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Audisio M, Muhr J, Polle A. Ectomycorrhizal fungi of Douglas-fir retain newly assimilated carbon derived from neighboring European beech. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1980-1990. [PMID: 38952235 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi distribute tree-derived carbon (C) via belowground hyphal networks in forest ecosystems. Here, we asked the following: (1) Is C transferred belowground to a neighboring tree retained in fungal structures or transported within the recipient tree? (2) Is the overlap of ectomycorrhizal fungi in mycorrhizal networks related to the amount of belowground C transfer? We used potted sapling pairs of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and North-American Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) for 13CO2 pulse-labeling. We compared 13C transfer from beech (donor) to either beech or Douglas-fir (recipient) and identified the ECM species. We measured the 13C enrichment in soil, plant tissues, and ECM fractions of fungal-containing parts and plant transport tissues. In recipients, only fungal-containing tissue of ectomycorrhizas was significantly enriched in 13C and not the plant tissue. Douglas-fir recipients shared on average one ECM species with donors and had a lower 13C enrichment than beech recipients, which shared on average three species with donors. Our results support that recently assimilated C transferred belowground is shared among fungi colonizing tree roots but not among trees. In mixed forests with beech and Douglas-fir, the links for C movement might be hampered due to low mycorrhizal overlap with consequences for soil C cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Audisio
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jan Muhr
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Laboratory for Radio-isotopes, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Laboratory for Radio-isotopes, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Centre for Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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Keye C, Schmidt M, Roschak C, Dorow WHO, Hartung V, Pauls SU, Schneider A, Ammer C, Zeller L, Meyer P. Adaptive monitoring in action-what drives arthropod diversity and composition in central European beech forests? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:470. [PMID: 38658409 PMCID: PMC11043153 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that arthropod diversity in German forests is declining. Currently, different national programs are being developed to monitor arthropod trends and to unravel the effects of forest management on biodiversity in forests. To establish effective long-term monitoring programs, a set of drivers of arthropod diversity and composition as well as suitable species groups have to be identified. To aid in answering these questions, we investigated arthropod data collected in four Hessian forest reserves (FR) in the 1990s. To fully utilize this data set, we combined it with results from a retrospective structural sampling design applied at the original trap locations in central European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests. As expected, the importance of the different forest structural, vegetation, and site attributes differed largely between the investigated arthropod groups: beetles, spiders, Aculeata, and true bugs. Measures related to light availability and temperature such as canopy cover or potential radiation were important to all groups affecting either richness, composition, or both. Spiders and true bugs were affected by the broadest range of explanatory variables, which makes them a good choice for monitoring general trends. For targeted monitoring focused on forestry-related effects on biodiversity, rove and ground beetles seem more suitable. Both groups were driven by a narrower, more management-related set of variables. Most importantly, our study approach shows that it is possible to utilize older biodiversity survey data. Although, in our case, there are strong restrictions due to the long time between species and structural attribute sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Keye
- Department for Forest Nature Conservation, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Prof.-Oelkers-Str. 6, 34346, Hann. Münden, Germany.
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department for Forest Nature Conservation, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Prof.-Oelkers-Str. 6, 34346, Hann. Münden, Germany
| | - Christian Roschak
- Department for Forest Nature Conservation, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Prof.-Oelkers-Str. 6, 34346, Hann. Münden, Germany
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd (Scion), Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park Tītokorangi Drive, 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Wolfgang H O Dorow
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Viktor Hartung
- LWL-Museum of Natural History - Westphalian State Museum with Planetarium, Sentruper Str. 285, 48161, Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen U Pauls
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schneider
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christian Ammer
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Zeller
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Meyer
- Department for Forest Nature Conservation, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Prof.-Oelkers-Str. 6, 34346, Hann. Münden, Germany
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Zhao W, Sun Y, Gao Y. Potential factors promoting the natural regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii in North China. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15809. [PMID: 37576508 PMCID: PMC10416772 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural regeneration plays an important role in species diversity and evolution. Exploring the causes of variation in regeneration dynamics can provide key insights into the factors affecting regeneration. However, the relationship between the regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii and environmental factors in North China has remained unexplored. In this study, 14 plots were established based on the three extents of regenerated plant numbers in Shanxi Province. Redundancy analysis determined that environmental factors (topography, stand structure, soil property, and litter) affected natural regeneration. Structural equation modeling identified the most important direct and indirect factors that affected L. principis-rupprechtii natural regeneration. Litter thickness, canopy density, and adult tree diameter at breast height were positively correlated with natural regeneration. Aspect and total nitrogen volume were negatively associated with natural regeneration. Additionally, there was no significant correlation between natural regeneration and other environmental factors (altitude, slope, adult tree height, stand density, soil water content, SOC, total P, available N, available P, or soil enzyme). Further artificial intervention measures should be considered to promote plantation regeneration. These findings provide an effective basis for future forest restorations and sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Zhao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanjun Sun
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
