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Post TE, Denney C, Cohen A, Jordan J, Limper U. Human hypoxia models in aerospace medicine: Potential applications for human pharmacological research. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38556349 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aerospace medicine required controlled terrestrial models to investigate influences of altered atmosphere conditions, such as hypoxia, on human health and performance. These models could potentially be expanded to encompass disease conditions or treatment targets regulated through hypoxia or hypercapnia. Hypoxia, a condition in which the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply, profoundly affects human physiology at multiple levels and contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Experimental exposure to hypoxic conditions has gained recognition as a model for studying diseases such as pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, migraine and kidney disease. This approach may be particularly useful in mechanism-oriented early-stage clinical studies. This review discusses the ability of hypoxia models from space medicine research to mimic or induce these conditions in a controlled laboratory setting as a tool for testing the efficacy and safety of new pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titiaan E Post
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cayla Denney
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Cohen
- DDCD Consulting and Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Limper
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Merheim Medical Center, Hospitals of Cologne, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Dos Santos DNS, Naskar N, Delgado-Pinar E, Reess K, Seixas de Melo JS, Rueck A. Bromine indirubin FLIM/PLIM sensors to measure oxygen in normoxic and hypoxic PDT conditions. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103964. [PMID: 38218570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of phototoxicity during photodynamic therapy (PDT) is dependent on oxygen availability. For this reason, the development of sensors to measure oxygen and oxygen consumption is extremely important. APPROACH In this project we have used Fluorescence Lifetime imaging (FLIM) and Phosphorescence Lifetime Imaging/ delayed Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (PLIM/dFLIM) to investigate the ability of bromine indirubin derivatives as oxygen sensors. RESULTS The oxygen sensitivity of bromine indirubins was detected through PLIM/dFLIM. Moreover, we have observed, by measuring nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) FLIM, that bromine indirubin has a significant impact on cellular metabolism by shifting the SCC-4 Cells metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study successfully achieves its goals and provides important insights into the use of indirubin as a potential oxygen consumption sensor with the capability to identify and differentiate between normoxic and hypoxic regions within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N S Dos Santos
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, Coimbra, P3004-535, Portugal.
| | - N Naskar
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - E Delgado-Pinar
- University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, Coimbra, P3004-535, Portugal; Molecular Science Institute, Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - K Reess
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - J S Seixas de Melo
- University of Coimbra, CQC-ISM, Department of Chemistry, Coimbra, P3004-535, Portugal
| | - A Rueck
- University Ulm, Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy N24, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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3
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Maia LB. Bringing Nitric Oxide to the Molybdenum World-A Personal Perspective. Molecules 2023; 28:5819. [PMID: 37570788 PMCID: PMC10420851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum-containing enzymes of the xanthine oxidase (XO) family are well known to catalyse oxygen atom transfer reactions, with the great majority of the characterised enzymes catalysing the insertion of an oxygen atom into the substrate. Although some family members are known to catalyse the "reverse" reaction, the capability to abstract an oxygen atom from the substrate molecule is not generally recognised for these enzymes. Hence, it was with surprise and scepticism that the "molybdenum community" noticed the reports on the mammalian XO capability to catalyse the oxygen atom abstraction of nitrite to form nitric oxide (NO). The lack of precedent for a molybdenum- (or tungsten) containing nitrite reductase on the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle contributed also to the scepticism. It took several kinetic, spectroscopic and mechanistic studies on enzymes of the XO family and also of sulfite oxidase and DMSO reductase families to finally have wide recognition of the molybdoenzymes' ability to form NO from nitrite. Herein, integrated in a collection of "personal views" edited by Professor Ralf Mendel, is an overview of my personal journey on the XO and aldehyde oxidase-catalysed nitrite reduction to NO. The main research findings and the path followed to establish XO and AO as competent nitrite reductases are reviewed. The evidence suggesting that these enzymes are probable players of the mammalian NO metabolism is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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4
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Hara Y, Tsukiji J, Yabe A, Onishi Y, Hirose H, Yamamoto M, Kudo M, Kaneko T, Ebina T. Heme oxygenase-1 as an important predictor of the severity of COVID-19. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273500. [PMID: 36001619 PMCID: PMC9401165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective
A cytokine storm is caused by inflammatory cells, including pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype (M1), and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, in which diffuse alveolar damage occurs in the lungs due to oxidative stress exposure. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is a stress-induced protein produced by the anti-inflammatory / anti-oxidative macrophage phenotype (M2), which also produces soluble CD163 (sCD163). In our study, we investigated and determined that serum HO-1 can be a predictive biomarker for assessing both the severity and the outcome of COVID-19 patients.
Method
The serum concentrations of HO-1 and sCD163 of COVID-19 patients were measured on admission. The relationship between these biomarkers and other clinical parameters and outcomes were evaluated.
Results
Sixty-four COVID-19 patients (11 mild, 38 moderate, and 15 severe cases) were assessed. The serum HO-1 tended to increase (11.0 ng/mL vs. 24.3 ng/mL vs. 59.6 ng/mL with severity). Serum HO-1 correlated with serum lactate dehydrogenase (R = 0.422), C-reactive protein (R = 0.463), and the ground glass opacity (GGO) and consolidation score (R = 0.625) of chest computed tomography. The serum HO-1 showed a better area under the curve (AUC) for predicting ICU admission than the serum sCD163 (HO-1; 0.816 and sCD163; 0.743). In addition, composite parameters including serum HO-1 and the GGO and consolidation score showed a higher AUC for predicting ICU admission than the AUC of a single parameter.
Conclusion
Clinically, serum HO-1, reflecting the activation of M2, could be a very useful marker for evaluating disease severity and predicting prognoses for COVID-19 patients. In addition, controlling activated M2 might be a preventative COVID-19 therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hara
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Tsukiji
- Department of Prevention and Infection Control, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Aya Yabe
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshika Onishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Investigation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruka Hirose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Investigation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Respiratory Disease Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Kudo
- Respiratory Disease Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ebina
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Investigation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Mice with insulin receptor (IR)-deficient astrocytes (GFAP-IR knockout [KO] mice) show blunted responses to insulin and reduced brain glucose uptake, whereas IR-deficient astrocytes show disturbed mitochondrial responses to glucose. While exploring the functional impact of disturbed mitochondrial function in astrocytes, we observed that GFAP-IR KO mice show uncoupling of brain blood flow with glucose uptake. Since IR-deficient astrocytes show higher levels of reactive oxidant species (ROS), this leads to stimulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and, consequently, of the vascular endothelial growth factor angiogenic pathway. Indeed, GFAP-IR KO mice show disturbed brain vascularity and blood flow that is normalized by treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC ameliorated high ROS levels, normalized angiogenic signaling and mitochondrial function in IR-deficient astrocytes, and normalized neurovascular coupling in GFAP-IR KO mice. Our results indicate that by modulating glucose uptake and angiogenesis, insulin receptors in astrocytes participate in neurovascular coupling.
