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Yong S, Chen Q, Xu F, Fu H, Liang G, Guo Q. Exploring the interplay between angiosperm chlorophyll metabolism and environmental factors. PLANTA 2024; 260:25. [PMID: 38861219 PMCID: PMC11166782 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize how chlorophyll metabolism in angiosperm is affected by the environmental factors: light, temperature, metal ions, water, oxygen, and altitude. The significance of chlorophyll (Chl) in plant leaf morphogenesis and photosynthesis cannot be overstated. Over time, researchers have made significant advancements in comprehending the biosynthetic pathway of Chl in angiosperms, along with the pivotal enzymes and genes involved in this process, particularly those related to heme synthesis and light-responsive mechanisms. Various environmental factors influence the stability of Chl content in angiosperms by modulating Chl metabolic pathways. Understanding the interplay between plants Chl metabolism and environmental factors has been a prominent research topic. This review mainly focuses on angiosperms, provides an overview of the regulatory mechanisms governing Chl metabolism, and the impact of environmental factors such as light, temperature, metal ions (iron and magnesium), water, oxygen, and altitude on Chl metabolism. Understanding these effects is crucial for comprehending and preserving the homeostasis of Chl metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyuan Yong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Steen CJ, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Schaller RD, Fleming GR, Utschig LM. EPR Spin-Trapping for Monitoring Temporal Dynamics of Singlet Oxygen during Photoprotection in Photosynthesis. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1214-1224. [PMID: 38679935 PMCID: PMC11080054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A central goal of photoprotective energy dissipation processes is the regulation of singlet oxygen (1O2*) and reactive oxygen species in the photosynthetic apparatus. Despite the involvement of 1O2* in photodamage and cell signaling, few studies directly correlate 1O2* formation to nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) or lack thereof. Here, we combine spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies to track in real time the involvement of 1O2* during photoprotection in plant thylakoid membranes. The EPR spin-trapping method for detection of 1O2* was first optimized for photosensitization in dye-based chemical systems and then used to establish methods for monitoring the temporal dynamics of 1O2* in chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic membranes. We find that the apparent 1O2* concentration in membranes changes throughout a 1 h period of continuous illumination. During an initial response to high light intensity, the concentration of 1O2* decreased in parallel with a decrease in the chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime via NPQ. Treatment of membranes with nigericin, an uncoupler of the transmembrane proton gradient, delayed the activation of NPQ and the associated quenching of 1O2* during high light. Upon saturation of NPQ, the concentration of 1O2* increased in both untreated and nigericin-treated membranes, reflecting the utility of excess energy dissipation in mitigating photooxidative stress in the short term (i.e., the initial ∼10 min of high light).
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. Steen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Richard D. Schaller
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lisa M. Utschig
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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3
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Yanykin D, Paskhin M, Ashikhmin AA, Bolshakov MA. Carotenoid-dependent singlet oxygen photogeneration in light-harvesting complex 2 of Ectothiorhodospira haloalkaliphila leads to the formation of organic hydroperoxides and damage to both pigments and protein matrix. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16615. [PMID: 38250719 PMCID: PMC10798160 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Earlier, it was suggested that carotenoids in light-harvesting complexes 2 (LH2) can generate singlet oxygen, further oxidizing bacteriochlorophyll to 3-acetyl-chlorophyll. In the present work, it was found that illumination of isolated LH2 preparations of purple sulfur bacterium Ectothiorhodospira haloalkaliphila with light in the carotenoid absorption region leads to the photoconsumption of molecular oxygen, which is accompanied by the formation of hydroperoxides of organic molecules in the complexes. Photoformation of two types of organic hydroperoxides were revealed: highly lipophilic (12 molecules per one LH2) and relatively hydrophobic (68 per one LH2). It has been shown that illumination leads to damage to light-harvesting complexes. On the one hand, photobleaching of bacteriochlorophyll and a decrease in its fluorescence intensity are observed. On the other hand, the photoinduced increase in the hydrodynamic radius of the complexes, the reduction in their thermal stability, and the change in fluorescence intensity indicate conformational changes occurring in the protein molecules of the LH2 preparations. Inhibition of the processes described above upon the addition of singlet oxygen quenchers (L-histidine, Trolox, sodium L-ascorbate) may support the hypothesis that carotenoids in LH2 preparations are capable of generating singlet oxygen, which, in turn, damage to protein molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Yanykin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark Paskhin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Kale RS, Seep JL, Sallans L, Frankel LK, Bricker TM. Oxidative modification of LHC II associated with photosystem II and PS I-LHC I-LHC II membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:261-274. [PMID: 35179681 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Under aerobic conditions the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by electron transport chains is unavoidable, and occurs in both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. In photosynthetic organisms both Photosystem II (PS II) and Photosystem I (PS I), in addition to the cytochrome b6/f complex, are demonstrated sources of ROS. All of these membrane protein complexes exhibit oxidative damage when isolated from field-grown plant material. An additional possible source of ROS in PS I and PS II is the distal, chlorophyll-containing light-harvesting array LHC II, which is present in both photosystems. These serve as possible sources of 1O2 produced by the interaction of 3O2 with 3chl* produced by intersystem crossing. We have hypothesized that amino acid residues close to the sites of ROS generation will be more susceptible to oxidative modification than distant residues. In this study, we have identified oxidized amino acid residues in a subset of the spinach LHC II proteins (Lhcb1 and Lhcb2) that were associated with either PS II membranes (i.e. BBYs) or PS I-LHC I-LHC II membranes, both of which were isolated from field-grown spinach. We identified oxidatively modified residues by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Interestingly, two different patterns of oxidative modification were evident for the Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 proteins from these different sources. In the LHC II associated with PS II membranes, oxidized residues were identified to be located on the stromal surface of Lhcb1 and, to a much lesser extent, Lhcb2. Relatively few oxidized residues were identified as buried in the hydrophobic core of these proteins. The LHC II associated with PS I-LHC I-LHC II membranes, however, exhibited fewer surface-oxidized residues but, rather a large number of oxidative modifications buried in the hydrophobic core regions of both Lhcb1 and Lhcb2, adjacent to the chlorophyll prosthetic groups. These results appear to indicate that ROS, specifically 1O2, can modify the Lhcb proteins associated with both photosystems and that the LHC II associated with PS II membranes represent a different population from the LHC II associated with PS I-LHC I-LHC II membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra S Kale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jacob L Seep
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Larry Sallans
- The Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Laurie K Frankel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Terry M Bricker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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5
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Yamano N, Wang P, Dong FQ, Zhang JP. Lipid-Enhanced Photoprotection of LHCII in Membrane Nanodisc by Reducing Chlorophyll Triplet Production. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2669-2676. [PMID: 35377647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid (Car) quenching chlorophyll triplet state (3Chl a*), an unwanted photosensitizer yielding harmful reactive oxygen species, is crucial for the survival of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. For the major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII) in isolated form, 3Chl a* is deactivated via sub-nanosecond Chl-to-Car triplet excitation energy transfer by lutein in the central domain of LHCII; however, the mechanistic difference from LHCII in vivo remains to be explored. To investigate the intrinsic Car-photoprotection properties of LHCII in a bio-mimicking circumstance, we reconstituted trimeric spinach LHCII into the discoidal membrane of nanosize made from l-α-phosphatidylcholine and examined the triplet excited dynamics. Time-resolved optical absorption combined with circular dichroism spectroscopies revealed that, with reference to LHCII in buffer, LHCII in the membrane nanodisc shows appreciable conformational variation in the neoxanthin and the Lut621 domains and in the Chl a-terminal cluster owing to the lipid-protein interactions, which, in turn, alters the triplet population of Lut620 and Lut621 and their partition. Importantly, the unquenched 3Chl a* population in the complex was reduced by 60%, indicating that LHCII in the membrane adopts a conformation that is optimized for the alleviation of photoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Yamano
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872 Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Qin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872 Beijing, China
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6
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Bashir F, Rehman AU, Szabó M, Vass I. Singlet oxygen damages the function of Photosystem II in isolated thylakoids and in the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:93-105. [PMID: 34009505 PMCID: PMC8382655 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an important damaging agent, which is produced during illumination by the interaction of the triplet excited state pigment molecules with molecular oxygen. In cells of photosynthetic organisms 1O2 is formed primarily in chlorophyll containing complexes, and damages pigments, lipids, proteins and other cellular constituents in their environment. A useful approach to study the physiological role of 1O2 is the utilization of external photosensitizers. In the present study, we employed a multiwell plate-based screening method in combination with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to characterize the effect of externally produced 1O2 on the photosynthetic activity of isolated thylakoid membranes and intact Chlorella sorokiniana cells. The results show that the external 1O2 produced by the photosensitization reactions of Rose Bengal damages Photosystem II both in isolated thylakoid membranes and in intact cells in a concentration dependent manner indicating that 1O2 plays a significant role in photodamage of Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Bashir
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milán Szabó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imre Vass
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary.
