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Osborne JB, Zhang H, Carlson M, Shah P, Jonides J. The association between different sources of distraction and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1173989. [PMID: 37575583 PMCID: PMC10421702 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1173989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are generally distractible. Yet, the precise relationship between ADHD and distractibility remains under-specified in two respects. First, different sources of distraction, such as background noise or mind wandering, may not be equally associated with ADHD. Second, ADHD itself comprises a variety of symptoms that show considerable heterogeneity and it is unclear which ADHD symptoms are associated with which type of distraction. Methods The current study addresses these questions using one clinically evaluated sample (N = 69) and two large non-clinically evaluated samples (N = 569, N = 651). In all samples, participants completed questionnaires about their susceptibility to external distraction, unwanted intrusive thoughts, spontaneous mind-wandering and ADHD symptomatology. Results Traditional regression and novel network analyses revealed an overwhelming contribution of spontaneous mind-wandering in explaining ADHD symptoms, although external distraction and unwanted intrusive thoughts were also associated with a small number of ADHD symptoms. Discussion Findings support a growing body of literature linking spontaneous mind-wandering and ADHD, and they highlight the heterogeneity in the association between ADHD symptoms and different sources of distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahla B. Osborne
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Mo Z, Grennan G, Kulkarni A, Ramanathan D, Balasubramani PP, Mishra J. Parietal alpha underlies slower cognitive responses during interference processing in adolescents. Behav Brain Res 2023; 443:114356. [PMID: 36801472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period when cognitive control is rapidly maturing across several core dimensions. Here, we evaluated how healthy adolescents (13-17 years of age, n = 44) versus young adults (18-25 years of age, n = 49) differ across a series of cognitive assessments with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Cognitive tasks included selective attention, inhibitory control, working memory, as well as both non-emotional and emotional interference processing. We found that adolescents displayed significantly slower responses than young adults specifically on the interference processing tasks. Evaluation of EEG event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) on the interference tasks showed that adolescents consistently had greater event-related desynchronization in alpha/beta frequencies in parietal regions. Midline frontal theta activity was also greater in the flanker interference task in adolescents, suggesting greater cognitive effort. Parietal alpha activity predicted age-related speed differences during non-emotional flanker interference processing, and frontoparietal connectivity, specifically midfrontal theta - parietal alpha functional connectivity predicted speed effects during emotional interference. Overall, our neuro-cognitive results illustrate developing cognitive control in adolescents particularly for interference processing, predicted by differential alpha band activity and connectivity in parietal brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Mo
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gillian Grennan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Atharv Kulkarni
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Rafi H, Murray R, Delavari F, Perroud N, Vuilleumier P, Debbané M, Piguet C. Neural Basis of Internal Attention in Adults with Pure and Comorbid ADHD. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:423-436. [PMID: 36635890 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221147546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether putatively atypical neuronal activity during internal attention in ADHD yields insights into processes underlying emotion dysregulation. METHODS We used a word processing paradigm to assess neural activations in adults with ADHD (N = 46) compared to controls (N = 43). We measured effects of valence, applied partial-least squares correlation analysis to assess multivariate brainbehavior relationships and ran subgroup analyses to isolate results driven by pure ADHD (N = 18). RESULTS During internal attention, ADHD, compared to controls, have (1) increased activation in the right angular gyrus (rAG), which appears driven by pure, not comorbid, ADHD and (2) diminished activation in the insula and fronto-striatal circuitry. Diminished activations were driven by negatively-valenced internal attention and negatively correlated with increased affective lability within the ADHD group. CONCLUSION Internal attention in ADHD is associated with increased rAG activation, possibly reflecting difficulty converging external and internal information, and diminished activation within emotion regulation circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Murray
- University of Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, Switzerland
| | - Farnaz Delavari
- University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Martin Debbané
- University of Geneva, Switzerland
- University College London, UK
| | - Camille Piguet
- University of Geneva, Switzerland
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
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Fernández-Folgueiras U, Hernández-Lorca M, Méndez-Bértolo C, Álvarez F, Giménez-Fernández T, Carretié L. Exogenous Attention to Emotional Stimuli Presenting Realistic (3D) Looming Motion. Brain Topogr 2022; 35:599-612. [PMID: 35933532 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-022-00909-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows that dynamic stimuli, on the one hand, and emotional stimuli, on the other, capture exogenous attention due to their biological relevance. Through neural (ERPs) and behavioral measures (reaction times and errors), the present study explored the combined effect of looming motion and emotional content on attentional capture. To this end, 3D-recreated static and dynamic animals assessed as emotional (positive or negative) or neutral were presented as distractors while 71 volunteers performed a line orientation task. We observed a two-phase effect: firstly (before 300 ms), early components of ERPs (P1p and N2po) showed enhanced exogenous attentional capture by looming positive distractors and static threatening animals. Thereafter, dynamic and static threatening distractors received enhanced endogenous attention as revealed by both late ERP activity (LPC) and behavioral (errors) responses. These effects are likely explained by both the emotional valence and the distance of the stimulus at each moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxía Fernández-Folgueiras
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Ivan Pavlov 6, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Hernández-Lorca
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Ivan Pavlov 6, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constantino Méndez-Bértolo
- Departamento de Psicología. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Cádiz, Calle de la República Saharaui 12, 11519, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Avenida Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Fátima Álvarez
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Ivan Pavlov 6, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Giménez-Fernández
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Ivan Pavlov 6, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carretié
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Ivan Pavlov 6, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Kato R, Balasubramani PP, Ramanathan D, Mishra J. Utility of Cognitive Neural Features for Predicting Mental Health Behaviors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3116. [PMID: 35590804 PMCID: PMC9100783 DOI: 10.3390/s22093116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction underlies common mental health behavioral symptoms including depression, anxiety, inattention, and hyperactivity. In this study of 97 healthy adults, we aimed to classify healthy vs. mild-to-moderate self-reported symptoms of each disorder using cognitive neural markers measured with an electroencephalography (EEG). We analyzed source-reconstructed EEG data for event-related spectral perturbations in the theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands in five tasks, a selective attention and response inhibition task, a visuospatial working memory task, a Flanker interference processing task, and an emotion interference task. From the cortical source activation features, we derived augmented features involving co-activations between any two sources. Logistic regression on the augmented feature set, but not the original feature set, predicted the presence of psychiatric symptoms, particularly for anxiety and inattention with >80% sensitivity and specificity. We also computed current flow closeness and betweenness centralities to identify the “hub” source signal predictors. We found that the Flanker interference processing task was the most useful for assessing the connectivity hubs in general, followed by the inhibitory control go-nogo paradigm. Overall, these interpretable machine learning analyses suggest that EEG biomarkers collected on a rapid suite of cognitive assessments may have utility in classifying diverse self-reported mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kato
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (R.K.); (D.R.); (J.M.)
| | | | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (R.K.); (D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (R.K.); (D.R.); (J.M.)