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Sies H, Belousov VV, Chandel NS, Davies MJ, Jones DP, Mann GE, Murphy MP, Yamamoto M, Winterbourn C. Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:499-515. [PMID: 35190722 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 254.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
'Reactive oxygen species' (ROS) is a generic term that defines a wide variety of oxidant molecules with vastly different properties and biological functions that range from signalling to causing cell damage. Consequently, the description of oxidants needs to be chemically precise to translate research on their biological effects into therapeutic benefit in redox medicine. This Expert Recommendation article pinpoints key issues associated with identifying the physiological roles of oxidants, focusing on H2O2 and O2.-. The generic term ROS should not be used to describe specific molecular agents. We also advocate for greater precision in measurement of H2O2, O2.- and other oxidants, along with more specific identification of their signalling targets. Future work should also consider inter-organellar communication and the interactions of redox-sensitive signalling targets within organs and whole organisms, including the contribution of environmental exposures. To achieve these goals, development of tools that enable site-specific and real-time detection and quantification of individual oxidants in cells and model organisms are needed. We also stress that physiological O2 levels should be maintained in cell culture to better mimic in vivo redox reactions associated with specific cell types. Use of precise definitions and analytical tools will help harmonize research among the many scientific disciplines working on the common goal of understanding redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christine Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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7
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Piatek P, Namiecinska M, Lewkowicz N, Kulińska-Michalska M, Jabłonowski Z, Matysiak M, Dulska J, Michlewska S, Wieczorek M, Lewkowicz P. Changes Within H3K4me3-Marked Histone Reveal Molecular Background of Neutrophil Functional Plasticity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906311. [PMID: 35757755 PMCID: PMC9229595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are a heterogenous population capable of both antimicrobial functions and suppressor ones, however, no specific pattern of transcription factors controlling this plasticity has been identified. We observed rapid changes in the neutrophil status after stimulation with LPS, pre-activating concentration of TNF-α, or IL-10. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) analysis of histone H3K4me3 allowed us to identify various transcriptional start sites (TSSs) associated with plasticity and heterogeneity of human neutrophils. Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated great variation within target genes responsible for neutrophil activation, cytokine production, apoptosis, histone remodelling as well as NF-κB transcription factor pathways. These data allowed us to assign specific target genes positioned by H3K4me3-marked histone with a different pattern of gene expression related to NF-κB pathways, apoptosis, and a specific profile of cytokines/chemokines/growth factors realised by neutrophils stimulated by LPS, IL-10, or TNF-α. We discovered IL-10-induced apoptotic neutrophils being transcriptionally active cells capable of switching the profile of cytokines/chemokines/growth factors desired in resolving inflammation via non-canonical NF-κB pathway with simultaneous inhibition of canonical NF-κB pathway. As apoptotic/suppressive neutrophils induced by IL-10 via positioning genes within H3K4me3-marked histone were transcriptionally active, newly described DNA binding sites can be considered as potential targets for immunotherapy. H3K4me3 histone ChIP-Seq analysis reveals molecular drivers critical for switching neutrophils from their pro- to anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Piatek
- Department of Immunogenetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Lewkowicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Mariola Matysiak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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8
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Hawrysh PJ, Myrka AM, Buck LT. Review: A history and perspective of mitochondria in the context of anoxia tolerance. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 260:110733. [PMID: 35288242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis is found throughout nature, but perhaps nowhere is it more fundamental than mitochondria in all eukaryotes. Since mitochondria were discovered and mechanisms of oxygen reduction characterized, an understanding gradually emerged that these organelles were involved not just in the combustion of oxygen, but also in the sensing of oxygen. While multiple hypotheses exist to explain the mitochondrial involvement in oxygen sensing, key elements are developing that include potassium channels and reactive oxygen species. To understand how mitochondria contribute to oxygen sensing, it is informative to study a model system which is naturally adapted to survive extended periods without oxygen. Amongst air-breathing vertebrates, the most highly adapted are western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii), which overwinter in ice-covered and anoxic water bodies. Through research of this animal, it was postulated that metabolic rate depression is key to anoxic survival and that mitochondrial regulation is a key aspect. When faced with anoxia, excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in turtle brain are inhibited through mitochondrial calcium release, termed "channel arrest". Simultaneously, inhibitory GABAergic signalling contributes to the "synaptic arrest" of excitatory action potential firing through a pathway dependent on mitochondrial depression of ROS generation. While many pathways are implicated in mitochondrial oxygen sensing in turtles, such as those of adenosine, ATP turnover, and gaseous transmitters, an apparent point of intersection is the mitochondria. In this review we will explore how an organelle that was critical for organismal complexity in an oxygenated world has also become a potentially important oxygen sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter John Hawrysh
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Alexander Morley Myrka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Leslie Thomas Buck
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
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9
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Chia K, Paul RL, Weeks AJ, Naeem M, Mullen GE, Landau D, Blower PJ. Correlation of hypoxia PET tracer uptake with hypoxic radioresistance in cancer cells: PET biomarkers of resistance to stereotactic radiation therapy? Nucl Med Biol 2022; 110-111:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Webb KL, Dominelli PB, Baker SE, Klassen SA, Joyner MJ, Senefeld JW, Wiggins CC. Influence of High Hemoglobin-Oxygen Affinity on Humans During Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2022; 12:763933. [PMID: 35095551 PMCID: PMC8795792 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.763933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans elicit a robust series of physiological responses to maintain adequate oxygen delivery during hypoxia, including a transient reduction in hemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O2) affinity. However, high Hb-O2 affinity has been identified as a beneficial adaptation in several species that have been exposed to high altitude for generations. The observed differences in Hb-O2 affinity between humans and species adapted to high altitude pose a central question: is higher or lower Hb-O2 affinity in humans more advantageous when O2 availability is limited? Humans with genetic mutations in hemoglobin structure resulting in high Hb-O2 affinity have shown attenuated cardiorespiratory adjustments during hypoxia both at rest and during exercise, providing unique insight into this central question. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the influence of high Hb-O2 affinity during hypoxia through comparison of cardiovascular and respiratory adjustments elicited by humans with high Hb-O2 affinity compared to those with normal Hb-O2 affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Webb
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Sarah E. Baker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Stephen A. Klassen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J. Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jonathon W. Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Chad C. Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Chad C. Wiggins,
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Olson KR. A Case for Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolism as an Oxygen Sensing Mechanism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111650. [PMID: 34829521 PMCID: PMC8615108 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect oxygen availability is a ubiquitous attribute of aerobic organisms. However, the mechanism(s) that transduce oxygen concentration or availability into appropriate physiological responses is less clear and often controversial. This review will make the case for oxygen-dependent metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and polysulfides, collectively referred to as reactive sulfur species (RSS) as a physiologically relevant O2 sensing mechanism. This hypothesis is based on observations that H2S and RSS metabolism is inversely correlated with O2 tension, exogenous H2S elicits physiological responses identical to those produced by hypoxia, factors that affect H2S production or catabolism also affect tissue responses to hypoxia, and that RSS efficiently regulate downstream effectors of the hypoxic response in a manner consistent with a decrease in O2. H2S-mediated O2 sensing is then compared to the more generally accepted reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated O2 sensing mechanism and a number of reasons are offered to resolve some of the confusion between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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12
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Csizmadia S, Fodor GH, Palkó A, Vörös E. Size of the Carotid Body in Patients with Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases Measured by Computed Tomography Angiography: A Case-Control Study. Radiol Res Pract 2021; 2021:9499420. [PMID: 34697571 PMCID: PMC8538397 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9499420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carotid bodies (CBs) play an important role in regulating sympathetic nervous system activity. Thus, they are likely to be enlarged in patients with certain cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The aim of this case-control study was to verify this hypothesis using computed tomography angiography (CTA). METHODS We retrospectively analysed 141 CTAs including 16 controls, 96 patients with only hypertension (HT), 12 with HT and previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 9 with HT and heart failure (HF), and 8 with HT and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We assessed the data using analysis of variance, with p < 0.05 indicating significance. RESULTS CB average areas in the controls were 2.31 mm2 (right side (RS)) vs. 2.34 mm2 (left side (LS)). CB size was significantly enlarged in patients with HT: 3.07 mm2 (RS) (p=0.019) vs. 2.91 mm2 (LS) (p=0.002). If AMI (RS: 3.5 mm2; LS: 3.44 mm2) or HF (RS: 4.01 mm2; LS: 4.55 mm2) was associated with HT, the CB size was even more enlarged. COPD did not affect CB size (RS: 2.40 mm2; LS: 2.29 mm2). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that certain diseases with increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system were associated with significantly enlarged CBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Csizmadia
- Affidea Hungary Ltd. Budapest, 44-46 Bókay János Street, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Gergely H. Fodor
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Faculty of General Medicine, 9 Korányi Alley, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - András Palkó
- Department of Radiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of General Medicine, 6 Semmelweis Street, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Erika Vörös
- Department of Radiology, University of Szeged, Faculty of General Medicine, 6 Semmelweis Street, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
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13
