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Horonyova P, Durisova I, Cermakova P, Babelova L, Buckova B, Sofrankova L, Valachovic M, Hsu YHH, Balazova M. The subtherapeutic dose of valproic acid induces the activity of cardiolipin-dependent proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149501. [PMID: 39079622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A mood-stabilizing anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) is a drug with a pleiotropic effect on cells. Here, we describe the impact of VPA on the metabolic function of human HAP1 cells. We show that VPA altered the biosynthetic pathway of cardiolipin (CL) and affected the activities of mitochondrial enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase. We demonstrate that a therapeutic dose of VPA (0.6 mM) has a harmful effect on cell growth and increases the production of reactive oxygen species and superoxides. On the contrary, less concentrated VPA (0.06 mM) increased the activities of CL-dependent enzymes leading to an increased level of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. The effect of VPA was also tested on the Barth syndrome model, which is characterized by a reduced amount of CL and an increased level of monolyso-CL. In this model, VPA treatment slightly attenuated the mitochondrial defects by altering the activities of CL-dependent enzymes. However, the presence of CL was essential for the increase in ATP production by VPA. Our findings highlight the potential therapeutic role of VPA in normalizing mitochondrial function in BTHS and shed light on the intricate interplay between lipid metabolism and mitochondrial physiology in health and disease. SUMMARY: This study investigates the dose-dependent effect of valproate, a mood-stabilizing drug, on mitochondrial function. The therapeutic concentration reduced overall cellular metabolic activity, while a subtherapeutic concentration notably improved the function of cardiolipin-dependent proteins within mitochondria. These findings shed light on novel aspects of valproate's effect and suggest potential practical applications for its use. By elucidating the differential effects of valproate doses on mitochondrial activity, this research underscores the drug's multifaceted role in cellular metabolism and highlights avenues for further exploration in therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Horonyova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Durisova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Cermakova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Babelova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Buckova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Sofrankova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Valachovic
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Maria Balazova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Tamarindo GH, Ribeiro CF, Silva ADT, Castro A, Caruso ÍP, Souza FP, Taboga SR, Loda M, Góes RM. The polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic affects mitochondrial function in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Metab 2024; 12:24. [PMID: 39113152 PMCID: PMC11308158 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-024-00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) shows a rewired metabolism featuring increased fatty acid uptake and synthesis via de novo lipogenesis, both sharply related to mitochondrial physiology. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that exerts its antitumoral properties via different mechanisms, but its specific action on mitochondria in PCa is not clear. Therefore, we investigated whether the DHA modulates mitochondrial function in PCa cell lines. METHODS Here, we evaluated mitochondrial function of non-malignant PNT1A and the castration-resistant (CRPC) prostate 22Rv1 and PC3 cell lines in response to DHA incubation. For this purpose, we used Seahorse extracellular flux assay to assess mitochondria function, [14C]-glucose to evaluate its oxidation as well as its contribution to fatty acid synthesis, 1H-NMR for metabolite profile determination, MitoSOX for superoxide anion production, JC-1 for mitochondrial membrane polarization, mass spectrometry for determination of phosphatidylglycerol levels and composition, staining with MitoTracker dye to assess mitochondrial morphology under super-resolution in addition to Transmission Electron Microscopy, In-Cell ELISA for COX-I and SDH-A protein expression and flow cytometry (Annexin V and 7-AAD) for cell death estimation. RESULTS In all cell lines DHA decreased basal respiratory activity, ATP production, and the spare capacity in mitochondria. Also, the omega-3 induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization, ROS overproduction and changes in membrane phosphatidylglycerol composition. In PNT1A, DHA led to mitochondrial fragmentation and it increased glycolysis while in cancer cells it stimulated glucose oxidation, but decreased de novo lipogenesis specifically in 22Rv1, indicating a metabolic shift. In all cell lines, DHA modulated several metabolites related to energy metabolism and it was incorporated in phosphatidylglycerol, a precursor of cardiolipin, increasing the unsaturation index in the mitochondrial membrane. Accordingly, DHA triggered cell death mainly in PNT1A and 22Rv1. CONCLUSION In conclusion, mitochondrial metabolism is significantly affected by the PUFA supplementation to the point that cells are not able to proliferate or survive under DHA-enriched condition. Moreover, combination of DHA supplementation with inhibition of metabolism-related pathways, such as de novo lipogenesis, may be synergistic in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Henrique Tamarindo
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alana Della Torre Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, IBILCE - UNESP. Rua Cristovão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Alex Castro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Putinhon Caruso
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Science, São Paulo State University, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and National Center for Structure Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Macromolecules, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fátima Pereira Souza
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Science, São Paulo State University, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, IBILCE - UNESP. Rua Cristovão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Biological Sciences, IBILCE - UNESP. Rua Cristovão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil.
