layer), and weak (granular cell layer). In both healthy skin and vitiliginous skin, the expression of GDNF and GFRα-1 proteins was strong in the adnexal structures. CONCLUSIONS We report, for the first time, decreased expression of GDNF proteins in the epidermal keratinocytes of vitiliginous skin. Our findings suggest possible pathogenetic roles for these proteins in the development of vitiligo. The clinical ramifications of these observations mandate further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Adly
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Assaf
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Shaima'a F Abdel-Rady
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Sayed Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt
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21
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Rok J, Buszman E, Delijewski M, Otręba M, Beberok A, Wrześniok D. Effect of tetracycline and UV radiation on melanization and antioxidant status of melanocytes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:168-173. [PMID: 25935746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetracycline is a semisynthetic antibiotic and is used in several types of infections against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This therapy is often associated with phototoxic reactions that occur after exposure to UV radiation and lead to photo-onycholysis, pseudoporphyria, solar urticaria and the fixed drug eruption in the skin. The phototoxic reactions may be related to the melanin content which, on one side may bind drugs - leading to their accumulation, and on the other side, they have photoprotective and antioxidant properties. In this study the effect of tetracycline and UVA irradiation on cell viability, biosynthesis of melanin and antioxidant defense system in cultured normal human epidermal melanocytes (HEMn-DP) was analyzed. The viability of the cells treated with tetracycline and exposed to UVA radiation decreased in a drug concentration-dependent manner. At the same time, the induction of the melanization process was observed. The significant alterations in antioxidant defense system, on the basis of changes in SOD, CAT and GPx activities, were stated. The obtained results may give explanation for the phototoxic effects of tetracycline therapy observed in skin cells exposed to UVA radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Otręba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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22
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Why treatments do(n't) work in vitiligo: An autoinflammatory perspective. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:332-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Eby JM, Kang HK, Klarquist J, Chatterjee S, Mosenson JA, Nishimura MI, Garrett-Mayer E, Longley BJ, Engelhard VH, Mehrotra S, Le Poole IC. Immune responses in a mouse model of vitiligo with spontaneous epidermal de- and repigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:1075-85. [PMID: 24935676 PMCID: PMC4470702 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To generate a mouse model of spontaneous epidermal depigmentation, parental h3TA2 mice, expressing both a human-derived, tyrosinase-reactive T-cell receptor on T cells and the matching HLA-A2 transgene, were crossed to keratin 14-promoter driven, stem cell factor transgenic (K14-SCF) mice with intra-epidermal melanocytes. In resulting Vitesse mice, spontaneous skin depigmentation precedes symmetrical and sharply demarcated patches of graying hair. Whereas the SCF transgene alone dictates a greater retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt)(+) T-cell compartment, these cells displayed markedly increased IL-17 expression within Vitesse mice. Similar to patient skin, regulatory T cells were less abundant compared with K14-SCF mice, with the exception of gradually appearing patches of repigmenting skin. The subtle repigmentation observed likely reflects resilient melanocytes that coexist with skin-infiltrating, melanocyte-reactive T cells. Similar repigmenting lesions were found in a different TCR transgenic model of vitiligo developed on an SCF transgenic background, supporting a role for SCF in repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Eby
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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24
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Karsli N, Akcali C, Ozgoztasi O, Kirtak N, Inaloz S. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of vitiligo with special emphasis on the antioxidant action of narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy. J Int Med Res 2014; 42:799-805. [DOI: 10.1177/0300060513516294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and the effect of narrowband (NB) ultraviolet (UV) B phototherapy on oxidative stress markers. Methods Patients with vitiligo and healthy control subjects were included in the study. Patients in the vitiligo group were treated with an NB-UVB regimen (3 × weekly for 6 months). Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), erythrocyte malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) levels were assessed in all participants at baseline, and after NB-UVB phototherapy in patients with vitiligo. Results A total of 24 patients with vitiligo and 27 control subjects were included in the study. Before treatment, erythrocyte MDA levels were significantly higher, and SOD and GSH-Px levels were significantly lower, in patients with vitiligo compared with controls. NB-UVB phototherapy was associated with a significant reduction in MDA levels and a significant increase in GSH-Px levels, compared with baseline, in patients with vitiligo. Conclusion NB-UVB phototherapy may relieve oxidative stress in patients with vitiligo by reversing the oxidant–antioxidant imbalance that is considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cenk Akcali
