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Lyu J, Zhang H, Wang C, Pan M. New insight in treating autoimmune diseases by targeting autophagy. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2351872. [PMID: 38739691 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2351872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved biological process in eukaryotes, which degrades cellular misfolded proteins, damaged organelles and invasive pathogens in the lysosome-dependent manner. Autoimmune diseases caused by genetic elements, environments and aberrant immune responses severely impact patients' living quality and even threaten life. Recently, numerous studies have reported autophagy can regulate immune responses, and play an important role in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarised the features of autophagy and autophagy-related genes, enumerated some autophagy-related genes involved in autoimmune diseases, and further overviewed how to treat autoimmune diseases through targeting autophagy. Finally, we outlooked the prospect of relieving and curing autoimmune diseases by targeting autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- The Key Medical Laboratory for Chemical Poison Detection of Henan Province, The Third People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Magni S, Sawlekar R, Capelle CM, Tslaf V, Baron A, Zeng N, Mombaerts L, Yue Z, Yuan Y, Hefeng FQ, Gonçalves J. Inferring upstream regulatory genes of FOXP3 in human regulatory T cells from time-series transcriptomic data. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2024; 10:59. [PMID: 38811598 PMCID: PMC11137136 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-024-00387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of upstream regulatory genes of a gene of interest still remains challenging. Here we applied a scalable computational method to unbiasedly predict candidate regulatory genes of critical transcription factors by searching the whole genome. We illustrated our approach with a case study on the master regulator FOXP3 of human primary regulatory T cells (Tregs). While target genes of FOXP3 have been identified, its upstream regulatory machinery still remains elusive. Our methodology selected five top-ranked candidates that were tested via proof-of-concept experiments. Following knockdown, three out of five candidates showed significant effects on the mRNA expression of FOXP3 across multiple donors. This provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms modulating FOXP3 transcriptional expression in Tregs. Overall, at the genome level this represents a high level of accuracy in predicting upstream regulatory genes of key genes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Magni
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Rucha Sawlekar
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Christophe M Capelle
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Vera Tslaf
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Alexandre Baron
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Mombaerts
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Zuogong Yue
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Q Hefeng
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jorge Gonçalves
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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3
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Li M, Weng L, Yu D, Yang G, Hao J. Increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps induced by autophagy and identification of autophagy-related biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14881. [PMID: 37539924 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal death of neutrophils and the subsequent ineffective clearance of cell fragments result in production of autoantigens that can lead to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Excessive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can trigger the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as type I interferons, leading to tissue damage and immune dysfunction in SLE patients. In this study, we found that a decrease in neutrophil counts in the peripheral blood was correlated with clinical parameters in SLE patients. Patients with low neutrophil counts had high renal activity index and chronicity index scores. NET formation and neutrophil autophagy in SLE patients were increased. The autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine was shown to restrict NET formation. Using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, we found that the expression of the autophagy-related gene, hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1A), was enhanced in peripheral neutrophils and in the renal glomeruli in SLE patients. Targeting HIF1A could be a potential therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luobei Weng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Datang Yu
- Department of urology, The 74th Group Army Hospital of the PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofei Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Hao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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El-Ansary A, Al-Ayadhi L. Effects of Walnut and Pumpkin on Selective Neurophenotypes of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Case Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4564. [PMID: 37960217 PMCID: PMC10647375 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Special diets or nutritional supplements are regularly given to treat children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The increased consumption of particular foods has been demonstrated in numerous trials to lessen autism-related symptoms and comorbidities. A case study on a boy with moderate autism who significantly improved after three years of following a healthy diet consisting of pumpkin and walnuts was examined in this review in connection to a few different neurophenotypes of ASD. We are able to suggest that a diet high in pumpkin and walnuts was useful in improving the clinical presentation of the ASD case evaluated by reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered gut microbiota, all of which are etiological variables. Using illustrated figures, a full description of the ways by which a diet high in pumpkin and nuts could assist the included case is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Autism Center, Lotus Holistic Alternative Medical Center, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 110281, United Arab Emirates
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
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Mancuso C, Tremblay E, Gnodi E, Jean S, Beaulieu JF, Barisani D. The Combination of Gold and Silver Food Nanoparticles with Gluten Peptides Alters the Autophagic Pathway in Intestinal Crypt-like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13040. [PMID: 37685847 PMCID: PMC10487529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles (mNPs) are widely used as food additives and can interact with gliadin triggering an immune response, but evaluation of the effects on crypts, hypertrophic in celiac subjects, is still lacking. This study evaluated the effects of gold and silver mNPs in combination with gliadin on crypt-like cells (HIEC-6). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate gliadin-mNP aggregates in cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis assessed autophagy-related molecule levels (p62, LC3, beclin-1, EGFR). Lysosome functionality was tested with acridine orange (AO) and Magic Red assays. TEM identified an increase in autophagic vacuoles after exposure to gliadin + mNPs, as also detected by significant increments in LC3-II and p62 expression. Immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of mature autophagosomes, showing LC3 and p62 colocalization, indicating an altered autophagic flux, further assessed with EGFR degradation, AO and Magic Red assays. The results showed a significant reduction in lysosomal enzyme activity and a modest reduction in acidity. Thus, gliadin + mNPs can block the autophagic flux inducing a lysosomal defect. The alteration of this pathway, essential for cell function, can lead to cell damage and death. The potential effects of this copresence in food should be further characterized to avoid a negative impact on celiac disease subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mancuso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.)
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H4, Canada; (E.T.); (J.-F.B.)
| | - Eric Tremblay
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H4, Canada; (E.T.); (J.-F.B.)
| | - Elisa Gnodi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Steve Jean
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H4, Canada;
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H4, Canada; (E.T.); (J.-F.B.)
| | - Donatella Barisani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.M.); (E.G.)