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Lucero García Rojas EY, Villanueva C, Bond RA. Hypoxia Inducible Factors as Central Players in the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:709509. [PMID: 34447792 PMCID: PMC8382733 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.709509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the major cause of death in industrialized countries. The main function of the CV system is to deliver nutrients and oxygen to all tissues. During most CV pathologies, oxygen and nutrient delivery is decreased or completely halted. Several mechanisms, including increased oxygen transport and delivery, as well as increased blood flow are triggered to compensate for the hypoxic state. If the compensatory mechanisms fail to sufficiently correct the hypoxia, irreversible damage can occur. Thus, hypoxia plays a central role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of CV diseases. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) orchestrate the gene transcription for hundreds of proteins involved in erythropoiesis, glucose transport, angiogenesis, glycolytic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) handling, cell proliferation and survival, among others. The overall regulation of the expression of HIF-dependent genes depends on the severity, duration, and location of hypoxia. In the present review, common CV diseases were selected to illustrate that HIFs, and proteins derived directly or indirectly from their stabilization and activation, are related to the development and perpetuation of hypoxia in these pathologies. We further classify CV diseases into acute and chronic hypoxic states to better understand the temporal relevance of HIFs in the pathogenesis, disease progression and clinical outcomes of these diseases. We conclude that HIFs and their derived factors are fundamental in the genesis and progression of CV diseases. Understanding these mechanisms will lead to more effective treatment strategies leading to reduced morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cleva Villanueva
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard A Bond
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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14
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Zayed M, Iohara K, Watanabe H, Ishikawa M, Tominaga M, Nakashima M. Characterization of stable hypoxia-preconditioned dental pulp stem cells compared with mobilized dental pulp stem cells for application for pulp regenerative therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:302. [PMID: 34051821 PMCID: PMC8164249 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been developed as a potential source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for regeneration of dental pulp and other tissues. However, further strategies to isolate highly functional DPSCs beyond the colony-forming methods are required. We have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of DPSCs isolated by G-CSF-induced mobilization and cultured under normoxia (mobilized DPSCs, MDPSCs) for pulp regeneration. The device for isolation of MDPSCs, however, is not cost-effective and requires a prolonged cell culture period. It is well known that MSCs cultured under hypoxic-preconditions improved MSC proliferation activity and stemness. Therefore, in this investigation, we attempted to improve the clinical utility of DPSCs by hypoxia-preconditioned DPSCs (hpDPSCs) compared with MDPSCs to improve the potential clinical utility for pulp regeneration in endodontic dentistry. Methods Colony-forming DPSCs were isolated and preconditioned with hypoxia in a stable closed cultured system and compared with MDPSCs isolated from the individual dog teeth. We examined the proliferation rate, migration potential, anti-apoptotic activity, and gene expression of the stem cell markers and angiogenic/neurotrophic factors. Trophic effects of the conditioned medium (CM) were also evaluated. In addition, the expression of immunomodulatory molecules upon stimulation with IFN-γ was investigated. The pulp regenerative potential and transplantation safety of hpDPSCs were further assessed in pulpectomized teeth in dogs by histological and immunohistochemical analyses and by chemistry of the blood and urine tests. Results hpDPSCs demonstrated higher proliferation rate and expression of a major regulator of oxygen homeostasis, HIF-1α, and a stem cell marker, CXCR-4. The direct migratory activity of hpDPSCs in response to G-CSF was significantly higher than MDPSCs. The CM of hpDPSCs stimulated neurite extension. However, there were no changes in angiogenic, migration, and anti-apoptotic activities compared with the CM of MDPSCs. The expression of immunomodulatory gene, PTGE was significantly upregulated by IFN gamma in hpDPSCs compared with MDPSCs. However, no difference in nitric oxide was observed. The regenerated pulp tissue was quantitatively and qualitatively similar in hpDPSC transplants compared with MDPSC transplants in dog teeth. There was no evidence of toxicity or adverse events of the hpDPSC transplantation. Conclusions These results demonstrated that the efficacy of hpDPSCs for pulp regeneration was identical, although hpDPSCs improved stem cell properties compared to MDPSCs, suggesting their potential clinical utility for pulp regeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02240-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zayed
- Research Institute, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.,Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Koichiro Iohara
- Research Institute, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mami Ishikawa
- Air Water Group, Aeras Bio Inc., Kobe, Hyogo, 650-047, Japan
| | - Michiyo Tominaga
- Research Institute, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Misako Nakashima
- Research Institute, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan. .,Air Water Group, Aeras Bio Inc., Kobe, Hyogo, 650-047, Japan.
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15
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Ghosh K, Ghosh S, Chatterjee U, Bhattacharjee P, Ghosh A. Dichotomy in Growth and Invasion from Low- to High-Grade Glioma Cellular Variants. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2219-2234. [PMID: 33978861 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glial dysfunction outraging CNS plasticity and integrity results in one of the most dangerous cancers, namely glioma, featuring little median survival period and high recurrence. The hallmark properties of proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis with the infiltrated macrophages in glioma are expected to be tightly coupled or cross-linked, but not properly related so far. The present study is aimed to find a relationship between this featured quadrangle from lower to higher grades (HG) of post-operative glioma tissues and their invading subsets. Elevated Ki67-associated proliferation in lower grades (LG) was supported with VEGF dependent angiogenic maintenance which found a decrease unlikely in HG. In contrast, MMP 2 and 9-associated invasions augmented high in HG with the dominant presence of CD204+ M2 polarized macrophages and a general increase in global DNMT1-associated methylation. Marked differences found in ECM invading cellular subsets of HG showing high proliferative capacity indicating rationally for recurrence, contrasting the nature of gross tumor tissue of the same grade. Thus in LG, the neoplastic lesion is more inclined to its growth while in higher grade more disposed towards tissue wreckage in support with cellular environmental milieu whereas the cellular variants and subsets of invaded cells showed different trends. Therefore, some operational dichotomy or coupling among cellular variants in glioma is active in determining its low- to high-grade transition and aggressive progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Ghosh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Environmental Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Samarendranath Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Environmental Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Ghosh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. .,Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Netaji Subhas Open University, DD-26, Salt Lake, Sector-I, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700064, India.
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16
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Riboflavin instability is a key factor underlying the requirement of a gut microbiota for mosquito development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101080118. [PMID: 33827929 PMCID: PMC8053949 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101080118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously determined that several diets used to rear Aedes aegypti and other mosquito species support the development of larvae with a gut microbiota but do not support the development of axenic larvae. In contrast, axenic larvae have been shown to develop when fed other diets. To understand the mechanisms underlying this dichotomy, we developed a defined diet that could be manipulated in concert with microbiota composition and environmental conditions. Initial studies showed that axenic larvae could not grow under standard rearing conditions (27 °C, 16-h light: 8-h dark photoperiod) when fed a defined diet but could develop when maintained in darkness. Downstream assays identified riboflavin decay to lumichrome as the key factor that prevented axenic larvae from growing under standard conditions, while gut community members like Escherichia coli rescued development by being able to synthesize riboflavin. Earlier results showed that conventional and gnotobiotic but not axenic larvae exhibit midgut hypoxia under standard rearing conditions, which correlated with activation of several pathways with essential growth functions. In this study, axenic larvae in darkness also exhibited midgut hypoxia and activation of growth signaling but rapidly shifted to midgut normoxia and arrested growth in light, which indicated that gut hypoxia was not due to aerobic respiration by the gut microbiota but did depend on riboflavin that only resident microbes could provide under standard conditions. Overall, our results identify riboflavin provisioning as an essential function for the gut microbiota under most conditions A. aegypti larvae experience in the laboratory and field.
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17
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Tomecka E, Lech W, Zychowicz M, Sarnowska A, Murzyn M, Oldak T, Domanska-Janik K, Buzanska L, Rozwadowska N. Assessment of the Neuroprotective and Stemness Properties of Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells under Variable (5% vs. 21%) Aerobic Conditions. Cells 2021; 10:717. [PMID: 33804841 PMCID: PMC8063843 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimise the culture conditions for human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) intended for clinical use, we investigated ten different properties of these cells cultured under 21% (atmospheric) and 5% (physiological normoxia) oxygen concentrations. The obtained results indicate that 5% O2 has beneficial effects on the proliferation rate, clonogenicity, and slowdown of senescence of hWJ-MSCs; however, the oxygen level did not have an influence on the cell morphology, immunophenotype, or neuroprotective effect of the hWJ-MSCs. Nonetheless, the potential to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes was comparable under both oxygen conditions. However, spontaneous differentiation of hWJ-MSCs into neuronal lineages was observed and enhanced under atmospheric oxygen conditions. The cells relied more on mitochondrial respiration than glycolysis, regardless of the oxygen conditions. Based on these results, we can conclude that hWJ-MSCs could be effectively cultured and prepared under both oxygen conditions for cell-based therapy. However, the 5% oxygen level seemed to create a more balanced and appropriate environment for hWJ-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Tomecka
- Polish Stem Cell Bank, FamiCord Group, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland; (E.T.); (M.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Wioletta Lech
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (W.L.); (M.Z.); (A.S.); (K.D.-J.)
| | - Marzena Zychowicz
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (W.L.); (M.Z.); (A.S.); (K.D.-J.)
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (W.L.); (M.Z.); (A.S.); (K.D.-J.)
| | - Magdalena Murzyn
- Polish Stem Cell Bank, FamiCord Group, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland; (E.T.); (M.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Tomasz Oldak
- Polish Stem Cell Bank, FamiCord Group, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland; (E.T.); (M.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Krystyna Domanska-Janik
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (W.L.); (M.Z.); (A.S.); (K.D.-J.)