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Pietsch E, Ramaprasad A, Bielfeld S, Wohlfarter Y, Maco B, Niedermüller K, Wilcke L, Kloehn J, Keller MA, Soldati-Favre D, Blackman MJ, Gilberger TW, Burda PC. A patatin-like phospholipase is important for mitochondrial function in malaria parasites. mBio 2023; 14:e0171823. [PMID: 37882543 PMCID: PMC10746288 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01718-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE For their proliferation within red blood cells, malaria parasites depend on a functional electron transport chain (ETC) within their mitochondrion, which is the target of several antimalarial drugs. Here, we have used gene disruption to identify a patatin-like phospholipase, PfPNPLA2, as important for parasite replication and mitochondrial function in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasites lacking PfPNPLA2 show defects in their ETC and become hypersensitive to mitochondrion-targeting drugs. Furthermore, PfPNPLA2-deficient parasites show differences in the composition of their cardiolipins, a unique class of phospholipids with key roles in mitochondrial functions. Finally, we demonstrate that parasites devoid of PfPNPLA2 have a defect in gametocyte maturation, underlining the importance of a functional ETC for parasite transmission to the mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pietsch
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abhinay Ramaprasad
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Bielfeld
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Wohlfarter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bohumil Maco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Korbinian Niedermüller
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Louisa Wilcke
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Markus A. Keller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael J. Blackman
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim-Wolf Gilberger
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul-Christian Burda
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Sun H, Zhang J, Ye Q, Jiang T, Liu X, Zhang X, Zeng F, Li J, Zheng Y, Han X, Su C, Shi Y. LPGAT1 controls MEGDEL syndrome by coupling phosphatidylglycerol remodeling with mitochondrial transport. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113214. [PMID: 37917582 PMCID: PMC10729602 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a mitochondrial phospholipid required for mitochondrial cristae structure and cardiolipin synthesis. PG must be remodeled to its mature form at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after mitochondrial biosynthesis to achieve its biological functions. Defective PG remodeling causes MEGDEL (non-alcohol fatty liver disease and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like) syndrome through poorly defined mechanisms. Here, we identify LPGAT1, an acyltransferase that catalyzes PG remodeling, as a candidate gene for MEGDEL syndrome. We show that PG remodeling by LPGAT1 at the ER is closely coordinated with mitochondrial transport through interaction with the prohibitin/TIMM14 mitochondrial import motor. Accordingly, ablation of LPGAT1 or TIMM14 not only causes aberrant fatty acyl compositions but also ER retention of newly remodeled PG, leading to profound loss in mitochondrial crista structure and respiration. Consequently, genetic deletion of the LPGAT1 in mice leads to cardinal features of MEGDEL syndrome, including 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, deafness, dilated cardiomyopathy, and premature death, which are highly reminiscent of those caused by TIMM14 mutations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Qianqian Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, China; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, China
| | - Xueling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, China
| | - Fanyu Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, China; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, China
| | - Xianlin Han
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Chuan Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211166, China
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Mitochondrial Complex I Disruption Causes Broad Reorchestration of Plant Lipidome Including Chloroplast Lipids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010453. [PMID: 36613895 PMCID: PMC9820630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (CI) plays a crucial role in oxidising NADH generated by the metabolism (including photorespiration) and thereby participates in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain feeding oxidative phosphorylation that generates ATP. However, CI mutations are not lethal in plants and cause moderate phenotypes, and therefore CI mutants are instrumental to examine consequences of mitochondrial homeostasis disturbance on plant cell metabolisms and signalling. To date, the consequences of CI disruption on the lipidome have not been examined. Yet, in principle, mitochondrial dysfunction should impact on lipid synthesis through chloroplasts (via changes in photorespiration, redox homeostasis, and N metabolism) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (via perturbed mitochondrion-ER crosstalk). Here, we took advantage of lipidomics technology (by LC-MS), phospholipid quantitation by 31P-NMR, and total lipid quantitation to assess the impact of CI disruption on leaf, pollen, and seed lipids using three well-characterised CI mutants: CMSII in N. sylvestris and both ndufs4 and ndufs8 in Arabidopsis. Our results show multiple changes in cellular lipids, including galactolipids (chloroplastic), sphingolipids, and ceramides (synthesised by ER), suggesting that mitochondrial homeostasis is essential for the regulation of whole cellular lipidome via specific signalling pathways. In particular, the observed modifications in phospholipid and sphingolipid/ceramide molecular species suggest that CI activity controls phosphatidic acid-mediated signalling.