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Paldino G, Fierabracci A. Shedding new light on the role of ERAP1 in Type 1 diabetes: A perspective on disease management. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103291. [PMID: 36740089 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a multifactorial organ specific autoimmune disease which originates from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreatic islets by autoreactive CD8+ T lymphocytes. The autoimmune responses are raised against autoantigenic peptides presented in the context of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules. Peptides are generated in the cytoplasm of the beta cell by degradation through the proteasome activity and other proteases. Proteolytic intermediate protein fragments are then vehicled into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by transporters associated with antigen processing TAP1 and TAP2. In the ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) and 2 (ERAP2) shape the intermediate proteins to produce the optimal peptide size for loading into the MHC class I molecules. Subsequently complexes are shuttled to the cell surface for antigen presentation. Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified different SNPs of ERAP1 associated to several autoimmune diseases and in particular the T1D-related ERAP1 SNP rs30187 encoding for K528R ERAP1. An association between the ER stress and the increased exposure of beta cells to the immune system has been hypothesized to further contribute to the etiopathogenesis. In particular in a recent study by Thomaidou et al. 2020 (doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/db19-0984) the posttranscriptional regulation of ERAP1 is shown to shaping the recognition of the preproinsulin (PPI) signal peptide by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In the light of foregoing ERAP1 inhibitors could potentially prevent the activation of epitope-specific autoimmune-promoting T cells and their cytokine production; further regulating ERAP1 expression at posttranscriptional level under stress conditions of the beta cells could help to reverse autoimmune process through limiting epitope-presentation to autoreactive T cells. In this article we provide a perspective on the role of ERAP1 as implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by reviewing studies reported in literature and discussing our own experimental evidence.
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Angrand L, Masson JD, Rubio-Casillas A, Nosten-Bertrand M, Crépeaux G. Inflammation and Autophagy: A Convergent Point between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-Related Genetic and Environmental Factors: Focus on Aluminum Adjuvants. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10090518. [PMID: 36136483 PMCID: PMC9502677 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are genetically complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) resulting from genetic factors and gene-environment (GxE) interactions for which onset occurs in early brain development. Recent progress highlights the link between ASD and (i) immunogenetics, neurodevelopment, and inflammation, and (ii) impairments of autophagy, a crucial neurodevelopmental process involved in synaptic pruning. Among various environmental factors causing risk for ASD, aluminum (Al)-containing vaccines injected during critical periods have received special attention and triggered relevant scientific questions. The aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge on the role of early inflammation, immune and autophagy dysfunction in ASD as well as preclinical studies which question Al adjuvant impacts on brain and immune maturation. We highlight the most recent breakthroughs and the lack of epidemiological, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data constituting a "scientific gap". We propose additional research, such as genetic studies that could contribute to identify populations at genetic risk, improving diagnosis, and potentially the development of new therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Angrand
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (L.A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Masson
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (L.A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Biology Laboratory, Autlán Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlán 48900, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Autlán Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlán 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marika Nosten-Bertrand
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillemette Crépeaux
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (L.A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence:
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Liu SY, Zhang XM, Sun RJ, Zhu JJ, Yuan D, Shan NN. Abnormal expression of autophagy-related proteins in immune thrombocytopenia. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12992. [PMID: 33140452 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved protein degradation pathway that is essential for affecting some autoimmune diseases. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a common autoimmune disorder, and the complex dysregulation of cellular immunity has been observed; however, the relationship between autophagy-related proteins and immune responses in ITP remains unclear. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the mRNA expression levels of Beclin-1, SQSTM1/p62 and LC3 were measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 20 newly diagnosed patients with active ITP, 16 ITP patients in remission and 21 healthy volunteers. The stained Beclin-1 and SQSTM1/p62 proteins were also observed in the bone marrow of active ITP patients and normal controls by immunofluorescence. SQSTM1/p62 mRNA expression in PBMCs in newly diagnosed patients was significantly decreased. At the same time, Beclin-1 mRNA was increased significantly. During the remission stages, the levels of these autophagy-related proteins were comparable with those observed in healthy controls. Taken together, these results suggest that the aberrant expression of autophagy-related proteins might be involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. Further study of the autophagy pathway may provide a new strategy and direction for the treatment of ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, People's Hospital of Rizhao City, Rizhao, China
| | - Rui-Jie Sun
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dai Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning-Ning Shan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Ríos-Ríos WDJ, Sosa-Luis SA, Torres-Aguilar H. T Cells Subsets in the Immunopathology and Treatment of Sjogren's Syndrome. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1539. [PMID: 33187265 PMCID: PMC7698113 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjogren´s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease whose pathogenesis is characterized by an exacerbated T cell infiltration in exocrine glands, markedly associated to the inflammatory and detrimental features as well as the disease progression. Several helper T cell subsets sequentially converge at different stages of the ailment, becoming involved in specific pathologic roles. Initially, their activated phenotype endows them with high migratory properties and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in target tissues. Later, the accumulation of immunomodulatory T cells-derived factors, such as IL-17, IFN-γ, or IL-21, preserve the inflammatory environment. These effects favor strong B cell activation, instigating an extrafollicular antibody response in ectopic lymphoid structures mediated by T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and leading to disease progression. Additionally, the memory effector phenotype of CD8+ T cells present in SS patients suggests that the presence of auto-antigen restricted CD8+ T cells might trigger time-dependent and specific immune responses. Regarding the protective roles of traditional regulatory T cells (Treg), uncertain evidence shows decrease or invariable numbers of circulating and infiltrating cells. Nevertheless, an emerging Treg subset named follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) seems to play a critical protective role owing to their deficiency that enhances SS development. In this review, the authors summarize the current knowledge of T cells subsets contribution to the SS immunopathology, focusing on the cellular and biomolecular properties allowing them to infiltrate and to harm target tissues, and that simultaneously make them key therapeutic targets for SS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William de Jesús Ríos-Ríos
