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Webster KA. Translational Relevance of Advanced Age and Atherosclerosis in Preclinical Trials of Biotherapies for Peripheral Artery Disease. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:135. [PMID: 38275616 PMCID: PMC10815340 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 6% of adults worldwide suffer from peripheral artery disease (PAD), primarily caused by atherosclerosis of lower limb arteries. Despite optimal medical care and revascularization, many PAD patients remain symptomatic and progress to critical limb ischemia (CLI) and risk major amputation. Delivery of pro-angiogenic factors as proteins or DNA, stem, or progenitor cells confers vascular regeneration and functional recovery in animal models of CLI, but the effects are not well replicated in patients and no pro-angiogenic biopharmacological procedures are approved in the US, EU, or China. The reasons are unclear, but animal models that do not represent clinical PAD/CLI are implicated. Consequently, it is unclear whether the obstacles to clinical success lie in the toxic biochemical milieu of human CLI, or in procedures that were optimized on inappropriate models. The question is significant because the former case requires abandonment of current strategies, while the latter encourages continued optimization. These issues are discussed in the context of relevant preclinical and clinical data, and it is concluded that preclinical mouse models that include age and atherosclerosis as the only comorbidities that are consistently present and active in clinical trial patients are necessary to predict clinical success. Of the reviewed materials, no biopharmacological procedure that failed in clinical trials had been tested in animal models that included advanced age and atherosclerosis relevant to PAD/CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Webster
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hoinoiu B, Jiga LP, Nistor A, Dornean V, Barac S, Miclaus G, Ionac M, Hoinoiu T. Chronic Hindlimb Ischemia Assessment; Quantitative Evaluation Using Laser Doppler in a Rodent Model of Surgically Induced Peripheral Arterial Occlusion. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040139. [PMID: 31581692 PMCID: PMC6963965 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic neoangiogenesis (TNA) holds promise as a treatment for peripheral arterial disease. Nevertheless, proper tools for in vivo pre-clinical investigation of different TNA approaches and their effects are still lacking. Here we describe a chronic ischemic hindlimb model in rats using laser Doppler quantitative evaluation of tissue perfusion. Male Wistar rats (n = 20), aged between 6–8 months, with an average weight of 287 ± 26.74 g, were used. Animals were divided into two experimental groups: group A (n = 17; hindlimb chronic ischemia model) and group B (n = 3; control). Hindlimb ischemia was induced by concomitant ligation of the right femoral and popliteal artery. Evaluation of tissue perfusion was quantified in perfusion units (PU) on a scale from 0 to 500 (500 PU = maximal detectable perfusion) by laser Doppler analysis at day 0, day 15 and day 30 after induction of ischemia. Induction of chronic ischemia in the rat hindlimb by concomitant ligation of the femoral and popliteal artery can be readily obtained but requires basic microsurgical skills. Laser Doppler analysis has shown unaltered ischemia levels throughout the study (129,17 PU ± 3.13 day 0 vs. 130,33 PU day 30 ± 3,27, p = not significant (n.s.)). We demonstrate a simple and reproducible model of chronic hindlimb ischemia in rats, with stable tissue perfusion levels that are accurately quantified using laser Doppler technology. Hence, this model can represent a valid tool for further studies involving therapeutic neoangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Hoinoiu
- Division of Clinical Practical Skills, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, 300041 Timiș, Romania;
| | - Lucian Petru Jiga
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Medical Campus, University of Oldenburg, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany;
| | - Alexandru Nistor
- Division of Microsurgery, Pius Branzeu Center for Laparoscopic Surgery and Microsurgery, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, 300041 Timiș, Romania; (A.N.); (V.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Vlad Dornean
- Division of Microsurgery, Pius Branzeu Center for Laparoscopic Surgery and Microsurgery, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, 300041 Timiș, Romania; (A.N.); (V.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Sorin Barac
- Division of Microsurgery, Pius Branzeu Center for Laparoscopic Surgery and Microsurgery, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, 300041 Timiș, Romania; (A.N.); (V.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Gratian Miclaus
- Neuromed Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Timisoara, 300218 Timiș, Romania;