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Balazova M, Vesela P, Babelova L, Durisova I, Kanovicova P, Zahumensky J, Malinsky J. Two Different Phospholipases C, Isc1 and Pgc1, Cooperate To Regulate Mitochondrial Function. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0248922. [PMID: 36377885 PMCID: PMC9769635 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02489-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of Isc1, the yeast homologue of mammalian neutral sphingomyelinase type 2, leads to severe mitochondrial dysfunction. We show that the deletion of another type C phospholipase, the phosphatidylglycerol (PG)-specific phospholipase Pgc1, rescues this defect. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels and cytochrome c oxidase activity, which were reduced in isc1Δ cells, were restored to wild-type levels in the pgc1Δ isc1Δ mutant. The Pgc1 substrate PG inhibited the in vitro activities of Isc1 and the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase Psd1, an enzyme crucial for PE biosynthesis. We also identify a mechanism by which the balance between the current demand for PG and its consumption is controlled. We document that the product of PG hydrolysis, diacylglycerol, competes with the substrate of PG-phosphate synthase, Pgs1, and thereby inhibits the biosynthesis of excess PG. This feedback loop does not work in the absence of Pgc1, which catalyzes PG degradation. Finally, Pgc1 activity is partially inhibited by products of Isc1-mediated hydrolysis. The described functional interconnection of the two phospholipases contributes significantly to lipid homeostasis throughout the cellular architecture. IMPORTANCE In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are constantly adapting to changes in the biological activity of the cell, i.e., changes in nutrient availability and environmental stresses. We propose a model in which this adaptation is mediated by lipids. Specifically, we show that mitochondrial phospholipids regulate the biosynthesis of cellular sphingolipids and vice versa. To do this, lipids move by free diffusion, which does not require energy and works under any condition. This model represents a simple way for the cell to coordinate mitochondrial structure and performance with the actual needs of overall cellular metabolism. Its simplicity makes it a universally applicable principle of cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balazova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Vesela
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Babelova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Durisova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paulina Kanovicova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Zahumensky
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malinsky
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Gowda SGB, Gowda D, Hou F, Chiba H, Parcha V, Arora P, Halade GV, Hui SP. Temporal lipid profiling in the progression from acute to chronic heart failure in mice and ischemic human hearts. Atherosclerosis 2022; 363:30-41. [PMID: 36455306 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of heart failure (HF). After MI, lipids undergo several phasic changes implicated in cardiac repair if inflammation resolves on time. However, if inflammation continues, that leads to end stage HF progression and development. Numerous studies have analyzed the traditional risk factors; however, temporal lipidomics data for human and animal models are limited. Thus, we aimed to obtain sequential lipid profiling from acute to chronic HF. METHODS Here, we report the comprehensive lipidome of the hearts from diseased and healthy subjects. To induce heart failure in mice, we used a non-reperfused model of coronary ligation, and MI was confirmed by echocardiography and histology, then temporal kinetics of lipids in different tissues (heart, spleen, kidney), and plasma was quantitated from heart failure mice and compared with naïve controls. For lipid analysis in mouse and human samples, untargeted liquid chromatography-linear trap quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) was performed. RESULTS In humans, multivariate analysis revealed distinct cardiac lipid profiles between healthy and ischemic subjects, with 16 lipid species significantly downregulated by 5-fold, mainly phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), in the ischemic heart. In contrast, PE levels were markedly increased in mouse tissues and plasma in chronic MI, indicating possible cardiac remodeling. Further, fold change analysis revealed site-specific lipid biomarkers for acute and chronic HF. A significant decrease in sulfatides (SHexCer (34:1; 2O)) and sphingomyelins (SM (d18:1/16:0)) was observed in mouse tissues and plasma in chronic HF. CONCLUSIONS Overall, a significant decreased lipidome in human ischemic LV and differential lipid metabolites in the transition of acute to chronic HF with inter-organ communication could provide novel insights into targeting integrative pathways for the early diagnosis or development of novel therapeutics to delay/prevent HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddabasave Gowda B Gowda
- Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan; Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fengjue Hou
- Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi-4-3-1-15, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, 007-0894, Japan
| | - Vibhu Parcha
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
| | - Pankaj Arora
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of South Florida, 560 Channelside Dr, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA.