- Dermatology Department, Medical School, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Orhan Ozgoztasi
- Dermatology Department, Medical School, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Kirtak
- Dermatology Department, Medical School, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Serhat Inaloz
- Dermatology Department, Medical School, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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25
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Allam M, Riad H. Concise review of recent studies in vitiligo. Qatar Med J 2013; 2013:1-19. [PMID: 25003059 PMCID: PMC4080492 DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentry disorder of the skin and mucous membranes which manifests as white macules and patches due to selective loss of melanocytes. Etiological hypotheses of vitiligo include genetic, immunological, neurohormonal, cytotoxic, biochemical, oxidative stress and newer theories of melanocytorrhagy and decreased melanocytes survival. There are several types of vitiligo which are usually diagnosed clinically and by using a Wood's lamp; also vitiligo may be associated with autoimmune diseases, audiological and ophthalmological findings or it can be a part of polyendocrinopathy syndromes. Several interventions are available for the treatment for vitiligo to stop disease progression and/or to attain repigmentation or even depigmentation. In this article, we will present an overall view of current standing of vitiligo research work especially in the etiological factors most notably the genetic components, also, types and associations and various and newer treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Allam
- Dermatology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Riad
- Dermatology Department, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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26
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Ruiz-Argüelles A, García-Carrasco M, Jimenez-Brito G, Sánchez-Sosa S, Pérez-Romano B, Garcés-Eisele J, Camacho-Alarcón C, Reyes-Núñez V, Sandoval-Cruz M, Mendoza-Pinto C, López-Colombo A. Treatment of vitiligo with a chimeric monoclonal antibody to CD20: a pilot study. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:229-36. [PMID: 23815517 PMCID: PMC3828826 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Five patients with active disseminated vitiligo were given 1g of a chimeric (murine/human) monoclonal antibody to CD20 in a single intravenous infusion and followed-up for 6 months. Three of the patients showed an overt clinical and histological improvement of the disease, one presented slight improvement and the remaining patient showed no changes. Improvement was neither associated with changes in laboratory parameters nor to a specific human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) phenotype. We believe that these preliminary results are encouraging, and further clinical trials should be undertaken. An important aim should be the finding of a marker with a good response to this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz-Argüelles
- Laboratorios Clínicos de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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27
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Nejad SB, Qadim HH, Nazeman L, Fadaii R, Goldust M. Frequency of autoimmune diseases in those suffering from vitiligo in comparison with normal population. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:570-574. [PMID: 24494526 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.570.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is more common in people with certain autoimmune diseases. Here we studied the association between vitiligo and autoimmune diseases. In this case control study, 86 patients with vitiligo were questioned about the location of vitiligo, family history, treatment and therapeutic response. All patients were examined both clinically and with laboratory tests to detect the presence of autoimmune disorders including autoimmune thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, insulin dependent diabetes, and Systemic Lupus Erythematic (SLE) and Addison disease. We compared the prevalence of autoimmune disorder in vitiligo patients with that in a group of age-and gender-matched normal population. Average age of disease onset was 21.8 +/- 11 years; 61% of patients were female and 39% were male. The most common locations of vitiligo were hands (33.7%) and face (32.1%). The most common pattern of onset was vulgaris type (40%). Nearly one-fourth of patients had a positive family history of vitiligo. Prevalence of thyroid disorders in vitiligo patients and control group was 21.1 and 7%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.008). The most common autoimmune disorder in patient with vitiligo was hypothyroidism. Family history had a poor prognostic effect on response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Babaee Nejad
- Department of Dermatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Leila Nazeman
- Department of Dermatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roohollah Fadaii
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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28