| | - Mihai Ionac
- Division of Microsurgery, Pius Branzeu Center for Laparoscopic Surgery and Microsurgery, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, 300041 Timiș, Romania; (A.N.); (V.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Teodora Hoinoiu
- Division of Clinical Practical Skills, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, 300041 Timiș, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +40-256-216510
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Musiał-Wysocka A, Kot M, Sułkowski M, Majka M. Regenerative Potential of the Product "CardioCell" Derived from the Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Hindlimb Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4632. [PMID: 31540534 PMCID: PMC6770009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality in regenerative medicine. They hold great promise for treating civilization-wide diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction and critical limb ischemia. MSCs isolated from Wharton's jelly (WJ-MSCs) may be utilized in both cell-based therapy and vascular graft engineering to restore vascular function, thereby providing therapeutic benefits for patients. The efficacy of WJ-MSCs lies in their multipotent differentiation ability toward vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and other cell types, as well as their capacity to secrete various trophic factors, which are potent in promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis and modulating immunoreaction. Ischemic limb disease is caused by insufficient nutrient and oxygen supplies resulting from damaged peripheral arteries. The lack of nutrients and oxygen causes severe tissue damage in the limb, thereby resulting in severe morbidities and mortality. The therapeutic effects of the conventional treatments are still not sufficient. Cell transplantations in small animal model (mice) are vital for deciphering the mechanisms of MSCs' action in muscle regeneration. The stimulation of angiogenesis is a promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic limbs, restoring blood supply for the ischemic region. In the present study, we focus on the therapeutic properties of the human WJ-MSCs derived product, Cardio. We investigated the role of CardioCell in promoting angiogenesis and relieving hindlimb ischemia. Our results confirm the healing effect of CardioCell and strongly support the use of the WJ-MSCs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Musiał-Wysocka
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marta Kot
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maciej Sułkowski
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marcin Majka
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland.
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Critical Limb Ischaemia Exacerbates Mitochondrial Dysfunction in ApoE-/- Mice Compared with ApoE+/+ Mice, but N-acetyl Cysteine still Confers Protection. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019; 58:576-582. [PMID: 31422047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study was performed in order to determine the influence of hypercholesterolaemia on critical limb ischaemia (CLI) and whether targeting oxidative stress by antioxidant therapies such as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), considered to be a direct scavenger of reactive oxygen species, could confer muscle protection. METHODS Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- mice (n = 9, 29 weeks old) and their genetic controls ApoE+/+ mice (n = 9, 29 weeks old) were submitted to sequential right femoral and iliac ligations; the left limb served as control. ApoE+/+ mice were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 4) and Group 2 (n = 5); as well as ApoE-/- mice: Group 3 (n = 3), and Group 4 (n = 6). NAC treatment was administered to Groups 2 and 4 in drinking water. Mice were sacrificed on Day 40 and gastrocnemius muscles were harvested to study mitochondrial respiration by oxygraphy, calcium retention capacity by spectrofluorometry, and production of reactive oxygen species by electron paramagnetic resonance. RESULTS CLI associated with ApoE deficiency resulted in more severe mitochondrial dysfunction: maximum oxidative capacity and calcium retention capacity were decreased (-42.9% vs. -25.1%, p = .010; and -73.1% vs. -40.3%, p = .003 respectively) and production of reactive oxygen species was enhanced (+63.6% vs. +41.4%, p = .03) in ApoE-/- mice compared with ApoE+/+ mice respectively. Antioxidant treatment restored oxidative capacity, calcium retention capacity and decreased production of reactive oxygen species in both mice strands. CONCLUSIONS In this small murine study, hypercholesterolaemia exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction, as clinically expected; but antioxidant therapy appeared protective, which is counter to clinical experience. Further work is clearly needed.