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Hong N, Kim JJ, Kwon JH, Eom H, Kim E. Effect of Distractors on Sustained Attention and Hyperactivity in Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Mobile Virtual Reality School Program. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:358-369. [PMID: 33430697 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720986229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether distractors in virtual reality (VR) environment affected the attention and hyperactivity in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHOD A total of 40 students (21 ADHD, 19 controls) aged between 9 and 17 years participated in this study. A rapid visual information processing task utilizing VR (VR-RVP) was performed under two conditions (no-distractor and distractor condition). Task performance and head movement during each condition were compared, and additional analyses were conducted after grouping participants into two developmental stages. RESULTS Children with ADHD performed comparably to the controls under the distractor condition, but had poorer performance under the no-distractor condition. They displayed more head movement under the distractor condition than in the no-distractor condition. CONCLUSION VR is possibly a useful tool for investigating the effect of distractors on individuals with ADHD, and children with ADHD are more vulnerable to a low-level stimulation situation than normal children in VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Hong
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Kwon
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Eom
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tillman GD, Motes MA, Bass CM, Morris EE, Jones P, Kozel FA, Hart J, Kraut MA. Auditory N2 Correlates of Treatment Response in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:90-100. [PMID: 33960006 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Emotional processing and cognitive control are implicated as being dysfunctional in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and targeted in cognitive processing therapy (CPT), a trauma-focused treatment for PTSD. The N2 event-related potential has been interpreted in the context of emotional processing and cognitive control. In this analysis of secondary outcome measures from a randomized controlled trial, we investigated the latency and amplitude changes of the N2 in responses to task-relevant target tones and task-irrelevant distractor sounds (e.g., a trauma-related gunshot and a trauma-unrelated lion's roar) and the associations between these responses and PTSD symptom changes. United States military veterans (N = 60) diagnosed with combat-related PTSD were randomized to either active or sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and received a CPT intervention that included a written trauma account element (CPT+A). Participants were tested before and 6 months after protocol completion. Reduction in N2 amplitude to the gunshot stimulus was correlated with reductions in reexperiencing, |r| = .445, and hyperarousal measures, |r| = .364. In addition, in both groups, the latency of the N2 event-related potential to the distractors became longer with treatment and the N2 latency to the task-relevant stimulus became shorter, ηp 2 = .064, both of which are consistent with improved cognitive control. There were no between-group differences in N2 amplitude and latency. Normalized N2 latencies, reduced N2 amplitude to threatening distractors, and the correlation between N2 amplitude reduction and PTSD symptom reduction reflect improved cognitive control, consistent with the CPT+A objective of addressing patients' abilities to respond more appropriately to trauma triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Tillman
- Callier Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael A Motes
- Callier Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Christina M Bass
- Callier Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Penelope Jones
- Callier Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - F Andrew Kozel
- Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital and Clinics, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - John Hart
- Callier Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Departments of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics and Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael A Kraut
- Departments of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics and Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Targeting working memory to modify emotional reactivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:680-691. [PMID: 34524649 PMCID: PMC9010388 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neural mechanisms of emotional reactivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may help develop more effective treatments that target emotion dysregulation. In adult ADHD, emotion regulation problems cover a range of dimensions, including emotional reactivity (ER). One important process that could underlie an impaired ER in ADHD might be impaired working memory (WM) processing. We recently demonstrated that taxing WM prior to the exposure of emotionally salient stimuli reduced physiological and subjective reactivity to such cues in heavy drinkers, suggesting lasting effects of WM activation on ER. Here, we investigated neural mechanisms that could underlie the interaction between WM and ER in adult ADHD participants. We included 30 male ADHD participants and 30 matched controls. Participants performed a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm in which active WM-blocks were alternated with passive blocks of negative and neutral images. We demonstrated group-independent significant main effects of negative emotional images on amygdala activation, and WM-load on paracingulate gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation. Contrary to earlier reports in adolescent ADHD, no impairments were found in neural correlates of WM or ER. Moreover, taxing WM did not alter the neural correlates of ER in either ADHD or control participants. While we did find effects on the amygdala, paCG, and dlPFC activation, we did not find interactions between WM and ER, possibly due to the relatively unimpaired ADHD population and a well-matched control group. Whether targeting WM might be effective in participants with ADHD with severe ER impairments remains to be investigated.
