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Shi G, Lu X, Zheng Y, Yang T, Zhu E, Song Y, Huang P. Insights into the potential dual-antibacterial mechanism of Kelisha capsule on Escherichia coli. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:207. [PMID: 38807130 PMCID: PMC11134901 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), AYURVEDA and Indian medicine are essential in disease prevention and treatment. Kelisha capsule (KLSC), a TCM formula listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been clinically proven to possess potent antibacterial properties. However, the precise antimicrobial mechanism of KLSC remained unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the dual antibacterial mechanism of KLSC using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation. By analyzing the growth curve of Escherichia coli (E. coli), it was observed that KLSC significantly inhibited its growth, showcasing a remarkable antibacterial effect. Furthermore, SEM and TEM analysis revealed that KLSC damaged the cell wall and membrane of E. coli, resulting in cytoplasmic leakage, bacterial death, and the exertion of antibacterial effects. The network pharmacology analysis revealed that KLSC exhibited an effect on E. coli ATP synthase, thereby influencing the energy metabolism process. The molecular docking outcomes provided evidence that the active compounds of KLSC could effectively bind to the ATP synthase subunit. Subsequently, experimental findings substantiated that KLSC effectively suppressed the activity of ATP synthase in E. coli and consequently decreased the ATP content. This study highlighted the dual antibacterial mechanism of KLSC, emphasizing its effects on cell structure and energy metabolism, suggesting its potential as a natural antibacterial agent for E. coli-related infections. These findings offered new insights into exploring the antibacterial mechanisms of TCM by focusing on the energy metabolism process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Shi
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Yuanhang Zheng
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Enyuan Zhu
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Yanhong Song
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Pintong Huang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Research Center of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Cirino ICDS, de Santana CF, Bezerra MJR, Rocha IV, Luz ACDO, Coutinho HDM, de Figueiredo RCBQ, Raposo A, Lho LH, Han H, Leal-Balbino TC. Comparative transcriptomics analysis of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in response to treatment with the terpenic compounds thymol and carvacrol. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115189. [PMID: 37481932 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative opportunistic bacterium that has become a major public health concern and a substantial medical challenge due to its ability to acquire multidrug resistance (MDR), extended-drug resistance, or pan-drug resistance. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol alone or in combination against clinical isolates of MDR A. baumannii. Additionally, we used RNA-sequency to perform a comparative transcriptomic analysis of the effects of carvacrol and thymol on the Acb35 strain under different treatment conditions. Our results demonstrated that thymol and carvacrol alone, effectively inhibited the bacterial growth of MDR A. baumannii isolates, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) lower than 500 μg/mL. Furthermore, the combination of thymol and carvacrol exhibited either synergistic (FICI ≤ 0.5) or additive effects (0.5 < FICI ≤ 4), enhancing their antibacterial activity. Importantly, these compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic to Vero cells and did not cause hemolysis in erythrocytes at concentrations that effectively inhibited bacterial growth. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the down-regulation of mRNA associated with ribosomal subunit assemblies under all experimental conditions tested. However, the up-regulation of specific genes encoding stress response proteins and transcriptional regulators varied depending on the experimental condition, particularly in response to the treatment with carvacrol and thymol in combination. Based on our findings, thymol and carvacrol demonstrate promising potential as chemotherapeutic agents for controlling MDR A. baumannii infections. These compounds exhibit strong antibacterial activity, particularly in combination and lower cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells. The observed effects on gene expression provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of action, highlighting the regulation of stress response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Caroline da Silva Cirino
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, CEP 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Igor Vasconcelos Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Linda Heejung Lho
- College of Business Division of Tourism and Hotel Management, Cheongju University, 298 Daesung-ro, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28503, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heesup Han
- College of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwanjin-Gu, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea.