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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Káňovičová P, Čermáková P, Kubalová D, Bábelová L, Veselá P, Valachovič M, Zahumenský J, Horváth A, Malínský J, Balážová M. Blocking phosphatidylglycerol degradation in yeast defective in cardiolipin remodeling results in a new model of the Barth syndrome cellular phenotype. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101462. [PMID: 34864056 PMCID: PMC8728584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an inherited mitochondrial disorder characterized by a decrease in total cardiolipin and the accumulation of its precursor monolysocardiolipin due to the loss of the transacylase enzyme tafazzin. However, the molecular basis of BTHS pathology is still not well understood. Here we characterize the double mutant pgc1Δtaz1Δ of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in phosphatidylglycerol-specific phospholipase C and tafazzin as a new yeast model of BTHS. Unlike the taz1Δ mutant used to date, this model accumulates phosphatidylglycerol, thus better approximating the human BTHS cells. We demonstrate that increased phosphatidylglycerol in this strain leads to more pronounced mitochondrial respiratory defects and an increased incidence of aberrant mitochondria compared to the single taz1Δ mutant. We also show that the mitochondria of the pgc1Δtaz1Δ mutant exhibit a reduced rate of respiration due to decreased cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase activities. Finally, we determined that the mood-stabilizing anticonvulsant valproic acid has a positive effect on both lipid composition and mitochondrial function in these yeast BTHS models. Overall, our results show that the pgc1Δtaz1Δ mutant better mimics the cellular phenotype of BTHS patients than taz1Δ cells, both in terms of lipid composition and the degree of disruption of mitochondrial structure and function. This favors the new model for use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulína Káňovičová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Čermáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Kubalová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bábelová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Veselá
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valachovič
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Zahumenský
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anton Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Malínský
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Mária Balážová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Mitochondrial Phospholipid Homeostasis Is Regulated by the i-AAA Protease PaIAP and Affects Organismic Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102775. [PMID: 34685755 PMCID: PMC8534651 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are ubiquitous organelles of eukaryotic organisms with a number of essential functions, including synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters, amino acids, lipids, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During aging of the fungal aging model Podospora anserina, the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) undergoes prominent morphological alterations, ultimately resulting in functional impairments. Since phospholipids (PLs) are key components of biological membranes, maintenance of membrane plasticity and integrity via regulation of PL biosynthesis is indispensable. Here, we report results from a lipidomic analysis of isolated mitochondria from P. anserina that revealed an age-related reorganization of the mitochondrial PL profile and the involvement of the i-AAA protease PaIAP in proteolytic regulation of PL metabolism. The absence of PaIAP enhances biosynthesis of characteristic mitochondrial PLs, leads to significant alterations in the acyl composition of the mitochondrial signature PL cardiolipin (CL), and induces mitophagy. These alterations presumably cause the lifespan increase of the PaIap deletion mutant under standard growth conditions. However, PaIAP is required at elevated temperatures and for degradation of superfluous CL synthase PaCRD1 during glycolytic growth. Overall, our study uncovers a prominent role of PaIAP in the regulation of PL homeostasis in order to adapt membrane plasticity to fluctuating environmental conditions as they occur in nature.
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10
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Mahajan M, Bharambe N, Shang Y, Lu B, Mandal A, Madan Mohan P, Wang R, Boatz JC, Manuel Martinez Galvez J, Shnyrova AV, Qi X, Buck M, van der Wel PCA, Ramachandran R. NMR identification of a conserved Drp1 cardiolipin-binding motif essential for stress-induced mitochondrial fission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023079118. [PMID: 34261790 PMCID: PMC8307854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023079118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria form tubular networks that undergo coordinated cycles of fission and fusion. Emerging evidence suggests that a direct yet unresolved interaction of the mechanoenzymatic GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) with mitochondrial outer membrane-localized cardiolipin (CL), externalized under stress conditions including mitophagy, catalyzes essential mitochondrial hyperfragmentation. Here, using a comprehensive set of structural, biophysical, and cell biological tools, we have uncovered a CL-binding motif (CBM) conserved between the Drp1 variable domain (VD) and the unrelated ADP/ATP carrier (AAC/ANT) that intercalates into the membrane core to effect specific CL interactions. CBM mutations that weaken VD-CL interactions manifestly impair Drp1-dependent fission under stress conditions and induce "donut" mitochondria formation. Importantly, VD membrane insertion and GTP-dependent conformational rearrangements mediate only transient CL nonbilayer topological forays and high local membrane constriction, indicating that Drp1-CL interactions alone are insufficient for fission. Our studies establish the structural and mechanistic bases of Drp1-CL interactions in stress-induced mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Mahajan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Nikhil Bharambe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Yutong Shang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Pooja Madan Mohan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Rihua Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Jennifer C Boatz