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Sfyri P, Matsakas A. Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:42. [PMID: 28688452 PMCID: PMC5502081 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that, in the presence of hyperlipidaemia, promotes the formation of atheromatous plaques in large vessels of the cardiovascular system. It also affects peripheral arteries with major implications for a number of other non-vascular tissues such as the skeletal muscle, the liver and the kidney. The aim of this review is to critically discuss and assimilate current knowledge on the impact of peripheral atherosclerosis and its implications on skeletal muscle homeostasis. Accumulating data suggests that manifestations of peripheral atherosclerosis in skeletal muscle originates in a combination of increased i)-oxidative stress, ii)-inflammation, iii)-mitochondrial deficits, iv)-altered myofibre morphology and fibrosis, v)-chronic ischemia followed by impaired oxygen supply, vi)-reduced capillary density, vii)- proteolysis and viii)-apoptosis. These structural, biochemical and pathophysiological alterations impact on skeletal muscle metabolic and physiologic homeostasis and its capacity to generate force, which further affects the individual's quality of life. Particular emphasis is given on two major areas representing basic and applied science respectively: a)-the abundant evidence from a well-recognised atherogenic model; the Apolipoprotein E deficient mouse and the role of a western-type diet and b)-on skeletal myopathy and oxidative stress-induced myofibre damage from human studies on peripheral arterial disease. A significant source of reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease is the family of NADPH oxidases that contribute to several pathologies. Finally, strategies targeting NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle in an attempt to attenuate cellular oxidative stress are highlighted, providing a better understanding of the crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis and skeletal muscle pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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Wang X, Lockhart SM, Rathjen T, Albadawi H, Sørensen D, O'Neill BT, Dwivedi N, Preil SR, Beck HC, Dunwoodie SL, Watkins MT, Rasmussen LM, Rask-Madsen C. Insulin Downregulates the Transcriptional Coregulator CITED2, an Inhibitor of Proangiogenic Function in Endothelial Cells. Diabetes 2016; 65:3680-3690. [PMID: 27561725 PMCID: PMC5127242 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In patients with atherosclerotic complications of diabetes, impaired neovascularization of ischemic tissue in the myocardium and lower limb limits the ability of these tissues to compensate for poor perfusion. We identified 10 novel insulin-regulated genes, among them Adm, Cited2, and Ctgf, which were downregulated in endothelial cells by insulin through FoxO1. CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (CITED2), which was downregulated by insulin by up to 54%, is an important negative regulator of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and impaired HIF signaling is a key mechanism underlying the impairment of angiogenesis in diabetes. Consistent with impairment of vascular insulin action, CITED2 was increased in cardiac endothelial cells from mice with diet-induced obesity and from db/db mice and was 3.8-fold higher in arterial tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes than control subjects without diabetes. CITED2 knockdown promoted endothelial tube formation and endothelial cell proliferation, whereas CITED2 overexpression impaired HIF activity in vitro. After femoral artery ligation, induction of an endothelial-specific HIF target gene in hind limb muscle was markedly upregulated in mice with endothelial cell deletion of CITED2, suggesting that CITED2 can limit HIF activity in vivo. We conclude that vascular insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes contributes to the upregulation of CITED2, which impairs HIF signaling and endothelial proangiogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanchun Wang
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Samuel M Lockhart
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | - Thomas Rathjen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ditte Sørensen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simone R Preil
- Center for Individualized Medicine of Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Center for Individualized Medicine of Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Center for Individualized Medicine of Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Ricles LM, Hsieh PL, Dana N, Rybalko V, Kraynak C, Farrar RP, Suggs LJ. Therapeutic assessment of mesenchymal stem cells delivered within a PEGylated fibrin gel following an ischemic injury. Biomaterials 2016; 102:9-19. [PMID: 27318932 PMCID: PMC4939799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The intent of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic contribution of MSCs to vascular regeneration and functional recovery of ischemic tissue. We used a rodent hind limb ischemia model and intramuscularly delivered MSCs within a PEGylated fibrin gel matrix. Within this model, we demonstrated that MSC therapy, when delivered in PEGylated fibrin, results in significantly higher mature blood vessel formation, which allows for greater functional recovery of skeletal muscle tissue as assessed using force production measurements. We observed initial signs of vascular repair at early time points when MSCs were delivered without PEGylated fibrin, but this did not persist or lead to recovery of the tissue in the long-term. Furthermore, animals which were treated with PEGylated fibrin alone exhibited a greater number of mature blood vessels, but they did not arterialize and did not show improvements in force production. These results demonstrate that revascularization of ischemic tissue may be a necessary but not sufficient step to complete functional repair of the injured tissue. This work has implications on stem cell therapies for ischemic diseases and also potentially on how such therapies are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Ricles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Nicholas Dana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Viktoriya Rybalko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Chelsea Kraynak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Roger P Farrar
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Laura J Suggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Andretto Amodeo C. The need of a correct experimental model in microsurgery: An issue that may invalidate the resultsis. It time for an international scientific "Bank"? Microsurgery 2016; 37:469-470. [PMID: 27244090 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Andretto Amodeo
- Ecole De Chirurgie Du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Casa Di Cura La Madonnina, Milano, Italy