- Department of Clinical Immunology Research of Biochemical Sciences Faculty, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca City 68120, Mexico;
| | - Sorely Adelina Sosa-Luis
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Honorio Torres-Aguilar
- Department of Clinical Immunology Research of Biochemical Sciences Faculty, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca City 68120, Mexico;
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Cicco S, Cicco G, Racanelli V, Vacca A. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): Two Potential Targets for COVID-19 Treatment. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:7527953. [PMID: 32724296 PMCID: PMC7366221 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7527953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that mostly affects the respiratory system. The consequent inflammation is not able to clear viruses. The persistent excessive inflammatory response can build up a clinical picture that is very difficult to manage and potentially fatal. Modulating the immune response plays a key role in fighting the disease. One of the main defence systems is the activation of neutrophils that release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) under the stimulus of autophagy. Various molecules can induce NETosis and autophagy; some potent activators are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and, in particular, the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). This molecule is released by damaged lung cells and can induce a robust innate immunity response. The increase in HMGB1 and NETosis could lead to sustained inflammation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, blocking these molecules might be useful in COVID-19 treatment and should be further studied in the context of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Cicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Cicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
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11
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Karami J, Masoumi M, Khorramdelazad H, Bashiri H, Darvishi P, Sereshki HA, Shekarabi M, Sahebkar A. Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: Latest evidence and therapeutic approaches. Life Sci 2020; 254:117734. [PMID: 32380080 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is considered as an important intracellular mechanism that degrades cytoplasmic components to furnish additional energy. It has cytoprotective effects through the degradation of intracellular pathogens, damaged organelles, and protein aggregates. On the other hand, there are reports of an association between autophagy and autoimmune diseases. Indeed, it has been evident that autophagy is dysregulated in various autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Autophagy is implicated in the maturation survival and proliferation of various immune and non-immune cells, which play pivotal roles in RA pathogenesis. Additionally, autophagy seems to be involved in citrullination and presentation of citrullinated peptides to T lymphocyte cells. Presentation of citrullinated peptides through MHC compartments to the T cells leads to immune response and chronic inflammation. Evidence suggests that autophagy could be implicated in apoptosis resistance of RA fibroblast-like synoviocyte (RA FLS), osteoclastogenesis, and finally severe bone and cartilage destruction. Since autophagy could be an important phenomenon in RA pathogenesis, we summarized the roles of autophagy in citrullination, osteoclastogenesis, RA FLS cells survival, apoptosis resistance of cells, lymphocyte homeostasis and its clinical outcomes in RA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Karami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Masoumi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Bashiri
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Parisa Darvishi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hale Abdoli Sereshki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shekarabi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Maellaro E, Terzuoli L, Bacarelli MR, Del Bello B, Bizzaro N, Porcelli B. Autoantibodies against the autophagic protein microtubule-associated light-chain 3 (LC3): Immunocharacterization of an atypical ANA pattern. Autoimmunity 2020; 53:245-252. [PMID: 32338081 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1755963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens are commonly detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on HEp-2 cells, and three major staining patterns (nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitotic) are distinguished. Here, we report an atypical cytoplasmic pattern, not described so far, observed in the serum of a patient with a controversial diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Moreover, for the first time, we have revealed the presence of autoantibodies against the microtubule-associated light-chain 3 (LC3) protein, which plays a key role in the autophagic process. The target antigen has been identified in IIF by means of a competition test using purified anti-LC3 antibodies on HEp-2 cells, and confirmed by Western blot analysis using cellular or recombinant LC3 as antigen, immunoreacted with the patient's serum. The identification of this atypical pattern and the related autoantibody-antigen system sheds new light on autophagy, which is increasingly considered to be involved in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, and could contribute to select more personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Maellaro
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Terzuoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Del Bello
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Bizzaro
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, San Antonio Hospital, Tolmezzo, Italy.,Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, Udine, Italy
| | - Brunetta Porcelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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13
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Liang X, Liu L, Wang Y, Guo H, Fan H, Zhang C, Hou L, Liu Z. Autophagy-driven NETosis is a double-edged sword - Review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110065. [PMID: 32200255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular mechanism responsible for delivering protein aggregates or damaged organelles to lysosomes for degradation. It is also simultaneously a precise regulatory process, which is crucial for dealing with hunger, oxidative stress, and pathogen defense. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), which form a part of a newly described bactericidal process, are reticular structures composed of a DNA backbone and multiple functional proteins, formed via a process known as NETosis. NETs exert their anti-infection activity by capturing pathogenic microorganisms, inhibiting their spread and inactivating virulence factors. However, NETs may also activate an immune response in non-infectious diseases, leading to tissue damage. Although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unclear, a large number of studies have suggested that autophagy may be involved. Autophagy-mediated NETs not only induce inflammation and tissue damage, but can also lead to cell senescence, malignant transformation, and cell death. Autophagy-dependent NETs also play a beneficial role in the hostwith respect to pathogen clearance and immune defense. Through careful review of the literature, we have found that the distinct roles of autophagy in NETosis may be dependent on the extent of autophagy and the specific manner in which it was induced. This article summarizes numerous recent studies, and reviews the role of autophagy-driven NETosis in various diseases, in the hope that this will lead to the development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Haipeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Lili Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, 161005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, 161005, China
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14