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Qu Y, Wu N, Guse B, Fohrer N. Distinct indicators of land use and hydrology characterize different aspects of riverine phytoplankton communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158209. [PMID: 36049691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the many threats to freshwater biodiversity, we need to be able to resolve which of the multiple stressors present in rivers are most important in driving change. Phytoplankton are a key component of the aquatic ecosystem, their abundance, species richness and functional richness are important indicators of ecosystem health. In this study, spatial variables, physiochemical conditions, water flow alterations and land use patterns were considered as the joint stressors from a lowland rural catchment. A modeling approach combining an ecohydrological model with machine learning was applied. The results implied that land use and flow regime, rather than nutrients, were most important in explaining differences in the phytoplankton community. In particular, the percentage of water body area and medium level residential urban area were key to driving the rising phytoplankton abundance in this rural catchment. The proportion of forest and pasture area were the leading factors controlling the variations of species richness. In this case deciduous forest cover affected the species richness in a positive way, while, pasture share had a negative effect. Indicators of hydrological alteration were found to be the best predictors for the differences in functional richness. This integrated model framework was found to be suitable for analysis of complex environmental conditions in river basin management. A key message would be the significance of forest area preservation and ecohydrological restoration in maintaining both phytoplankton richness and their functional role in river ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Qu
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
| | - Naicheng Wu
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Björn Guse
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; Section Hydrology, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicola Fohrer
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Factors Affecting the Natural Regeneration of the Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr Plantations: Evidence from the Composition and Co-Occurrence Network Structure of Soil Bacterial Communities. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10091771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial communities living in the soil can affect forests natural regeneration, but the effects of their composition and network inference on regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr plantations remain largely elusive. Therefore, the redundancy analysis and structure equations modeling of affecting elements for the regeneration of L. principis-rupprechtii plots including the diversity, composition and network structure of soil bacteria, topographic factors, light factors, and soil physicochemical properties have been conducted. It was found that the increased modularity of the soil bacterial community co-occurrence network and the enrichment of metabolic pathway bacteria had a significant positive effect on the successful regeneration (total effect of 0.84). The complexity of the soil bacterial community gradually decreased with the increase of stand regeneration, and the composition and structure of the flora became simpler (with standard path coefficients: −0.70). In addition, altitude also had a positive effect on regeneration with a total effect of 0.39. Soil nutrients had significantly negative effects on regeneration with total effects of −0.87. Soil bacterial communities may mediate the effects of soil nutrients, altitude, litter thickness, and herbaceous diversity on regeneration in L. principis-rupprechtii plantations. The results provide a great contribution to our understanding of regeneration-soil bacterial community interactions and the basis and important data for sustainable management of L. principis-rupprechtii plantations in the Lvliang Mountains located in northern China.
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Košulič O, Procházka J, Tuf IH, Michalko R. Intensive site preparation for reforestation wastes multi-trophic biodiversity potential in commercial oak woodlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113741. [PMID: 34562820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lowland oak forests host high biodiversity throughout Europe, and to maintain their high biodiversity potential we need to understand how current silviculture practices influence these ecosystems. The most common harvest approach in oak woodlands remains clear-cutting followed by site preparation for reforestation. The site preparation can vary in intensity and possibly affect forest biodiversity in various ways. We studied the impact of site preparation intensity on ground-dwelling arthropod predators and detritivores in commercial oak woodlands. The intensive management included mechanical site preparation with soil milling, stump removal, and herbicide application. The extensive management consisted of natural succession after reforestation with only such slight disturbances as regular hand-provided mowing of vegetation. We recorded 120 spider species, 92 species of ground beetles, 10 species of centipedes, 17 species of millipedes, and 7 species of woodlice, including a relatively large number of threatened species. We found that intensive post-logging management strongly homogenized the habitat structure, and this led to low multi-trophic taxonomic and functional diversity in comparison to that under extensive management. At sites with extensive management, there was not only high functional diversity but also high functional redundancy. Species of conservation concern almost vanished from clearings under intensive management. The high multi-trophic diversity and functional redundancy indicate that extensive site preparation may enhance ecosystem multi-functionality, including primary productivity and ecosystem resilience. Extensive post-harvest management is therefore strongly preferable, and it is also economically more feasible. Intensive post-harvest management should be prohibited in lowland forests within transition zones to localities under nature protection or in natural oak forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Košulič
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Procházka
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Lidická 25/27, Brno, 60200, Czech Republic; Moravian Museum, Zelný Trh 6, Brno, 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan H Tuf
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 77900, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Michalko
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
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Zhao W, Liang W, Han Y, Wei X. Characteristics and factors influencing the natural regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii seedlings in northern China. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12327. [PMID: 34721996 PMCID: PMC8520692 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Larix principis-rupprechtii is an important and widely distributed species in the mountains of northern China. However, it has inefficient natural regeneration in many stands and difficulty recruiting seedlings and saplings. In this study, we selected six plots with improved naturally-regenerated L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings. A point pattern analysis (pair-correlation function) was applied to identify the spatial distribution pattern and correlation between adult trees and regenerated seedlings mapped through X/Y coordinates. Several possible influencing factors of L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings’ natural regeneration were also investigated. The results showed that the spatial distribution patterns of Larix principis-rupprechtii seedlings were concentrated 0–5 m around adult trees when considering the main univariate distribution type of regeneration. There was a positive correlation at a scale of 1.5–4 m between seedlings and adult trees according to bivariate analyses. When the scale was increased, these relationships were no longer significant. Generally, adult trees raised regenerated L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings at a scale of 1.5–4 m. Principal component analysis showed that the understory herb diversity and litter layer had a negative correlation with the number of regenerated seedlings. There was also a weak relationship between regenerated numbers and canopy density. This study demonstrated that the main factors promoting natural regeneration were litter thickness, herb diversity, and the distance between adult trees and regenerated seedlings. Additionally, these findings will provide a basis for the late-stage and practical management of natural regeneration in northern China’s mountain ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Zhao