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Grennan G, Balasubramani PP, Alim F, Zafar-Khan M, Lee EE, Jeste DV, Mishra J. Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Loneliness and Wisdom during Emotional Bias. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3311-3322. [PMID: 33687437 PMCID: PMC8196261 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness and wisdom have opposing impacts on health and well-being, yet their neuro-cognitive bases have never been simultaneously investigated. In this study of 147 healthy human subjects sampled across the adult lifespan, we simultaneously studied the cognitive and neural correlates of loneliness and wisdom in the context of an emotion bias task. Aligned with the social threat framework of loneliness, we found that loneliness was associated with reduced speed of processing when angry emotional stimuli were presented to bias cognition. In contrast, we found that wisdom was associated with greater speed of processing when happy emotions biased cognition. Source models of electroencephalographic data showed that loneliness was specifically associated with enhanced angry stimulus-driven theta activity in the left transverse temporal region of interest, which is located in the area of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), while wisdom was specifically related to increased TPJ theta activity during happy stimulus processing. Additionally, enhanced attentiveness to threatening stimuli for lonelier individuals was observed as greater beta activity in left superior parietal cortex, while wisdom significantly related to enhanced happy stimulus-evoked alpha activity in the left insula. Our results demonstrate emotion-context driven modulations in cognitive neural circuits by loneliness versus wisdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Grennan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Pragathi Priyadharsini Balasubramani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Fahad Alim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Mariam Zafar-Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, 92161 CA, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 CA, USA
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Shah RV, Grennan G, Zafar-Khan M, Alim F, Dey S, Ramanathan D, Mishra J. Personalized machine learning of depressed mood using wearables. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:338. [PMID: 34103481 PMCID: PMC8187630 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a multifaceted illness with large interindividual variability in clinical response to treatment. In the era of digital medicine and precision therapeutics, new personalized treatment approaches are warranted for depression. Here, we use a combination of longitudinal ecological momentary assessments of depression, neurocognitive sampling synchronized with electroencephalography, and lifestyle data from wearables to generate individualized predictions of depressed mood over a 1-month time period. This study, thus, develops a systematic pipeline for N-of-1 personalized modeling of depression using multiple modalities of data. In the models, we integrate seven types of supervised machine learning (ML) approaches for each individual, including ensemble learning and regression-based methods. All models were verified using fourfold nested cross-validation. The best-fit as benchmarked by the lowest mean absolute percentage error, was obtained by a different type of ML model for each individual, demonstrating that there is no one-size-fits-all strategy. The voting regressor, which is a composite strategy across ML models, was best performing on-average across subjects. However, the individually selected best-fit models still showed significantly less error than the voting regressor performance across subjects. For each individual's best-fit personalized model, we further extracted top-feature predictors using Shapley statistics. Shapley values revealed distinct feature determinants of depression over time for each person ranging from co-morbid anxiety, to physical exercise, diet, momentary stress and breathing performance, sleep times, and neurocognition. In future, these personalized features can serve as targets for a personalized ML-guided, multimodal treatment strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutvik V Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gillian Grennan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariam Zafar-Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fahad Alim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sujit Dey
- Mobile Systems Design Lab, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Balasubramani PP, Ojeda A, Grennan G, Maric V, Le H, Alim F, Zafar-Khan M, Diaz-Delgado J, Silveira S, Ramanathan D, Mishra J. Mapping cognitive brain functions at scale. Neuroimage 2021; 231:117641. [PMID: 33338609 PMCID: PMC8221518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental set of cognitive abilities enable humans to efficiently process goal-relevant information, suppress irrelevant distractions, maintain information in working memory, and act flexibly in different behavioral contexts. Yet, studies of human cognition and their underlying neural mechanisms usually evaluate these cognitive constructs in silos, instead of comprehensively in-tandem within the same individual. Here, we developed a scalable, mobile platform, "BrainE" (short for Brain Engagement), to rapidly assay several essential aspects of cognition simultaneous with wireless electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Using BrainE, we rapidly assessed five aspects of cognition including (1) selective attention, (2) response inhibition, (3) working memory, (4) flanker interference and (5) emotion interference processing, in 102 healthy young adults. We evaluated stimulus encoding in all tasks using the EEG neural recordings, and isolated the cortical sources of the spectrotemporal EEG dynamics. Additionally, we used BrainE in a two-visit study in 24 young adults to investigate the reliability of the neuro-cognitive data as well as its plasticity to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We found that stimulus encoding on multiple cognitive tasks could be rapidly assessed, identifying common as well as distinct task processes in both sensory and cognitive control brain regions. Event related synchronization (ERS) in the theta (3-7 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) frequencies as well as event related desynchronization (ERD) in the beta frequencies (13-30 Hz) were distinctly observed in each task. The observed ERS/ERD effects were overall anticorrelated. The two-visit study confirmed high test-retest reliability for both cognitive and neural data, and neural responses showed specific TMS protocol driven modulation. We also show that the global cognitive neural responses are sensitive to mental health symptom self-reports. This first study with the BrainE platform showcases its utility in studying neuro-cognitive dynamics in a rapid and scalable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Ojeda
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gillian Grennan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vojislav Maric
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hortense Le
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fahad Alim
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariam Zafar-Khan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan Diaz-Delgado
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarita Silveira
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Leroy A, Spotorno S, Faure S. Emotional scene processing in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:331-346. [PMID: 32034554 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
"Impairments in emotional information processing are frequently reported in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at a voluntary, explicit level (e.g., emotion recognition) and at an involuntary, implicit level (e.g., emotional interference). Most of previous studies have used faces with emotional expressions, rarely examining other important sources of information usually co-occurring with faces in our every day experience. Here, we examined how the emotional content of an entire visual scene depicting real-world environments and situations is processed in ADHD. We systematically reviewed in PubMed, SCOPUS and ScienceDirect, using the PRISMA guidelines, empirical studies published in English until March 2019, about processing of visual scenes, with or without emotional content, in children and adolescents with ADHD. We included 17 studies among the 154 initially identified. Fifteen used scenes with emotional content (which was task-relevant in seven and irrelevant in eight studies) and two used scenes without emotional content. Even though the interpretation of the results differed according to the theoretical model of emotions of the study and the presence of comorbidity, differences in scene information processing between ADHD and typically developing children and adolescents were reported in all but one study. ADHD children and adolescents show difficulties in the processing of emotional information conveyed by visual scenes, which may stem from a stronger bottom-up impact of emotional stimuli in ADHD, increasing the emotional experience, and from core deficits of the disorder, decreasing the overall processing of the scene".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Leroy
- Laboratoire D'Anthropologie Et de Psychologie Cliniques, Cognitives Et Sociales (LAPCOS), MSHS Sud Est, Université Côte D'Azur, Pôle Universitaire Saint Jean D'Angely, 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357, Nice Cédex 4, France. .,CERTA, Reference Centre for Learning Disabilities, Fondation Lenval, Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France.