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Saw WG, Le KCM, Shin J, Kwek JHM, Wong CF, Ragunathan P, Fong TC, Müller V, Grüber G. Atomic insights of an up and down conformation of the Acinetobacter baumannii F 1 -ATPase subunit ε and deciphering the residues critical for ATP hydrolysis inhibition and ATP synthesis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23040. [PMID: 37318822 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300175rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Acinetobacter baumannii F1 FO -ATP synthase (α3 :β3 :γ:δ:ε:a:b2 :c10 ), which is essential for this strictly respiratory opportunistic human pathogen, is incapable of ATP-driven proton translocation due to its latent ATPase activity. Here, we generated and purified the first recombinant A. baumannii F1 -ATPase (AbF1 -ATPase) composed of subunits α3 :β3 :γ:ε, showing latent ATP hydrolysis. A 3.0 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure visualizes the architecture and regulatory element of this enzyme, in which the C-terminal domain of subunit ε (Abε) is present in an extended position. An ε-free AbF1 -ɑβγ complex generated showed a 21.5-fold ATP hydrolysis increase, demonstrating that Abε is the major regulator of AbF1 -ATPase's latent ATP hydrolysis. The recombinant system enabled mutational studies of single amino acid substitutions within Abε or its interacting subunits β and γ, respectively, as well as C-terminal truncated mutants of Abε, providing a detailed picture of Abε's main element for the self-inhibition mechanism of ATP hydrolysis. Using a heterologous expression system, the importance of Abε's C-terminus in ATP synthesis of inverted membrane vesicles, including AbF1 FO -ATP synthases, has been explored. In addition, we are presenting the first NMR solution structure of the compact form of Abε, revealing interaction of its N-terminal β-barrel and C-terminal ɑ-hairpin domain. A double mutant of Abε highlights critical residues for Abε's domain-domain formation which is important also for AbF1 -ATPase's stability. Abε does not bind MgATP, which is described to regulate the up and down movements in other bacterial counterparts. The data are compared to regulatory elements of F1 -ATPases in bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria to prevent wasting of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuan-Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khoa Cong Minh Le
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jes Hui Min Kwek
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chui Fann Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuck Choy Fong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Pérez I, Heitkamp T, Börsch M. Mechanism of ADP-Inhibited ATP Hydrolysis in Single Proton-Pumping F oF 1-ATP Synthase Trapped in Solution. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098442. [PMID: 37176150 PMCID: PMC10178918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FoF1-ATP synthases in mitochondria, in chloroplasts, and in most bacteria are proton-driven membrane enzymes that supply the cells with ATP made from ADP and phosphate. Different control mechanisms exist to monitor and prevent the enzymes' reverse chemical reaction of fast wasteful ATP hydrolysis, including mechanical or redox-based blockade of catalysis and ADP inhibition. In general, product inhibition is expected to slow down the mean catalytic turnover. Biochemical assays are ensemble measurements and cannot discriminate between a mechanism affecting all enzymes equally or individually. For example, all enzymes could work more slowly at a decreasing substrate/product ratio, or an increasing number of individual enzymes could be completely blocked. Here, we examined the effect of increasing amounts of ADP on ATP hydrolysis of single Escherichia coli FoF1-ATP synthases in liposomes. We observed the individual catalytic turnover of the enzymes one after another by monitoring the internal subunit rotation using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET). Observation times of single FRET-labeled FoF1-ATP synthases in solution were extended up to several seconds using a confocal anti-Brownian electrokinetic trap (ABEL trap). By counting active versus inhibited enzymes, we revealed that ADP inhibition did not decrease the catalytic turnover of all FoF1-ATP synthases equally. Instead, increasing ADP in the ADP/ATP mixture reduced the number of remaining active enzymes that operated at similar catalytic rates for varying substrate/product ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Pérez
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Heitkamp
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Börsch
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Mackieh R, Al-Bakkar N, Kfoury M, Roufayel R, Sabatier JM, Fajloun Z. Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial Candidates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040650. [PMID: 37107012 PMCID: PMC10135114 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP, the power of all cellular functions, is constantly used and produced by cells. The enzyme called ATP synthase is the energy factory in all cells, which produces ATP by adding inorganic phosphate (Pi) to ADP. It is found in the inner, thylakoid and plasma membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria, respectively. Bacterial ATP synthases have been the subject of multiple studies for decades, since they can be genetically manipulated. With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, many combinations of antibiotics with other compounds that enhance the effect of these antibiotics have been proposed as approaches to limit the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. ATP synthase inhibitors, such as resveratrol, venturicidin A, bedaquiline, tomatidine, piceatannol, oligomycin A and N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide were the starting point of these combinations. However, each of these inhibitors target ATP synthase differently, and their co-administration with antibiotics increases the susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria. After a brief description of the structure and function of ATP synthase, we aim in this review to highlight therapeutic applications of the major bacterial ATP synthase inhibitors, including animal’s venoms, and to emphasize their importance in decreasing the activity of this enzyme and subsequently eradicating resistant bacteria as ATP synthase is their source of energy.