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Wenjun Liang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Youzhi Han
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xi Wei
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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8
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Senf C, Seidl R. Storm and fire disturbances in Europe: Distribution and trends. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3605-3619. [PMID: 33969582 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic forest disturbances are an important driver of ecosystem dynamics. In Europe, storms and fires have been identified as the most important abiotic disturbances in the recent past. Yet, how strongly these agents drive local disturbance regimes compared to other agents (e.g., biotic, human) remains unresolved. Furthermore, whether storms and fires are responsible for the observed increase in forest disturbances in Europe is debated. Here, we provide quantitative evidence for the prevalence of storm and fire disturbances in Europe 1986-2016. For 27 million disturbance patches mapped from satellite data, we determined whether they were caused by storm or fire, using a random forest classifier and a large reference dataset of true disturbance occurrences. We subsequently analyzed patterns of disturbance prevalence (i.e., the share of an agent on the overall area disturbed) in space and time. Storm- and fire-related disturbances each accounted for approximately 7% of all disturbances recorded in Europe in the period 1986-2016. Storm-related disturbances were most prevalent in western and central Europe, where they locally accounted for >50% of all disturbances, but we also identified storm-related disturbances in south-eastern and eastern Europe. Fire-related disturbances were a major disturbance agent in southern and south-eastern Europe, but fires also occurred in eastern and northern Europe. The prevalence and absolute area of storm-related disturbances increased over time, whereas no trend was detected for fire-related disturbances. Overall, we estimate an average of 127,716 (97,680-162,725) ha of storm-related disturbances per year and an average of 141,436 (107,353-181,022) ha of fire-related disturbances per year. We conclude that abiotic disturbances caused by storm and fire are important drivers of forest dynamics in Europe, but that their influence varies substantially by region. Our analysis further suggests that increasing storm-related disturbances are an important driver of Europe's changing forest disturbance regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Senf
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden, Germany
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Huber N, Bugmann H, Cailleret M, Bircher N, Lafond V. Stand-scale climate change impacts on forests over large areas: transient responses and projection uncertainties. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02313. [PMID: 33630399 PMCID: PMC8243936 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems have triggered multiple model-based impact assessments for the future, which typically focused either on a small number of stand-scale case studies or on large scale analyses (i.e., continental to global). Therefore, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the local impacts over large areas (i.e., regions to countries), which is particularly problematic for forest management. We provide a comprehensive, high-resolution assessment of the climate change sensitivity of managed Swiss forests (~10,000 km2 ), which cover a wide range of environmental conditions. We used a dynamic vegetation model to project the development of typical forest stands derived from a stratification of the Third National Forest Inventory until the end of the 22nd century. Two types of simulations were conducted: one limited to using the extant local species, the other enabling immigration of potentially more climate-adapted species. Moreover, to assess the robustness of our projections, we quantified and decomposed the uncertainty in model projections resulting from the following sources: (1) climate change scenarios, (2) local site conditions, and (3) the dynamic vegetation model itself (i.e., represented by a set of model versions), an aspect hitherto rarely taken into account. The simulations showed substantial changes in basal area and species composition, with dissimilar sensitivity to climate change across and within elevation zones. Higher-elevation stands generally profited from increased temperature, but soil conditions strongly modulated this response. Low-elevation stands were increasingly subject to drought, with strong negative impacts on forest growth. Furthermore, current stand structure had a strong effect on the simulated response. The admixture of drought-tolerant species was found advisable across all elevations to mitigate future adverse climate-induced effects. The largest uncertainty in model projections was associated with climate change scenarios. Uncertainty induced by the model version was generally largest where overall simulated climate change impacts were small, thus corroborating the utility of the model for making projections into the future. Yet, the large influence of both site conditions and the model version on some of the projections indicates that uncertainty sources other than climate change scenarios need to be considered in climate change impact assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nica Huber
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 16Zurich8092Switzerland
- Remote SensingSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstrasse 111Birmensdorf8903Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 16Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 16Zurich8092Switzerland
- INRAEUMR RECOVERAix‐Marseille University3275 route de CézanneAix‐en‐Provence cedex 5CS40061France
| | - Nicolas Bircher
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 16Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Valentine Lafond
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 16Zurich8092Switzerland
- Department of Forest Resources ManagementFaculty of ForestryForest Sciences CentreUniversity of British Columbia2424 Main MallVancouverBritish ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