| | | | - Sylvane Faure
- Laboratoire D'Anthropologie Et de Psychologie Cliniques, Cognitives Et Sociales (LAPCOS), MSHS Sud Est, Université Côte D'Azur, Pôle Universitaire Saint Jean D'Angely, 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357, Nice Cédex 4, France
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13
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Azizi A, Mir Drikvand F, Sepahvani MA. Comparison of the Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neurofeedback on Sustained Attention Among Elementary School Students With Specific Learning Disorder: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 11:465-472. [PMID: 33613884 PMCID: PMC7878039 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.4.1211.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sustained Attention (SA) failure is one of the main characteristics of Specific Learning Disorders (SLD). Recent studies have reported a positive effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation (CR) and Neurofeedback (NFB) on SA in SLD. Thus, the effectiveness of CR and NFB is well understood. This preliminary study aimed to compare the effects of CR and NFB on SA among the elementary school students with SLD, using a randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: In this preliminary randomized controlled clinical trial, 53 eligible students with SLD (based on DSM-5) within the age range of 7 to 10 years were randomly assigned in the NFB (n=18), CR (n=18), and control group (n=17). All the participants were evaluated for SA using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), at the time of entry to the study, and one month later. The intervention groups participated in 20 sessions of CR and 20 sessions of NFB, while the control group was evaluated without any intervention. Results: A total number of 24 boys and 36 girls in four groups (n=15) completed the study. The Mean±SD age of the participants in the CR, NFB, and control groups were 8.66±1.48 years, 8.40±1.73 years, and 8.53±1.63 years, respectively. Results showed a significant difference in the variables of the CPT between the study groups (P<0.05). Also, the CPT scores of the CR group were higher than that of the NFB group (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study supports that CR is more effective than NFB on SA in students with SLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Azizi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoram Abad, Iran
| | - Fazlolah Mir Drikvand
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoram Abad, Iran
| | - Mohamad Ali Sepahvani
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoram Abad, Iran
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14
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Pretus C, Picado M, Ramos-Quiroga A, Carmona S, Richarte V, Fauquet J, Vilarroya Ó. Presence of Distractor Improves Time Estimation Performance in an Adult ADHD Sample. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1530-1537. [PMID: 27185529 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716648776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: It is widely accepted that patients with ADHD exhibit greater susceptibility to distractors, especially during tasks with higher working memory load demands. However, no study to date has specifically measured the impact of distractors on timing functions, although these have consistently shown alterations in ADHD. In this investigation, we aimed to elucidate the neural mechanisms mediating distractor effects on timing functions. Method: We employed a time estimation functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm including a distracting element in half of the trials in a sample of 21 patients with ADHD and 24 healthy controls. Results: As expected, the effect of the distractor was greater in ADHD patients, where it was associated with increased orbitofrontal activity compared with controls. Behaviorally, time estimation performance benefited from the presence of distractors in both groups. In turn, such improvement correlated with medial frontal and insular activity in the brain. Conclusion: These results suggest that distractors could be stimulating recruitment of frontal resources in ADHD, thus contributing to increase focus on the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pretus
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació IMIM (Institut Municipal d'Investigacions Mèdicques), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Richarte
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Óscar Vilarroya
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació IMIM (Institut Municipal d'Investigacions Mèdicques), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Zamora EV, Introzzi I, Del Valle M, Vernucci S, Richard S MM. Perceptual inhibition of emotional interference in children. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2020; 9:215-229. [PMID: 30793980 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2019.1567340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In daily life, when a bee approaches us while we are sitting in the garden, we must pay attention to that threatening stimulus and give an appropriate response. However, if this bee approaches us while riding a bike, we must inhibit that distractor to avoid an accident. In this case, avoiding the interference of an emotional stimuli and continuing with the task should be preferential. In general, perceptual inhibition is responsible for controlling and suppressing the environmental distractions that interrupt the course of the realization of a goal. In this study, 435 children performed a modified flanker task with entirely irrelevant emotional and neutral stimuli in order to assess perceptual inhibition in contexts with high and low emotional salience. The results showed that entirely irrelevant distractors affected performance, but that there were no significant differences according to whether these distractors were emotionally salient or neutral. These results constitute a first approach to the problem of emotional interference in children considering the multidimensional approach of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana V Zamora
- Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología (IPSIBAT), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Isabel Introzzi
- Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología (IPSIBAT), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Macarena Del Valle
- Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología (IPSIBAT), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Santiago Vernucci
- Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología (IPSIBAT), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María M Richard S
- Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología (IPSIBAT), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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16
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Oldrati V, Bardoni A, Poggi G, Urgesi C. Influence of Attention Control on Implicit and Explicit Emotion Processing of Face and Body: Evidence From Flanker and Same-or-Different Paradigms. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2971. [PMID: 32038372 PMCID: PMC6985560 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many existing findings indicate that processing of emotional information is pre-attentive, largely immune from attentional control. Nevertheless, inconsistent evidence on the interference of emotional cues on cognitive processing suggests that this influence may be a highly conditional phenomenon. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to examine the modulation of attention control on emotion processing using facial expressions (2) explore the very same effect for emotional body expressions. In Experiment 1, participants performed a Flanker task in which they had to indicate either the emotion (happy/fearful) or the gender of the target stimulus while ignoring the distracting stimuli at the side. We found evidence for intrusion of the emotional dimension of a stimulus in both the emotion and gender discrimination performance, thus when either task-relevant or task-irrelevant. To further explore the influence of attention control mechanisms, in Experiment 2 participants performed a same-or-different judgment task in which they were asked to pay attention to both the central and lateral stimuli and indicated whether the central stimulus matched the lateral for emotion or gender. Results showed that emotional features exerted an influence at an implicit level (i.e., during gender judgments) for bodies only. Gender features did not affect emotional processing in either experiments. To rule out the possibility that this effect was driven by postural rather than emotional features of fearful vs. happy stimuli, a control experiment was conducted. In Experiment 3, bodies with an opening/up-ward or closing/down-ward posture but with no emotional valence were presented. Results revealed that the body posture did not influence gender discrimination. Findings suggest that the emotional valence of a face or body stimulus can overpass attention filtering mechanisms, independently from the level of attentional modulation (Experiment 1). However, broadening the focus of attention to include the lateral stimuli led emotional information to intrude on the main task, exerting an implicit, bottom–up influence on gender processing, only when conveyed by bodies (Experiment 2). Results point to different mechanisms for the implicit processing of face and body emotional expressions, with the latter likely having role on action preparation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oldrati