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7
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Shimakawa G, Roach T, Krieger-Liszkay A. Changes in Photosynthetic Electron Transport during Leaf Senescence in Two Barley Varieties Grown in Contrasting Growth Regimes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1986-1994. [PMID: 32886785 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is an important process for plants to remobilize a variety of metabolites and nutrients to sink tissues, such as developing leaves, fruits and seeds. It has been suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the initiation of leaf senescence. Flag leaves of two different barley varieties, cv. Lomerit and cv. Carina, showed differences in the loss of photosystems and in the production of ROS at a late stage of senescence after significant loss of chlorophyll (Krieger-Liszkay et al. 2015). Here, we investigated photosynthetic electron transport and ROS production in primary leaves of these two varieties at earlier stages of senescence. Comparisons were made between plants grown outside in natural light and temperatures and plants grown in temperature-controlled growth chambers under low light intensity. Alterations in the content of photoactive P700, ferredoxin and plastocyanin (PC) photosynthetic electron transport were analyzed using in vivo near-infrared absorbance changes and chlorophyll fluorescence, while ROS were measured with spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Differences in ROS production between the two varieties were only observed in outdoor plants, whereas a loss of PC was common in both barley varieties regardless of growth conditions. We conclude that the loss of PC is the earliest detectable photosynthetic parameter of leaf senescence while differences in the production of individual ROS species occur later and depend on environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginga Shimakawa
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Roach
- Institut für Botanik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität-Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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8
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Lingvay M, Akhtar P, Sebők-Nagy K, Páli T, Lambrev PH. Photobleaching of Chlorophyll in Light-Harvesting Complex II Increases in Lipid Environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:849. [PMID: 32670321 PMCID: PMC7327537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Excess light causes damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae primarily via reactive oxygen species. Singlet oxygen can be formed by interaction of chlorophyll (Chl) triplet states, especially in the Photosystem II reaction center, with oxygen. Whether Chls in the light-harvesting antenna complexes play direct role in oxidative photodamage is less clear. In this work, light-induced photobleaching of Chls in the major trimeric light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) is investigated in different molecular environments - protein aggregates, embedded in detergent micelles or in reconstituted membranes (proteoliposomes). The effects of intense light treatment were analyzed by absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and EPR spectroscopy. The rate and quantum yield of photobleaching was estimated from the light-induced Chl absorption changes. Photobleaching occurred mainly in Chl a and was accompanied by strong fluorescence quenching of the remaining unbleached Chls. The rate of photobleaching increased by 140% when LHCII was embedded in lipid membranes, compared to detergent-solubilized LHCII. Removing oxygen from the medium or adding antioxidants largely suppressed the bleaching, confirming its oxidative mechanism. Singlet oxygen formation was monitored by EPR spectroscopy using spin traps and spin labels to detect singlet oxygen directly and indirectly, respectively. The quantum yield of Chl a photobleaching in membranes and detergent was found to be 3.4 × 10-5 and 1.4 × 10-5, respectively. These values compare well with the yields of ROS production estimated from spin-trap EPR spectroscopy (around 4 × 10-5 and 2 × 10-5). A kinetic model is proposed, quantifying the generation of Chl and carotenoid triplet states and singlet oxygen. The high quantum yield of photobleaching, especially in the lipid membrane, suggest that direct photodamage of the antenna occurs with rates relevant to photoinhibition in vivo. The results represent further evidence that the molecular environment of LHCII has profound impact on its functional characteristics, including, among others, the susceptibility to photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Lingvay
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Physics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Parveen Akhtar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Tibor Páli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petar H. Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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Dmitrieva VA, Tyutereva EV, Voitsekhovskaja OV. Singlet Oxygen in Plants: Generation, Detection, and Signaling Roles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3237. [PMID: 32375245 PMCID: PMC7247340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) refers to the lowest excited electronic state of molecular oxygen. It easily oxidizes biological molecules and, therefore, is cytotoxic. In plant cells, 1O2 is formed mostly in the light in thylakoid membranes by reaction centers of photosystem II. In high concentrations, 1O2 destroys membranes, proteins and DNA, inhibits protein synthesis in chloroplasts leading to photoinhibition of photosynthesis, and can result in cell death. However, 1O2 also acts as a signal relaying information from chloroplasts to the nucleus, regulating expression of nuclear genes. In spite of its extremely short lifetime, 1O2 can diffuse from the chloroplasts into the cytoplasm and the apoplast. As shown by recent studies, 1O2-activated signaling pathways depend not only on the levels but also on the sites of 1O2 production in chloroplasts, and can activate two types of responses, either acclimation to high light or programmed cell death. 1O2 can be produced in high amounts also in root cells during drought stress. This review summarizes recent advances in research on mechanisms and sites of 1O2 generation in plants, on 1O2-activated pathways of retrograde- and cellular signaling, and on the methods to study 1O2 production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia; (V.A.D.); (E.V.T.)
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10
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Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Mattila H, Tyystjärvi E. Oxygen and ROS in Photosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E91. [PMID: 31936893 PMCID: PMC7020446 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is a natural acceptor of electrons in the respiratory pathway of aerobic organisms and in many other biochemical reactions. Aerobic metabolism is always associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS may damage biomolecules but are also involved in regulatory functions of photosynthetic organisms. This review presents the main properties of ROS, the formation of ROS in the photosynthetic electron transport chain and in the stroma of chloroplasts, and ROS scavenging systems of thylakoid membrane and stroma. Effects of ROS on the photosynthetic apparatus and their roles in redox signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland or (S.K.); (V.H.); (H.M.)