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Mapping Mature Post-Agricultural Forests in the Polish Eastern Carpathians with Archival Remote Sensing Data. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-WWII displacements in the Polish Carpathians resulted in widespread land abandonment. Most of the pre-war agricultural areas are now covered with secondary forests, which will soon reach the felling age. Mapping their exact cover is crucial to investigate succession–regeneration processes and to determine their role in the landscape, before making management decisions. Our goal was to map post-agricultural forests in the Polish Eastern Carpathians using archival remote sensing data, and to assess their connectivity with pre-displacement forests. We used German Flown Aerial Photography from 1944 to map agricultural lands and forests from before displacements, and Corona satellite images to map agricultural lands which converted into the forest as a result of this event. We classified archival images using Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and compared the output with the current forest cover derived from Sentinel-2. Our results showed that mature (60–70 years old) post-agricultural forests comprise 27.6% of the total forest area, while younger post-agricultural forests comprise 9%. We also demonstrated that the secondary forests fill forest gaps more often than form isolated patches: 77.5% of patches are connected with the old-woods (forests that most likely have never been cleared for agriculture). Orthorectification and OBIA classification of German Flown Aerial Photographs and Corona satellite images made it possible to accurately determine the spatial extent of post-agricultural forest. This, in turn, paves the way for the implementation of site-specific forest management practices to support the regeneration of secondary forests and their biodiversity.
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11
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Glatthorn J, Annighöfer P, Balkenhol N, Leuschner C, Polle A, Scheu S, Schuldt A, Schuldt B, Ammer C. An interdisciplinary framework to describe and evaluate the functioning of forest ecosystems. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Maréchaux I, Langerwisch F, Huth A, Bugmann H, Morin X, Reyer CP, Seidl R, Collalti A, Dantas de Paula M, Fischer R, Gutsch M, Lexer MJ, Lischke H, Rammig A, Rödig E, Sakschewski B, Taubert F, Thonicke K, Vacchiano G, Bohn FJ. Tackling unresolved questions in forest ecology: The past and future role of simulation models. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3746-3770. [PMID: 33976773 PMCID: PMC8093733 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes that shape forest functioning, structure, and diversity remains challenging, although data on forest systems are being collected at a rapid pace and across scales. Forest models have a long history in bridging data with ecological knowledge and can simulate forest dynamics over spatio-temporal scales unreachable by most empirical investigations.We describe the development that different forest modelling communities have followed to underpin the leverage that simulation models offer for advancing our understanding of forest ecosystems.Using three widely applied but contrasting approaches - species distribution models, individual-based forest models, and dynamic global vegetation models - as examples, we show how scientific and technical advances have led models to transgress their initial objectives and limitations. We provide an overview of recent model applications on current important ecological topics and pinpoint ten key questions that could, and should, be tackled with forest models in the next decade.Synthesis. This overview shows that forest models, due to their complementarity and mutual enrichment, represent an invaluable toolkit to address a wide range of fundamental and applied ecological questions, hence fostering a deeper understanding of forest dynamics in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanny Langerwisch
- Department of Ecology and Environmental SciencesPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental ModelingCzech University of Life SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Andreas Huth
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZLeipzigGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Environmental Systems ResearchOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest EcologyInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Xavier Morin
- EPHECEFECNRSUniv MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry MontpellierIRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Christopher P.O. Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling LabInstitute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the MediterraneanNational Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISAFOM)Perugia (PG)Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro‐food and Forest SystemsUniversity of TusciaViterboItaly
| | | | - Rico Fischer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Martin Gutsch
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Heike Lischke
- Dynamic MacroecologyLand Change ScienceSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Anja Rammig
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Edna Rödig
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Boris Sakschewski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
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13
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Hafner BD, Hesse BD, Grams TEE. Friendly neighbours: Hydraulic redistribution accounts for one quarter of water used by neighbouring drought stressed tree saplings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1243-1256. [PMID: 32683699 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution (HR) can buffer drought events of tree individuals, however, its relevance for neighbouring trees remains unclear. Here, we quantified HR to neighbouring trees in single- and mixed-species combinations. We hypothesized that uptake of HR water positively correlates with root length, number of root tips and root xylem hydraulic conductivity and that neighbours in single-species combinations receive more HR water than in phylogenetic distant mixed-species combinations. In a split-root experiment, a sapling with its roots split between two pots redistributed deuterium labelled water from a moist to a dry pot with an additional tree each. We quantified HR water received by the sapling in the dry pot for six temperate tree species. After 7 days, one quarter of the water in roots (2.1 ± 0.4 ml), stems (0.8 ± 0.2 ml) and transpiration (1.0 ± 0.3 ml) of the drought stressed sapling originated from HR. The amount of HR water transpired by the receiving plant stayed constant throughout the experiment. While the uptake of HR water increased with root length, species identity did not affect HR as saplings of Picea abies ((L.) Karst) and Fagus sylvatica (L.) in single- and mixed-species combinations received the same amount of HR water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hafner
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin D Hesse
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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14
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Global patterns and climatic controls of forest structural complexity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:519. [PMID: 33483481 PMCID: PMC7822964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of forest structures plays a crucial role in regulating forest ecosystem functions and strongly influences biodiversity. Yet, knowledge of the global patterns and determinants of forest structural complexity remains scarce. Using a stand structural complexity index based on terrestrial laser scanning, we quantify the structural complexity of boreal, temperate, subtropical and tropical primary forests. We find that the global variation of forest structural complexity is largely explained by annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality (R² = 0.89). Using the structural complexity of primary forests as benchmark, we model the potential structural complexity across biomes and present a global map of the potential structural complexity of the earth´s forest ecoregions. Our analyses reveal distinct latitudinal patterns of forest structure and show that hotspots of high structural complexity coincide with hotspots of plant diversity. Considering the mechanistic underpinnings of forest structural complexity, our results suggest spatially contrasting changes of forest structure with climate change within and across biomes.