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
- *Correspondence: Viola Oldrati,
| | | | - Geraldina Poggi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
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17
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Yaojin LI, Wei ZHANG, Bei FU, Bingping ZHOU. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in internal and external conflicts: Evidence from Saccade task. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LI Yaojin
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - ZHANG Wei
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - FU Bei
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - ZHOU Bingping
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
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18
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Slobodin O, Davidovitch M. Gender Differences in Objective and Subjective Measures of ADHD Among Clinic-Referred Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:441. [PMID: 31920599 PMCID: PMC6923191 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most prevalent childhood disorders today, is generally more likely to be diagnosed and treated in boys than in girls. However, gender differences in ADHD are currently poorly understood, partly because previous research included only a limited proportion of girls and relied mainly on subjective measures of ADHD, which are highly vulnerable to reporter's bias. To further examine gender differences in ADHD and to address some of the shortcomings of previous studies, this study examined gender differences in subjective and objective measures of ADHD among clinic-referred children with ADHD. Participants were 204 children aged 6-17 years-old with ADHD (129 boys, 75 girls). A retrospective analysis was conducted using records of a clinical database. Obtained data included parent and teacher forms of the Conners ADHD rating scales, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Teacher's Report Form (TRF), and child's continuous performance test (CPT) scores. Results showed that according to parents' and teachers' reports of ADHD-related symptoms (Conners ADHD rating scales), girls had more inattention problems than boys, but no differences were identified in the level of hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms. CPT data, however, revealed higher impulsivity among boys. We did not find gender differences in the level of distractibility during CPT performance. Specifically, the effects of distractors type (visual environmental stimuli, auditory stimuli, or a combination of them) and distractors load (one or two distracting stimuli at a time) on CPT performance did not differ between boys and girls with ADHD. These findings suggest that gender effects on ADHD symptoms may differ between subjective and objective measures. Understanding gender differences in ADHD may lead to improved identification of girls with the disorder, helping to reduce the gender gap in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Slobodin
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Davidovitch
- Medical Department and Research Institute, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Comparison of the Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Neurofeedback on Sustained Attention Among Elementary School Students with Specific Learning Disorder: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2019; 43:301-307. [PMID: 30128952 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-018-9410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Specific learning disorder (SLD) can occur along with the problems of attention performance and be complicated by them. Recent studies have reported the positive effects of cognitive rehabilitation (CR) and neurofeedback (NFB) on sustained attention (SA) in SLD. Nevertheless, it has not yet been determinedwhat kind of treatment may be the most appropriate option for this disorder in terms of the different functions of cognitive status, especially SA. This preliminary study aimed to compare CR and NFB effects on SA among elementary school students with SLD using a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT). Fifty- three eligible students with a DSM-5 SLD diagnosis, aged 7-10, were randomly allocated in NFB (n = 18), CR (n = 18), and control groups (n = 17). All the participants were evaluated for SA by performing the continuous performance test (CPT) on the studied groups at the time of their inclusion in the study and 7 weeks after it. The intervention groups took part in 20 sessions of CR and 20 sessions of NFB. Conversely, the untreated group were evaluated without any intervention.15 boys and 30 girls in 3 groups completed the study (n = 15 per group). The mean and standard deviation of participants' age were (8.66 ± 1.48) years, (8.40 ± 1.73) years and (8.53 ± 1.63) years in CR, NFB and untreated groups, respectively. The results showed significant differences between the groups based on the variables of the CPT test (p < 0.05). Also, the significant effects of the variables represented the higher scores of the CR compared to the NFB group (p < 0.001). This study provides einitial evidence that CR is more effective than NFB on SA improvement among students with SLD.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Emotional symptoms are common and persistent in youth and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cause clinically significant impairments. We review recent neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and peripheral psychophysiological evidence for emotion and emotion regulation deficits in ADHD across youth and adults. RECENT FINDINGS Central and autonomous nervous system correlates argue in favor of more general self-regulation deficits and also specific emotional deficits in ADHD. These include general performance deficits in executive functions, and structural as well as functional impairments in neuronal networks associated with top-down self-regulation. Specific deficits with bottom-up emotional activation in the amygdala and emotion evaluation associated with the orbitofrontal cortex have also been described. Furthermore, vagally mediated, high-frequency heart rate variability is associated with emotional self-regulation deficits throughout the life span. The current evidence is based on multilevel studies that assess associations of emotion regulation. However, further studies that adequately consider the processual recursive character of emotion generation and regulation may give important new insights into emotional regulation of ADHD. Emotion regulation deficits in ADHD are associated with specific as well as general self-regulation deficits traceable on the level of neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and psychophysiological assessments. The temporal dynamics of the interplay of those different systems need further study in order to optimize and personalize treatment of emotion regulation difficulties, including emotional reactivity, in patients with ADHD.
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21
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Influence of emotional contexts on facial emotion attribution in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:554-559. [PMID: 30343241 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent emotion recognition studies in schizophrenia have reported misattribution of emotional content to emotionally neutral faces. While in these studies faces are presented in the absence of any contextual reference, in daily life facial expressions are typically perceived within a specific situational context. However, there is no evidence on the possible modulatory role of contextual aids on emotion attribution to neutral faces. We address this issue in the present study. Thirty schizophrenia patients and thirty paired controls performed an emotion categorization task (by choosing one among six labels of emotions) with neutral target faces that were superimposed on affectively positive, negative or neutral scenes. In presence of positive contexts, patients categorized neutral faces as happy and fearful more frequently than controls. When negative contexts were present, patients also categorized neutral faces as fearful more frequently than controls. However, in the presence of neutral contexts patients and controls did not differ in their categorization pattern. These results suggest that explicit presence of a neutral context seems to compensate for the bias showed by patients. With the purpose of correcting emotion misattribution in schizophrenia, emotionally neutral contexts might be incorporated to treatments aimed at improving social cognition performance in this patient population.