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (W.L.); (M.Z.); (A.S.); (K.D.-J.)
| | - Natalia Rozwadowska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland;
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18
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Cysteine-Rich Angiogenic Inducer 61: Pro-Survival Function and Role as a Biomarker for Disseminating Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030563. [PMID: 33540545 PMCID: PMC7867178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer, and it can be predicted by the detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood and disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow, which are usually detected by epithelial marker proteins. However, tumor cells with mesenchymal attributes down-regulate the expression of epithelial marker proteins, and are therefore difficult to detect. Here, we found that the protein-cysteine–rich angiogenetic inducer 61 (Cyr61) is strongly expressed in tumor cells with mesenchymal attributes. Cyr61 expression was undetectable in normal blood cells, suggesting that Cyr61 might represent a tumor-associated protein. Functional experiments showed that the loss of Cyr61 reduces the viability of breast tumor cells. Thus, Cyr61 might represent an interesting anti-metastatic target that needs to be explored in future studies. Abstract (1) Background: the early detection of cancer cells in the blood or bone marrow of breast cancer patients improves the understanding of metastasis. Disseminating tumor cells in the bone marrow with a pronounced manifestation of mesenchymal markers (mDTC) are difficult to detect by epithelial markers, but they are relevant in the initiation of metastasis. (2) Methods: the breast cancer mDTC cell line BC-M1 was analyzed by mass spectrometry, which revealed high levels of the protein-cysteine–rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61). The function of Cyr61 was investigated using shRNA and hypoxia. Peripheral blood samples from 35 breast cancer patients were investigated for CTCs defined as cytokeratin-positive/CD45-negative cells. (3) Results: the Cyr61 levels are elevated in mDTC lines from breast, lung, and prostate cancer patients. The loss of Cyr61 resulted in the diminished expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, and increased apoptosis. Cyr61 was present in 47 (43%) of the 109 detected circulating tumor cells (CTCs), while the blood and bone marrow cells from healthy controls were Cyr61-negative. (4) Conclusions: Cyr61 is expressed in mDTC lines, supports the viability of cancer cells, and classifies a new subset of cytokeratin-positive CTCs, which deserves further investigation.
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19
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Wang Y, Li H, Li X, Su X, Xiao H, Yang J. Hypoxic Preconditioning of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is an Effective Strategy for Treating Acute Lung Injury. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:128-134. [PMID: 33349130 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe clinical respiratory failure disorder associated with chronic pathology and disability and has a mortality rate of 40%-60%. However, the pathogenesis of ARDS/ALI remains unclear, and existing therapeutic options are insufficient for addressing the severity of the disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play an important role in the prevention and treatment of ALI, especially acute alveolar epithelial injury. However, the low survival rate of transplanted MSCs reduces their effectiveness. When human umbilical cord MSCs (hUC-MSCs) are transplanted directly, only a minority of cells migrate toward damaged tissues. Moreover, their maintenance time is short, leading to unsatisfactory therapeutic results. A moderate hypoxic environment can promote the proliferation of MSCs, inhibit apoptosis, and facilitate migration and chemotaxis. In summary, hypoxic culturing before transplantation improves the effectiveness of hUC-MSCs in treating ARDS/ALI and promises to provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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20
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Zacharias W. Detecting oxygen changes in the lungs. Science 2021; 371:32-33. [PMID: 33384367 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Zacharias
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary Biology and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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21
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Domesticated and optimized mitochondria: Mitochondrial modifications based on energetic status and cellular stress. Life Sci 2020; 265:118766. [PMID: 33245965 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main source of energy and play an important role in coupling intracellular and intercellular metabolic cooperation. Cellular stress and energetic status can affect various mitochondrial behaviors, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, assembly of respiratory chain supercomplexes and mitochondrial distribution. These modifications usually result in adaptive adjustment of mitochondrial output and resistance to cellular stress. However, when the pro-death signals triggered by excessive damage converge to mitochondria, mitochondrial reserve and functional status can profoundly determine the direction of cell death, and even affect the survival and death of surrounding or distant tissues. In this review, we discuss multiple mitochondrial modifications in eukaryotes based on metabolic status and cellular stress, and review the emerging knowledge about the effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on the fate of cells and surrounding tissues.
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22
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Warpsinski G, Smith MJ, Srivastava S, Keeley TP, Siow RCM, Fraser PA, Mann GE. Nrf2-regulated redox signaling in brain endothelial cells adapted to physiological oxygen levels: Consequences for sulforaphane mediated protection against hypoxia-reoxygenation. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101708. [PMID: 32949969 PMCID: PMC7502377 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is associated with a surge in reactive oxygen species generation during reperfusion. The narrow therapeutic window for the delivery of intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy limits therapeutic options for patients. Thus, understanding the mechanisms regulating neurovascular redox defenses are key for improved clinical translation. Our previous studies in a rodent model of ischemic stroke established that activation of Nrf2 defense enzymes by pretreatment with sulforaphane (SFN) affords protection against neurovascular and neurological deficits. We here further investigate SFN mediated protection in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3) adapted long-term (5 days) to hyperoxic (18 kPa) and normoxic (5 kPa) O2 levels. Using an O2-sensitive phosphorescent nanoparticle probe, we measured an intracellular O2 level of 3.4 ± 0.1 kPa in bEnd 3 cells cultured under 5 kPa O2. Induction of HO-1 and GCLM by SFN (2.5 μM) was significantly attenuated in cells adapted to 5 kPa O2, despite nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. To simulate ischemic stroke, bEnd.3 cells were adapted to 18 or 5 kPa O2 and subjected to hypoxia (1 kPa O2, 1 h) and reoxygenation. In cells adapted to 18 kPa O2, reoxygenation induced free radical generation was abrogated by PEG-SOD and significantly attenuated by pretreatment with SFN (2.5 μM). Silencing Nrf2 transcription abrogated HO-1 and NQO1 induction and led to a significant increase in reoxygenation induced free radical generation. Notably, reoxygenation induced oxidative stress, assayed using the luminescence probe L-012 and fluorescence probes MitoSOX™ Red and FeRhoNox™-1, was diminished in cells cultured under 5 kPa O2, indicating an altered redox phenotype in brain microvascular cells adapted to physiological normoxia. As redox and other intracellular signaling pathways are critically affected by O2, the development of antioxidant therapies targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 defense pathway in treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury in stroke, coronary and renal disease will require in vitro studies conducted under well-defined O2 levels. Physiological normoxia alters the redox phenotype of murine microvascular brain endothelial cells. Intracellular GSH levels are lower in bEnd.3 cells adapted to 5 kPa versus 18 kPa O2. Nrf2 activated HO-1 and GCLM expression is attenuated under physiological normoxia. Sulforaphane protects against reoxygenation induced reactive oxygen species generation via Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Warpsinski
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Matthew J Smith
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Salil Srivastava
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Richard C M Siow
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul A Fraser
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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23
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Kreuzer M, Banerjee A, Birts CN, Darley M, Tavassoli A, Ivan M, Blaydes JP. Glycolysis, via NADH-dependent dimerisation of CtBPs, regulates hypoxia-induced expression of CAIX and stem-like breast cancer cell survival. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2988-3001. [PMID: 32618367 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive responses to hypoxia are mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors. These responses include the upregulation of glycolysis to maintain ATP production. This also generates acidic metabolites, which require HIF-induced carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) for their neutralisation. C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) are coregulators of gene transcription and couple glycolysis with gene transcription due to their regulation by the glycolytic coenzyme NADH. Here, we find that experimental manipulation of glycolysis and CtBP function in breast cancer cells through multiple complementary approaches supports a hypothesis whereby the expression of known HIF-inducible genes, and CAIX in particular, adapts to available glucose in the microenvironment through a mechanism involving CtBPs. This novel pathway promotes the survival of stem cell-like cancer (SCLC) cells in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kreuzer
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Charles N Birts
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Matthew Darley
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Ali Tavassoli
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
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24
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Hadanny A, Efrati S. The Hyperoxic-Hypoxic Paradox. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060958. [PMID: 32630465 PMCID: PMC7355982 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective metabolism is highly dependent on a narrow therapeutic range of oxygen. Accordingly, low levels of oxygen, or hypoxia, are one of the most powerful inducers of gene expression, metabolic changes, and regenerative processes, including angiogenesis and stimulation of stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The sensing of decreased oxygen levels (hypoxia) or increased oxygen levels (hyperoxia), occurs through specialized chemoreceptor cells and metabolic changes at the cellular level, which regulate the response. Interestingly, fluctuations in the free oxygen concentration rather than the absolute level of oxygen can be interpreted at the cellular level as a lack of oxygen. Thus, repeated intermittent hyperoxia can induce many of the mediators and cellular mechanisms that are usually induced during hypoxia. This is called the hyperoxic-hypoxic paradox (HHP). This article reviews oxygen physiology, the main cellular processes triggered by hypoxia, and the cascade of events triggered by the HHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hadanny
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel;
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-544707381; Fax: +972-8-9779748
| | - Shai Efrati
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel;
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
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25
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Hadanny A, Efrati S. The Hyperoxic-Hypoxic Paradox. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060958. [PMID: 32630465 DOI: 10.3390/biom1006095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective metabolism is highly dependent on a narrow therapeutic range of oxygen. Accordingly, low levels of oxygen, or hypoxia, are one of the most powerful inducers of gene expression, metabolic changes, and regenerative processes, including angiogenesis and stimulation of stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The sensing of decreased oxygen levels (hypoxia) or increased oxygen levels (hyperoxia), occurs through specialized chemoreceptor cells and metabolic changes at the cellular level, which regulate the response. Interestingly, fluctuations in the free oxygen concentration rather than the absolute level of oxygen can be interpreted at the cellular level as a lack of oxygen. Thus, repeated intermittent hyperoxia can induce many of the mediators and cellular mechanisms that are usually induced during hypoxia. This is called the hyperoxic-hypoxic paradox (HHP). This article reviews oxygen physiology, the main cellular processes triggered by hypoxia, and the cascade of events triggered by the HHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hadanny
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Shai Efrati
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
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In Vitro Modeling of Reoxygenation Effects on mRNA and Protein Levels in Hypoxic Tumor Cells upon Entry into the Bloodstream. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051316. [PMID: 32466213 PMCID: PMC7291257 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Solid epithelial tumors like breast cancer are the most frequent malignancy in women. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are frequently released from hypoxic areas into the blood, where CTCs face elevated oxygen concentrations. This reoxygenation might challenge the use of CTCs for liquid biopsy. Methods: We modeled this situation in vitro using the breast cancer cell lines—MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231—and the cell line BC-M1 established from DTCs in the bone marrow. Cells were cultured under hypoxia, followed by a reoxygenation pulse for 4 h, reflecting the circulation time of CTCs. Analyzed were gene products like EGFR, ErbB-2, EpCAM, PD-L1 on mRNA and protein level. Results: mRNAs of erbb2 or pdl1 and protein levels of PD-L1 displayed significant changes, whereas ErbB-2 protein levels remained constant. The strongest discrepancy between protein and mRNA levels under hypoxia was observed for EGFR, supporting the idea of cap-independent translation of egfr mRNA. Analyses of the phosphorylation of AKT, Erk 1/2, and Stat3 revealed strong alterations after reoxygenation. Conclusions: CTCs reaching secondary sites faster than reoxygenation could alter the mRNA and protein levels in the cells. CTC and DTC with high PD-L1 levels might become quiescent under hypoxia but were easily reactivated by reoxygenation.