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11
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Abstract
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of σ70 as a protein factor that was needed for bacterial RNA polymerase to accurately transcribe a promoter in vitro. It was 25 years later that the Group IV alternative σs were described as a distinct family of proteins related to σ70 . In the intervening time, there has been an ever-growing list of Group IV σs, numbers of genes they transcribe, insight into the diverse suite of processes they control, and appreciation for their impact on bacterial lifestyles. This work summarizes knowledge of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides σE -ChrR pair, a member of the ECF11 subfamily of Group IV alternative σs, in protecting cells from the reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen. It describes lessons learned from analyzing ChrR, a zinc-dependent anti-σ factor, that are generally applicable to Group IV σs and relevant to the response to single oxygen. This MicroReview also illustrates insights into stress responses in this and other bacteria that have been acquired by analyzing or modeling the activity of the σE -ChrR across the bacterial phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Donohue
- Bacteriology Department, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterWisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53726USA
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12
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Shevela D, Ananyev G, Vatland AK, Arnold J, Mamedov F, Eichacker LA, Dismukes GC, Messinger J. 'Birth defects' of photosystem II make it highly susceptible to photodamage during chloroplast biogenesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:165-180. [PMID: 30693529 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High solar flux is known to diminish photosynthetic growth rates, reducing biomass productivity and lowering disease tolerance. Photosystem II (PSII) of plants is susceptible to photodamage (also known as photoinactivation) in strong light, resulting in severe loss of water oxidation capacity and destruction of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). The repair of damaged PSIIs comes at a high energy cost and requires de novo biosynthesis of damaged PSII subunits, reassembly of the WOC inorganic cofactors and membrane remodeling. Employing membrane-inlet mass spectrometry and O2 -polarography under flashing light conditions, we demonstrate that newly synthesized PSII complexes are far more susceptible to photodamage than are mature PSII complexes. We examined these 'PSII birth defects' in barley seedlings and plastids (etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts) isolated at various times during de-etiolation as chloroplast development begins and matures in synchronization with thylakoid membrane biogenesis and grana membrane formation. We show that the degree of PSII photodamage decreases simultaneously with biogenesis of the PSII turnover efficiency measured by O2 -polarography, and with grana membrane stacking, as determined by electron microscopy. Our data from fluorescence, QB -inhibitor binding, and thermoluminescence studies indicate that the decline of the high-light susceptibility of PSII to photodamage is coincident with appearance of electron transfer capability QA - → QB during de-etiolation. This rate depends in turn on the downstream clearing of electrons upon buildup of the complete linear electron transfer chain and the formation of stacked grana membranes capable of longer-range energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shevela
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ann K Vatland
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Janine Arnold
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75237, Uppsala, Sweden
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Krieger-Liszkay A, Krupinska K, Shimakawa G. The impact of photosynthesis on initiation of leaf senescence. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:148-164. [PMID: 30629302 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the last stage of leaf development preceding the death of the organ, and it is important for nutrient remobilization and for feeding sink tissues. There are many reports on leaf senescence, but the mechanisms initiating leaf senescence are still poorly understood. Leaf senescence is affected by many environmental factors and seems to vary in different species and even varieties of plants, which makes it difficult to generalize the mechanism. Here, we give an overview on studies reporting about alterations in the composition of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in chloroplasts during senescence. We hypothesize that alternative electron flow and related generation of the proton motive force required for ATP synthesis become increasingly important during progression of senescence. We address the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts in the initiation of senescence, retrograde signaling from the chloroplast to the nucleus and ROS-dependent signaling associated with leaf senescence. Finally, a few ideas for increasing crop yields by increasing the chloroplast lifespan are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, University of Kiel, D-24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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14
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The increase of photosynthetic carbon assimilation as a mechanism of adaptation to low temperature in Lotus japonicus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:863. [PMID: 30696867 PMCID: PMC6351645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperature is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth, it causes an stress that directly alters the photosynthetic process and leads to photoinhibition when severe enough. In order to address the photosynthetic acclimation response of Lotus japonicus to cold stress, two ecotypes with contrasting tolerance (MG-1 and MG-20) were studied. Their chloroplast responses were addressed after 7 days under low temperature through different strategies. Proteomic analysis showed changes in photosynthetic and carbon metabolism proteins due to stress, but differentially between ecotypes. In the sensitive MG-1 ecotype acclimation seems to be related to energy dissipation in photosystems, while an increase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation as an electron sink, seems to be preponderant in the tolerant MG-20 ecotype. Chloroplast ROS generation was higher under low temperature conditions only in the MG-1 ecotype. These data are consistent with alterations in the thylakoid membranes in the sensitive ecotype. However, the accumulation of starch granules observed in the tolerant MG-20 ecotype indicates the maintenance of sugar metabolism under cold conditions. Altogether, our data suggest that different acclimation strategies and contrasting chloroplast redox imbalance could account for the differential cold stress response of both L. japonicus ecotypes.
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15
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Dogra V, Kim C. Singlet Oxygen Metabolism: From Genesis to Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1640. [PMID: 31969891 PMCID: PMC6960194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an excited state of molecular oxygen with an electron spin shift in the molecular orbitals, which is extremely unstable and highly reactive. In plants, 1O2 is primarily generated as a byproduct of photosynthesis in the photosystem II reaction center (PSII RC) and the light-harvesting antenna complex (LHC) in the grana core (GC). This occurs upon the absorption of light energy when the excited chlorophyll molecules in the PSII transfer the excess energy to molecular oxygen, thereby generating 1O2. As a potent oxidant, 1O2 promotes oxidative damage. However, at sub-lethal levels, it initiates chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling to contribute to plant stress responses, including acclimation and cell death. The thylakoid membranes comprise two spatially separated 1O2 sensors: β-carotene localized in the PSII RC in the GC and the nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein EXECUTER1 (EX1) residing in the non-appressed grana margin (GM). Finding EX1 in the GM suggests the existence of an additional source of 1O2 in the GM and the presence of two distinct 1O2-signaling pathways. In this review, we mainly discuss the genesis and impact of 1O2 in plant physiology.
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Dogra V, Rochaix JD, Kim C. Singlet oxygen-triggered chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling pathways: An emerging perspective. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1727-1738. [PMID: 29749057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) is a prime cause of photo-damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem II reaction center and in the light-harvesting antenna complex are major sources of 1 O2 generation. It has been thought that the generation of 1 O2 mainly takes place in the appressed regions of the thylakoid membranes, namely, the grana core, where most of the active photosystem II complexes are localized. Apart from being a toxic molecule, new evidence suggests that 1 O2 significantly contributes to chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling that primes acclimation and cell death responses. Interestingly, recent studies reveal that chloroplasts operate two distinct 1 O2 -triggered retrograde signalling pathways in which β-carotene and a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein EXECUTER1 play essential roles as signalling mediators. The coexistence of these mediators raises several questions: their crosstalk, source(s) of 1 O2 , downstream signalling components, and the perception and reaction mechanism of these mediators towards 1 O2 . In this review, we mainly discuss the molecular genetic basis of the mode of action of these two putative 1 O2 sensors and their corresponding retrograde signalling pathways. In addition, we also propose the possible existence of an alternative source of 1 O2 , which is spatially and functionally separated from the grana core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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17
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Niinemets Ü, Bravo LA, Copolovici L. Changes in photosynthetic rate and stress volatile emissions through desiccation-rehydration cycles in desiccation-tolerant epiphytic filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1605-1617. [PMID: 29603297 PMCID: PMC6047733 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to recurrent desiccation cycles carries a risk of accumulation of reactive oxygen species that can impair leaf physiological activity upon rehydration, but changes in filmy fern stress status through desiccation and rewatering cycles have been poorly studied. We studied foliage photosynthetic rate and volatile marker compounds characterizing cell wall modifications (methanol) and stress development (lipoxygenase [LOX] pathway volatiles and methanol) through desiccation-rewatering cycles in lower-canopy species Hymenoglossum cruentum and Hymenophyllum caudiculatum, lower- to upper-canopy species Hymenophyllum plicatum and upper-canopy species Hymenophyllum dentatum sampled from a common environment and hypothesized that lower canopy species respond more strongly to desiccation and rewatering. In all species, rates of photosynthesis and LOX volatile emission decreased with progression of desiccation, but LOX emission decreased with a slower rate than photosynthesis. Rewatering first led to an emission burst of LOX volatiles followed by methanol, indicating that the oxidative burst was elicited in the symplast and further propagated to cell walls. Changes in LOX emissions were more pronounced in the upper-canopy species that had a greater photosynthetic activity and likely a greater rate of production of photooxidants. We conclude that rewatering induces the most severe stress in filmy ferns, especially in the upper canopy species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - León A Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias, Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, and Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, 1145, Chile