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Shafik NM, El-Esawy RO, Mohamed DA, Deghidy EA, El-Deeb OS. Regenerative effects of glycyrrhizin and/or platelet rich plasma on type-II collagen induced arthritis: Targeting autophay machinery markers, inflammation and oxidative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 675:108095. [PMID: 31476301 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic autoimmune disease manifested by joint destruction and deformity, hence decreasing patient's life quality. The aim of the present work is to explore the mechanistic effects of glycyrrhizin (GL)and/or platelet rich plasma (PRP) treatment on collagen induced arthritis. 75 female Wistar rats were allocated into five equal groups. Group I: control group. Group II: arthritis group (A group); arthritis was induced by type-II collagen Group III: Glycyrrhizin treated group(A + GL group), Group IV: platelet rich plasma treated group(A + PRP group)and Group V: combined treatment group(A + GL + PRP group). Hind paw joint tissue levels of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB-1), beclin-1 and nuclear factor (erythroid-2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) DNA binding activity were detected by ELISA. Activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and catalase enzymes were determined spectrophotometrically. mRNA expression levels of microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) was detected by quantitative real time PCR. After 8 weeks treatment, there was improvement of inflammation and autophagy biomarkers by the significant reduction of HMGB-1 and beclin-1 levels, down regulation ofLC3mRNA expression. On the other hand, we monitored restoration of the anti-oxidant status through the inhibited MPO activity besides induction of both catalase and Nrf2-DNA binding activities. It could be concluded that, the mutual use of both PRP and GL had a greater effect than each alone against arthritis which is considered a novel finding that can highlight the regenerative and ameliorative effects of this combined treatmentthus launching promising avenues for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Shafik
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | | | - Darin A Mohamed
- Histopathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Ehsan A Deghidy
- Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt
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15
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Hong T, Feng X, Tong W, Xu W. Bibliometric analysis of research on the trends in autophagy. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7103. [PMID: 31205825 PMCID: PMC6556104 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is an important mechanism to maintain homeostasis in cells. It has been linked with ageing and many currently incurable diseases, including heart disease, cancer, myopathies, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. Autophagy research is very important for identifying better treatments. This study aimed to explore the hotspots of autophagy research published from different countries, organizations, and authors. Methods Between 1962 and 2018, articles published about autophagy were identified in the Web of Science database. The total and annual number of articles, citations, impact factor, Hirsch (H)-index, number of article citations, productive authors, and involved journals were collected for quantitative and qualitative comparisons. Results From 1962 to 2018, 18,811 autophagy-related articles written in English were published. Most were from China (6,731). The United States dominated in citation frequency (391,030) and h-index (264). Among related journals, Autophagy published the most articles (1,388), followed by Plos One (585) and Oncotarget (392). Daniel Klionsky was the most productive author, with 171 publications. The article “LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing” was cited most frequently. The top-ranked keyword was “degradation” of macroautophagy. Conclusions Publication of articles about autophagy has increased notably from 1962 to 2018, and has increased annually. The general quality of publications from China is still in need of improvement. Autophagy research has shifted gradually from basic studies to clinical studies in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xinzhe Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, Shanghai, P.R. China
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16
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Sun RJ, Shan NN. Megakaryocytic dysfunction in immune thrombocytopenia is linked to autophagy. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:59. [PMID: 30923461 PMCID: PMC6419848 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized by both increased platelet destruction and/or reduced platelet production. Even though they are detected in ≤ 50% of ITP patients, auto-antibodies play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ITP. Recent experimental and clinical observations have revealed abnormal autophagy in ITP patients. Autophagy is a catabolic process responsible for the elimination and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents, such as organelles and macromolecules, in eukaryotic cells. Additionally, it triggers cell death or promotes cell survival following various forms of stress, and maintains the microenvironment and stemness of haematopoietic stem cells. The role of autophagy in megakaryopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and platelet function is slowly being uncovered. The abnormal autophagy in ITP patients may be caused by deletion of autophagy-related genes such as ATG7 and abnormal signalling due to overexpression of mTOR. These changes are thought to affect markers of haematopoietic stem cells, such as CD41 and CD61, and differentiation of megakaryocytes, ultimately decreasing the function and quantity of platelets and leading to the onset of ITP. This review highlights recent evidence on the essential role played by autophagy in megakaryopoiesis, megakaryocyte differentiation, thrombopoiesis, and platelet production. It also discusses the potential of targeting the autophagy pathway as a novel therapeutic approach against ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jie Sun
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 325 Jing Wu Rd, Jinan, 250021 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Ning Shan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 325 Jing Wu Rd, Jinan, 250021 Shandong People's Republic of China
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17
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Merkley SD, Chock CJ, Yang XO, Harris J, Castillo EF. Modulating T Cell Responses via Autophagy: The Intrinsic Influence Controlling the Function of Both Antigen-Presenting Cells and T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2914. [PMID: 30619278 PMCID: PMC6302218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic and inducible process affecting multiple aspects of the immune system. This intrinsic cellular process is involved in MHC-antigen (Ag) presentation, inflammatory signaling, cytokine regulation, and cellular metabolism. In the context of T cell responses, autophagy has an influential hand in dictating responses to self and non-self by controlling extrinsic factors (e.g., MHC-Ag, cytokine production) in antigen-presenting cells (APC) and intrinsic factors (e.g., cell signaling, survival, cytokine production, and metabolism) in T cells. These attributes make autophagy an attractive therapeutic target to modulate T cell responses. In this review, we examine the impact autophagy has on T cell responses by modulating multiple aspects of APC function; the importance of autophagy in the activation, differentiation and homeostasis of T cells; and discuss how the modulation of autophagy could influence T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Merkley
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Cameron J Chock
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - James Harris
- Rheumatology Group, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, NM, United States
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18
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Vomero M, Barbati C, Colasanti T, Perricone C, Novelli L, Ceccarelli F, Spinelli FR, Di Franco M, Conti F, Valesini G, Alessandri C. Autophagy and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Knowledges and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1577. [PMID: 30072986 PMCID: PMC6058034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradation mechanism by which cells recycle cytoplasmic components to generate energy. By influencing lymphocyte development, survival, and proliferation, autophagy regulates the immune responses against self and non-self antigens. Deregulation of autophagic pathway has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Indeed, autophagy seems to be involved in the generation of citrullinated peptides, and also in apoptosis resistance in RA. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of autophagy in RA and discuss the possibility of a clinical application of autophagy modulation in this disease.