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15
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Espelta JM, Cruz‐Alonso V, Alfaro‐Sánchez R, Hampe A, Messier C, Pino J. Functional diversity enhances tree growth and reduces herbivory damage in secondary broadleaf forests, but does not influence resilience to drought. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Cruz‐Alonso
- CREAF Bellaterra Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida Forest Ecology and Restoration Group Universidad de Alcalá Madrid Spain
| | | | - Arndt Hampe
- Biogeco INRAEUniversity of Bordeaux Cestas France
| | - Christian Messier
- Département des Sciences Naturelles and Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée (ISFORT) Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO) Ripon QC Canada
- Centre D'étude de la Forêt Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) Montréal QC Canada
| | - Joan Pino
- CREAF Bellaterra Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
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16
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Vegetative Propagation of Phytophthora cinnamomi-Tolerant Holm Oak Genotypes by Axillary Budding and Somatic Embryogenesis. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11080841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Holm oak (Quercus ilex) is one of the most widely distributed tree species in the Mediterranean basin. High mortality rates have been observed in holm oak populations in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula as a result of oak decline syndrome. Selection and propagation of genotypes tolerant to this syndrome could aid the restoration of affected areas. In this article, we report micropropagation and conservation procedures based on axillary budding and somatic embryogenesis (SE) of holm oak plants, selected for their tolerance to Phytophthora cinnamomi—the main biotic factor responsible for oak decline. Forced shoots were obtained from potted plants of eight different genotypes, and used as stock material to establish in vitro shoot proliferation cultures. Reliable shoot proliferation was obtained in seven out the eight genotypes established in vitro, whereas multiplication rates were genotype-dependent. The highest rooting rates were obtained by culturing shoots for 24 h or 48 h on rooting induction medium containing 25 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid, followed by transfer to medium supplemented with 20 µM silver thiosulphate. Axillary shoot cultures can be successful conserved by cold storage for 12 months at 4 °C under dim lighting. Shoot tips, excised from axillary shoot cultures established from tolerant plants, were used as initial explants to induce SE. Somatic embryos and/or nodular embryogenic structures were obtained on induction medium with or without indole-acetic acid 4 mg L−1, in two out the three genotypes evaluated, and induction rates ranged between 2 and 4%. Plantlet recovery was 45% after two months cold stratification of somatic embryos and eight weeks of culture on germination medium. Vegetative propagation of P. cinnamomi-tolerant Q. ilex trees is a valuable milestone towards the restoration of disease-affected areas.
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17
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Role of Silviculture in the Formation of Norway Spruce Forests along the Southern Edge of Their Range in the Central Russian Plain. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
East European forests dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) in the broad-leaved–coniferous zone should be considered as secondary communities formed under the influence of centuries-long activities (logging, fires and planting) and extended outside their natural range. The study raises an issue—how stable is the current state of Norway spruce forests in the center of the Russian plain and what is the effect of silviculture on the forest cover of the large urban agglomeration—the Moscow Region? Current study is based on multidisciplinary research and consequently concerns the age dynamics of spruce plantation forests, the species and typological diversity of mature spruce forests and spatial pattern of spruce forests along the south edge of their range. The composition and structure of Norway spruce plantations have been studied for various age classes and compared with mature natural spruce forests and pine plantations on the basis of field data. Remote sensing data and modeling approach were applied to estimate the spatial structure of spruce forests. It is found that mature plantations (over 80 years) become similar to natural forests in terms of structure and composition. The relationship between the distribution of spruce formations and the climatic and geomorphological conditions are confirmed. The proportion of spruce and spruce–aspen/birch communities follows the pattern of zones—the transition from the coniferous and broad-leaved forest zone to the broad-leaved forest zone. Despite the significant anthropogenic impact and the high proportion of plantations in the composition of Norway spruce forests (about 60–80%), their floristic and typological diversities correspond to such properties of zonal broad-leaved–coniferous communities. Over-matured plantations can provide valuable habitats for the re-establishment of native typological diversity. This makes it possible to use silviculture stands as an accelerated alternative to the natural recovery of disturbed habitats.