| | - Lucian Copolovici
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, Institute of Research, Innovation and Development in Technical and Natural Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University, Romania, 2 Elena Dragoi, Arad, 310330, Romania
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18
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Murphy CD, Roodvoets MS, Austen EJ, Dolan A, Barnett A, Campbell DA. Photoinactivation of Photosystem II in Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168991. [PMID: 28129341 PMCID: PMC5271679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine picocyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus numerically dominate open ocean phytoplankton. Although evolutionarily related they are ecologically distinct, with different strategies to harvest, manage and exploit light. We grew representative strains of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus and tracked their susceptibility to photoinactivation of Photosystem II under a range of light levels. As expected blue light provoked more rapid photoinactivation than did an equivalent level of red light. The previous growth light level altered the susceptibility of Synechococcus, but not Prochlorococcus, to this photoinactivation. We resolved a simple linear pattern when we expressed the yield of photoinactivation on the basis of photons delivered to Photosystem II photochemistry, plotted versus excitation pressure upon Photosystem II, the balance between excitation and downstream metabolism. A high excitation pressure increases the generation of reactive oxygen species, and thus increases the yield of photoinactivation of Photosystem II. Blue photons, however, retained a higher baseline photoinactivation across a wide range of excitation pressures. Our experiments thus uncovered the relative influences of the direct photoinactivation of Photosystem II by blue photons which dominates under low to moderate blue light, and photoinactivation as a side effect of reactive oxygen species which dominates under higher excitation pressure. Synechococcus enjoyed a positive metabolic return upon the repair or the synthesis of a Photosystem II, across the range of light levels we tested. In contrast Prochlorococcus only enjoyed a positive return upon synthesis of a Photosystem II up to 400 μmol photons m-2 s-1. These differential cost-benefits probably underlie the distinct photoacclimation strategies of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole D. Murphy
- Biochemistry and Chemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Mitchell S. Roodvoets
- Biochemistry and Chemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Emily J. Austen
- Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Allison Dolan
- Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Audrey Barnett
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
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19
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Xu T, Ni D, Chen X, Wu F, Ge P, Lu W, Hu H, Zhu Z, Chen W. Self-floating graphitic carbon nitride/zinc phthalocyanine nanofibers for photocatalytic degradation of contaminants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:17-26. [PMID: 27239724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effective elimination of micropollutants by an environmentally friendly method has received extensive attention recently. In this study, a photocatalyst based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-supported graphitic carbon nitride coupled with zinc phthalocyanine nanofibers (g-C3N4/ZnTcPc/PAN nanofibers) was successfully prepared, where g-C3N4/ZnTcPc was introduced as the catalytic entity and the PAN nanofibers were employed as support to overcome the defects of easy aggregation and difficult recycling. Herein, rhodamine B (RhB), 4-chlorophenol and carbamazepine (CBZ) were selected as the model pollutants. Compared with the typical hydroxyl radical-dominated catalytic system, g-C3N4/ZnTcPc/PAN nanofibers displayed the targeted adsorption and degradation of contaminants under visible light or solar irradiation in the presence of high additive concentrations. According to the results of the radical scavenging techniques and the electron paramagnetic resonance technology, the degradation of target substrates was achieved by the attack of active species, including photogenerated hole, singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Based on the results of ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, the role of free radicals on the photocatalytic degradation intermediates was identified and the final photocatalytic degradation products of both RhB and CBZ were some biodegradable small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Xu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dongjing Ni
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xia Chen
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fei Wu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengfei Ge
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wangyang Lu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Hongguang Hu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - ZheXin Zhu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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20
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UVA photoirradiation of anhydroretinol – formation of singlet oxygen and superoxide. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 23:625-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233708090909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Reactive oxygen species: Reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:176-214. [PMID: 26498710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been recognized as compounds with dual roles. They cause cellular damage by reacting with biomolecules but they also function as agents of cellular signaling. Several different oxygen-containing compounds are classified as ROS because they react, at least with certain partners, more rapidly than ground-state molecular oxygen or because they are known to have biological effects. The present review describes the typical reactions of the most important ROS. The reactions are the basis for both the detection methods and for prediction of reactions between ROS and biomolecules. Chemical and physical methods used for detection, visualization and quantification of ROS from plants, algae and cyanobacteria will be reviewed. The main focus will be on photosynthetic tissues, and limitations of the methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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22
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Pefkianakis EK, Theodossiou TA, Toubanaki DK, Karagouni E, Falaras P, Papadopoulos K, Vougioukalakis GC. A Family of Potent Ru(II) Photosensitizers with Enhanced DNA Intercalation: Bimodal Photokillers. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1191-202. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodossis A. Theodossiou
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Biology; The Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Dimitra K. Toubanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology; Department of Microbiology; Hellenic Pasteur Institute; Athens Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology; Department of Microbiology; Hellenic Pasteur Institute; Athens Greece
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; NCSR Demokritos; Aghia Paraskevi Greece
| | - Kyriakos Papadopoulos
- Division of Physical Chemistry; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; NCSR Demokritos; Aghia Paraskevi Greece
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23
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Krieger-Liszkay A, Trösch M, Krupinska K. Generation of reactive oxygen species in thylakoids from senescing flag leaves of the barley varieties Lomerit and Carina. PLANTA 2015; 241:1497-508. [PMID: 25788024 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During senescence, production of reactive oxygen species increased in thylakoids. In two barley varieties, no difference in superoxide production was observed while singlet oxygen production increased only in one variety. During senescence, chlorophyll content decreased and photosynthetic electron transport was inhibited as shown for flag leaves collected from barley varieties Lomerit and Carina grown in the field. Spin trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to investigate the production of reactive oxygen species in thylakoid membranes during senescence. EPR measurements were performed with specific spin traps to discriminate between singlet oxygen on one hand and reactive oxygen intermediates on the other hand. The results show that the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates increases in both varieties during senescence. Singlet oxygen increased only in the variety cv. Lomerit while it remained constant at a low level in the variety cv. Carina. Measurements in the presence of inhibitors of photosystem II and of the cytochrome b6f complex revealed that in senescing leaves reduction of oxygen at the acceptor side of photosystem I was the major, but not the only source of superoxide anions. This study shows that during senescence the production of individual reactive oxygen species varies in different barley varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France,
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24
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Duan C, Wang H, Zhang B, Li F, Ou X, Zhang X. Quantitative analysis of photons' decaying pathways in Si nanowire arrays for highly efficient photoelectrochemical solar hydrogen generation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3383-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09586c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative investigation of decaying pathways of photon-excited SiNW array's exciton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Duan
- Nano-organic Photoelectronic Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Nano-organic Photoelectronic Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- Nano-organic Photoelectronic Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Fan Li
- Nano-organic Photoelectronic Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Ou
- Nano-organic Photoelectronic Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Nano-organic Photoelectronic Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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25
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Yu D, Huang G, Xu F, Ge B, Liu S, Xu H, Huang F. Effect of surfactants on apparent oxygen consumption of photosystem I isolated from Arthrospira platensis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 122:203-213. [PMID: 24947956 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants play a significant role in solubilization of photosystem I (PSI) in vitro. Triton X-100 (TX), n-Dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were employed to solubilize PSI particles in MES buffer to compare the effect of surfactant and its dosage on the apparent oxygen consumption rate of PSI. Through a combined assessment of sucrose density gradient centrifugation, Native PAGE and 77 K fluorescence with the apparent oxygen consumption, the nature of the enhancement of the apparent oxygen consumption activity of PSI by surfactants has been analyzed. Aggregated PSI particles can be dispersed by surfactant molecules into micelles, and the apparent oxygen consumption rate is higher for surfactant-solubilized PSI than for integral PSI particles. For DDM, PSI particles are solubilized mostly as the integral trimeric form. For TX, PSI particles are solubilized as incomplete trimeric and some monomeric forms. For the much harsher surfactant, SDS, PSI particles are completely solubilized as monomeric and its subunit forms. The enhancement of the oxygen consumption rate cannot be explained only by the effects of surfactant on the equilibrium between monomeric and trimeric forms of solubililized PSI. Care must be taken when the electron transfer activity of PSI is evaluated by methods based on oxygen consumption because the apparent oxygen consumption rate is influenced by uncoupled chlorophyll (Chl) from PSI, i.e., the larger the amount of uncoupled Chl, the higher the rate of apparent oxygen consumption. 77 K fluorescence spectra can be used to ensure that there is no uncoupled Chl present in the system. In order to eliminate the effect of trace uncoupled Chl, an efficient physical quencher of (1)O2, such as 1 mM NaN3, may be added into the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, Shandong, China,