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Yeast Mannan-Rich Fraction Modulates Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Antibiotic Sensitivity in Resistant E. coli. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010218. [PMID: 36613662 PMCID: PMC9820725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannan-rich fraction (MRF) isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied for its beneficial impact on animal intestinal health. Herein, we examined how MRF affected the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), impacting antibiotic susceptibility in resistant Escherichia coli through the modulation of bacterial metabolism. The role of MRF in effecting proteomic change was examined using a proteomics-based approach. The results showed that MRF, when combined with bactericidal antibiotic treatment, increased ROS production in resistant E. coli by 59.29 ± 4.03% compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). We further examined the effect of MRF alone and in combination with antibiotic treatment on E. coli growth and explored how MRF potentiates bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics via proteomic changes in key metabolic pathways. Herein we demonstrated that MRF supplementation in the growth media of ampicillin-resistant E. coli had a significant impact on the normal translational control of the central metabolic pathways, including those involved in the glycolysis-TCA cycle (p ≤ 0.05).
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Ng JML, Ngeow YF, Saw SH, Ng HF, Zin T. Mutations in atpG2 may confer resistance to gentamicin in Listeria monocytogenes. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748567 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Listeriosis, a foodborne infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes, could lead to febrile listerial gastroenteritis and a more invasive form which is often associated with a high mortality and hospitalisation rate. Gentamicin, used as an adjunct therapy with ampicillin, remains the treatment of choice for this life-threatening and invasive infection.Gap statement Nevertheless, there is little data on gentamicin resistance determinants in L. monocytogenes.Aim In this study, we selected and characterised B2b, a gentamicin-resistant mutant derived from L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 to determine the target(s) of resistance in L. monocytogenes after exposure to gentamicin.Methodology Whole-genome sequencing was carried out to identify the mutation site(s) and possible mechanism(s) of resistance. The mutant was characterised using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCR. For biological verifications, complementation and allelic exchange mutagenesis were carried out.Results We found that the gentamicin resistance in B2b was caused by a 10 bp deletion in atpG2 which encodes a gamma subunit of the ATP synthase in L. monocytogenes. Using atpG2 PCR, various other mutations were identified in other gentamicin resistant mutants derived from ATCC 19115. In addition, the mutation from B2b, when introduced into L. ivanovii, also caused gentamicin resistance in this Listeria species.Conclusion Hence, atpG2 mutations appear to be important determinants of gentamicin resistance not only in L. monocytogenes but possibly also in other Listeria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie May Ling Ng
- Centre for Research on Communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yun Fong Ngeow
- Centre for Research on Communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seow Hoon Saw
- Centre for Research on Communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Hien Fuh Ng
- Centre for Research on Communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thaw Zin
- Centre for Research on Communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sekiya M. Proton Pumping ATPases: Rotational Catalysis, Physiological Roles in Oral Pathogenic Bacteria, and Inhibitors. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1404-1411. [PMID: 36184496 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proton pumping ATPases, both F-type and V/A-type ATPases, generate ATP using electrochemical energy or pump protons/sodium ions by hydrolyzing ATP. The enzymatic reaction and proton transport are coupled through subunit rotation, and this unique rotational mechanism (rotational catalysis) has been intensively studied. Single-molecule and thermodynamic analyses have revealed the detailed rotational mechanism, including the catalytically inhibited state and the roles of subunit interactions. In mammals, F- and V-ATPases are involved in ATP synthesis and organelle acidification, respectively. Most bacteria, including anaerobes, have F- and/or A-ATPases in the inner membrane. However, these ATPases are not believed to be essential in anaerobic bacteria since