The clinical relevance of sexual dysfunction in systemic sclerosis

Further insight into systemic sclerosis from the vasculopathy perspective

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysfunction, vascular system dysfunction, and tissue fibrosis. Vascular injury, vascular remodeling, and endothelial dysfunction are the hallmark pathological changes of the disease. In the early stages of SSc development, endothelial cell injury and apoptosis can lead to vascular and perivascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue hypoxia, which can cause clinical manifestations in various organs from the skin to the parenchymal organs. Early diagnosis and rational treatment can improve patient survival and quality of life. Ancillary examinations such as nailfold capillaroscopy as well as optical coherence tomography can help early detect vascular injury in SSc patients. Studies targeting the mechanisms of vascular lesions will provide new perspectives for treatment of SSc.

Multi-Organ System Screening, Care, and Patient Support in Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogenous systemic autoimmune disease of complex multi-organ manifestations with a disease-specific mortality of >50%. The patient journey is fraught with severe, diverse, and diffuse physical impairment, psychological burden, and diminishing health-related quality of life. SSc remains unfamiliar to many clinicians. Delayed/misdiagnosis, inadequate screening, and attention for common complications with potentially preventable disability/death contribute to patients feeling isolated and unsupported. We present actionable standards including screening, anticipatory guidance, and counseling in patient-centered SSc-care emphasizing psycho-social health as the central goal, whereas robust vigilance and efforts to improve biophysical health and survival are imperatives that support this goal.

Sexual dysfunction in women with systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

In women with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs), female sexual dysfunction (SD) remains underestimated. We aimed to explore the prevalence and correlates of SD in females with SARDs.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the prevalence of SD and the pooled Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) scores in this setting (PROSPERO: CRD42021287346). We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases and grey literature until February 2022. We evaluated the quality of the selected records using the Hoy Risk of Bias tool. A random-effects meta-analysis of proportions with the double arcsine transformation was conducted. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses, as well as meta-regression of important correlates, were conducted.

RESULTS

We included 68 studies with 5457 females diagnosed with a SARD (mean age: 43.7 [12.9] years). The overall SD prevalence was 63% (95% CI: 56, 69%, I2 = 94%) and the overall FSFI total score was 19.7 points (95% CI: 18.4, 21, I2 = 97%). Including only sexually active females, the SD prevalence was estimated as 60% (95% CI: 53, 67%, I2 = 88%), whereas the FSFI total score was 22 points (95% CI: 20.8, 23.1, I2 = 93%). Across the different SARDs, women with Sjögren's syndrome and systemic sclerosis reported the highest levels of SD (74%, 95% CI: 58, 87%, I2 = 84% and 69%, 95% CI: 54, 83%, I2 = 94%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Sexual function in females with SARDs seems to be severely impaired, irrespective of the type of SARD. Screening and treatment of SD in females with SARDs should become an integral part of healthcare clinical practice.

Sicca syndrome in systemic sclerosis: a narrative review on a neglected issue

SSc is an auto-immune disease characterized by life-threatening manifestations such as lung fibrosis or pulmonary arterial hypertension. Symptoms with a detrimental impact on quality of life are also reported and sicca syndrome (xerostomia, xeropthalmia) is present in up to 80% of patients with SSc. Sicca syndrome can occur in the absence of overlap with Sjögren's disease and recent studies highlight that fibrosis of minor and major salivary glands, directly linked to the pathogenesis of SSc, could be a major contributor of xerostomia in SSc. This narrative review provides an overview of the clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, management and future perspectives on sicca syndrome in patients with SSc.

Systemic sclerosis in adults. Part I: Clinical features and pathogenesis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also referred to as systemic scleroderma or scleroderma, is a rare, complex immune-mediated connective tissue disease characterized by progressive skin fibrosis and other clinically heterogenous features. The etiopathogenesis of SSc involves vasculopathy and immune system dysregulation occurring on a permissive genetic and epigenetic background, ultimately leading to fibrosis. Recent developments in our understanding of disease-specific autoantibodies and bioinformatic analyses has led to a reconsideration of the purely clinical classification of diffuse and limited cutaneous SSc subgroups. Autoantibody profiles are predictive of skin and internal organ involvement and disease course. Early diagnosis of SSc, with commencement of disease-modifying treatment, has the potential to improve patient outcomes. In SSc, many of the clinical manifestations that present early signs of disease progression and activity are cutaneous, meaning dermatologists can and should play a key role in the diagnosis and management of this significant condition. The first article in this continuing medical education series discusses the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and pathogenesis of SSc in adults, with an emphasis on skin manifestations, the important role of dermatologists in recognizing these, and their correlation with systemic features and disease course.

Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders: A Systematic Review

Introduction

Female sexual dysfunction (SD) is an under-recognized and undertreated problem in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorders (SARDs).

Objectives

To summarize and evaluate the existing treatment modalities for SD in females with SARDs.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases were searched up to April 2022 for studies that assessed the use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment modalities for the management of SD in females with SARDs. Randomized and observational studies were included. (PROSPERO: CRD42022296381).