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26
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Petersen AR, Taylor RA, Vicente-Hernández I, Mallender PR, Olley H, White AJP, Britovsek GJP. Oxygen Insertion into Metal Carbon Bonds: Formation of Methylperoxo Pd(II) and Pt(II) Complexes via Photogenerated Dinuclear Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14089-99. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5055143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan R. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition
Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Russell A. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition
Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | | | - Philip R. Mallender
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition
Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Harriet Olley
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition
Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition
Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
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27
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Zhang S, Apel K, Kim C. Singlet oxygen-mediated and EXECUTER-dependent signalling and acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to light stress. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130227. [PMID: 24591714 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to environmental changes by acclimation that activates defence mechanisms and enhances the plant's resistance against a subsequent more severe stress. Chloroplasts play an important role as a sensor of environmental stress factors that interfere with the photosynthetic electron transport and enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of these ROS, singlet oxygen ((1)O2), activates a signalling pathway within chloroplasts that depends on the two plastid-localized proteins EXECUTER 1 and 2. Moderate light stress induces acclimation protecting photosynthetic membranes against a subsequent more severe high light stress and at the same time activates (1)O2-mediated and EXECUTER-dependent signalling. Pre-treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with moderate light stress confers cross-protection against a virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain. While non-pre-acclimated seedlings are highly susceptible to the pathogen regardless of whether (1)O2- and EXECUTER-dependent signalling is active or not, pre-stressed acclimated seedlings without this signalling pathway lose part of their pathogen resistance. These results implicate (1)O2- and EXECUTER-dependent signalling in inducing acclimation but suggest also a contribution by other yet unknown signalling pathways during this response of plants to light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, , Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
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Gómez-Vidales V, Granados-Oliveros G, Nieto-Camacho A, Reyes-Solís M, Jiménez-Estrada M. Cacalol and cacalol acetate as photoproducers of singlet oxygen and as free radical scavengers, evaluated by EPR spectroscopy and TBARS. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42848f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hsieh P, Pedersen JZ, Bruno L. Photoinhibition of Cyanobacteria and its Application in Cultural Heritage Conservation. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:533-43. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hsieh
- Laboratory of Biology of Algae; Department of Biology; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; Rome Italy
| | - Jens Z. Pedersen
- EPR Laboratory; Department of Biology; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; Rome Italy
| | - Laura Bruno
- Laboratory of Biology of Algae; Department of Biology; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; Rome Italy
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Yanykin DV, Khorobrykh AA, Khorobrykh SA, Pshybytko NL, Klimov VV. Flash-induced consumption of molecular oxygen on the donor side of photosystem II in Mn-depleted subchloroplast membrane fragments: specific effects of manganese and calcium ions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 117:367-374. [PMID: 23756831 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that removal of manganese from the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) of photosystem II (PSII) leads to flash-induced oxygen consumption (FIOC) which is activated by low concentration of Mn(2+) (Yanykin et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1797:516-523, 2010). In the present work, we examined the effect of transition and non-transition divalent metal ions on FIOC in Mn-depleted PSII (apo-WOC-PSII) preparations. It was shown that only Mn(2+) ions are able to activate FIOC while other transition metal ions (Fe(2+), V(2+) and Cr(2+)) capable of electron donation to the apo-WOC-PSII suppressed the photoconsumption of O2. Co(2+) ions with a high redox potential (E (0) for Co(2+)/Co(3+) is 1.8 V) showed no effect. Non-transition metal ions Ca(2+) by Mg(2+) did not stimulate FIOC. However, Ca(2+) (in contrast to Mg(2+)) showed an additional activation effect in the presence of exogenic Mn(2+). The Ca(2+) effect depended on the concentration of both Mn(2+) and Ca(2+). The Ca effect was only observed when: (1) the activation of FIOC induced by Mn(2+) did not reach its maximum, (2) the concentration of Ca(2+) did not exceed 40 μM; at higher concentrations Ca(2+) inhibited the Mn(2+)-activated O2 photoconsumption. Replacement of Ca(2+) by Mg(2+) led to a suppression of Mn(2+)-activated O2 photoconsumption; while, addition of Ca(2+) resulted in elimination of the Mg(2+) inhibitory effect and activation of FIOC. Thus, only Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) (which are constituents of the WOC) have specific effects of activation of FIOC in apo-WOC-PSII preparations. Possible reactions involving Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) which could lead to the activation of FIOC in the apo-WOC-PSII are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Yanykin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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31
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Fischer BB, Hideg É, Krieger-Liszkay A. Production, detection, and signaling of singlet oxygen in photosynthetic organisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2145-62. [PMID: 23320833 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In photosynthetic organisms, excited chlorophylls (Chl) can stimulate the formation of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)), a highly toxic molecule that acts in addition to its damaging nature as an important signaling molecule. Thus, due to this dual role of (1)O(2), its production and detoxification have to be strictly controlled. RECENT ADVANCES Regulation of pigment synthesis is essential to control (1)O(2) production, and several components of the Chl synthesis and pigment insertion machineries to assemble and disassemble protein/pigment complexes have recently been identified. Once produced, (1)O(2) activates a signaling cascade from the chloroplast to the nucleus that can involve multiple mechanisms and stimulate a specific gene expression response. Further, (1)O(2) signaling was shown to interact with signal cascades of other reactive oxygen species, oxidized carotenoids, and lipid hydroperoxide-derived reactive electrophile species. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite recent progresses, hardly anything is known about how and where the (1)O(2) signal is sensed and transmitted to the cytoplasm. One reason for that is the limitation of available detection methods challenging the reliable quantification and localization of (1)O(2) in plant cells. In addition, the process of Chl insertion into the reaction centers and antenna complexes is still unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Unraveling the mechanisms controlling (1)O(2) production and signaling would help clarifying the specific role of (1)O(2) in cellular stress responses. It would further enable to investigate the interaction and sensitivity to other abiotic and biotic stress signals and thus allow to better understand why some stressors activate an acclimation, while others provoke a programmed cell death response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat B Fischer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Xia Q, Chiang HM, Yin JJ, Chen S, Cai L, Yu H, Fu PP. UVA photoirradiation of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites: induction of cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:898-910. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713484648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) is a prototype for studying carcinogenesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We have long been interested in studying the phototoxicity of PAHs. In this study, we determined that metabolism of BaP by human skin HaCaT keratinocytes resulted in six identified phase I metabolites, for example, BaP trans-7,8-dihydrodiol (BaP t-7,8-diol), BaP t-4,5-diol, BaP t-9,10-diol, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BaP), BaP (7,10/8,9)tetrol, and BaP (7/8,9,10)tetrol. The photocytotoxicity of BaP, 3-OH-BaP, BaP t-7,8-diol, BaP trans-7,8-diol- anti-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), and BaP (7,10/8,9)tetrol in the HaCaT keratinocytes was examined. When irradiated with 1.0 J/cm2 UVA light, these compounds when tested at doses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 μM, all induced photocytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. When photoirradiation was conducted in the presence of a lipid (methyl linoleate), BaP metabolites, BPDE, and three related PAHs, pyrene, 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP trans-7,8-diol, and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP trans-9,10-diol, all induced lipid peroxidation. The formation of lipid peroxides by BaP t-7,8-diol was inhibited by NaN3 and enhanced by deuterated methanol, which suggests that singlet oxygen may be involved in the generation of lipid peroxides. The formation of lipid hydroperoxides was partially inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD). Electron spin resonance spin trapping experiments indicated that both singlet oxygen and superoxide radical anion were generated from UVA photoirradiation of BPDE in a light dose responding manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
- Department of Cosmecutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shoujun Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Lining Cai