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22
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Lugo-Candelas C, Flegenheimer C, Harvey E, McDermott JM. Neural Correlates of Emotion Reactivity and Regulation in Young Children with ADHD Symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 45:1311-1324. [PMID: 28500470 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emotion reactivity and regulation are frequently impaired in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet few studies have examined these factors in young children with ADHD, and none have explored the neural correlates of emotion reactivity and regulation in this group through event-related potentials (ERPs). Children aged 4 to 7 with (n = 25; 18 boys) and without (n = 29; 20 boys) ADHD symptoms completed an attention task composed of four blocks: baseline, frustration, suppression, and recovery. In the frustration and suppression blocks, negative affect was induced by false negative feedback. During the suppression block, children were asked to suppress emotional expressions. Neural reactivity, assessed via the N2 and P3 components, suggests that children with ADHD symptoms processed the emotional induction differently than typically developing (TD) children. TD children demonstrated decreased N2 and increased P3 amplitudes at frontal and frontocentral regions across task conditions whereas children with ADHD symptoms showed relatively stable N2 and P3 amplitudes. This pattern suggests that young children with ADHD symptoms are not as effective as their TD peers in modulating attention allocation and cognitive control in emotionally laden situations. The present study underscores that emotional contexts may exacerbate attentional control deficits in young children with ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lugo-Candelas
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chaia Flegenheimer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Elizabeth Harvey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jennifer M McDermott
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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23
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Electrophysiological evidence of an attentional bias towards appetitive and aversive words in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1937-1946. [PMID: 30007893 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotional dysregulation has emerged as a core symptom domain in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, the pathophysiological underpinnings remain poorly understood. This study investigated attentional biases to positive and negative emotional words as possible contributing mechanisms. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERPSs) and behavioral attention bias indices were recorded from 39 adult patients with ADHD and 41 healthy controls during a verbal dot-probe task with positive-neutral, negative-neutral, and neutral-neutral word pairs. RESULTS Cue-locked N2pc amplitudes indicated a significant attentional bias towards emotional words in patients with ADHD and healthy controls. In healthy controls, the bias was only significant in positive trials. In patients, the bias was associated with ADHD severity and self-reported poor emotion regulation skills. ADHD patients also exhibited reduced target-locked P1 amplitudes and inferior behavioral performance compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence of an attention bias to positive and negative emotional stimuli in adult patients with ADHD and adverse effects of emotional stimuli on task performance. SIGNIFICANCE An attentional bias to emotional stimuli might contribute to emotional reactivity and dysregulation in adult patients with ADHD.
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24
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Vetter NC, Buse J, Backhausen LL, Rubia K, Smolka MN, Roessner V. Anterior insula hyperactivation in ADHD when faced with distracting negative stimuli. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2972-2986. [PMID: 29569801 PMCID: PMC6866282 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suffer from poor emotion regulation that might arise from problems in the distribution of attentional resources when confronted with emotional distractors. Previous studies investigating the neurocognitive basis of these problems remain inconclusive. Moreover, most of these studies did not exclude participants with comorbidity, particularly of conduct or oppositional defiant disorder. The aim of this study was to assess alterations in fronto-limbic activation in ADHD adolescents specifically during negative distractors in an emotional attention task. For this purpose, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess 25 boys with noncomorbid ADHD and 25 typically developing (TD) boys while they performed an emotional attention task with positive, negative, and neutral emotional distractors. Boys with ADHD had increased activation relative to TD boys specifically during the negative valenced stimuli in an emotional processing network comprising left anterior insula reaching into the inferior frontal gyrus. The findings suggest altered salience processing in ADHD of negative valenced emotional stimuli that may lead to higher distractibility in ADHD specifically when faced with negative emotional distractors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora C. Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Judith Buse
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Lea L. Backhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
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25
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Kosonogov V, Martinez-Selva JM, Carrillo-Verdejo E, Torrente G, Carretié L, Sanchez-Navarro JP. Effects of social and affective content on exogenous attention as revealed by event-related potentials. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:683-695. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1486287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kosonogov
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Academy of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Jose M. Martinez-Selva
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduvigis Carrillo-Verdejo
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ginesa Torrente
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Carretié
- School of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan P. Sanchez-Navarro
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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26
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Shushakova A, Ohrmann P, Pedersen A. Exploring deficient emotion regulation in adult ADHD: electrophysiological evidence. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:359-371. [PMID: 28770370 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation (ED) is being increasingly recognized as a core feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the pathophysiological underpinnings remain unclear. In this study, we provide meaningful electrophysiological evidence of ED in adult patients with ADHD (n = 39) compared to healthy controls (n = 40) by exploring the electrophysiological correlates of the emotion regulation strategies reappraisal, distraction, and expressive suppression. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during passive viewing of neutral and negative images, as well as during emotion regulation. The patients with ADHD exhibited increased frontal late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes during passive viewing of the aversive images and during emotion regulation. Compared with the healthy controls, a subgroup of medication-naïve patients with ADHD (n = 25) also exhibited larger centroparietal LPP amplitudes and provided more negative ratings of the aversive and neutral images. Both the frontal and centroparietal LPP amplitudes were associated with ADHD symptom severity. However, no significant deficit in LPP modulation during emotion regulation was found. These findings strongly support the clinical observation of increased emotional responsivity toward negative stimuli and difficulty during the implementation of emotion regulation strategies and thus encourage the implementation of emotion regulation modules in the treatment of adult patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shushakova
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 62, 24118, Kiel, Germany.,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Fliednerstr. 21, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Patricia Ohrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anya Pedersen
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 62, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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Schneidt A, Jusyte A, Rauss K, Schönenberg M. Distraction by salient stimuli in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for the role of task difficulty in bottom-up and top-down processing. Cortex 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Carretié L, Kessel D, García-Rubio MJ, Giménez-Fernández T, Hoyos S, Hernández-Lorca M. Magnocellular Bias in Exogenous Attention to Biologically Salient Stimuli as Revealed by Manipulating Their Luminosity and Color. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1699-1711. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Exogenous attention is a set of mechanisms that allow us to detect and reorient toward salient events—such as appetitive or aversive—that appear out of the current focus of attention. The nature of these mechanisms, particularly the involvement of the parvocellular and magnocellular visual processing systems, was explored. Thirty-four participants performed a demanding digit categorization task while salient (spiders or S) and neutral (wheels or W) stimuli were presented as distractors under two figure–ground formats: heterochromatic/isoluminant (exclusively processed by the parvocellular system, Par trials) and isochromatic/heteroluminant (preferentially processed by the magnocellular system, Mag trials). This resulted in four conditions: SPar, SMag, WPar, and WMag. Behavioral (RTs and error rates in the task) and electrophysiological (ERPs) indices of exogenous attention were analyzed. Behavior showed greater attentional capture by SMag than by SPar distractors and enhanced modulation of SMag capture as fear of spiders reported by participants increased. ERPs reflected a sequence from magnocellular dominant (P1p, ≃120 msec) to both magnocellular and parvocellular processing (N2p and P2a, ≃200 msec). Importantly, amplitudes in one N2p subcomponent were greater to SMag than to SPar and WMag distractors, indicating greater magnocellular sensitivity to saliency. Taking together, results support a magnocellular bias in exogenous attention toward distractors of any nature during initial processing, a bias that remains in later stages when biologically salient distractors are present.