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Juan Manuel Martinez Galvez
- Instituto Biofisika and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Anna V Shnyrova
- Instituto Biofisika and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106;
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Zhen H, Teng Q, Mosley JD, Collette TW, Yue Y, Bradley PM, Ekman DR. Untargeted Lipidomics for Determining Cellular and Subcellular Responses in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Liver Cells Following Exposure to Complex Mixtures in U.S. Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8180-8190. [PMID: 34096267 PMCID: PMC8453666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters often contain a variety of chemical contaminants potentially capable of producing adverse outcomes in both humans and wildlife due to impacts from industrial, urban, and agricultural activity. Here, we report the results of a zebrafish liver (ZFL) cell-based lipidomics approach to assess the potential ecotoxicological effects of complex contaminant mixtures using water collected from eight impacted streams across the United States mainland and Puerto Rico. We initially characterized the ZFL lipidome using high resolution mass spectrometry, resulting in the annotation of 508 lipid species covering 27 classes. We then identified lipid changes induced by all streamwater samples (nonspecific stress indicators) as well as those unique to water samples taken from specific streams. Subcellular impacts were classified based on organelle-specific lipid changes, including increased lipid saturation (endoplasmic reticulum stress), elevated bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (lysosomal overload), decreased ubiquinone (mitochondrial dysfunction), and elevated ether lipids (peroxisomal stress). Finally, we demonstrate how these results can uniquely inform environmental monitoring and risk assessments of surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Quincy Teng
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Jonathan D Mosley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Timothy W Collette
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Yang Yue
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - Drew R Ekman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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12
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Li M, Sun W, Tyurin VA, DeLucia M, Ahn J, Kagan VE, van der Wel PCA. Activation of Cytochrome C Peroxidase Function Through Coordinated Foldon Loop Dynamics upon Interaction with Anionic Lipids. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167057. [PMID: 34033821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondrial anionic lipid that plays important roles in the regulation and signaling of mitochondrial apoptosis. CL peroxidation catalyzed by the assembly of CL-cytochrome c (cyt c) complexes at the inner mitochondrial membrane is a critical checkpoint. The structural changes in the protein, associated with peroxidase activation by CL and different anionic lipids, are not known at a molecular level. To better understand these peripheral protein-lipid interactions, we compare how phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and CL lipids trigger cyt c peroxidase activation, and correlate functional differences to structural and motional changes in membrane-associated cyt c. Structural and motional studies of the bound protein are enabled by magic angle spinning solid state NMR spectroscopy, while lipid peroxidase activity is assayed by mass spectrometry. PG binding results in a surface-bound state that preserves a nativelike fold, which nonetheless allows for significant peroxidase activity, though at a lower level than binding its native substrate CL. Lipid-specific differences in peroxidase activation are found to correlate to corresponding differences in lipid-induced protein mobility, affecting specific protein segments. The dynamics of omega loops C and D are upregulated by CL binding, in a way that is remarkably controlled by the protein:lipid stoichiometry. In contrast to complete chemical denaturation, membrane-induced protein destabilization reflects a destabilization of select cyt c foldons, while the energetically most stable helices are preserved. Our studies illuminate the interplay of protein and lipid dynamics in the creation of lipid peroxidase-active proteolipid complexes implicated in early stages of mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wanyang Sun
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Maria DeLucia
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jinwoo Ahn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov, Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russian Federation
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Biophysical and Lipidomic Biomarkers of Cardiac Remodeling Post-Myocardial Infarction in Humans. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111471. [PMID: 33105904 PMCID: PMC7690619 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have analyzed the potential of biophysical parameters as markers of cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction (MI), particularly in human hearts. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) illustrates the overall changes in proteins, nucleic acids and lipids in a single signature. The aim of this work was to define the FTIR and lipidomic pattern for human left ventricular remodeling post-MI. A total of nine explanted hearts from ischemic cardiomyopathy patients were collected. Samples from the right ventricle (RV), left ventricle (LV) and infarcted left ventricle (LV INF) were subjected to biophysical (FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) and lipidomic (liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, LC-HRMS) studies. FTIR evidenced deep alterations in the myofibers, extracellular matrix proteins, and the hydric response of the LV INF compared to the RV or LV from the same subject. The lipid and esterified lipid FTIR bands were enhanced in LV INF, and both lipid indicators were tightly and positively correlated with remodeling markers such as collagen, lactate, polysaccharides, and glycogen in these samples. Lipidomic analysis revealed an increase in several species of sphingomyelin (SM), hexosylceramide (HexCer), and cholesteryl esters combined with a decrease in glycerophospholipids in the infarcted tissue. Our results validate FTIR indicators and several species of lipids as useful markers of left ventricular remodeling post-MI in humans.