- Biotranex LLC, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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Xia Q, Yin JJ, Zhao Y, Wu YS, Wang YQ, Ma L, Chen S, Sun X, Fu PP, Yu H. UVA photoirradiation of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-induction of reactive oxygen species and formation of lipid peroxides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:1062-84. [PMID: 23493032 PMCID: PMC3709304 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10031062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are a class of genotoxic environmental contaminants. We have long been interested in determining the mechanisms by which nitro-PAHs induce genotoxicity. Although the metabolic activation of nitro-PAHs leading to toxicological activities has been well studied, the photo-induced activation of nitro-PAHs has seldom been reported. In this paper, we report photo-induced lipid peroxidation by 19 nitro-PAHs. The results indicated that all but two of the nitro-PAHs can induce lipid peroxidation. Mechanistic studies suggest that lipid peroxidation by nitro-PAHs is mediated by free radicals generated in the reaction. There was no structural correlation between the nitro-PAHs and their ability to induce lipid peroxidation upon UVA irradiation, or between the HOMO-LUMO gap and the ability to cause lipid peroxidation. Most of the nitro-PAHs are less potent in terms of causing lipid peroxidation than their parent PAHs. The lack of correlation is attributed to the complex photophysics and photochemistry of the nitro-PAHs and the yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mails: (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Q.W.); (L.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Jun J. Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mails: (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Q.W.); (L.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Yuh-Sen Wu
- Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 443, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yu-Qui Wang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mails: (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Q.W.); (L.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Liang Ma
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mails: (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Q.W.); (L.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Shoujun Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mails: (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Q.W.); (L.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Xin Sun
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poisoning Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; E-Mail:
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mails: (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-Q.W.); (L.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Behrendt L, Staal M, Cristescu SM, Harren FJ, Schliep M, Larkum AW, Kühl M. Reactive oxygen production induced by near-infrared radiation in three strains of the Chl d-containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. F1000Res 2013; 2:44. [PMID: 24555034 PMCID: PMC3894803 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-44.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria in the genus
Acaryochloris have largely exchanged Chl
a with Chl
d, enabling them to harvest near-infrared-radiation (NIR) for oxygenic photosynthesis, a biochemical pathway prone to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, ROS production under different light conditions was quantified in three
Acaryochloris strains (MBIC11017, HICR111A and the novel strain CRS) using a real-time ethylene detector in conjunction with addition of 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid, a substrate that is converted to ethylene when reacting with certain types of ROS. In all strains, NIR was found to generate less ROS than visible light (VIS). More ROS was generated if strains MBIC11017 and HICR111A were adapted to NIR and then exposed to VIS, while strain CRS demonstrated the opposite behavior. This is the very first study of ROS generation and suggests that
Acaryochloris can avoid a considerable amount of light-induced stress by using NIR instead of VIS for its photosynthesis, adding further evolutionary arguments to their widespread appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Behrendt
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, DK-3000, Denmark ; Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade, DK-1307, Denmark
| | - Marc Staal
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, DK-3000, Denmark
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg, 6525 AJ, Netherlands
| | - Frans Jm Harren
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg, 6525 AJ, Netherlands
| | - Martin Schliep
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, School of the Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Anthony Wd Larkum
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, School of the Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Michael Kühl
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, DK-3000, Denmark ; Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, School of the Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia ; Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore
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Kasson TMD, Barry BA. Reactive oxygen and oxidative stress: N-formyl kynurenine in photosystem II and non-photosynthetic proteins. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 114:97-110. [PMID: 23161228 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While light is the essential driving force for photosynthetic carbon fixation, high light intensities are toxic to photosynthetic organisms. Prolonged exposure to high light results in damage to the photosynthetic membrane proteins and suboptimal activity, a phenomenon called photoinhibition. The primary target for inactivation is the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center. PSII catalyzes the light-induced oxidation of water at the oxygen-evolving complex. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated under photoinhibitory conditions and induce oxidative post translational modifications of amino acid side chains. Specific modification of tryptophan residues to N-formylkynurenine (NFK) occurs in the CP43 and D1 core polypeptides of PSII. The NFK modification has also been detected in other proteins, such as mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, and is formed by a non-random, ROS-targeted mechanism. NFK has been shown to accumulate in PSII during conditions of high light stress in vitro. This review provides a summary of what is known about the generation and function of NFK in PSII and other proteins. Currently, the role of ROS in photoinhibition is under debate. Furthermore, the triggers for the degradation and accelerated turnover of PSII subunits, which occur under high light, are not yet identified. Owing to its unique optical and Raman signal, NFK provides a new marker to use in the identification of ROS generation sites in PSII and other proteins. Also, the speculative hypothesis that NFK, and other oxidative modifications of tryptophan, play a role in the PSII damage and repair cycle is discussed. NFK may have a similar function during oxidative stress in other biologic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Dreaden Kasson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Gutiérrez-Meza E, Noria R, Granados G, Gómez-Vidales V, Ramírez JZ, Beltrán HI, Peon J. Photophysics of a cis axially disubstituted macrocycle: rapid intersystem crossing in a tin(IV) phthalocyanine with a half-domed geometry. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:14107-14. [PMID: 23106168 DOI: 10.1021/jp3078453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the photophysical properties of a tin(IV) phthalocyanine which coordinates two myristate groups through their carboxylate functionalities in a cis disposition at the tin center. Such a coordination mode, anisobidentate through the same side of the macrocycle, makes this phthalocyanine acquire a capped or half-domed shape. This bis myristate tin(IV) molecule shows an intersystem crossing channel which populates the triplet manifold with high efficiency and with a time constant of 300 ps, about an order of magnitude faster than planar phthalocyanines, including some previously reported tin(IV) phthalocyanines. For comparison purposes, we also include the description of a planar silicon(IV) phthalocyanine that keeps the more common stereochemistry, of trans type, with the same axial myristate groups. The characterization of these systems included steady state and time-resolved spectroscopy through femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion and transient absorption. We also studied the initial S(n) → S(1) internal conversion dynamics when these compounds are excited to upper states with 387.5 nm light. In addition, we include measurements of the rate for singlet oxygen production through the formation of an ESR-active adduct in aerated solutions. Such measurements indicate that, associated to its photophysics, the tin(IV) phthalocyanine produces (1)O(2) with an efficiency significantly larger than the silicon(IV) counterpart, making it an interesting option for sensitization applications. Finally, we performed excited state calculations at the TD-DFT level which describe the effects of the reduced symmetry together with the state ordering and indicate the presence of near dark intermediate states between the Q and B transitions for both of these macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gutiérrez-Meza
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF, México
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Evidence on the formation of singlet oxygen in the donor side photoinhibition of photosystem II: EPR spin-trapping study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45883. [PMID: 23049883 PMCID: PMC3458798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When photosystem II (PSII) is exposed to excess light, singlet oxygen (1O2) formed by the interaction of molecular oxygen with triplet chlorophyll. Triplet chlorophyll is formed by the charge recombination of triplet radical pair 3[P680•+Pheo•−] in the acceptor-side photoinhibition of PSII. Here, we provide evidence on the formation of 1O2 in the donor side photoinhibition of PSII. Light-induced 1O2 production in Tris-treated PSII membranes was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping spectroscopy, as monitored by TEMPONE EPR signal. Light-induced formation of carbon-centered radicals (R•) was observed by POBN-R adduct EPR signal. Increased oxidation of organic molecules at high pH enhanced the formation of TEMPONE and POBN-R adduct EPR signals in Tris-treated PSII membranes. Interestingly, the scavenging of R• by propyl gallate significantly suppressed 1O2. Based on our results, it is concluded that 1O2 formation correlates with R• formation on the donor side of PSII due to oxidation of organic molecules (lipids and proteins) by long-lived P680•+/TyrZ•. It is proposed here that the Russell mechanism for the recombination of two peroxyl radicals formed by the interaction of R• with molecular oxygen is a plausible mechanism for 1O2 formation in the donor side photoinhibition of PSII.
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Ramel F, Birtic S, Cuiné S, Triantaphylidès C, Ravanat JL, Havaux M. Chemical quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1267-78. [PMID: 22234998 PMCID: PMC3291260 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.182394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are considered to be the first line of defense of plants against singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) toxicity because of their capacity to quench (1)O(2) as well as triplet chlorophylls through a physical mechanism involving transfer of excitation energy followed by thermal deactivation. Here, we show that leaf carotenoids are also able to quench (1)O(2) by a chemical mechanism involving their oxidation. In vitro oxidation of β-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin by (1)O(2) generated various aldehydes and endoperoxides. A search for those molecules in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves revealed the presence of (1)O(2)-specific endoperoxides in low-light-grown plants, indicating chronic oxidation of carotenoids by (1)O(2). β-Carotene endoperoxide, but not xanthophyll endoperoxide, rapidly accumulated during high-light stress, and this accumulation was correlated with the extent of photosystem (PS) II photoinhibition and the expression of various (1)O(2) marker genes. The selective accumulation of β-carotene endoperoxide points at the PSII reaction centers, rather than the PSII chlorophyll antennae, as a major site of (1)O(2) accumulation in plants under high-light stress. β-Carotene endoperoxide was found to have a relatively fast turnover, decaying in the dark with a half time of about 6 h. This carotenoid metabolite provides an early index of (1)O(2) production in leaves, the occurrence of which precedes the accumulation of fatty acid oxidation products.