anaerobes generate sufficient ATP without oxidative phosphorylation. Recent studies suggest that F- and A-ATPases perform indispensable functions beyond ATP synthesis in oral pathogenic anaerobes; F-ATPase is involved in acid tolerance in Streptococcus mutans, and A-ATPase mediates nutrient import in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Consistently, inhibitors of oral bacterial F- and A-ATPases, such as phytopolyphenols and bedaquiline, strongly diminish growth and survival. Herein, we discuss rotational catalysis of bacterial F- and A-ATPases, and discuss their physiological roles, focusing on oral bacteria. We also review the effects of ATPase inhibitors on the growth and survival of oral pathogenic bacteria. The features of the catalytic mechanism and unique physiological roles in oral bacteria highlight the potential for proton pumping ATPases to serve as targets for oral antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sekiya
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University
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Iwamoto-Kihara A. Regulatory Mechanisms and Environmental Adaptation of the F-ATPase Family. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1412-1418. [PMID: 36184497 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The F-type ATPase family of enzymes, including ATP synthases, are found ubiquitously in biological membranes. ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate is driven by an electrochemical H+ gradient or H+ motive force, in which intramolecular rotation of F-type ATPase is generated with H+ transport across the membranes. Because this rotation is essential for energy coupling between catalysis and H+-transport, regulation of the rotation is important to adapt to environmental changes and maintain ATP concentration. Recently, a series of cryo-electron microscopy images provided detailed insights into the structure of the H+ pathway and the multiple subunit arrangement. However, the regulatory mechanism of the rotation has not been clarified. This review describes the inhibition mechanism of ATP hydrolysis in bacterial enzymes. In addition, properties of the F-type ATPase of Streptococcus mutans, which acts as a H+-pump in an acidic environment, are described. These findings may help in the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Vita AA, McClure R, Farris Y, Danczak R, Gundersen A, Zwickey H, Bradley R. Associations between Frequency of Culinary Herb Use and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091981. [PMID: 35565947 PMCID: PMC9099813 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While evidence suggests that culinary herbs have the potential to modulate gut microbiota, much of the current research investigating the interactions between diet and the human gut microbiome either largely excludes culinary herbs or does not assess use in standard culinary settings. As such, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate how the frequency of culinary herb use is related to microbiome diversity and the abundance of certain taxa, measured at the phylum level. In this secondary data analysis of the INCLD Health cohort, we examined survey responses assessing frequency of culinary herb use and microbiome analysis of collected stool samples. We did not observe any associations between frequency of culinary herb use and Shannon Index, a measure of alpha diversity. Regarding the abundance of certain taxa, the frequency of use of polyphenol-rich herbs and herbs with certain quantities of antibacterial compounds was positively associated with Firmicutes abundance, and negatively associated with Proteobacteria abundance. Additionally, the total number of herbs used with high frequency, defined as over three times per week, was also positively associated with Firmicutes abundance, independent of adjustments, and negatively associated with Proteobacteria abundance, after adjusting for dietary factors. Frequency of culinary herb use was not associated with Bacteroidota or Actinobacteria abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Adorno Vita
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.G.); (H.Z.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryan McClure
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (R.M.); (Y.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Yuliya Farris
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (R.M.); (Y.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Robert Danczak
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; (R.M.); (Y.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Anders Gundersen
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.G.); (H.Z.); (R.B.)
| | - Heather Zwickey
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.G.); (H.Z.); (R.B.)
| | - Ryan Bradley
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (A.G.); (H.Z.); (R.B.)