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19
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Barrera MJ, Aguilera S, Castro I, González S, Carvajal P, Molina C, Hermoso MA, González MJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in autoimmune diseases: Can altered protein quality control and/or unfolded protein response contribute to autoimmunity? A critical review on Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:796-808. [PMID: 29890347 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many years, researchers in the field of autoimmunity have focused on the role of the immune components in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, some studies have demonstrated the importance of target tissues in their pathogenesis and the breach of immune tolerance. The immune system as well as target tissue cells (plasmatic, β-pancreatic, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, thyroid follicular and epithelial cells of the lachrymal glands, salivary glands, intestine, bronchioles and renal tubules) share the characteristic of secretory cells with an extended endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The function of these cells depends considerably on a normal ER function and calcium homeostasis, so they can produce and secrete their main components, which include glycoproteins involved in antigenic presentation such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II. All these proteins are synthesized and modified in the ER, and for this reason disturbances in the normal functions of this organelle such as protein folding, protein quality control, calcium homeostasis and redox balance, promote accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, a condition known as ER stress. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by inflammation, which has been associated with an ER stress condition. Interestingly, patients with these diseases contain circulating auto-antibodies against chaperone proteins (such as Calnexin and GRP94), thus affecting the folding and assembly of MHC class I and II glycoproteins and their loading with peptide. The main purpose of this article is to review the involvement of the protein quality control and unfolded protein response (UPR) in the ER protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and their alterations in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we describe the interaction between ER stress and inflammation and evidences are shown of how autoimmune diseases are associated with an ER stress condition, with a special emphasis on the second most prevalent autoimmune rheumatic disease, Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Barrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Aguilera
- Departamento de Reumatología, Clínica INDISA, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Castro
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio González
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Carvajal
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Molina
- Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Julieta González
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Ursini F, Russo E, Pellino G, D'Angelo S, Chiaravalloti A, De Sarro G, Manfredini R, De Giorgio R. Metformin and Autoimmunity: A "New Deal" of an Old Drug. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1236. [PMID: 29915588 PMCID: PMC5994909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (dimethyl biguanide) is a synthetic derivative of guanidine, isolated from the extracts of Galega officinalis, a plant with a prominent antidiabetic effect. Since its discovery more than 50 years ago, metformin represents a worldwide milestone in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent evidence in humans indicates novel pleiotropic actions of metformin which span from its consolidated role in T2D management up to various regulatory properties, including cardio- and nephro-protection, as well as antiproliferative, antifibrotic, and antioxidant effects. These findings, together with ground-breaking studies demonstrating its ability to prolong healthspan and lifespan in mice, provided the basis for defining metformin as a potential antiaging molecule. Moreover, emerging in vivo and in vitro evidence support the novel hypothesis that metformin can exhibit immune-modulatory features. Studies suggest that metformin interferes with key immunopathological mechanisms involved in systemic autoimmune diseases, such as the T helper 17/regulatory T cell balance, germinal centers formation, autoantibodies production, macrophage polarization, cytokine synthesis, neutrophil extracellular traps release, and bone or extracellular matrix remodeling. These effects may represent a powerful contributor to antiaging and anticancer properties exerted by metformin and, from another standpoint, may open the way to assess whether metformin can be a candidate molecule for clinical trials involving patients with immune-mediated diseases. In this article, we will review the available preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the effect of metformin on individual cells of the immune system, with emphasis on immunological mechanisms related to the development and maintenance of autoimmunity and its potential relevance in treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ursini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- Colorectal Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Ageing Sciences, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore D'Angelo
- Rheumatology Institute of Lucania (IReL) - Rheumatology Department of Lucania, "San Carlo" Hospital of Potenza and "Madonna delle Grazie" Hospital of Matera, Potenza, Italy.,Basilicata Ricerca Biomedica (BRB) Foundation, Potenza, Italy
| | - Agostino Chiaravalloti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Manfredini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinica Medica Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinica Medica Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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21
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Yuan J, Zhao X, Hu Y, Sun H, Gong G, Huang X, Chen X, Xia M, Sun C, Huang Q, Sun Y, Kong W, Kong W. Autophagy regulates the degeneration of the auditory cortex through the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2086-2098. [PMID: 29344647 PMCID: PMC5810242 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Presbycusis is the most common sensory impairment associated with aging; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Autophagy has been demonstrated to serve a key role in diverse diseases; however, no studies have examined its function in central presbycusis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes of autophagy in the physiological processes of the auditory cortex and its role in the degeneration of the auditory cortex, as well as the related mechanisms using naturally aging rats and a D‑galactose (D‑gal)‑induced mimetic rat model of aging. The present study demonstrated that autophagy increased from 3 months to 15 months in the normal saline (NS) control group, while it decreased in the D‑gal group. Compared with the age‑matched NS group, the D‑gal group demonstrated significantly increased levels of the autophagy‑related proteins, LC3 and Beclin 1 (BECN1) and the anti‑apoptotic proteins B‑cell lymphoma (BCL)2 and BCL‑extra large (BCL‑xL) at 3 months, with no obvious changes in cell apoptosis level and neuron ultrastructural morphology. However, LC3, BECN1, BCL2 and BCL‑xL were decreased at 15 months in the D-gal group, with cell apoptosis significantly increased and substantial neuron degeneration. Additionally, 5' AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was enhanced, and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ULK1 phosphorylation (Ser 757) activities were inhibited at 3 months compared with those of the NS group, while the opposite was observed at 9 and 15 months. The present results suggested that autophagy increases from young to adult and decreases at old age in the physiological processes of the auditory cortex, and has anti‑apoptotic as well as anti‑aging functions in the degeneration of the auditory cortex. Additionally, autophagy was regulated through AMPK activation and mTOR suppression, and impairment of autophagy may serve a key role in the degeneration of the auditory cortex, even in the pathogenesis of central presbycusis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022