Results

Seven studies with 426 females with SD were included. Seven different treatment modalities belonging to 5 different classes (androgen therapy, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, exercise, education and local creams) were evaluated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. The majority of the studies were of low methodological quality. Standardized patient education and 8-week aerobic walking programs were successful in improving female SD. Local creams improved dyspareunia in females with systemic sclerosis. Testosterone did not significantly improve SD in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Accordingly, tadalafil did not result in a significant improvement of SD in females with systemic sclerosis, based on the Female Sexual Function Index.

Conclusion

There is a lack of sufficient evidence to recommend a certain management strategy for SD in females with SARDs. Nonpharmacological therapy and lubricant creams may be beneficial in females with SARDs. No benefit was demonstrated after androgen therapy or tadalafil. Still, no definite conclusions can be drawn due to the important limitations of the available literature. Overall, our results may be considered preliminary and further research in the field is mandatory.

Reproductive Issues and Pregnancy Implications in Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare systemic autoimmune disease that can influence reproductive health. SSc has a strong female predominance, and the disease onset can occur during fertility age in almost 50% of patients. Preconception counseling, adjustment of treatment, and close surveillance during pregnancy by a multidisciplinary team, are key points to minimize fetal and maternal risks and favor successful pregnancy outcomes. The rates of spontaneous pregnancy losses are comparable to those of the general obstetric population, except for patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc and severe internal organ involvement who may carry a higher risk of abortion. Preterm birth can frequently occur in women with SSc, as it happens in other rheumatic diseases. Overall disease activity generally remains stable during pregnancy, but particular attention should be paid to women with major organ disease, such as renal and cardiopulmonary involvement. Women with such severe involvement should be thoroughly informed about the risks during pregnancy and possibly discouraged from getting pregnant. A high frequency of sexual dysfunction has been described among SSc patients, both in females and in males, and pathogenic mechanisms of SSc may play a fundamental role in determining this impairment. Fertility is overall normal in SSc women, while no studies in the literature have investigated fertility in SSc male patients. Nevertheless, some considerations regarding the impact of some immunosuppressive drugs should be done with male patients, referring to the knowledge gained in other rheumatic diseases.

Female Sexual Dysfunction and Pelvic Floor Muscle Function Associated with Systemic Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study

Only a few studies have addressed sexual health in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study aimed to compare female sexual function and pelvic floor muscle function in SSc patients with healthy controls (HC) matched by age, and to identify the potential implications of clinical features on sexual function. Our cohort included 90 women with SSc and 90 HC aged 18-70 years that completed six well-established and validated questionnaires assessing sexual function (Brief Index of Sexual Function for Women, Female Sexual Function Index, Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire-Female, Sexual Function Questionnaire) and pelvic floor function (Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-Short Form 7 and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire Short Form). Results from women with SSc and HC were contrasted and correlated with relevant clinical features. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction was 73% in SSc patients (vs. 31% in HC). Women with SSc reported significantly worse pelvic floor function and sexual function than HC. Impaired sexual function was correlated with higher disease activity, the presence of dyspnea and interstitial lung disease, increased systemic inflammation, reduced physical activity, functional disability, more severe depression, more pronounced fatigue, and impaired quality of life. We demonstrate that sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent among women with SSc. This aspect of the disease deserves more attention both in clinical care and at the level of international research collaboration.

Development and validation of a Patient-Reported Outcome in systemic sclerosis: the Hand scleroDerma lived Experience Scale (HAnDE Scale)

OBJECTIVES

to develop and validate a Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) scale-the HAnDE (Hand-ScleroDerma Disease lived Experience) scale-assessing the lived experience of hand involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

METHODS

explanatory sequential mixed-method study with two phases: 1) PRO development through an Inductive Process to analyze the Structure of lived Experience approach, involving 21 SSc patients, 2) PRO validation by assessing the psychometric properties of the scale among 105 SSc patients.

RESULTS

1) Phase-1 enabled to generate the 18-item provisional scale. 2) The mean total score of the scale was 29,16 (SD 16,15). The item reduction process retained 16 items with 5 levels of answers (range 0-64). Internal consistency of the 16-item version was excellent (Cronbach-alpha coefficient=0,946). Construct validity was very good, the Principal Component Analysis being in favour of a unidimensional instrument, with one factor explaining 56% of the variance, and concurrent validity being confirmed: Cochin Hand Function Scale r=0,66; Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability index r=0.58; Hospital Anxiety Depression, anxiety r=0,51, depression r=0,4; Mouth Handicap in Systemic Sclerosis r=0,61; SF-36, physical component r=-0,48, mental component r=-0,46; and Kapandji score r=-0,46. The correlations were statistically significant (p<0,05).

CONCLUSION

We propose, for future trials and clinical practice in SSc, a new PRO the HAnDE scale, that assesses all the dimensions -functional, aesthetic, relational, existential, and emotional- of the lived experience of hand involvement.