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Olson KR, Gao Y, DeLeon ER, Markel TA, Drucker N, Boone D, Whiteman M, Steiger AK, Pluth MD, Tessier CR, Stahelin RV. Extended hypoxia-mediated H 2 S production provides for long-term oxygen sensing. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13368. [PMID: 31442361 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Numerous studies have shown that H2 S serves as an acute oxygen sensor in a variety of cells. We hypothesize that H2 S also serves in extended oxygen sensing. METHODS Here, we compare the effects of extended exposure (24-48 hours) to varying O2 tensions on H2 S and polysulphide metabolism in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293), human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial (A549), human colon cancer (HTC116), bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle, human umbilical-derived mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells and porcine tracheal epithelium (PTE) using sulphur-specific fluorophores and fluorometry or confocal microscopy. RESULTS All cells continuously produced H2 S in 21% O2 and H2 S production was increased at lower O2 tensions. Decreasing O2 from 21% to 10%, 5% and 1% O2 progressively increased H2 S production in HEK293 cells and this was partially inhibited by a combination of inhibitors of H2 S biosynthesis, aminooxyacetate, propargyl glycine and compound 3. Mitochondria appeared to be the source of much of this increase in HEK 293 cells. H2 S production in all other cells and PTE increased when O2 was lowered from 21% to 5% except for HTC116 cells where 1% O2 was necessary to increase H2 S, presumably reflecting the hypoxic environment in vivo. Polysulphides (H2 Sn , where n = 2-7), the key signalling metabolite of H2 S also appeared to increase in many cells although this was often masked by high endogenous polysulphide concentrations. CONCLUSION These results show that cellular H2 S is increased during extended hypoxia and they suggest this is a continuously active O2 -sensing mechanism in a variety of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine‐South Bend South Bend Indiana
| | - Yan Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine‐South Bend South Bend Indiana
| | - Eric R. DeLeon
- Indiana University School of Medicine‐South Bend South Bend Indiana
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Troy A. Markel
- Indiana University School of Medicine Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Natalie Drucker
- Indiana University School of Medicine Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health Indianapolis Indiana
| | - David Boone
- Indiana University School of Medicine‐South Bend South Bend Indiana
| | | | - Andrea K. Steiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Oregon Eugene Oregon
| | - Michael D. Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Oregon Eugene Oregon
| | | | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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Abstract
The review describes molecular mechanisms for sensing oxygen levels in various compartments of animal cell. Several pathways for intracellular oxygen sensing are discussed together with details of functioning of the near-membrane and cytoplasmic pools of molecular components in hypoxic cells. The data on the role of mitochondria in cell sensitivity to a decreased oxygen content are presented. Details of mutual influence of the operational and chronic intracellular mechanisms for detecting the negative gradients of molecular oxygen concentration and their relationship with cell metabolism response to the oxidative stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Vjotosh
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia. .,Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, St. Petersburg, 190121, Russia.,Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, St. Petersburg, 195067, Russia
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Lodge KM, Cowburn AS, Li W, Condliffe AM. The Impact of Hypoxia on Neutrophil Degranulation and Consequences for the Host. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041183. [PMID: 32053993 PMCID: PMC7072819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key effector cells of innate immunity, rapidly recruited to defend the host against invading pathogens. Neutrophils may kill pathogens intracellularly, following phagocytosis, or extracellularly, by degranulation and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps; all of these microbicidal strategies require the deployment of cytotoxic proteins and proteases, packaged during neutrophil development within cytoplasmic granules. Neutrophils operate in infected and inflamed tissues, which can be profoundly hypoxic. Neutrophilic infiltration of hypoxic tissues characterises a myriad of acute and chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases, and as well as potentially protecting the host from pathogens, neutrophil granule products have been implicated in causing collateral tissue damage in these scenarios. This review discusses the evidence for the enhanced secretion of destructive neutrophil granule contents observed in hypoxic environments and the potential mechanisms for this heightened granule exocytosis, highlighting implications for the host. Understanding the dichotomy of the beneficial and detrimental consequences of neutrophil degranulation in hypoxic environments is crucial to inform potential neutrophil-directed therapeutics in order to limit persistent, excessive, or inappropriate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M. Lodge
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK; (K.M.L.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Andrew S. Cowburn
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK; (K.M.L.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK;
| | - Alison M. Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Correspondence:
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30
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Chang X, Li S, Chu D. Sensing of Oxygen Partial Pressure in Air with ZnO Nanoparticles. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20020562. [PMID: 31968583 PMCID: PMC7014537 DOI: 10.3390/s20020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The demand for sensors in response to oxygen partial pressure in air is increasingly high in recent years and small-size sensors on a micrometer scale and even a nanometer scale are particularly desirable. In this paper, the sensing of oxygen partial pressure in air was realized by a solution-processed ZnO nanoparticle (NP). Thin-film ZnO NP was prepared by spin-coating and a highly sensitive sensor was then fabricated. The oxygen sensing performance was characterized in air and compared with that in nitrogen, which showed an increase in electrical conductance by more than 100 times as a result of decreasing oxygen partial pressure from 103 mBar to 10−5 mBar. Moreover, higher sensitivity was achieved by increasing the annealing temperature and the effect of thermal annealing was also investigated. Furthermore, ZnO NP lines with 7 μm in width were successfully patterned with low cost by a mould-guided drying technique from ZnO NP dispersion, which makes ZnO NP extremely promising for miniaturized and integrated sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chang
- Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK; (X.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Shunpu Li
- Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK; (X.C.); (S.L.)
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Daping Chu
- Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK; (X.C.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Montava-Garriga L, Ganley IG. Outstanding Questions in Mitophagy: What We Do and Do Not Know. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:206-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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The role of tumor-derived exosomes in tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2019-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Exosomes, belonging to the group of extracellular bodies, are released by healthy as well as cancerous cells and serve as a communication pathway. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) possess the capacity to reprogram the function of normal cells owing to their genetic and molecular cargo. Such exosomes target endothelial cells (among others) in the tumor microenvironment to promote angiogenesis. Blood supply is essential in solid tumor growth and metastasis. The potential of pro-angiogenic changes is enhanced by an increased amount of circulating tumor-derived exosomes in the body fluids of cancer patients. A vascular network is important, since the proliferation, as well as the metastatic spread of cancer cells depends on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste products. New blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are formed through processes called angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, respectively. Angiogenesis is regulated by both activator and inhibitor molecules. Thousands of patients have received anti-angiogenic therapy to date. Despite their theoretical efficacy, anti-angiogenic treatments have not proved beneficial in terms of long-term survival. Tumor-derived exosomes carrying pro-angiogenic factors might be a target for new anti-cancer therapy.