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Kubalová D, Káňovičová P, Veselá P, Awadová T, Džugasová V, Daum G, Malínský J, Balážová M. The lipid droplet protein Pgc1 controls the subcellular distribution of phosphatidylglycerol. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 19:5524364. [PMID: 31247640 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of yeast phosphatidylglycerol (PG) takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Outside mitochondria, the abundance of PG is low. Here, we present evidence that the subcellular distribution of PG is maintained by the locally controlled enzymatic activity of the PG-specific phospholipase, Pgc1. A fluorescently labeled Pgc1 protein accumulates on the surface of lipid droplets (LD). We show, however, that LD are not only dispensable for Pgc1-mediated PG degradation, but do not even host any phospholipase activity of Pgc1. Our in vitro assays document the capability of LD-accumulated Pgc1 to degrade PG upon entry to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and even of artificial phospholipid vesicles. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis confirms the continuous exchange of GFP-Pgc1 within the individual LD in situ, suggesting that a steady-state equilibrium exists between LD and membranes to regulate the immediate phospholipase activity of Pgc1. In this model, LD serve as a storage place and shelter Pgc1, preventing its untimely degradation, while both phospholipase activity and degradation of the enzyme occur in the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kubalová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paulína Káňovičová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Veselá
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thuraya Awadová
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Džugasová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Günther Daum
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Malínský
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Balážová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
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15
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Geltinger F, Tevini J, Briza P, Geiser A, Bischof J, Richter K, Felder T, Rinnerthaler M. The transfer of specific mitochondrial lipids and proteins to lipid droplets contributes to proteostasis upon stress and aging in the eukaryotic model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GeroScience 2019; 42:19-38. [PMID: 31676965 PMCID: PMC7031196 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally Lipid droplets (LDs) were considered as being droplets for lipid storage only. Increasing evidence, however, demonstrates that LDs fulfill a pleiotropy of additional functions. Among them is the modulation of protein as well as lipid homeostasis. Under unfavorable pro-oxidative conditions, proteins can form aggregates which may exceed the overall proteolytic capacity of the proteasome. After stress termination LDs can adjust and support the removal of these aggregates. Additionally, LDs interact with mitochondria, specifically take over certain proteins and thus prevent apoptosis. LDs, which are loaded with these harmful proteins, are subsequently eliminated via lipophagy. Recently it was demonstrated that this autophagic process is a modulator of longevity. LDs do not only eliminate potentially dangerous proteins, but they are also able to prevent lipotoxicity by storing specific lipids. In the present study we used the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae to compare the proteome as well as lipidome of mitochondria and LDs under different conditions: replicative aging, stress and apoptosis. In this context we found an accumulation of proteins at LDs, supporting the role of LDs in proteostasis. Additionally, the composition of main lipid classes such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylglycerols, triacylglycerols, ceramides, phosphatidic acids and ergosterol of LDs and mitochondria changed during stress conditions and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geltinger
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Tevini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Amrito Geiser
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Bischof
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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16
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Zhou H, Li Q, Wang T, Liang H, Wang Y, Duan Y, Song M, Wang Y, Jin H. Prognostic biomarkers of cervical squamous cell carcinoma identified via plasma metabolomics. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16192. [PMID: 31261558 PMCID: PMC6617423 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common female malignancy worldwide. The metabolic profile of plasma associated with the prognosis of cervical cancer remains poorly understood. In this cross-sectional study, plasma samples were collected from three groups of patients with CSCC, namely primary patients before treatment (BT group), patients with a poor prognosis (PP group, including patients with distant metastasis and local recurrence), and patients with a good prognosis within two years after the first treatment (GP group). The plasma metabolomics was conducted to detect the dynamic changes of metabolites via ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Multivariate analyses, including principle component, partial least square-discriminant, and orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analyses, were performed to compare each pair of the three groups. The differential metabolites were identified by comparison of the exact m/z values and mass spectrometry (MS)/MS spectra with the structural information of the metabolites obtained from the Human Metabolome Database (http://www.hmdb.ca/) and LIPID MAPS (http://www.lipidmaps.org/). To screen for potential markers, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the differential metabolites. Finally, thirty plasma samples were collected from each group. Multivariate analyses showed that 31 metabolites were significantly different among the 3 groups studied. Of those, the 5 metabolites phosphatidyl choline (15:0/16:0), phosphatidyl glycerol (12:0/13:0), actosylceramide (d18:1/16:0), D-Maltose, and phthalic acid, with an area under the curve above 0.75, were identified as potential biomarkers. The present findings provide evidence for biomarkers to monitor prognosis of patients with CSCC, which may help in better managing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhou
- Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Gynecological Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University
| | - Hong Liang
- Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University
| | - Yanan Wang
- Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University
| | - Yani Duan
- Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University
| | - Min Song
- Department of Gynecological Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yaoxian Wang