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18
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Liang W, Wei X. Factors promoting the natural regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in the Lvliang Mountains of central China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9339. [PMID: 32596049 PMCID: PMC7305768 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their complexity, targeted care and management of different areas and tree species are necessary for enhancing the natural regeneration of forests. Thus, an understanding of changes in the overstory and understory is essential for ensuring successful regeneration. Promoting the natural regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations is considered challenging; indeed, regional sustainable development through natural regeneration of many stands has often been considered unattainable. Here, we studied several plots with varying extents of regeneration to identify the most important factors that affect regeneration. The plots were divided into three forest types based on the number of regenerating plants. For each type of plot, we measured various factors that might potentially affect regeneration. Representational difference analysis was used to identify the most important factors >9% contribution). Based on these factors, multiple corrections were made to construct a structural equation model of topography, stand structure, soil properties and litter to identify the most important factors driving variation in regeneration. Positive correlations were detected between regeneration with diameter at breast height (0.21) and litter thickness (0.57). Regeneration was negatively correlated with soil (-0.54) and slope (-0.48). Additionally, the number of regenerating plants and the height of regenerating plants were strongly positively correlated. However, there was no significant relationship between regeneration and litter accumulation, stand density, altitude, average tree height, total P and total N. Overall, our study showed that key factors for promoting natural regeneration include appropriate litter thickness, strong parent trees, a gentle slope and sufficient quantities of soil nutrients. Moreover, our findings provide a reference for the design of effective management and restoration plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Liang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xi Wei
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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19
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Regeneration Dynamics Following the Formation of Understory Gaps in a Slovakian Beech Virgin Forest. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The frequency and size of canopy gaps largely determine light transmission to lower canopy strata, controlling structuring processes in the understory. However, quantitative data from temperate virgin forests on the structure of regeneration in gaps and its dynamics over time are scarce. We studied the structure and height growth of tree regeneration by means of sapling density, shoot length growth and cumulative biomass in 17 understory gaps (29 to 931 m2 in size) in a Slovakian beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) virgin forest, and compared the gaps with the regeneration under closed-canopy conditions. Spatial differences in regeneration structure and growth rate within a gap and in the gap periphery were analyzed for their dependence on the relative intensities of direct and diffuse radiation (high vs. low). We tested the hypotheses that (i) the density and cumulative biomass of saplings are higher in gaps than in closed-canopy patches, (ii) the position in a gap influences the density and height growth of saplings, and (iii) height growth of saplings increases with gap size. Sapling density and biomass were significantly higher in understory gaps than under closed canopy. Density of saplings was positively affected by comparatively high direct, but low diffuse radiation, resulting in pronounced spatial differences. In contrast, sapling shoot length growth was positively affected by higher levels of diffuse radiation and also depended on sapling size, while direct radiation intensity was not influential. Conclusively, in this forest, regeneration likely becomes suppressed after a short period by lateral canopy expansion in small gaps (<100 m2), resulting in a heterogeneous understory structure. In larger gaps (≥100 m2) saplings may be capable even at low plant densities to fill the gap, often forming a cohort-like regeneration layer. Thus, gaps of different sizes imprint on the resulting canopy structure in different ways, enhancing spatial heterogeneity.
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20
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Schall P, Heinrichs S, Ammer C, Ayasse M, Boch S, Buscot F, Fischer M, Goldmann K, Overmann J, Schulze E, Sikorski J, Weisser WW, Wubet T, Gossner MM. Can multi‐taxa diversity in European beech forest landscapes be increased by combining different management systems? J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schall
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Steffi Heinrichs
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics University of Ulm Ulm Germany
| | - Steffen Boch
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology UFZ‐Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Halle‐Saale Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Kezia Goldmann
- Department of Soil Ecology UFZ‐Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Halle‐Saale Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz‐Institute DSMZ ‐ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH Braunschweig Germany
| | | | - Johannes Sikorski
- Leibniz‐Institute DSMZ ‐ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH Braunschweig Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technische Universität München Freising Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department of Soil Ecology UFZ‐Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Halle‐Saale Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technische Universität München Freising Germany
- Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
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21
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Huber N, Bugmann H, Lafond V. Capturing ecological processes in dynamic forest models: why there is no silver bullet to cope with complexity. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nica Huber
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Valentine Lafond
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Forestry Department of Forest Resources Management University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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22
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Rewald B, Ammer C, Hartmann H, Malyshev AV, Meier IC. Editorial: Woody Plants and Forest Ecosystems in a Complex World-Ecological Interactions and Physiological Functioning Above and Below Ground. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:173. [PMID: 32184797 PMCID: PMC7058592 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rewald
- Forest Ecology, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey V. Malyshev
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ina C. Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Hafner BD, Hesse BD, Bauerle TL, Grams TEE. Water potential gradient, root conduit size and root xylem hydraulic conductivity determine the extent of hydraulic redistribution in temperate trees. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Hafner
- Ecophysiology of Plants Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
- School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Benjamin D. Hesse
- Ecophysiology of Plants Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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24