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Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Marín-Hernández Á, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Pacheco-Velázquez SC, Belmont-Díaz JA, Robledo-Cadena DX, Vargas-Navarro JL, Corona de la Peña NA, Saavedra E, Moreno-Sánchez R. Transcriptional Regulation of Energy Metabolism in Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101225. [PMID: 31600993 PMCID: PMC6830338 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development, growth, and metastasis are highly regulated by several transcription regulators (TRs), namely transcription factors, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and protein kinases. Although TR roles in these events have been well characterized, their functions in regulating other important cancer cell processes, such as metabolism, have not been systematically examined. In this review, we describe, analyze, and strive to reconstruct the regulatory networks of several TRs acting in the energy metabolism pathways, glycolysis (and its main branching reactions), and oxidative phosphorylation of nonmetastatic and metastatic cancer cells. Moreover, we propose which possible gene targets might allow these TRs to facilitate the modulation of each energy metabolism pathway, depending on the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norma Angélica Corona de la Peña
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogénesis, Hospital General Regional Carlos McGregor-Sánchez, México CP 03100, Mexico.
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México 14080, Mexico.
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34
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Villamor E, Moreno L, Mohammed R, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Cogolludo A. Reactive oxygen species as mediators of oxygen signaling during fetal-to-neonatal circulatory transition. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 142:82-96. [PMID: 30995535 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are frequently seen as pathological agents of oxidative stress. However, ROS are not always deleterious and can also act as cell signaling molecules. Vascular oxygen sensing and signaling during fetal-to-neonatal circulatory transition is a remarkable example of the physiological regulatory actions of ROS. The fetal relative hypoxic environment induces hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and ductus arteriosus (DA) relaxation favoring the presence of high pulmonary vascular resistance and right-to-left ductal shunt. At birth, the increase in oxygen tension causes relaxation of pulmonary arteries (PAs) and normoxic DA vasoconstriction (NDAV), thus diverting blood flow to the lungs. Although the response to changes in oxygen tension is diametrically opposite, the mechanisms responsible for HPV and NDAV appear to be the result of a similar interaction between triggering and modulating factors that lead to an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ sensitization of the contractile apparatus. Growing evidence points to an increase in ROS (mitochondria- and/or NADPH-derived superoxide and/or H2O2), leading to inhibition of voltage-gated K+ channels, membrane depolarization, and activation of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels as critical events in the signaling pathway of both HPV and NDAV. Several groups of investigators have completed this pathway adding other elements such as neutral sphingomyelinase-derived ceramide, the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (through ryanodine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors), Rho kinase-mediated Ca2+ sensitization, or transient receptor potential channels. The present review focus on the role of ROS as mediators of the homeostatic oxygen sensing system during fetal and neonatal life not only in the PAs and DA but also in systemic arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Riazzudin Mohammed
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Cogolludo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
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35
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Relevance of Oxygen Concentration in Stem Cell Culture for Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051195. [PMID: 30857245 PMCID: PMC6429522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The key hallmark of stem cells is their ability to self-renew while keeping a differentiation potential. Intrinsic and extrinsic cell factors may contribute to a decline in these stem cell properties, and this is of the most importance when culturing them. One of these factors is oxygen concentration, which has been closely linked to the maintenance of stemness. The widely used environmental 21% O2 concentration represents a hyperoxic non-physiological condition, which can impair stem cell behaviour by many mechanisms. The goal of this review is to understand these mechanisms underlying the oxygen signalling pathways and their negatively-associated consequences. This may provide a rationale for culturing stem cells under physiological oxygen concentration for stem cell therapy success, in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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36
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O'Brien KA, Atkinson RA, Richardson L, Koulman A, Murray AJ, Harridge SDR, Martin DS, Levett DZH, Mitchell K, Mythen MG, Montgomery HE, Grocott MPW, Griffin JL, Edwards LM. Metabolomic and lipidomic plasma profile changes in human participants ascending to Everest Base Camp. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2297. [PMID: 30783167 PMCID: PMC6381113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At high altitude oxygen delivery to the tissues is impaired leading to oxygen insufficiency (hypoxia). Acclimatisation requires adjustment to tissue metabolism, the details of which remain incompletely understood. Here, metabolic responses to progressive environmental hypoxia were assessed through metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of human plasma taken from 198 human participants before and during an ascent to Everest Base Camp (5,300 m). Aqueous and lipid fractions of plasma were separated and analysed using proton (1H)-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and direct infusion mass spectrometry, respectively. Bayesian robust hierarchical regression revealed decreasing isoleucine with ascent alongside increasing lactate and decreasing glucose, which may point towards increased glycolytic rate. Changes in the lipid profile with ascent included a decrease in triglycerides (48-50 carbons) associated with de novo lipogenesis, alongside increases in circulating levels of the most abundant free fatty acids (palmitic, linoleic and oleic acids). Together, this may be indicative of fat store mobilisation. This study provides the first broad metabolomic account of progressive exposure to environmental hypobaric hypoxia in healthy humans. Decreased isoleucine is of particular interest as a potential contributor to muscle catabolism observed with exposure to hypoxia at altitude. Substantial changes in lipid metabolism may represent important metabolic responses to sub-acute exposure to environmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A O'Brien
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK.
| | - R Andrew Atkinson
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics King's College London Guy's Campus London, London, UK
| | - Larissa Richardson
- NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Pathology building level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Pathology building level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen D R Harridge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel S Martin
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, First Floor, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7HA, UK
- Critical Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Denny Z H Levett
- Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Integrative Physiological and Critical Illness Group, Division of Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kay Mitchell
- Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Integrative Physiological and Critical Illness Group, Division of Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Monty G Mythen
- University College London Hospitals National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Hugh E Montgomery
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, First Floor, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7HA, UK
- Centre for Human Health and Performance, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Integrative Physiological and Critical Illness Group, Division of Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lindsay M Edwards
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Respiratory Data Sciences Group, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research, Stevenage, UK.
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37
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Keeley TP, Mann GE. Defining Physiological Normoxia for Improved Translation of Cell Physiology to Animal Models and Humans. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:161-234. [PMID: 30354965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2 ~21 kPa) and its ultimate distribution within mitochondria (as low as ~0.5-1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended in limiting its inherent toxicity. It has long been recognized that cell culture undertaken under room air conditions falls short of replicating this protection in vitro. Despite this, difficulty in accurately determining the appropriate O2 levels in which to culture cells, coupled with a lack of the technology to replicate and maintain a physiological O2 environment in vitro, has hindered addressing this issue thus far. In this review, we aim to address the current understanding of tissue Po2 distribution in vivo and summarize the attempts made to replicate these conditions in vitro. The state-of-the-art techniques employed to accurately determine O2 levels, as well as the issues associated with reproducing physiological O2 levels in vitro, are also critically reviewed. We aim to provide the framework for researchers to undertake cell culture under O2 levels relevant to specific tissues and organs. We envisage that this review will facilitate a paradigm shift, enabling translation of findings under physiological conditions in vitro to disease pathology and the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
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38
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Prevarskaya N, Skryma R, Shuba Y. Ion Channels in Cancer: Are Cancer Hallmarks Oncochannelopathies? Physiol Rev 2018; 98:559-621. [PMID: 29412049 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a primary cause and fundamental feature of human cancer. However, all cancer cell genotypes generally translate into several common pathophysiological features, often referred to as cancer hallmarks. Although nowadays the catalog of cancer hallmarks is quite broad, the most common and obvious of them are 1) uncontrolled proliferation, 2) resistance to programmed cell death (apoptosis), 3) tissue invasion and metastasis, and 4) sustained angiogenesis. Among the genes affected by cancer, those encoding ion channels are present. Membrane proteins responsible for signaling within cell and among cells, for coupling of extracellular events with intracellular responses, and for maintaining intracellular ionic homeostasis ion channels contribute to various extents to pathophysiological features of each cancer hallmark. Moreover, tight association of these hallmarks with ion channel dysfunction gives a good reason to classify them as special type of channelopathies, namely oncochannelopathies. Although the relation of cancer hallmarks to ion channel dysfunction differs from classical definition of channelopathies, as disease states causally linked with inherited mutations of ion channel genes that alter channel's biophysical properties, in a broader context of the disease state, to which pathogenesis ion channels essentially contribute, such classification seems absolutely appropriate. In this review the authors provide arguments to substantiate such point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Prevarskaya
- INSERM U-1003, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer et LABEX, Université Lille1 , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France ; Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, NASU, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
| | - Roman Skryma
- INSERM U-1003, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer et LABEX, Université Lille1 , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France ; Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, NASU, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav Shuba