Health-related quality of life in systemic sclerosis compared with other rheumatic diseases: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and the involvement of multiple internal organs. Previous studies reported poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with SSc compared with the general population. However, very little is known about how HRQoL in SSc patients compares with that in patients with other systemic autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjogren's syndrome (SjS). Thus, the main aim of this study was to compare HRQoL in SSc patients, patients with other rheumatic diseases, and the general population.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, patients from the rheumatology clinics of Seoul National University Hospital with SSc, RA, SLE, and SjS were enrolled via a random sampling technique. HRQoL was captured by the Short Form (36) health survey (SF-36), the Short Form Six-Dimensional health index (SF-6D), and the EuroQol Five-Dimensional descriptive system (EQ-5D). Demographic characteristics and standardized disease activity for each disease were also obtained. Previously reported data from 600 healthy Koreans were used for the healthy controls. An ANCOVA test was used to compare the SF-36, SF-6D, and EQ-5D values between study subjects with adjustments for age, sex, disease duration, comorbidities, and disease activity status.

RESULTS

One hundred twenty patients were included in each of the SSc, RA, SLE, and SjS cohorts. Patients with rheumatic diseases had significantly lower SF-36, SF-6D, and EQ-5D scores than healthy controls (all P < 0.001). After statistical adjustments, SSc patients reported significantly lower mental component summary (MCS) scores than patients with RA (P < 0.001) or SLE (P = 0.001). Specifically, the mental health and general health domains were significantly lower in SSc patients than reported in RA or SLE patients (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively, in both domains). In SSc patients, higher modified Rodnan skin scores (mRSS) correlated with lower MCS scores.

CONCLUSIONS

SSc patients report poorer HRQoL than patients with RA or SLE. The extent of skin involvement is associated with poorer HRQoL in SSc patients.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT03257878 . Registered 22 August 2017.

Female sexual dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: The role of endothelial growth factor and endostatin

INTRODUCTION

Since female sexual dysfunction in systemic sclerosis women is multifactorial, we can assume that vascular damage may play a role in pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clitoral blood flow, by Echo color Doppler, and to correlate it whit serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin.

METHODS

A total of 15 systemic sclerosis women and 10 healthy controls matched for sex and age were enrolled in this study. Serum VEGF165 and endostatin levels were determined in systemic sclerosis patients by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Clitoral blood flow was measured by Doppler indices of clitoral artery: pulsatile index, resistive index, and systolic/diastolic ratio were measured. Sexual dysfunction was assessed by Female Sexual Function Index.

RESULTS

Vascular endothelial growth factor (pg/mL) and endostatin (ng/mL) median values were significantly higher in systemic sclerosis women than healthy controls. Resistive index and systolic/diastolic ratio median values were significantly higher in systemic sclerosis women than healthy controls. Negative correlation exists between serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and resistive index (r = -0.55, p < 0.05). Positive correlation was observed between serum levels of endostatin and resistive index (r = 0.70, p < 0.01) and systolic/diastolic ratio (r = 0.77, p < 0.01).

DISCUSSION

We can suppose that clitoral blood flow in systemic sclerosis women is reduced not only for macro- and microvascular damage but also for impaired angiogenesis.

Erectile Dysfunction in Systemic Sclerosis

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major issue in systemic sclerosis (SSc) as it is observed in around 80 to 90 % of men with this connective tissue disease. ED greatly impacts the quality of life and should be actively addressed as a common complication. Whereas ED in the general population is usually associated with risk factors for atherosclerosis as well as cardiovascular disease, the main aetiology of ED in SSc is microangiopathic. In SSc, the blood flow is reduced in the small penile arteries due to corporal fibrosis and myointimal proliferation. There are no data on the prevention of ED in SSc. On-demand phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors have little effect in improving erectile function, but daily or alternate day regimens of long-acting phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors provide a measurable, although often limited, benefit. When intracavernous prostaglandin E1 injections are also ineffective, the implantation of a penile prosthesis should be considered as an option.

Systemic sclerosis: An update in 2016

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic immune disorder of unknown origin, dominated by excessive fibrosis responsible for cutaneous and pulmonary fibrosis, and by vascular endothelial dysfunction at the origin of skin ischemia, renal and pulmonary artery lesions. Renal and pulmonary complications are mainly responsible for the severity of the disease. Recent advances led to a better understanding of pathological mechanisms and a more accurate classification of patients according to clinical and biological (auto-antibodies) phenotype. Recent trials provided interesting data on different therapeutic strategies, depending on organ involvement. These data are of particular importance in such disease, still characterized by increased mortality and morbidity rates. In this review, we aim to synthetize recent advances in diagnosis and prognosis leading to better classification of SSc patients, and in therapeutic management.

[Dermatological diseases and sexuality. How to proceed?]

A variety of dermatological diseases is associated with male or female sexual dysfunction. Some sexual disorders are caused organically; erectile dysfunction in men with systemic sclerosis may be due to penile vascular alterations and corporal fibrosis. Other dermatoses such as psoriasis are associated with risk factors (metabolic syndrome) for sexual disorders and may therefore indirectly induce erectile dysfunction. However, the majority of sexual dysfunctions in dermatological patients is caused by reduced self confidence and sexual self esteem leading to affected partnership and sexuality. Dermatologists should be trained in basic sexual medicine and ask their patients for sexual problems. They may not treat sexual disorders, but they should be identified as sympathetic physicians for these problems and should be able to refer the patient to specialists in sexual medicine.