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Xia Q, Chiang HM, Zhou YT, Yin JJ, Liu F, Wang C, Guo L, Fu PP. Phototoxicity of kava - formation of reactive oxygen species leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:1271-88. [PMID: 23227797 PMCID: PMC5743056 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kava is one of the most widely sold herbal dietary supplements in the United States. It has been reported that, besides exhibiting hepatotoxicity, kava also possesses photosensitivity and induces dermopathy in humans. In this study, we determined that UVA irradiation of kava in the presence of a lipid, methyl linoleate, generated lipid peroxidation which was mediated by singlet oxygen generated during photoirradiation. The six major kavalactones(yangonin, 7,8-dihydrokawa in, kawain, 7,8-dihydromethysticin, methysticin, and 5,6-dehydrokawain) were also studied in parallel; only 5,6-dehydrokawain and yangonin-induced a low level of lipid peroxidation. UVA irradiation of kava in human HaCaT skin keratinocytes induced cytotoxicity which was mediated by oxidative stress, led to DNA strand cleavage, and produced 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) adduct. Study by the electron spin resonance (ESR) method revealed that UVA irradiation of kava produced singlet oxygen and carbon-centered radicals. The overall results suggest that kava is photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic, both mediated by free radicals generated during photoirradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Zhou
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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40
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Zhao Y, Xia Q, Yin JJ, Yu H, Fu PP. Photoirradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diones by UVA light leading to lipid peroxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:83-91. [PMID: 21680011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous genotoxic environmental pollutants and potentially pose a health risk to humans. In most if not all cases, PAHs in the environment can be oxidized into their corresponding PAH-diones. This process is considered a detoxification pathway with regard to tumorigenicity. Nevertheless, photo-induced toxicological activity of PAH-diones has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we show that 27 potential environmental PAH-diones induced lipid peroxidation, in a dose (light) response manner, when irradiated with UVA at 7 and 21 J cm(-2). Photoirradiation in the presence of sodium azide, deuterated methanol, or superoxide dismutase revealed that lipid peroxidation is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping studies supported this observation. These results suggest that UVA photoirradiation of PAH-diones generates reactive oxygen species and induces lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Guo Y, Cheng C, Wang J, Jin X, Liu B, Wang Z, Gao J, Kang P. Oxidation-extraction spectrometry of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by chlorophyllin magnesium (Chl-Mg) under ultrasonic irradiation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 79:1099-1104. [PMID: 21620761 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine the mechanism and process of sonodynamic reaction, the chlorophyllin magnesium (Chl-Mg) acting as a sonosensitizer was irradiated by ultrasound, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by the method of oxidation-extraction spectrometry (OES). That is, under ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of Chl-Mg, the 1,5-diphenyl carbazide (DPCI) is oxidized by generated ROS into 1,5-diphenyl carbazone (DPCO), which can be extracted by mixed organic solvent and display a obvious visible absorption at 563 nm wavelength. Besides, the generation conditions of ROS were also reviewed. The results demonstrated that the quantities of generated ROS increased with the increase of ultrasonic irradiation time, Chl-Mg concentration and DPCI concentration. Finally, several radical scavengers (l-Histidine (His), 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-methylphenol (BHT) and Vitamin C (VC)) were used to determine the kind of the generated ROS. It was found that at least the hydroxyl radical (OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were generated in the presence of Chl-Mg under ultrasonic irradiation. It is wish that this paper might offer some valuable references for the study on the mechanism of SDT and the application of Chl-Mg in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
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Wang J, Guo Y, Gao J, Jin X, Wang Z, Wang B, Li K, Li Y. Detection and comparison of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by chlorophyllin metal (Fe, Mg and Cu) complexes under ultrasonic and visible-light irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2011; 18:1028-1034. [PMID: 21236719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, in order to examine the mechanisms of sonodynamic and photodynamic reactions, the chlorophyllin metal (Chl-M (M=Fe, Mg and Cu)) complexes were irradiated by ultrasound (US) and visible-light (VL), respectively, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by the method of Oxidation-Extraction Spectrometry (OES). That is, the 1,5-diphenyl carbazide (DPCI) is oxidized by the generated ROS into 1,5-diphenyl carbazone (DPCO), which can display a various visible absorption around 563 nm wavelength. Besides, some influence parameters on the generation of ROS were also reviewed. The results demonstrated an apparent synergistic effect of Chl-M and ultrasonic or visible-light irradiation for the generation of ROS. Moreover, the quantities of generated ROS increase with the increase of (ultrasonic or visible-light) irradiation time and Chl-M (M=Fe, Mg and Cu) concentration. Finally, several quenchers were used to determine the kind of the generated ROS. It is wished that this paper might offer some valuable references for the study on the sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) mechanisms and the application of Chl-M in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, PR China.
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González-Pérez S, Gutiérrez J, García-García F, Osuna D, Dopazo J, Lorenzo Ó, Revuelta JL, Arellano JB. Early transcriptional defense responses in Arabidopsis cell suspension culture under high-light conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1439-56. [PMID: 21531897 PMCID: PMC3135932 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.177766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The early transcriptional defense responses and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cell suspension culture (ACSC), containing functional chloroplasts, were examined at high light (HL). The transcriptional analysis revealed that most of the ROS markers identified among the 449 transcripts with significant differential expression were transcripts specifically up-regulated by singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)). On the contrary, minimal correlation was established with transcripts specifically up-regulated by superoxide radical or hydrogen peroxide. The transcriptional analysis was supported by fluorescence microscopy experiments. The incubation of ACSC with the (1)O(2) sensor green reagent and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate showed that the 30-min-HL-treated cultures emitted fluorescence that corresponded with the production of (1)O(2) but not of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, the in vivo photodamage of the D1 protein of photosystem II indicated that the photogeneration of (1)O(2) took place within the photosystem II reaction center. Functional enrichment analyses identified transcripts that are key components of the ROS signaling transduction pathway in plants as well as others encoding transcription factors that regulate both ROS scavenging and water deficit stress. A meta-analysis examining the transcriptional profiles of mutants and hormone treatments in Arabidopsis showed a high correlation between ACSC at HL and the fluorescent mutant family of Arabidopsis, a producer of (1)O(2) in plastids. Intriguingly, a high correlation was also observed with ABA deficient1 and more axillary growth4, two mutants with defects in the biosynthesis pathways of two key (apo)carotenoid-derived plant hormones (i.e. abscisic acid and strigolactones, respectively). ACSC has proven to be a valuable system for studying early transcriptional responses to HL stress.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/cytology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/immunology
- Arabidopsis/radiation effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Chloroplasts/drug effects
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- Chloroplasts/radiation effects
- Cluster Analysis
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Light
- Mutation/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Photosystem II Protein Complex/metabolism
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/radiation effects
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan B. Arellano
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNASA-CSIC), 37071 Salamanca, Spain (S.G.-P., J.G., J.B.A.); Functional Genomics Node, National Institute for Bioinformatics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Camino de las Moreras, 46012 Valencia, Spain (F.G.-G., J.D.); Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (D.O., O.L.); Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto de Microbiología Bioquímica, Universidad de Salamanca-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (J.L.R.)