| | - Yujuan Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022
| | - Haiying Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022
| | - Guoqing Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Central Hospital of Huangshi, Huangshi, Hubei 435000
| | | | - Xubo Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022
| | - Mingyu Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022
| | - Qilin Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022
| | - Wen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Wen Kong, Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Weijia Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022,Institute of Otorhinolaryngology,Professor Weijia Kong, Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China, E-mail:
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22
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Li B, Wang F, Schall N, Muller S. Rescue of autophagy and lysosome defects in salivary glands of MRL/lpr mice by a therapeutic phosphopeptide. J Autoimmun 2018; 90:132-145. [PMID: 29486915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is a multifactorial systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates in exocrine organs. Patients present with sicca symptoms, such as extensive dry eyes and dry mouth, and parotid enlargement. Other serious complications include profound fatigue, chronic pain, major organ involvement, neuropathies and lymphomas. Current treatments only focus on relieving symptoms and do not target the origin of the disease, which is largely unknown. The question we addressed here was whether some defects exist in autophagy processes in Sjögren's syndrome and if they can be corrected or minimized using an appropriate mechanism-driven treatment targeting this central survival pathway. Using a recognized murine model of secondary Sjögren's syndrome, we identified molecular alterations of autophagy occurring in the salivary glands of MRL/lpr mice, and discovered that opposite (up- or down-regulated) autophagy events can arise in distinct organs of the same mouse strain, here in lymphoid organs and salivary glands. We showed further that the therapeutic P140 peptide, known to directly act on chaperone-mediated autophagy, rescued MRL/lpr mice from cellular infiltration and autophagy defects occurring in salivary glands. Our findings provide a proof-of-concept that targeting autophagy might represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treating patients with Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Li
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, University of Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France
| | - Fengjuan Wang
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, University of Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France
| | - Nicolas Schall
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, University of Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, University of Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France.
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23
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Assessing Autophagy in Sciatic Nerves of a Rat Model that Develops Inflammatory Autoimmune Peripheral Neuropathies. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030030. [PMID: 28927011 PMCID: PMC5617976 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat sciatic nerve has attracted widespread attention as an excellent model system for studying autophagy alterations in peripheral neuropathies. In our laboratory, we have developed an original rat model, which we used currently in routine novel drug screening and to evaluate treatment strategies for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and other closely related diseases. Lewis rats injected with the S-palmitoylated P0(180-199) peptide develop a chronic, sometimes relapsing-remitting type of disease. Our model fulfills electrophysiological criteria of demyelination with axonal degeneration, confirmed by immunohistopathology and several typical features of CIDP. We have set up a series of techniques that led us to examine the failures of autophagy pathways in the sciatic nerve of these model rats and to follow the possible improvement of these defects after treatment. Based on these newly introduced methods, a novel area of investigation is now open and will allow us to more thoroughly examine important features of certain autophagy pathways occurring in sciatic nerves.
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24
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Dang J, Bian X, Ma X, Li J, Long F, Shan S, Yuan Q, Xin Q, Li Y, Gao F, Gong Y, Liu Q. ORMDL3 Facilitates the Survival of Splenic B Cells via an ATF6α-Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Beclin1 Autophagy Regulatory Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1647-1659. [PMID: 28747345 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The genetic association of orosomucoid-like 3 (ORMDL3) with an array of immunoinflammatory disorders has been recently unraveled in multiple ethnic groups, and functional exploration has received attention of the particular relevance of this gene in endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response. In this study, we demonstrated the upregulation of ORMDL3 in both patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus mice compared with controls. By establishing ORMDL3 knockout mice (Ormdl3-/-), we showed that silencing Ormdl3 in vivo significantly decreased the proportions of mature B lymphocytes and transitional 2B cells in spleen and B1a cells from abdominal cavity perfusion fluid, the secretion of IgG and IgM, and the expression of Baff. Additionally, knockdown of Ormdl3 augmented the apoptosis of total splenic cells and splenic CD19+ B cells but did not affect B cell proliferation and cell cycle. Subsequently, we in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that ORMDL3 potentially mediates the autophagy via the ATF 6-Beclin1 autophagy pathway, and it facilitates the survival of splenic B cells via promoting autophagy and suppressing apoptosis. Taken together, we uncovered a role of ORMDL3 in fine-tuning B cell development and survival, besides highlighting a potential mechanism by which ORMDL3 regulates autophagy via ATF6 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China; and.,Key Laboratory for Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of the Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xianli Bian
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiangxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Feng Long
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qian Xin
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; .,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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25
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Langer R, Streutker CJ, Swanson PE. Autophagy and its current relevance to the diagnosis and clinical management of esophageal diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1381:113-121. [PMID: 27526024 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cell survival program that degrades dysfunctional organelles and misfolded or long-lived proteins through the formation of lysosomes. Basal autophagy helps to maintain cellular homeostasis, while additional autophagy can be induced under cellular stress conditions. Autophagy has shown to be involved in a variety of diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases, degeneration, and cancer. We review the relevance of autophagy to the diagnosis and clinical management of esophageal diseases with the following questions in mind. What is autophagy and can/should we detect it in routine pathology specimens? What is the role of autophagy in gastroesophageal reflux disease/inflammatory esophageal disease? What role may autophagy play in the interaction between pro- and antiapoptotic pathways in esophageal malignancies and treatment?