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Lee BW, Schwartz RA, Hercogová J, Valle Y, Lotti TM. Vitiligo road map. Dermatol Ther 2013; 25 Suppl 1:S44-56. [PMID: 23237038 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a depigmenting disorder stemming from melanocyte loss or dysfunction. It has a complex, multifaceted etiology. We constructed a "vitiligo road map," consisting of basic science, clinical, and treatment components, in order to better portray our current understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis and reflect upon novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for future research. The melanocyte map elaborates on the molecular processes and intracellular signaling pathways initiated by various external autocrine/paracrine factors in representing normal melanocyte homeostatic functions modulating its viability, proliferation, differentiation, dendricity, migration, and melanogenic processes. This vitiligo map identifies known inducers/triggers of vitiligo onset and progression that cultivate a microenvironment for melanocyte disappearance, real or functional. This map describes the molecular mechanisms of currently utilized clinical and experimental treatments of vitiligo that facilitate repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Lee
- Dermatology and Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA
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Yu R, Broady R, Huang Y, Wang Y, Yu J, Gao M, Levings M, Wei S, Zhang S, Xu A, Su M, Dutz J, Zhang X, Zhou Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals markers of aberrantly activated innate immunity in vitiligo lesional and non-lesional skin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51040. [PMID: 23251420 PMCID: PMC3519491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is characterized by the death of melanocytes in the skin. This is associated with the presence of T cell infiltrates in the lesional borders. However, at present, there is no detailed and systematic characterization on whether additional cellular or molecular changes are present inside vitiligo lesions. Further, it is unknown if the normal appearing non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients is in fact normal. The purpose of this study is to systematically characterize the molecular and cellular characteristics of the lesional and non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS Paired lesional and non-lesional skin biopsies from twenty-three vitiligo patients and normal skin biopsies from sixteen healthy volunteers were obtained with informed consent. The following aspects were analyzed: (1) transcriptome changes present in vitiligo skin using DNA microarrays and qRT-PCR; (2) abnormal cellular infiltrates in vitiligo skin explant cultures using flow cytometry; and (3) distribution of the abnormal cellular infiltrates in vitiligo skin using immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Compared with normal skin, vitiligo lesional skin contained 17 genes (mostly melanocyte-specific genes) whose expression was decreased or absent. In contrast, the relative expression of 13 genes was up-regulated. The up-regulated genes point to aberrant activity of the innate immune system, especially natural killer cells in vitiligo. Strikingly, the markers of heightened innate immune responses were also found to be up-regulated in the non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS As the first systematic transcriptome characterization of the skin in vitiligo patients, this study revealed previously unknown molecular markers that strongly suggest aberrant innate immune activation in the microenvironment of vitiligo skin. Since these changes involve both lesional and non-lesional skin, our results suggest that therapies targeting the entire skin surface may improve treatment outcomes. Finally, this study revealed novel mediators that may facilitate future development of vitiligo therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yu
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Raewyn Broady
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yuanshen Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Min Gao
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Megan Levings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shencai Wei
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shengquan Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Aie Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingwan Su
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jan Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Skin Tumor Group, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Skin Tumor Group, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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Mou Y, Jiang X, Du Y, Xue L. Intelligent bioengineering in vitiligo treatment: Transdermal protein transduction of melanocyte-lineage-specific genes. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:786-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yu R, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y. Potential role of neurogenic inflammatory factors in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. J Cutan Med Surg 2012; 16:230-44. [PMID: 22784515 DOI: 10.1177/120347541201600404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a highly complex multifactorial condition of the skin that has an unclear mechanism of pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes the role of various neurogenic inflammatory factors significantly upregulated in vitiligo. METHODS A literature review was conducted of all pertinent data regarding neuropeptides that are altered in vitiligo and their possible role in the destruction of melanocytes. RESULTS The close associations between the skin, immune system, and nervous system, along with specific changes demonstrated in vitiligo patients, support a pathogenic mechanism of vitiligo that involves neuroimmunologic factors, the release of which can be governed by mental stress. CONCLUSION Neuropeptides and nerve growth factors are critical regulators of emotional response and may precipitate the onset and development of vitiligo in certain predisposed individuals. More studies are required to investigate whether a direct link exists between genetics, mental stress, and neurogenic factors in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yu