- Department of Gynecological Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Gynecological Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, P.R. China
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17
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Li Q, Tang F, Huo X, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang X. Native State Single-Cell Printing System and Analysis for Matrix Effects. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8115-8122. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinming Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Gaudioso A, Garcia-Rozas P, Casarejos MJ, Pastor O, Rodriguez-Navarro JA. Lipidomic Alterations in the Mitochondria of Aged Parkin Null Mice Relevant to Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:329. [PMID: 31068772 PMCID: PMC6491511 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control is important in neurological diseases, but in genetic Parkinson’s disease caused by mutations in PINK and parkin mitochondrial degradation through autophagy is crucial. Reductions in autophagy and mitophagy are implicated in aging, age related diseases and Parkinson. The parkin null mice (PK-KO) show only a subtle phenotype, apparent with age or with stressors. We have studied the changes in the lipidomic composition of the mitochondrial membranes isolated from the brains of young and old PK-KO mice and compared them to wild type in order to determine possible implications for Parkinson’s disease pathology. We observed an increase in the levels of phosphatidylethanolamine in the young PK-KO mice that is lost in the old and correlate to changes in the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. PK-KO old mice mitochondria showed lower phosphatidylglicerol and phosphatidylinositol levels and higher levels of some forms of hydroxylated ceramides. Regarding cardiolipins there were changes in the degree of saturation mainly with age. The lipidomic composition discriminates between the study groups using partial least square discriminant analysis. We discuss the relevance of the lipid changes for the autophagic activity, the mitophagy, the mitochondrial activity and the Parkinson’s disease pathology in absence of parkin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gaudioso
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, UCS-UCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Garcia-Rozas
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, UCS-UCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Casarejos
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Pastor
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, UCA-CCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Rodriguez-Navarro
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, UCS-UCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Rogov AG, Ovchenkova AP, Goleva TN, Kireev II, Zvyagilskaya RA. New yeast models for studying mitochondrial morphology as affected by oxidative stress and other factors. Anal Biochem 2018; 552:24-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Virčíková V, Pokorná L, Tahotná D, Džugasová V, Balážová M, Griač P. Schizosaccharomyces pombe cardiolipin synthase is part of a mitochondrial fusion protein regulated by intron retention. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1331-1344. [PMID: 29958934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique lipid component of mitochondria in all eukaryotes. It is important for the architecture of mitochondrial membranes and for mitochondrial dynamics. CL also creates a highly specific microenvironment of mitochondrial protein machineries. CL biosynthetic pathway is, however, only partially characterized in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here we show that CL synthase is an essential protein in S. pombe. It is encoded by the ORF SPAC22A12.08c as a C terminal part of a tandem fusion protein together with a mitochondrial hydrolase of unknown function. Expression of S. pombe CL synthase is able to complement deletion of the CRD1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and, vice versa, S. cerevisiae CRD1 gene complements deletion of S. pombe SPAC22A12.08c. The proper expression of CL synthase and its partner in the tandem protein, the mitochondrial hydrolase, is regulated at the level of alternate intron splicing. The first part of the SPAC22A12.08c fusion protein could be translated from both major SPAC22A12.08c derived mRNAs, with and without intron IV. Functional CL synthase, however, is produced only from the minor SPAC22A12.08c derived mRNA that has intron IV retained. Thus, intron retention is a novel mechanism for the differential expression of two proteins that evolved as a fusion protein and are under the control of the same promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Virčíková
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Pokorná
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Tahotná
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Džugasová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Balážová
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Griač
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Aufschnaiter A, Kohler V, Walter C, Tosal-Castano S, Habernig L, Wolinski H, Keller W, Vögtle FN, Büttner S. The Enzymatic Core of the Parkinson's Disease-Associated Protein LRRK2 Impairs Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Aging Yeast. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:205. [PMID: 29977190 PMCID: PMC6021522 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent trait of cellular decline during aging and intimately linked to neuronal degeneration during Parkinson's disease (PD). Various proteins associated with PD have been shown to differentially impact mitochondrial dynamics, quality control and function, including the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). Here, we demonstrate that high levels of the enzymatic core of human LRRK2, harboring GTPase as well as kinase activity, decreases mitochondrial mass via an impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis in aging yeast. We link mitochondrial depletion to a global downregulation of mitochondria-related gene transcripts and show that this catalytic core of LRRK2 localizes to mitochondria and selectively compromises respiratory chain complex IV formation. With progressing cellular age, this culminates in dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, decreased respiratory capacity, ATP depletion and generation of reactive oxygen species. Ultimately, the collapse of the mitochondrial network results in cell death. A point mutation in LRRK2 that increases the intrinsic GTPase activity diminishes mitochondrial impairment and consequently provides cytoprotection. In sum, we report that a downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis rather than excessive degradation of mitochondria underlies the reduction of mitochondrial abundance induced by the enzymatic core of LRRK2 in aging yeast cells. Thus, our data provide a novel perspective for deciphering the causative mechanisms of LRRK2-associated PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena Kohler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Corvin Walter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sergi Tosal-Castano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Habernig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - F.