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Catherine J Streutker
- Li Ka Shing Institute, St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul E Swanson
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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26
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Molecular dynamics at the receptor level of immunodominant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 epitope implicated in multiple sclerosis. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 68:78-86. [PMID: 27388119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a common autoimmune disease whereby myelin is destroyed by the immune system. The disease is triggered by the stimulation of encephalitogenic T-cells via the formation of a trimolecular complex between the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA), an immunodominant epitope of myelin proteins and T-cell Receptor (TCR). Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) is located on the external surface of myelin and has been implicated in MS induction. The immunodominant 35-55 epitope of MOG is widely used for in vivo biological evaluation and immunological studies that are related with chronic Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE, animal model of MS), inflammatory diseases and MS. In this report, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were used to explore the interactions of MOG35-55 at the receptor level. A detailed mapping of the developed interactions during the creation of the trimolecular complex is reported. This is the first attempt to gain an understanding of the molecular recognition of the MOG35-55 epitope by the HLA and TCR receptors. During the formation of the trimolecular complex, the residues Arg(41) and Arg(46) of MOG35-55 have been confirmed to serve as TCR anchors while Tyr(40) interacts with HLA. The present structural findings indicate that the Arg at positions 41 and 46 is a key residue for the stimulation of the encephalitogenic T-cells.
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27
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Shan NN, Dong LL, Zhang XM, Liu X, Li Y. Targeting autophagy as a potential therapeutic approach for immune thrombocytopenia therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 100:11-5. [PMID: 26830007 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy involves the sequestration and lysosomal degradation of various cytoplasmic structures, including damaged organelles and invading microorganisms. Autophagy is not only an essential cell-intrinsic mechanism for protecting against internal and external stress conditions but is also key in the cellular response against microbes, in antigen processing for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation, and in lymphocyte development, survival, and proliferation. In recent years, perturbations in autophagy have been implicated in a number of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a multifactorial disease characterized by autoimmune responses to self-platelet membrane proteins. Recently, our unpublished original data demonstrated aberrant expression of molecules in the autophagy pathway in ITP patients compared with controls, and we found a close correlation between the pathogenesis of ITP and the autophagy pathway. The potential of targeting the autophagy pathway in ITP as a novel therapeutic approach has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Shan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Li Dong
- Department of Pediatric surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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28
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Luo MXM, Wong SH, Chan MTV, Yu L, Yu SSB, Wu F, Xiao Z, Wang X, Zhang L, Cheng ASL, Ng SSM, Chan FKL, Cho CH, Yu J, Sung JJY, Wu WKK. Autophagy Mediates HBx-Induced Nuclear Factor-κB Activation and Release of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL2 in Hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2382-9. [PMID: 25708728 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and one of its encoded proteins, HBV X protein (HBx), have been shown to induce autophagy in hepatoma cells. Substantial evidence indicates that autophagy is a potent suppressor of inflammation. However, sporadic reports suggest that autophagy could promote pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and inflammation in some biological contexts. Here, we show that overexpression of HBx induces LC3B-positive autophagosome formation, increases autophagic flux and enhances the expression of ATG5, ATG7, and LC3B-II in normal hepatocytes. Abrogation of autophagy by small interfering RNA against ATG5 and ATG7 prevents HBx-induced formation of autophagosomes. Autophagy inhibition also abrogates HBx-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and CXCL2. These findings suggest that autophagy is required for HBx-induced NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production and could shed new light on the complex role of autophagy in the modulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millore X M Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny H Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidney S B Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred S L Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon S M Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi H Cho
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K K Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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29
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Wang F, Muller S. Manipulating autophagic processes in autoimmune diseases: a special focus on modulating chaperone-mediated autophagy, an emerging therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2015; 6:252. [PMID: 26042127 PMCID: PMC4437184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a constitutive intracellular degradation pathway, displays essential role in the homeostasis of immune cells, antigen processing and presentation, and many other immune processes. Perturbation of autophagy has been shown to be related to several autoimmune syndromes, including systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, modulating autophagy processes appears most promising for therapy of such autoimmune diseases. Autophagy can be said non-selective or selective; it is classified into three main forms, namely macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), the former process being by far the most intensively investigated. The role of CMA remains largely underappreciated in autoimmune diseases, even though CMA has been claimed to play pivotal functions into major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation. Therefore, hereby, we give a special focus on CMA as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases, based in particular on our most recent experimental results where a phosphopeptide modulates lupus disease by interacting with CMA regulators. We propose that specifically targeting lysosomes and lysosomal pathways, which are central in autophagy processes and seem to be altered in certain autoimmune diseases such as lupus, could be an innovative approach of efficient and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Wang
- Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France ; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study , Strasbourg , France
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30