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Carboni A, Kessel D, Capilla A, Carretié L. The influence of affective state on exogenous attention to emotional distractors: behavioral and electrophysiological correlates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8068. [PMID: 28808233 PMCID: PMC5556118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between exogenous attention to emotional distractors and the baseline affective state has not been well established yet. The present study aimed to explore this issue through behavioral measures and event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants (N = 30) completed a digit categorization task depicted over negative, positive or neutral distractor background pictures, while they experienced negative, positive and neutral affective states elicited by movie scenes. Behavioral results showed higher error rates and longer reaction times for negative distractors than for neutral and positive ones, irrespective of the current emotional state. Neural indices showed that the participants' affective state modulated N1 amplitudes, irrespective of distractor type, while the emotional charge of distractors modulated N2, irrespective of the emotional state. Importantly, an interaction of state and distractor type was observed in LPP. These results demonstrate that exogenous attention to emotional distractors is independent from modulating effects of the emotional baseline state at early, automatic stages of processing. However, attention to emotional distractors and affective state interact at later latencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Kessel
- Universidad de la República del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Villemonteix T, Marx I, Septier M, Berger C, Hacker T, Bahadori S, Acquaviva E, Massat I. Attentional control of emotional interference in children with ADHD and typically developing children: An emotional N-back study. Psychiatry Res 2017; 254:1-7. [PMID: 28437666 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emotional interference control refers to the ability to remain focused on goal-oriented processes when confronted with disrupting but irrelevant emotional stimuli, a process that may be impaired in children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, emotional interference levels are known to be associated with trait anxiety, and patients with ADHD often display elevated levels of trait anxiety, such as these may have confounded previous findings of decreased emotional interference control in this population. In the present study, male and female 8-13 years old (mean =11.0 years) children with ADHD (n=33) and typically developing (TD) children (n=24) performed a visual emotional working memory (n-back) task with 2 memory loads and three different background pictures (neutral/positive/negative), and trait anxiety measures were obtained. Children with ADHD performed less well, and displayed increased emotional interference in the presence of aversive distractors when compared with TD children. Contrary to our expectations, trait anxiety did not mediate the association between diagnostic group membership and the degree of emotional interference control; however, co-morbid ODD was associated with decreased levels of emotional interference in ADHD. Future research should aim at characterizing the mechanisms subtending decreased emotional interference control in the ADHD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Villemonteix
- EA 2007, Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Lab., Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France; UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherche Cognition et Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Ivo Marx
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathilde Septier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France; Inserm, U894, Psychiatry and NeurosciXence Center, Paris, France
| | - Christoph Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Hacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sara Bahadori
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France; Inserm, U894, Psychiatry and NeurosciXence Center, Paris, France
| | - Eric Acquaviva
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Massat
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherche Cognition et Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium; National Fund of Scientific Research (FNRS) Belgium
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31
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Neurofeedback for ADHD: a Critical Review and Suggested Future Directions. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-017-0117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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To make a molehill out of a mountain: An ERP-study on cognitive reappraisal of negative pictures in children with and without ADHD. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:529-537. [PMID: 28226287 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated cognitive reappraisal in children with ADHD by means of the late positive potential (LPP) and self-report ratings. We expected diminished LPP modulation following reappraisal and lower self-report scores in children with ADHD. METHODS Eighteen children with ADHD and 24 typically developing (TD) children (8-12years) performed a cognitive reappraisal task, while EEG was recorded, and filled out a questionnaire on cognitive reappraisal. RESULTS Despite the lack of main reappraisal effects on LPP, the LPP was less positively modulated during reappraisal in ADHD compared to TD children. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD reported less use of reappraisal and could be distinguished from TD children based on LPP modulation. However the lack of main effects of reappraisal on LPP in both groups hinders clear interpretation of this finding and questions the suitability of LPP modulation within the current paradigm as a neural index of reappraisal in children 8-12years old, and warrants further research on the inter-individual variability and sensitivity of LPP modulation as a neural index of emotion regulation in children. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study investigating the LPP during cognitive reappraisal in children with ADHD.