- INSERM U-1003, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer et LABEX, Université Lille1 , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France ; Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, NASU, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
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39
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Maia LB, Moura JJG. Putting xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase on the NO metabolism map: Nitrite reduction by molybdoenzymes. Redox Biol 2018; 19:274-289. [PMID: 30196191 PMCID: PMC6129670 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide radical (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in several physiological and pathological processes and a new nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway has emerged as a physiological alternative to the "classic" pathway of NO formation from L-arginine. Since the late 1990s, it has become clear that nitrite can be reduced back to NO under hypoxic/anoxic conditions and exert a significant cytoprotective action in vivo under challenging conditions. To reduce nitrite to NO, mammalian cells can use different metalloproteins that are present in cells to perform other functions, including several heme proteins and molybdoenzymes, comprising what we denominated as the "non-dedicated nitrite reductases". Herein, we will review the current knowledge on two of those "non-dedicated nitrite reductases", the molybdoenzymes xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase, discussing the in vitro and in vivo studies to provide the current picture of the role of these enzymes on the NO metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - José J G Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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40
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Duffy S, Avery VM. Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro Culture - The Highs and Lows. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:812-813. [PMID: 30126703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Duffy
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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Valzania L, Martinson VG, Harrison RE, Boyd BM, Coon KL, Brown MR, Strand MR. Both living bacteria and eukaryotes in the mosquito gut promote growth of larvae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006638. [PMID: 29979680 PMCID: PMC6057668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that larval stage Aedes aegypti and several other species of mosquitoes grow when living bacteria are present in the gut but do not grow when living bacteria are absent. We further reported that living bacteria induce a hypoxia signal in the gut, which activates hypoxia-induced transcription factors and other processes larvae require for growth. In this study we assessed whether other types of organisms induce mosquito larvae to grow and asked if the density of non-living microbes or diet larvae are fed obviate the requirement for living organisms prior results indicated are required for growth. Using culture conditions identical to our own prior studies, we determined that inoculation density of living Escherichia coli positively affected growth rates of Ae. aegypti larvae, whereas non-living E. coli had no effect on growth across the same range of inoculation densities. A living yeast, alga, and insect cell line induced axenic Ae. aegypti first instars to grow, and stimulated similar levels of midgut hypoxia, HIF-α stabilization, and neutral lipid accumulation in the fat body as E. coli. However, the same organisms had no effect on larval growth if heat-killed. In addition, no axenic larvae molted when fed two other diets, when fed diets supplemented with heat-killed microbes or lysed and heat-killed microbes. Experiments conducted with An. gambiae yielded similar findings. Taken together, our results indicate that organisms from different prokaryotic and eukaryotic groups induce mosquito larvae to grow, whereas no conditions were identified that stimulated larvae to grow in the absence of living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valzania
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Vincent G. Martinson
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Ruby E. Harrison
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Bret M. Boyd
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Kerri L. Coon
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Brown
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Strand
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Valzania L, Coon KL, Vogel KJ, Brown MR, Strand MR. Hypoxia-induced transcription factor signaling is essential for larval growth of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:457-465. [PMID: 29298915 PMCID: PMC5777003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719063115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes positively affect the physiology of many animals, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits remain poorly understood. We recently reported that bacteria-induced gut hypoxia functions as a signal for growth and molting of the mosquito Aedes aegypti In this study, we tested the hypothesis that transduction of a gut hypoxia signal requires hypoxia-induced transcription factors (HIFs). Expression studies showed that HIF-α was stabilized in larvae containing bacteria that induce gut hypoxia but was destabilized in larvae that exhibit normoxia. However, we could rescue growth of larvae exhibiting gut normoxia by treating them with a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, FG-4592, that stabilized HIF-α, and inhibit growth of larvae exhibiting gut hypoxia by treating them with an inhibitor, PX-478, that destabilized HIF-α. Using these tools, we determined that HIF signaling activated the insulin/insulin growth factor pathway plus select mitogen-activated kinases and inhibited the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway. HIF signaling was also required for growth of the larval midgut and storage of neutral lipids by the fat body. Altogether, our results indicate that gut hypoxia and HIF signaling activate multiple processes in A. aegypti larvae, with conserved functions in growth and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valzania
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Kerri L Coon
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Kevin J Vogel
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Mark R Brown
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Prieto-Lloret J, Snetkov VA, Shaifta Y, Docio I, Connolly MJ, MacKay CE, Knock GA, Ward JPT, Aaronson PI. Role of reactive oxygen species and sulfide-quinone oxoreductase in hydrogen sulfide-induced contraction of rat pulmonary arteries. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L670-L685. [PMID: 29351439 PMCID: PMC5966778 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of H2S ("sulfide") elicits a complex contraction in rat pulmonary arteries (PAs) comprising a small transient contraction (phase 1; Ph1) followed by relaxation and then a second, larger, and more sustained contraction (phase 2; Ph2). We investigated the mechanisms causing this response using isometric myography in rat second-order PAs, with Na2S as a sulfide donor. Both phases of contraction to 1,000 μM Na2S were attenuated by the pan-PKC inhibitor Gö6983 (3 μM) and by 50 μM ryanodine; the Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine (1 μM) was without effect. Ph2 was attenuated by the mitochondrial complex III blocker myxothiazol (1 μM), the NADPH oxidase (NOX) blocker VAS2870 (10 μM), and the antioxidant TEMPOL (3 mM) but was unaffected by the complex I blocker rotenone (1 μM). The bath sulfide concentration, measured using an amperometric sensor, decreased rapidly following Na2S application, and the peak of Ph2 occurred when this had fallen to ~50 μM. Sulfide caused a transient increase in NAD(P)H autofluorescence, the offset of which coincided with development of the Ph2 contraction. Sulfide also caused a brief mitochondrial hyperpolarization (assessed using tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester), followed immediately by depolarization and then a second more prolonged hyperpolarization, the onset of which was temporally correlated with the Ph2 contraction. Sulfide application to cultured PA smooth muscle cells increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (recorded using L012); this was absent when the mitochondrial flavoprotein sulfide-quinone oxoreductase (SQR) was knocked down using small interfering RNA. We propose that the Ph2 contraction is largely caused by SQR-mediated sulfide metabolism, which, by donating electrons to ubiquinone, increases electron production by complex III and thereby ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Prieto-Lloret
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir A Snetkov
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Yasin Shaifta
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Inmaculada Docio
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Michelle J Connolly
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Charles E MacKay
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Greg A Knock
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P T Ward
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Philip I Aaronson
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
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Keeley TP, Siow RCM, Jacob R, Mann GE. Reduced SERCA activity underlies dysregulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis under atmospheric O 2 levels. FASEB J 2017; 32:2531-2538. [PMID: 29273673 PMCID: PMC5901376 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700685rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unregulated increases in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis are a hallmark of pathophysiological conditions and a key trigger of cell death. Endothelial cells cultured under physiologic O2 conditions (5% O2) exhibit a reduced cytosolic Ca2+ response to stimulation. The mechanism for reduced plateau [Ca2+]i upon stimulation was due to increased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)-mediated reuptake rather than changes in Ca2+ influx capacity. Agonist-stimulated phosphorylation of the SERCA regulatory protein phospholamban was increased in cells cultured under 5% O2. Elevation of cytosolic and mitochondrial [Ca2+] and cell death after prolonged ionomycin treatment, as a model of Ca2+ overload, were lower when cells were cultured long-term under 5% compared with 18% O2. This protection was abolished by cotreatment with the SERCA inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid. Taken together, these results demonstrate that culturing cells under hyperoxic conditions reduces their ability to efficiently regulate [Ca2+]i, resulting in greater sensitivity to cytotoxic stimuli.-Keeley, T. P., Siow, R. C. M., Jacob, R., Mann, G. E. Reduced SERCA activity underlies dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis under atmospheric O2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C M Siow
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ron Jacob
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The liberalization of donor selection criteria in organ transplantation, with the increased use of suboptimal grafts, has stimulated interest in ischemia-reperfusion injury prevention and graft reconditioning. Organ preservation technologies are changing considerably, mostly through the reintroduction of dynamic machine preservation. Here, we review the current evidence on the role of temperature and oxygenation during dynamic machine preservation. RECENT FINDINGS A large but complex body of evidence exists and comparative studies are few. Oxygenation seems to support an advantageous effect in hypothermic machine preservation and is mandatory in normothermic machine preservation, although in the latter, supraphysiological oxygen tensions should be avoided. High-risk grafts, such as suboptimal organs, may optimally benefit from oxygenated perfusion conditions that support metabolism and activate mechanisms of repair such as subnormothermic machine preservation, controlled oxygenated rewarming, and normothermic machine preservation. For lower risk grafts, oxygenation during hypothermic machine preservation may sufficiently reduce injuries and recharge the cellular energy to secure functional recovery after transplantation. SUMMARY The relationship between temperature and oxygenation in organ preservation is more complex than physiological laws would suggest. Rather than one default perfusion temperature/oxygenation standard, perfusion protocols should be tailored for specific needs of grafts of different quality.