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Chieng Genomics Centre, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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Moreira CG, Horinouchi CDS, Souza-Filho CS, Campos FR, Barison A, Cabrini DA, Otuki MF. Hyperpigmentant activity of leaves and flowers extracts of Pyrostegia venusta on murine B16F10 melanoma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:1005-1011. [PMID: 22504061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pyrostegia venusta is a native Brazilian plant which has a variety of uses in traditional folk medicine including the treatment of vitiligo. However, its effectiveness on melanogenesis is not yet elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the melanogenic activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from the leaves and flowers of P. venusta on murine B16F10 melanoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different concentrations of the hydroalcoholic extracts of flowers and leaves of P. venusta were evaluated in trials of spontaneous melanin content (4 days), and cell viability by the MTT assay in murine B16F10 cells, and in the mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro. RESULTS Both extracts, leaves (0.1; 0.3; 1 and 3 μg/mL) and flowers (0.03 and 0.1 μg/mL) increased the melanin content in a concentration dependent manner after 4 days of incubation on melanoma cells. Leaves extract promoted enhancement of melanogenesis with maximum effect of 33.3±3% (3 μg/mL), and the flower extract increased in 23.4±3% (0.1 μg/mL). The cell viability test using MTT showed that in the same tested concentrations of both extracts no cell death was detected. Actually, either extract was not able to cause any change in the tyrosinase activity. HPLC analysis of P. venusta extracts found 0.09% and 1.08% of allantoin on leaves and flowers extracts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The leaves and flowers extracts of P. venusta stimulates B16F10 melanogenesis at very low concentrations. These findings support the folk medicinal use of P. venusta on the treatment of hypopigmentation diseases, such as vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila G Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Nissan X, Lemaitre G, Peschanski M, Baldeschi C. Les cellules souches redonnent de la couleur à la peau. Med Sci (Paris) 2011; 27:935-8. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20112711007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Byrne KT, Turk MJ. New perspectives on the role of vitiligo in immune responses to melanoma. Oncotarget 2011; 2:684-94. [PMID: 21911918 PMCID: PMC3248219 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma-associated vitiligo is the best-studied example of the linkage between tumor immunity and autoimmunity. Although vitiligo is an independent positive prognostic factor for melanoma patients, the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes was long thought to be merely a side effect of robust anti-tumor immunity. However, new data reveal a key role for vitiligo in supporting T cell responses to melanoma. This research perspective reviews the history of melanoma-associated vitiligo in patients, the experimental studies that form the basis for understanding this relationship, and the unique characteristics of melanoma-specific CD8 T cells found in hosts with vitiligo. We also discuss the implications of our recent findings for the interpretation of patient responses, and the design of next-generation cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn T Byrne
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Functional melanocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells engraft into pluristratified epidermis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14861-6. [PMID: 21856949 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019070108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are essential for skin homeostasis and protection, and their defects in humans lead to a wide array of diseases that are potentially extremely severe. To date, the analysis of molecular mechanisms and the function of human melanocytes have been limited because of the difficulties in accessing large numbers of cells with the specific phenotypes. This issue can now be addressed via a differentiation protocol that allows melanocytes to be obtained from pluripotent stem cell lines, either induced or of embryonic origin, based on the use of moderate concentrations of a single cytokine, bone morphogenic protein 4. Human melanocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells exhibit all the characteristic features of their adult counterparts. This includes the enzymatic machinery required for the production and functional delivery of melanin to keratinocytes. Melanocytes also integrate appropriately into organotypic epidermis reconstructed in vitro. The availability of human cells committed to the melanocytic lineage in vitro will enable the investigation of those mechanisms that guide the developmental processes and will facilitate analysis of the molecular mechanisms responsible for genetic diseases. Access to an unlimited resource may also prove a vital tool for the treatment of hypopigmentation disorders when donors with matching haplotypes become available in clinically relevant banks of pluripotent stem cell lines.