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Seidl R, Albrich K, Erb K, Formayer H, Leidinger D, Leitinger G, Tappeiner U, Tasser E, Rammer W. What drives the future supply of regulating ecosystem services in a mountain forest landscape? FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 445:37-47. [PMID: 35645457 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7850954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems provide a wide variety of ecosystem services to society. In harsh mountain environments, the regulating services of forests are of particular importance. Managing mountain forests for regulating services is a cost- and labor intensive endeavor. Yet, also unmanaged forests regulate the environment. In the context of evidence-based decision making it is thus important to scrutinize if current management recommendations improve the supply of regulating ecosystem services over unmanaged development trajectories. A further issue complicating decision making in the context of regulating ecosystem services is their high sensitivity to climate change. Climate-mediated increases in natural disturbances, for instance, could strongly reduce the supply of regulating services from forests in the future. Given the profound environmental changes expected for the coming decades it remains unclear whether forest management will still be able to significantly control the future trajectories of mountain forest development, or whether the management effect will be superseded by a much stronger climate and disturbance effect. Here, our objectives were (i) to quantify the future regulating service supply from a 6456 ha landscape in the Stubai valley in Tyrol, Austria, and (ii) to assess the relative importance of management, climate, and natural disturbances on the future supply of regulating ecosystem services. We focused our analysis on climate regulation, water regulation, and erosion regulation, and used the landscape simulation model iLand to quantify their development under different climate scenarios and management strategies. Our results show that unmanaged forests are efficient in providing regulating ecosystem services. Both climate regulation and erosion regulation were higher in unmanaged systems compared to managed systems, while water regulation was slightly enhanced by management. Overall, direct effects of climate change had a stronger influence on the future supply of regulating services than management and natural disturbances. The ability of management to control ecosystem service supply decreased sharply with the severity of future climate change. This finding highlights that forest management could be severely stymied in the future if climate change continues to proceed at its current rate. An improved quantitative understanding of the drivers of future ecosystem service supply is needed to more effectively combine targeted management efforts and natural ecosystem dynamics towards sustaining the benefits society derives from forests in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest-and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Albrich
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest-and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karlheinz Erb
- Institute of Social Ecology, Department of Economics and Social Sciences (WiSo), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Formayer
- Institute of Meteorology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Leidinger
- Institute of Meteorology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Leitinger
- Institute of Social Ecology, Department of Economics and Social Sciences (WiSo), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Tappeiner
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Drususallee 1, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Erich Tasser
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Drususallee 1, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Werner Rammer
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest-and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Seidl R, Albrich K, Erb K, Formayer H, Leidinger D, Leitinger G, Tappeiner U, Tasser E, Rammer W. What drives the future supply of regulating ecosystem services in a mountain forest landscape? FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 445:37-47. [PMID: 35645457 PMCID: PMC7612773 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems provide a wide variety of ecosystem services to society. In harsh mountain environments, the regulating services of forests are of particular importance. Managing mountain forests for regulating services is a cost- and labor intensive endeavor. Yet, also unmanaged forests regulate the environment. In the context of evidence-based decision making it is thus important to scrutinize if current management recommendations improve the supply of regulating ecosystem services over unmanaged development trajectories. A further issue complicating decision making in the context of regulating ecosystem services is their high sensitivity to climate change. Climate-mediated increases in natural disturbances, for instance, could strongly reduce the supply of regulating services from forests in the future. Given the profound environmental changes expected for the coming decades it remains unclear whether forest management will still be able to significantly control the future trajectories of mountain forest development, or whether the management effect will be superseded by a much stronger climate and disturbance effect. Here, our objectives were (i) to quantify the future regulating service supply from a 6456 ha landscape in the Stubai valley in Tyrol, Austria, and (ii) to assess the relative importance of management, climate, and natural disturbances on the future supply of regulating ecosystem services. We focused our analysis on climate regulation, water regulation, and erosion regulation, and used the landscape simulation model iLand to quantify their development under different climate scenarios and management strategies. Our results show that unmanaged forests are efficient in providing regulating ecosystem services. Both climate regulation and erosion regulation were higher in unmanaged systems compared to managed systems, while water regulation was slightly enhanced by management. Overall, direct effects of climate change had a stronger influence on the future supply of regulating services than management and natural disturbances. The ability of management to control ecosystem service supply decreased sharply with the severity of future climate change. This finding highlights that forest management could be severely stymied in the future if climate change continues to proceed at its current rate. An improved quantitative understanding of the drivers of future ecosystem service supply is needed to more effectively combine targeted management efforts and natural ecosystem dynamics towards sustaining the benefits society derives from forests in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest-and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding Author. (R. Seidl)
| | - Katharina Albrich
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest-and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karlheinz Erb
- Institute of Social Ecology, Department of Economics and Social Sciences (WiSo), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Formayer
- Institute of Meteorology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Leidinger
- Institute of Meteorology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Leitinger
- Institute of Social Ecology, Department of Economics and Social Sciences (WiSo), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Tappeiner
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Drususallee 1, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Erich Tasser
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Drususallee 1, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Werner Rammer
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest-and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Bird Diversity as a Support Decision Tool for Sustainable Management in Temperate Forested Floodplain Landscapes. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11061527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sustainably managed forests provide multiple ecosystem services in cultural landscapes, including maintaining biodiversity. Better understanding of the benefits regarding the biodiversity of different silvicultural practices is important for sustainable landscape management. Conservation targets in forested landscapes should be determined by land managers and policy-makers, based on serious ecological research. This study deals with response of bird diversity to three different habitat types of temperate hardwood floodplain forests, which reflect specific forms of forest management. Research was based on long-term field bird census in the years 1998 to 2002 applying the point count method. Data was analysed using regression analysis with dummy variables. The results of the study indicate that hardwood floodplain forest heterogeneity, supported by different types of forest management (old-growth forest protection, group-selection harvesting and forest edge protection), provides large-scale habitat mosaic conditions suitable for many breeding bird species with different ecological niches. This result suggests that comparison of bird diversity response to different forest management types can be used as a decision support tool for sustainable landscape management strategy and local management practices in forested cultural lowland landscapes. Improvements in both regional and local ecological knowledge are generally needed in order to control floodplain land use decisions, which are typically made on the scale of landscape management.