-Nora Vögtle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Li L, Liao Z, Yang Y, Lv L, Cao Y, Zhu Z. Metabolomic profiling for the identification of potential biomarkers involved in a laboratory azole resistance in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192328. [PMID: 29394282 PMCID: PMC5796700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, one of the most common fungal pathogens, is responsible for several yeast infections in human hosts, being resistant to classically used antifungal drugs, such as azole drugs. Multifactorial and multistep alterations are involved in the azole resistance in Candida albicans. In this study, a FCZ-resistant C. albicans strain was obtained by serial cultures of a FCZ-susceptible C. albicans strain in incrementally increasing concentrations of FCZ. We performed an integrated profile of different classes of molecules related to azole resistance in C. albicans by combining several mass-spectrometry based methodologies. The comparative metabolomic study was performed with the sensitive and resistant strains of C.albicans to identify metabolites altered during the development of resistance to fluconazole, while the intervention strains and non-intervention strains of C.albicans to identify metabolites altered involved in cross-resistant to azole drugs. Our analysis of the different metabolites identified molecules mainly involved in metabolic processes such as amino acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle and phospholipid metabolism. We also compared the phospholipid composition of each group, revealing that the relative content of phospholipids significantly changed during the development of resistance to azole drugs. According with these results, we hypothesized that the metabolism shift might contribute to azole drugs resistance in C.albicans from multifactorial alterations. Our result paves the way to understand processes underlying the resistance to azole drugs in C. albicans, providing the basis for developing new antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - ZeBin Liao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - YingYing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZYZ); (YYC)
| | - ZhenYu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZYZ); (YYC)
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23
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Matsumura A, Higuchi J, Watanabe Y, Kato M, Aoki K, Akabane S, Endo T, Oka T. Inactivation of cardiolipin synthase triggers changes in mitochondrial morphology. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:209-218. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Higuchi
- Department of Life Science Rikkyo University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience Graduate School of Agriculture Ehime University Japan
| | - Masahiro Kato
- Department of Life Science Rikkyo University Tokyo Japan
| | - Keigo Aoki
- Department of Life Science Rikkyo University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shiori Akabane
- Department of Life Science Rikkyo University Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshiya Endo
- Faculty of Life Sciences Kyoto Sangyo University Japan
| | - Toshihiko Oka
- Department of Life Science Rikkyo University Tokyo Japan
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24
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Ramachandran R. Mitochondrial dynamics: The dynamin superfamily and execution by collusion. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:201-212. [PMID: 28754444 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Distinct dynamin superfamily GTPases catalyze the constant fission and fusion of the elaborate mitochondrial networks that navigate the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Long believed to be the singular handiwork of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a cytosolic family member that transiently localizes to the mitochondrial surface, the execution of mitochondrial fission is now arguably believed to entail membrane remodeling events that are initiated upstream of Drp1 by ER-associated cytoskeletal networks and completed downstream by the prototypical dynamin, dynamin 2 (Dyn2). Recent developments in the field have also placed a sharp focus on the membrane microenvironment around the division apparatus and the potential facilitatory role of specific lipids in mitochondrial fission. Here, I will review current progress, as well as highlight the most visible gaps in knowledge, in elucidating the varied functions of the dynamin superfamily in the coordinated events of mitochondrial fission and fusion. The essential roles of protein and lipid cofactors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4970, USA.
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25
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Yadav PK, Rajasekharan R. Misregulation of a DDHD Domain-containing Lipase Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Yeast. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18562-81. [PMID: 27402848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The DDHD domain-containing proteins, which belong to the intracellular phospholipase A1 (iPLA1) family, have been predicted to be involved in phospholipid metabolism, lipid trafficking, membrane turnover, and signaling. Defective cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol remodeling cause Barth syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we report that Yor022c is a Ddl1 (DDHD domain-containing lipase 1) that hydrolyzes CL, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Ddl1 has been implicated in the remodeling of mitochondrial phospholipids and CL degradation. Our data also suggested that the accumulation of monolysocardiolipin is deleterious to the cells. We show that Aft1 and Aft2 transcription factors antagonistically regulate the DDL1 gene. This study reveals that the misregulation of DDL1 by Aft1/2 transcription factors alters CL metabolism and causes mitochondrial dysfunction in the cells. In humans, mutations in the DDHD1 and DDHD2 genes cause specific types of hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG28 and SPG54, respectively), and the yeast DDL1-defective strain produces similar phenotypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in lipid metabolism). Therefore, the DDL1-defective strain could be a good model system for understanding hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Yadav
- From the Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- From the Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
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