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Chinnadurai R, Copland IB, Ng S, Garcia M, Prasad M, Arafat D, Gibson G, Kugathasan S, Galipeau J. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived From Crohn's Patients Deploy Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated Immune Suppression, Independent of Autophagy. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1248-1261. [PMID: 25899824 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for adoptive cell therapy of luminal Crohn's disease (CD) are being tested in clinical trials. However, CD is associated with dysregulation of autophagy and its effect on MSC's immunobiology is unknown. Here, we demonstrate no quantitative difference in phenotype, in vitro growth kinetics and molecular signatures to IFNγ between MSCs derived from CD and healthy individuals. CD MSCs were indistinguishable from those derived from healthy controls at inhibiting T-cell proliferation through an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-dependent mechanism. Upon IFNγ prelicensing, both MSC populations inhibit T-cell effector functions. Neither a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7820268 in the IDO gene, nor a widely reported CD predisposing SNP ATG16L1rs2241880 modulated the suppressive function of MSCs carrying these haplotypes. IFNγ stimulation or coculture with activated T cells upregulated the expression of autophagy genes and/or vacuoles on MSCs. Pharmacological blockade of autophagy pathway did not reverse the immunosuppressive properties and IFNγ responsiveness of MSCs confirming the absence of a functional link between these two cell biochemical properties. We conclude that autophagy, but not IDO and IFNγ responsiveness, is dispensable for MSC's immunosuppressive properties. MSCs from CD subjects are functionally analogous to those of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Chinnadurai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ian B Copland
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Spencer Ng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Mahadev Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dalia Arafat
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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31
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Gros F, Muller S. Pharmacological regulators of autophagy and their link with modulators of lupus disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4337-59. [PMID: 24902607 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a central regulator of cell survival. It displays both anti- and pro-death roles that are decisive in the maintenance of cell homeostasis. Initially described in several eukaryotic cellular models as being induced under nutrient stress favouring survival by energy supply, autophagy was found later to display other decisive physiological roles, especially in the immune system. Thus, it is involved in antigen presentation and lymphocyte differentiation as well as in the balance regulating survival/death and activation of lymphocytes. Autophagy therefore appears to be central in the regulation of inflammation. The observation that autophagy is deregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus is recent. This discovery revives the programme dealing with the design and development of pharmacological autophagy regulators in the therapeutic context of lupus, a debilitating autoimmune disease that affects several million people in the world. A large number of molecules that positively and negatively regulate autophagy have been described, most of them with therapeutic indications in cancer and infection. Only a few, however, are effectively potent activators or inhibitors endowed with experimentally demonstrated selective properties. In this review article, we highlight the most relevant ones and summarize what we know regarding their mechanism of action. We emphasize the link between pharmacological regulators of autophagy and inducers or inhibitors of lupus disease and discuss the fundamental and pharmacological/therapeutic interest of this functional interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gros
- CNRS, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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32
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is a physiological cellular response to nutrient stress, which leads to the engulfment of cytosolic contents by a double-walled membrane structure, the phagophore. Phagophores seal to become autophagosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes to deliver their contents for degradation. Macroautophagy is regulated by numerous cellular factors, including the Class III PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) Vps34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34). The autophagic functions of Vps34 require its recruitment to a complex that includes Vps15, Beclin-1 and Atg14L (autophagy-related 14-like protein) and is known as Vps34 Complex I. We have now identified NRBF2 (nuclear receptor-binding factor 2) as a new member of Vps34 Complex I. NRBF2 binds to complexes that include Vps34, Vps15, Beclin-1 and ATG-14L, but not the Vps34 Complex II component UVRAG (UV radiation resistance-associated gene). NRBF2 directly interacts with Vps15 via the Vps15 WD40 domain as well as other regions of Vps15. The formation of GFP-LC3 (light chain 3) punctae and PE (phosphatidylethanolamine)-conjugated LC3 (LC3-II) in serum-starved cells was inhibited by NRBF2 knockdown in the absence and presence of lysosomal inhibitors, and p62 levels were increased. Thus NRBF2 plays a critical role in the induction of starvation-induced autophagy as a specific member of Vps34 Complex I.
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33
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Jia X, Li J, Shi D, Zhao Y, Dong Y, Ju H, Yang J, Sun J, Li X, Ren H. Grouping annotations on the subcellular layered interactome demonstrates enhanced autophagy activity in a recurrent experimental autoimmune uveitis T cell line. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104404. [PMID: 25116327 PMCID: PMC4130584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human uveitis is a type of T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that often shows relapse-remitting courses affecting multiple biological processes. As a cytoplasmic process, autophagy has been seen as an adaptive response to cell death and survival, yet the link between autophagy and T cell-mediated autoimmunity is not certain. In this study, based on the differentially expressed genes (GSE19652) between the recurrent versus monophasic T cell lines, whose adoptive transfer to susceptible animals may result in respective recurrent or monophasic uveitis, we proposed grouping annotations on a subcellular layered interactome framework to analyze the specific bioprocesses that are linked to the recurrence of T cell autoimmunity. That is, the subcellular layered interactome was established by the Cytoscape and Cerebral plugin based on differential expression, global interactome, and subcellular localization information. Then, the layered interactomes were grouping annotated by the ClueGO plugin based on Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. The analysis showed that significant bioprocesses with autophagy were orchestrated in the cytoplasmic layered interactome and that mTOR may have a regulatory role in it. Furthermore, by setting up recurrent and monophasic uveitis in Lewis rats, we confirmed by transmission electron microscopy that, in comparison to the monophasic disease, recurrent uveitis in vivo showed significantly increased autophagy activity and extended lymphocyte infiltration to the affected retina. In summary, our framework methodology is a useful tool to disclose specific bioprocesses and molecular targets that can be attributed to a certain disease. Our results indicated that targeted inhibition of autophagy pathways may perturb the recurrence of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Jia
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dejing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yucui Dong
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Huanyu Ju
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- The Blood Center of Hei Long Jiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huan Ren
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Infection and Immunity, Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
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34
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Gianchecchi E, Crinò A, Palma A, Luciano R, Perri V, Fruci D, Cappa M, Fierabracci A. Case-control analysis of the <i>ERAP1</i> polymorphism rs30187 in Italian type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.512293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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