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Van Cauwenberge V, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Hoppenbrouwers K, Van Leeuwen K, Wiersema JR. Regulation of emotion in ADHD: can children with ADHD override the natural tendency to approach positive and avoid negative pictures? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:397-406. [PMID: 27744615 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Van Cauwenberge
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Shackleton Building (B44), Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Karel Hoppenbrouwers
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 Blok d-Bus 7001, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Karla Van Leeuwen
- Department of Parenting and Special Education, KU Leuven, Leopold Vanderkelenstraat 32-Bus 3765, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Van Cauwenberge V, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Hoppenbrouwers K, Van Leeuwen K, Wiersema JR. "Turning down the heat": Is poor performance of children with ADHD on tasks tapping "hot" emotional regulation caused by deficits in "cool" executive functions? RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 47:199-207. [PMID: 26444927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation in daily life is very common in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is however not clear whether this reflects a specific deficit or that it may be the result of generic executive function (EF) deficits. The current study addresses this question by means of an emotional working memory (WM) task with 2 memory load conditions and four possible backgrounds (blank screen, neutral, positive or negative picture), which was administered to 38 typically developing children and 29 children with ADHD. Children responded slower on trials when negative pictures were presented at the background versus when neutral pictures were presented, indicating an emotional interference effect; however crucially, groups did not differ in this respect. Reaction times were also slower on trials with a neutral picture as background versus trials without a picture, with children with ADHD showing an enhanced interference effect. There was a main effect of WM load on performance, but it did not interact with interference or group effects. To summarize, the findings indicate a generic interference control deficit in the children with ADHD in the current sample, while they could not provide support for an emotional interference deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Van Cauwenberge
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; University of Southampton, School of Psychology, Shackleton Building (B44), Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Karel Hoppenbrouwers
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Kapucijnenvoer 35 blok d - bus 7001, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Karla Van Leeuwen
- KU Leuven, Department of Parenting and Special Education, Leopold Vanderkelenstraat 32 - bus 3765, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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López-Martín S, Albert J, Fernández-Jaén A, Carretié L. Emotional response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: neural and behavioural data. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2057-2071. [PMID: 25708692 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714003195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although both emotion and response inhibition are thought to be important in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie the interaction between these two processes in patients with this disorder. This study aimed at examining how emotional contexts affect inhibitory control in children with ADHD. METHOD A total of 24 ADHD children and 24 healthy comparison subjects performed a modified go/no-go task during three different emotionally laden contexts: negative, neutral and positive. To explore the timing and the underlying neural substrates of emotion-modulated response inhibition, event-related potentials were measured and further analysed both at the scalp and at the voxel level. RESULTS Patients with ADHD showed greater activation of inhibition-related neural mechanisms (i.e. no-go P3 amplitudes and orbitofrontal cortex activity) to maintain a similar level of performance as healthy comparison subjects, especially during the emotionally arousing contexts (negative and positive). CONCLUSIONS This study provides plausible neural mechanisms for the difficulty that ADHD children have in controlling their behaviour in highly emotional situations. Such emotional contexts might increase the need for top-down inhibitory control and put ADHD children at greater risk for impulsive behaviours and emotional dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López-Martín
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud,Facultad de Psicología,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid 28049,Spain
| | - J Albert
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud,Facultad de Psicología,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid 28049,Spain
| | - A Fernández-Jaén
- Unidad de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Quirón,Madrid 28223,Spain
| | - L Carretié
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud,Facultad de Psicología,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid 28049,Spain
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36
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Raz S, Dan O. Altered event-related potentials in adults with ADHD during emotional faces processing. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:514-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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A temporo-spatial analysis of the neural correlates of extrinsic perceptual grouping in vision. Neuropsychologia 2015; 69:118-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Carretié L. Exogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: a review. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:1228-58. [PMID: 24683062 PMCID: PMC4218981 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge on the architecture of exogenous attention (also called automatic, bottom-up, or stimulus-driven attention, among other terms) has been mainly obtained from studies employing neutral, anodyne stimuli. Since, from an evolutionary perspective, exogenous attention can be understood as an adaptive tool for rapidly detecting salient events, reorienting processing resources to them, and enhancing processing mechanisms, emotional events (which are, by definition, salient for the individual) would seem crucial to a comprehensive understanding of this process. This review, focusing on the visual modality, describes 55 experiments in which both emotional and neutral irrelevant distractors are presented at the same time as ongoing task targets. Qualitative and, when possible, meta-analytic descriptions of results are provided. The most conspicuous result is that, as confirmed by behavioral and/or neural indices, emotional distractors capture exogenous attention to a significantly greater extent than do neutral distractors. The modulatory effects of the nature of distractors capturing attention, of the ongoing task characteristics, and of individual differences, previously proposed as mediating factors, are also described. Additionally, studies reviewed here provide temporal and spatial information-partially absent in traditional cognitive models-on the neural basis of preattention/evaluation, reorienting, and sensory amplification, the main subprocesses involved in exogenous attention. A model integrating these different levels of information is proposed. The present review, which reveals that there are several key issues for which experimental data are surprisingly scarce, confirms the relevance of including emotional distractors in studies on exogenous attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carretié
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain,
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Cassuto H, Ben-Simon A, Berger I. Using environmental distractors in the diagnosis of ADHD. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:805. [PMID: 24319423 PMCID: PMC3837230 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of the incorporation of environmental distractors in computerized continuous performance test (CPT) on the ability of the test in distinguishing ADHD from non-ADHD children. It was hypothesized that children with ADHD would display more distractibility than controls while performing CPT as measured by omission errors in the presence of pure visual, pure auditory, and a combination of visual and auditory distracting stimuli. Participants were 663 children aged 7–12 years, of them 345 diagnosed with ADHD and 318 without ADHD. Results showed that ADHD children demonstrated more omission errors than their healthy peers in all CPT conditions (no distractors, pure visual or auditory distractors and combined distractors). However, ADHD and non-ADHD children differed in their reaction to distracting stimuli; while all types of distracting stimuli increased the rate of omission errors in ADHD children, only combined visual and auditory distractors increased it in non-ADHD children. Given the low ecological validity of many CPT, these findings suggest that incorporating distractors in CPT improves the ability to distinguish ADHD from non-ADHD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanoch Cassuto
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Leumit and Clalit HMO Jerusalem, Israel
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40
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Berger I, Cassuto H. The effect of environmental distractors incorporation into a CPT on sustained attention and ADHD diagnosis among adolescents. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 222:62-8. [PMID: 24211249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of ADHD in adolescents involves specific challenges. Conventional CPT's may fail to consistently distinguish ADHD from non-ADHD due to insufficient cognitive demands. The aim of this study was to explore whether the incorporation of environmental distractors into a CPT would increase its ability to distinguish ADHD from non-ADHD adolescents. NEW METHOD Using the rate of omission errors as a measure of difficulty in sustained attention, this study examined whether ADHD adolescents are more distracted than controls and which type of distractors is more effective in terms of ADHD diagnosis. The study employed the MOXO-CPT version which includes visual and auditory stimuli serving as distractors. Participants were 176 adolescents aged 13-18 years, 133 diagnosed with ADHD and 43 without ADHD. RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Results showed that ADHD adolescents produced significantly more omission errors in the presence of pure visual distractors and the combination of visual and auditory distractors than in no-distractors conditions. Distracting stimuli had no effect on CPT performance of non-ADHD adolescents. ROC analysis further demonstrated that the mere presence of distractors improved the utility of the test. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that incorporation of environmental distractors into a CPT is useful in term of ADHD diagnosis. ADHD adolescents were more distracted than controls by all types of environmental distractors. ADHD adolescents were more distracted by pure visual distractors and by the combination of distractors than by pure auditory ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Berger
- The Neuro-Cognitive Center, Pediatric Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Hanoch Cassuto
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Leumit HMO, Jerusalem, Israel
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