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Albadawi H, Oklu R, Milner JD, Uong TP, Yoo HJ, Austen WG, Watkins MT. Effect of limb demand ischemia on autophagy and morphology in mice. J Surg Res 2015; 198:515-24. [PMID: 25959834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes and peripheral arterial disease, which frequently leads to lower limb demand ischemia. Skeletal muscle autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis are important processes for proper oxidative capacity and energy metabolism, which are compromised in diabetes. This study compares autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and morphology in the hind limbs of obese diabetic mice subjected to demand or sedentary ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unilateral hind limb demand ischemia was created in a group of diet-induced obese mice after femoral artery ligation and 4 wk of daily exercise. A parallel group of mice underwent femoral artery ligation but remained sedentary for 4 wk. Hind limb muscles were analyzed for markers of autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, adenosine triphosphate, and muscle tissue morphology. RESULTS At the end of the 4-wk exercise period, demand ischemia increased the autophagy mediator Beclin-1, but it did not alter the autophagy indicator, LC3B-II/I ratio, or markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, optic atrophy/dynamin-related protein. In contrast, exercise significantly increased the level of mitochondrial protein-succinate dehydrogenase subunit-A and reduced adipocyte accumulation and the percentage of centrally nucleated myofibers in the demand ischemia limb. In addition, demand ischemia resulted in decreased uncoupling protein-3 levels without altering muscle adenosine triphosphate or pS473-Akt levels. CONCLUSIONS Limb demand ischemia markedly decreased adipocyte accumulation and enhanced muscle regeneration in obese mice, but it did not appear to enhance autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, or insulin sensitivity. Future studies aimed at evaluating novel therapies that enhance autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetes with peripheral arterial disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John D Milner
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thuy P Uong
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hyung-Jin Yoo
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William G Austen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael T Watkins
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Chu A, Gozal D, Cortese R, Wang Y. Cardiovascular dysfunction in adult mice following postnatal intermittent hypoxia. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:425-33. [PMID: 25518007 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex-premature infants are at higher risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease as adults, although the mechanisms underlying such increased risks are unknown. We hypothesize that postnatal exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH) leads to cardiovascular dysfunction in adulthood with alterations of the renin-angiotensin pathway. METHODS Neonatal mice were exposed to IH for 4 wk. At the age of 3 mo, various cardiovascular measurements were obtained. RESULTS IH-exposed mice exhibited higher systolic blood pressure, impaired baroreflex responses, and decreased heart rate variability. Furthermore, IH-exposed mice manifested evidence of endothelial dysfunction, as shown by reduced reperfusion indices after tail vessel occlusion and impaired vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine. CD31(+) endothelial cells isolated from mesenteric arteries of IH-exposed mice expressed higher levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme and reactive oxygen species; plasma angiotensin-II levels were also significantly higher in these animals. In addition, DNA methylation patterns of the Ace1 and the Agt genes in these cells were congruent with their expression patterns. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that exposures to postnatal IH alter the normal development of the renin-angiotensin system and promote the occurrence of cardiovascular dysfunction during adulthood in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rene Cortese
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Crawford RS, Albadawi H, Robaldo A, Peck MA, Abularrage CJ, Yoo HJ, Lamuraglia GM, Watkins MT. Divergent systemic and local inflammatory response to hind limb demand ischemia in wild-type and ApoE-/- mice. J Surg Res 2013; 183:952-62. [PMID: 23528286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We designed studies to determine whether the ApoE-/- phenotype modulates the local skeletal muscle and systemic inflammatory (plasma) responses to lower extremity demand ischemia. The ApoE-/- phenotype is an experimental model for atherosclerosis in humans. METHODS Aged female ApoE-/- and C57BL6 mice underwent femoral artery ligation, then were divided into sedentary and demand ischemia (exercise) groups on day 14. We assessed baseline and postexercise limb perfusion and hind limb function. On day 14, animals in the demand ischemia group underwent daily treadmill exercise through day 28. Sedentary mice were not exercised. On day 28, we harvested plasma and skeletal muscle from ischemic limbs from sedentary and exercised mice. We assayed muscle for angiogenic and proinflammatory proteins, markers of skeletal muscle regeneration, and evidence of skeletal muscle fiber maturation. RESULTS Hind limb ischemia was similar in ApoE-/- and C57 mice before the onset of exercise. Under sedentary conditions, plasma vascular endothelial cell growth factor and interleukin-6, but not keratinocyte chemoattractant factor (KC) or macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), were higher in ApoE (P < 0.0001). After exercise, plasma levels of vascular endothelial cell growth factor, KC, and MIP-2, but not IL-6, were lower in ApoE (P < 0.004). The cytokines KC and MIP-2 in muscle were greater in exercised ApoE-/- mice compared with C57BL6 mice (P = 0.01). Increased poly-ADP-ribose activity and mature muscle regeneration were associated with demand ischemia in the C57BL6 mice, compared with the ApoE-/- mice (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Demand limb ischemia in the ApoE-/- phenotype exacerbated the expression of select systemic cytokines in plasma and blunted indices of muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Crawford
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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12
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Lotfi S, Patel AS, Mattock K, Egginton S, Smith A, Modarai B. Towards a more relevant hind limb model of muscle ischaemia. Atherosclerosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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