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Zhao Y, Xia Q, Yin JJ, Lin G, Fu PP. Photoirradiation of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids--formation of reactive oxygen species and induction of lipid peroxidation. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:302-9. [PMID: 21723383 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA)-containing plants are widespread in the world and are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and human. PAs require metabolic activation to generate pyrrolic metabolites (dehydro-PAs) that bind cellular protein and DNA, leading to hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity, including tumorigenicity. In this study we report that UVA photoirradiation of a series of dehydro-PAs, e.g., dehydromonocrotaline, dehydroriddelliine, dehydroretrorsine, dehydrosenecionine, dehydroseneciphylline, dehydrolasiocarpine, dehydroheliotrine, and dehydroretronecine (DHR) at 0-70 J/cm2 in the presence of a lipid, methyl linoleate, resulted in lipid peroxidation in a light dose-responsive manner. When irradiated in the presence of sodium azide, the level of lipid peroxidation decreased; lipid peroxidation was enhanced when methanol was replaced by deuterated methanol. These results suggest that singlet oxygen is a photo-induced product. When irradiated in the presence of superoxide dismutase, the level of lipid peroxidation decreased, indicating that lipid peroxidation is also mediated by superoxide. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping studies confirmed that both singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radical were formed during photoirradiation. These results indicate that UVA photoirradiation of dehydro-PAs generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that mediated the initiation of lipid peroxidation. UVA irradiation of the parent PAs and other PA metabolites, including PA N-oxides, under similar experimental conditions did not produce lipid peroxidation. It is known that PAs induce skin cancer and are secondary (hepatogenous) photosensitization agents. Our results suggest that dehydro-PAs are the active metabolites responsible for skin cancer formation and PA-induced secondary photosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Molecular mechanisms of production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species by photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:218-31. [PMID: 21641332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit protein complex in cyanobacteria, algae and plants that use light energy for oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone. The conversion of excitation energy absorbed by chlorophylls into the energy of separated charges and subsequent water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase activity are inadvertently coupled with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Singlet oxygen is generated by the excitation energy transfer from triplet chlorophyll formed by the intersystem crossing from singlet chlorophyll and the charge recombination of separated charges in the PSII antenna complex and reaction center of PSII, respectively. Apart to the energy transfer, the electron transport associated with the reduction of plastoquinone and the oxidation of water is linked to the formation of superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. To protect PSII pigments, proteins and lipids against the oxidative damage, PSII evolved a highly efficient antioxidant defense system comprising either a non-enzymatic (prenyllipids such as carotenoids and prenylquinols) or an enzymatic (superoxide dismutase and catalase) scavengers. It is pointed out here that both the formation and the scavenging of ROS are controlled by the energy level and the redox potential of the excitation energy transfer and the electron transport carries, respectively. The review is focused on the mechanistic aspects of ROS production and scavenging by PSII. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Vass I. Molecular mechanisms of photodamage in the Photosystem II complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:209-17. [PMID: 21565163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light induced damage of the photosynthetic apparatus is an important and highly complex phenomenon, which affects primarily the Photosystem II complex. Here the author summarizes the current state of understanding of the molecular mechanisms, which are involved in the light induced inactivation of Photosystem II electron transport together with the relevant mechanisms of photoprotection. Short wavelength ultraviolet radiation impairs primarily the Mn₄Ca catalytic site of the water oxidizing complex with additional effects on the quinone electron acceptors and tyrosine donors of PSII. The main mechanism of photodamage by visible light appears to be mediated by acceptor side modifications, which develop under conditions of excess excitation in which the capacity of light-independent photosynthetic processes limits the utilization of electrons produced in the initial photoreactions. This situation of excess excitation facilitates the reduction of intersystem electron carriers and Photosystem II acceptors, and thereby induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, especially singlet oxygen whose production is sensitized by triplet chlorophyll formation in the reaction center of Photosystem II. The highly reactive singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species, such as H₂O₂ and O₂⁻, which can also be formed in Photosystem II initiate damage of electron transport components and protein structure. In parallel with the excess excitation dependent mechanism of photodamage inactivation of the Mn₄Ca cluster by visible light may also occur, which impairs electron transfer through the Photosystem II complex and initiates further functional and structural damage of the reaction center via formation of highly oxidizing radicals, such as P 680(+) and Tyr-Z(+). However, the available data do not support the hypothesis that the Mn-dependent mechanism would be the exclusive or dominating pathway of photodamage in the visible spectral range. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biology Research Center, Szeged, Hungary.
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Vass I. Role of charge recombination processes in photodamage and photoprotection of the photosystem II complex. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:6-16. [PMID: 21288250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced damage of the photosynthetic apparatus is an important and complex phenomenon, which affects primarily the photosystem II (PSII) complex. Here, the author summarizes the current state of understanding, which concerns the role of charge recombination reactions in photodamage and photoprotection. The main mechanism of photodamage induced by visible light appears to be mediated by acceptor side modifications, which develop under light intensity conditions when the capacity of light-independent photosynthetic processes limits the utilization of electrons produced in the initial photoreactions. This situation facilitates triplet chlorophyll formation and singlet oxygen production in the reaction center of PSII, which initiates the damage of electron transport components and protein structure. This mechanism is an important, but not exclusive, pathway of photodamage, and light-induced inactivation of the Mn cluster of water oxidation may occur in parallel with the singlet oxygen-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary.
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Alboresi A, Dall'Osto L, Aprile A, Carillo P, Roncaglia E, Cattivelli L, Bassi R. Reactive oxygen species and transcript analysis upon excess light treatment in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana vs a photosensitive mutant lacking zeaxanthin and lutein. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:62. [PMID: 21481232 PMCID: PMC3083342 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unavoidable by-products of oxygenic photosynthesis, causing progressive oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. Despite their destructive activity they are also signalling molecules, priming the acclimatory response to stress stimuli. RESULTS To investigate this role further, we exposed wild type Arabidopsis thaliana plants and the double mutant npq1lut2 to excess light. The mutant does not produce the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin, whose key roles include ROS scavenging and prevention of ROS synthesis. Biochemical analysis revealed that singlet oxygen (1O2) accumulated to higher levels in the mutant while other ROS were unaffected, allowing to define the transcriptomic signature of the acclimatory response mediated by 1O2 which is enhanced by the lack of these xanthophylls species. The group of genes differentially regulated in npq1lut2 is enriched in sequences encoding chloroplast proteins involved in cell protection against the damaging effect of ROS. Among the early fine-tuned components, are proteins involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, chlorophyll catabolism, protein import, folding and turnover, synthesis and membrane insertion of photosynthetic subunits. Up to now, the flu mutant was the only biological system adopted to define the regulation of gene expression by 1O2. In this work, we propose the use of mutants accumulating 1O2 by mechanisms different from those activated in flu to better identify ROS signalling. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the lack of zeaxanthin and lutein leads to 1O2 accumulation and this represents a signalling pathway in the early stages of stress acclimation, beside the response to ADP/ATP ratio and to the redox state of both plastoquinone pool. Chloroplasts respond to 1O2 accumulation by undergoing a significant change in composition and function towards a fast acclimatory response. The physiological implications of this signalling specificity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alboresi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I - 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I - 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessio Aprile
- CRA Centro di Ricerca per la Genomica, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Petronia Carillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Enrica Roncaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- CRA Centro di Ricerca per la Genomica, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I - 37134 Verona, Italy
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Greenwell R, Nam TW, Donohue TJ. Features of Rhodobacter sphaeroides ChrR required for stimuli to promote the dissociation of σ(E)/ChrR complexes. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:477-91. [PMID: 21295582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a transcriptional response to the reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) is mediated by ChrR, a zinc metalloprotein that binds to and inhibits the activity of the alternative σ factor σ(E). We provide evidence that (1)O(2) promotes the dissociation of σ(E) from ChrR to activate transcription in vivo. To identify what is required for (1)O(2) to promote the dissociation of σ(E)/ChrR complexes, we analyzed the in vivo properties of variant ChrR proteins with amino acid changes in conserved residues of the C-terminal cupin-like domain (ChrR-CLD). We found that (1)O(2) was unable to promote the detectable dissociation of σ(E)/ChrR complexes when the ChrR-CLD zinc ligands (His141, His143, Glu147, and His177) were substituted with alanine, even though individual substitutions caused a 2-fold to 10-fold decrease in zinc affinity for this domain relative to that for wild-type ChrR (K(d)∼4.6×10(-)(10) M). We conclude that the side chains of these invariant residues play a crucial role in the response to (1)O(2). Additionally, we found that cells containing variant ChrR proteins with single amino acid substitutions at Cys187 or Cys189 exhibited σ(E) activity similar to those containing wild-type ChrR when exposed to (1)O(2), suggesting that these thiol side chains are not required for (1)O(2) to induce σ(E) activity in vivo. Finally, we found that the same aspects of R. sphaeroides ChrR needed for a response to (1)O(2) are required for the dissociation of σ(E)/ChrR complexes in the presence of the organic hydroperoxide t-butyl hydroperoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Greenwell
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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50
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Liao SR, Le XY, Feng XL. Syntheses, characterizations and SOD-like activities of ternary copper(II) complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline and L- α -amino acids. J COORD CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970701476943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Rong Liao
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , College of Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yi Le
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , College of Sciences, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Long Feng
- b Center of Analysis and Measurement , Sun Yatsen University , Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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