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Abstract
There is now growing evidence that autoimmunity is the common trait connecting multiple clinical phenotypes albeit differences in tissue specificity, pathogenetic mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches cannot be overlooked. Over the past years we witnessed a constant growth of the number of publications related to autoimmune diseases in peer-reviewed journals of the immunology area. Original data referred to factors from common injury pathways (i.e. T helper 17 cells, serum autoantibodies, or vitamin D) and specific diseases such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. As an example, the issue of a latitudinal gradient in the prevalence and incidence rates has been proposed for all autoimmune diseases and was recently coined as geoepidemiology to suggest new environmental triggers for tolerance breakdown. The present article is aimed at reviewing the articles that were published over the past year in the major autoimmunity and immunology journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Selmi
- Autoimmunity and Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Italy.
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Tüzün E, Huda R, Christadoss P. Complement and cytokine based therapeutic strategies in myasthenia gravis. J Autoimmun 2011; 37:136-43. [PMID: 21636248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell-dependent and antibody-mediated disease in which the target antigen is the skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR). In the last few decades, several immunological factors involved in MG pathogenesis have been discovered mostly by studies utilizing the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) model. Nevertheless, MG patients are still treated with non-specific global immunosuppression that is associated with severe chronic side effects. Due to the high heterogeneity of AChR epitopes and antibody responses involved in MG pathogenesis, the specific treatment of MG symptoms have to be achieved by inhibiting the complement factors and cytokines involved in anti-AChR immunity. EAMG studies have clearly shown that inhibition of the classical and common complement pathways effectively and specifically diminish the neuromuscular junction destruction induced by anti-AChR antibodies. The inborn or acquired deficiencies of IL-6, TNF-α and TNF receptor functions are associated with the lowest EAMG incidences. Th17-type immunity has recently emerged as an important contributor of EAMG pathogenesis. Overall, these results suggest that inhibition of the complement cascade and the cytokine networks alone or in combination might aid in development of future treatment models that would reduce MG symptoms with highest efficacy and lowest side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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Sandoval-Cruz M, García-Carrasco M, Sánchez-Porras R, Mendoza-Pinto C, Jiménez-Hernández M, Munguía-Realpozo P, Ruiz-Argüelles A. Immunopathogenesis of vitiligo. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:762-5. [PMID: 21334464 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common depigmenting disorder which may have devastating psychological and social consequences and is characterized by the presence of circumscribed white macules in the skin due to the destruction of melanocytes in the epidermis. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathomechanisms involved in this disease, and studies have shown the participation of autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Cellular and humoral immunities have been implicated in the development of vitiligo and their role continues to be investigated. Peripheral blood and skin biopsies of patients with vitiligo show that T-cells, mononuclear cells, various pro-inflammatory cytokines, and auto-antibodies can damage melanocytes. Further research is required to determine whether autoimmunity is the main mechanism of vitiligo or only a consequence.
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Vitamin D insufficiency in a large MCTD population. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 10:317-24. [PMID: 21156217 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vitamin D status in patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and to determine which clinical symptoms, laboratory parameters and endothelial cell markers are associated with low vitamin D levels. METHODS 125 female MCTD patients and 48 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The clinical symptoms, autoantibodies (anti-U1-RNP, anti-cardiolipin - anti-CL and anti-endothelial cell antibody - AECA), serum cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IL-17 and IL-10), soluble endothelial cell markers (endothelin, thrombomodulin - TM, and von Willebrand factor antigen - vWFAg) and serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, HDL-C, apolipoprotein A1, and apolipoprotein B) were investigated for an association with vitamin D levels by univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. RESULTS The mean vitamin D levels were significantly lower in MCTD patients, as compared with the control group (26.16±13.50ng/ml vs. 34.92±9.64ng/ml; p<0.001). In laboratory parameters, vitamin D levels were inversely associated with serum IL-6 (p<0.001), IL-23 (p=0.011), IL-10 (p=0.033) cytokine levels, TM (p=0.001) and endothelin (p=0.033) levels. Low vitamin D levels were also significantly associated with carotid artery intima media thickness (p<0.001), fibrinogen (p=0.010), total cholesterol (p=0.042) and ApoA1 (p=0.004) levels. Among the clinical symptoms, the cardiovascular involvement showed an inverse correlation with vitamin D status in MCTD (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency is high in patients with MCTD. We assume that vitamin D insufficiency along with inflammatory parameters and lipid abnormalities may provoke cardiovascular events.
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