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46
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Schaefer B, Moriishi K, Behrends S. Insights into the mechanism of isoenzyme-specific signal peptide peptidase-mediated translocation of heme oxygenase. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188344. [PMID: 29155886 PMCID: PMC5695791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that signal peptide peptidase (SPP) can catalyze the intramembrane cleavage of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) that leads to translocation of HO-1 into the cytosol and nucleus. While there is consensus that translocated HO-1 promotes tumor progression and drug resistance, the physiological signals leading to SPP-mediated intramembrane cleavage of HO-1 and the specificity of the process remain unclear. In this study, we used co-immunoprecipitation and confocal laser scanning microscopy to investigate the translocation mechanism of HO-1 and its regulation by SPP. We show that HO-1 and the closely related HO-2 isoenzyme bind to SPP under normoxic conditions. Under hypoxic conditions SPP mediates intramembrane cleavage of HO-1, but not HO-2. In experiments with an inactive HO-1 mutant (H25A) we show that translocation is independent of the catalytic activity of HO-1. Studies with HO-1 / HO-2 chimeras indicate that the membrane anchor, the PEST-domain and the nuclear shuttle sequence of HO-1 are necessary for full cleavage and subsequent translocation under hypoxic conditions. In the presence of co-expressed exogenous SPP, the anchor and the PEST-domain are sufficient for translocation. Taken together, we identified the domains involved in HO-1 translocation and showed that SPP-mediated cleavage is isoform-specific and independent of HO-activity. A closer understanding of the translocation mechanism of HO-1 is of particular importance because nuclear HO-1 seems to lead to tumor progression and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Braunschweig—Institute of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Yamanashi University, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Soenke Behrends
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Braunschweig—Institute of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
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Guo Z, Sevrioukova IF, Denisov IG, Zhang X, Chiu TL, Thomas DG, Hanse EA, Cuellar RAD, Grinkova YV, Langenfeld VW, Swedien DS, Stamschror JD, Alvarez J, Luna F, Galván A, Bae YK, Wulfkuhle JD, Gallagher RI, Petricoin EF, Norris B, Flory CM, Schumacher RJ, O'Sullivan MG, Cao Q, Chu H, Lipscomb JD, Atkins WM, Gupta K, Kelekar A, Blair IA, Capdevila JH, Falck JR, Sligar SG, Poulos TL, Georg GI, Ambrose E, Potter DA. Heme Binding Biguanides Target Cytochrome P450-Dependent Cancer Cell Mitochondria. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1259-1275.e6. [PMID: 28919040 PMCID: PMC5650512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which cancer cell-intrinsic CYP monooxygenases promote tumor progression are largely unknown. CYP3A4 was unexpectedly associated with breast cancer mitochondria and synthesized arachidonic acid (AA)-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which promoted the electron transport chain/respiration and inhibited AMPKα. CYP3A4 knockdown activated AMPKα, promoted autophagy, and prevented mammary tumor formation. The diabetes drug metformin inhibited CYP3A4-mediated EET biosynthesis and depleted cancer cell-intrinsic EETs. Metformin bound to the active-site heme of CYP3A4 in a co-crystal structure, establishing CYP3A4 as a biguanide target. Structure-based design led to discovery of N1-hexyl-N5-benzyl-biguanide (HBB), which bound to the CYP3A4 heme with higher affinity than metformin. HBB potently and specifically inhibited CYP3A4 AA epoxygenase activity. HBB also inhibited growth of established ER+ mammary tumors and suppressed intratumoral mTOR. CYP3A4 AA epoxygenase inhibition by biguanides thus demonstrates convergence between eicosanoid activity in mitochondria and biguanide action in cancer, opening a new avenue for cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Guo
- Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Division and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ting-Lan Chiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dafydd G Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MN, USA
| | - Eric A Hanse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca A D Cuellar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yelena V Grinkova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Vanessa Wankhede Langenfeld
- Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Division and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel S Swedien
- Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Division and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Justin D Stamschror
- Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Division and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Juan Alvarez
- Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Division and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Fernando Luna
- Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Division and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica en Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Adela Galván
- Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Division and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica en Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Julia D Wulfkuhle
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Rosa I Gallagher
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Beverly Norris
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Craig M Flory
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Qing Cao
- Division of Biostatistics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Haitao Chu
- Division of Biostatistics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John D Lipscomb
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kalpna Gupta
- Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Division and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ameeta Kelekar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Pharmacology and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jorge H Capdevila
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John R Falck
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ambrose
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David A Potter
- Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation Division and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Kemp PJ, Rushton DJ, Yarova PL, Schnell C, Geater C, Hancock JM, Wieland A, Hughes A, Badder L, Cope E, Riccardi D, Randall AD, Brown JT, Allen ND, Telezhkin V. Improving and accelerating the differentiation and functional maturation of human stem cell-derived neurons: role of extracellular calcium and GABA. J Physiol 2017; 594:6583-6594. [PMID: 27616476 DOI: 10.1113/jp270655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons differentiated from pluripotent stem cells using established neural culture conditions often exhibit functional deficits. Recently, we have developed enhanced media which both synchronize the neurogenesis of pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors and accelerate their functional maturation; together these media are termed SynaptoJuice. This pair of media are pro-synaptogenic and generate authentic, mature synaptic networks of connected forebrain neurons from a variety of induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cell lines. Such enhanced rate and extent of synchronized maturation of pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells generates neurons which are characterized by a relatively hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, higher spontaneous and induced action potential activity, enhanced synaptic activity, more complete development of a mature inhibitory GABAA receptor phenotype and faster production of electrical network activity when compared to standard differentiation media. This entire process - from pre-patterned neural progenitor to active neuron - takes 3 weeks or less, making it an ideal platform for drug discovery and disease modelling in the fields of human neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kemp
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David J Rushton
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Charlene Geater
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jane M Hancock
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | | | - Alis Hughes
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luned Badder
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma Cope
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Andrew D Randall
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jonathan T Brown
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
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Hori Y, Shimizu Y, Aiba T. Altered hepatic drug-metabolizing activity in rats suffering from hypoxemia with experimentally induced acute lung impairment. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:576-583. [PMID: 28665167 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1349969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Hepatic drug-metabolizing activity was investigated in vitro with liver microsomes prepared from rats suffering from hypoxemia with experimentally induced acute lung impairment (ALI). 2. Male Wistar rats received an intrabronchial administration of dilute hydrochloride solution for ALI induction. Pooled liver microsomes were prepared for the normal and ALI rats, and the hepatic drug metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3 A was examined in an incubation study with the microsomes. 3. The NADPH-dependent metabolism of midazolam significantly increases in ALI rats as compared with that in normal rats. Testosterone 6β-hydroxylation was also observed to significantly increase in ALI rats. 4. When the hepatic expression of CYP3A proteins was examined, the protein expression of CYP3A1 was shown to significantly increase and that of CYP3A2 remained unaltered in ALI rats. The hepatic expression of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (POR), a protein mediating electron transfer in CYP-mediated drug metabolism, was also revealed to significantly increases in ALI rats. 5. With the findings regarding the midazolam elimination, the hepatic drug-metabolizing activity seems to increase in response to acute hypoxemia, partly due to an altered expression of the CYP3A enzymes, and an augmented electron transfer with an increased POR expression is probably involved in the increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hori
- a Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yasumasa Shimizu
- a Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Aiba
- a Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
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50
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The Role of Angiogenesis in Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines 2017. [PMID: 28635679 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020034]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of anti-angiogenesis drugs have been FDA-approved and are being used in cancer treatment, and a number of other agents are in different stages of clinical development or in preclinical evaluation. However, pharmacologic anti-angiogenesis strategies that arrest tumor progression might not be enough to eradicate tumors. Decreased anti-angiogenesis activity in single mechanism-based anti-angiogenic strategies is due to the redundancy, multiplicity, and development of compensatory mechanism by which blood vessels are remodeled. Improving anti-angiogenesis drug efficacy will require identification of broad-spectrum anti-angiogenesis targets. These strategies may have novel features, such as increased porosity, and are the result of complex interactions among endothelial cells, extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, pericyte, and smooth muscle cells. Thus, combinations of anti-angiogenic drugs and other anticancer strategies such as chemotherapy appear essential for optimal outcome in cancer patients. This review will focus on the role of anti-angiogenesis strategies in cancer treatment.
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