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27
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Landscape-Scale Mixtures of Tree Species are More Effective than Stand-Scale Mixtures for Biodiversity of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes and Lichens. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tree species diversity can positively affect the multifunctionality of forests. This is why conifer monocultures of Scots pine and Norway spruce, widely promoted in Central Europe since the 18th and 19th century, are currently converted into mixed stands with naturally dominant European beech. Biodiversity is expected to benefit from these mixtures compared to pure conifer stands due to increased abiotic and biotic resource heterogeneity. Evidence for this assumption is, however, largely lacking. Here, we investigated the diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens at the plot (alpha diversity) and at the landscape (gamma diversity) level in pure and mixed stands of European beech and conifer species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, Douglas fir) in four regions in Germany. We aimed to identify compositions of pure and mixed stands in a hypothetical forest landscape that can optimize gamma diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens within regions. Results show that gamma diversity of the investigated groups is highest when a landscape comprises different pure stands rather than tree species mixtures at the stand scale. Species mainly associated with conifers rely on light regimes that are only provided in pure conifer forests, whereas mixtures of beech and conifers are more similar to beech stands. Combining pure beech and pure conifer stands at the landscape scale can increase landscape level biodiversity and conserve species assemblages of both stand types, while landscapes solely composed of stand scale tree species mixtures could lead to a biodiversity reduction of a combination of investigated groups of 7 up to 20%.
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Friess N, Müller JC, Aramendi P, Bässler C, Brändle M, Bouget C, Brin A, Bussler H, Georgiev KB, Gil R, Gossner MM, Heilmann‐Clausen J, Isacsson G, Krištín A, Lachat T, Larrieu L, Magnanou E, Maringer A, Mergner U, Mikoláš M, Opgenoorth L, Schmidl J, Svoboda M, Thorn S, Vandekerkhove K, Vrezec A, Wagner T, Winter M, Zapponi L, Brandl R, Seibold S. Arthropod communities in fungal fruitbodies are weakly structured by climate and biogeography across European beech forests. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Friess
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg C. Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Biocenter Rauhenebrach Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Brändle
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Christophe Bouget
- Irstea, 'Forest Ecosystems' Research Unit Nogent‐sur‐Vernisson France
| | - Antoine Brin
- INPT – Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan UMR 1201 Dynafor INRA‐INPT, University of Toulouse Toulouse France
| | | | - Kostadin B. Georgiev
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Biocenter Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Radosław Gil
- Department of Evolutionary, Biology and Ecology, Institute of Invertebrate Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wroclaw Wrocław Poland
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Jacob Heilmann‐Clausen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Thibault Lachat
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL Bern University of Applied Sciences Zollikofen Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Laurent Larrieu
- INRA UMR1201 DYNAFOR, Chemin de Borde Rouge, University of Toulouse Castanet Tolosan Cedex France
- CRPF OC Tolosane France
| | - Elodie Magnanou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM) Banyuls/Mer France
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale de la Forêt de la Massane, Argelès-sur-Mer France
| | | | | | - Martin Mikoláš
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
- PRALES Rosina Slovakia
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Schmidl
- Ecology group, Developmental Biology, Department Biology University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Biocenter Rauhenebrach Germany
| | | | - Al Vrezec
- National Institute of Biology Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of Biology University of Koblenz‐Landau Koblenz Germany
| | | | - Livia Zapponi
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale "Bosco Fontana" Marmirolo Italy
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology ‐ Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technische Universität München Freising Germany
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Ammer C. Forest ecology—Keeping an eye on the world’s green lung. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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