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Yang S, Lyu X, Zhang J, Shui Y, Yang R, Xu X. The Application of Small Molecules to the Control of Typical Species Associated With Oral Infectious Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:816386. [PMID: 35265531 PMCID: PMC8899129 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.816386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral microbial dysbiosis is the major causative factor for common oral infectious diseases including dental caries and periodontal diseases. Interventions that can lessen the microbial virulence and reconstitute microbial ecology have drawn increasing attention in the development of novel therapeutics for oral diseases. Antimicrobial small molecules are a series of natural or synthetic bioactive compounds that have shown inhibitory effect on oral microbiota associated with oral infectious diseases. Novel small molecules, which can either selectively inhibit keystone microbes that drive dysbiosis of oral microbiota or inhibit the key virulence of the microbial community without necessarily killing the microbes, are promising for the ecological management of oral diseases. Here we discussed the research progress in the development of antimicrobial small molecules and delivery systems, with a particular focus on their antimicrobial activity against typical species associated with oral infectious diseases and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusen Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Yang, ; Xin Xu,
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Yang, ; Xin Xu,
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12
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Targeting the ATP synthase in bacterial and fungal pathogens – beyond Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 29:29-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Borisov VB, Forte E. Impact of Hydrogen Sulfide on Mitochondrial and Bacterial Bioenergetics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12688. [PMID: 34884491 PMCID: PMC8657789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the unique bioenergetic molecular machines in mitochondria and bacteria-the protein complexes of electron transport chains and associated enzymes. H2S, along with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, belongs to the class of endogenous gaseous signaling molecules. This compound plays critical roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Enzymes implicated in H2S metabolism and physiological actions are promising targets for novel pharmaceutical agents. The biological effects of H2S are biphasic, changing from cytoprotection to cytotoxicity through increasing the compound concentration. In mammals, H2S enhances the activity of FoF1-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthase and lactate dehydrogenase via their S-sulfhydration, thereby stimulating mitochondrial electron transport. H2S serves as an electron donor for the mitochondrial respiratory chain via sulfide quinone oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase at low H2S levels. The latter enzyme is inhibited by high H2S concentrations, resulting in the reversible inhibition of electron transport and ATP production in mitochondria. In the branched respiratory chain of Escherichia coli, H2S inhibits the bo3 terminal oxidase but does not affect the alternative bd-type oxidases. Thus, in E. coli and presumably other bacteria, cytochrome bd permits respiration and cell growth in H2S-rich environments. A complete picture of the impact of H2S on bioenergetics is lacking, but this field is fast-moving, and active ongoing research on this topic will likely shed light on additional, yet unknown biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Si L, Gu J, Wen M, Wang R, Fleming J, Li J, Xu J, Bi L, Deng J. relA Inactivation Converts Sulfonamides Into Bactericidal Compounds. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698468. [PMID: 34646242 PMCID: PMC8503649 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates are required for the de novo biosynthesis of purines, thymine, methionine, glycine, and pantothenic acid, key metabolites that bacterial cells cannot survive without. Sulfonamides, which inhibit bacterial folate biosynthesis and are generally considered as bacteriostats, have been extensively used as broad-spectrum antimicrobials for decades. Here we show that, deleting relA in Escherichia coli and other bacterial species converted sulfamethoxazole from a bacteriostat into a bactericide. Not as previously assumed, the bactericidal effect of SMX was not caused by thymine deficiency. When E. coli ∆relA was treated with SMX, reactive oxygen species and ferrous ion accumulated inside the bacterial cells, which caused extensive DNA double-strand breaks without the involvement of incomplete base excision repair. In addition, sulfamethoxazole showed bactericidal effect against E. coli O157 ∆relA in mice, suggesting the possibility of designing new potentiators for sulfonamides targeting RelA. Thus, our study uncovered the previously unknown bactericidal effects of sulfonamides, which advances our understanding of their mechanisms of action, and will facilitate the designing of new potentiators for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Si
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joy Fleming
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jintian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Bi
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of TB Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Jiaoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of TB Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Foshan, China
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15
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Putative Spanner Function of the Vibrio PomB Plug Region in the Stator Rotation Model for Flagellar Motor. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0015921. [PMID: 34096782 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00159-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial flagella are the best-known rotational organelles in the biological world. The spiral-shaped flagellar filaments that extend from the cell surface rotate like a screw to create a propulsive force. At the base of the flagellar filament lies a protein motor that consists of a stator and a rotor embedded in the membrane. The stator is composed of two types of membrane subunits, PomA (similar to MotA in Escherichia coli) and PomB (similar to MotB in E. coli), which are energy converters that assemble around the rotor to couple rotation with the ion flow. Recently, stator structures, where two MotB molecules are inserted into the center of a ring made of five MotA molecules, were reported. This structure inspired a model in which the MotA ring rotates around the MotB dimer in response to ion influx. Here, we focus on the Vibrio PomB plug region, which is involved in flagellar motor activation. We investigated the plug region using site-directed photo-cross-linking and disulfide cross-linking experiments. Our results demonstrated that the plug interacts with the extracellular short loop region of PomA, which is located between transmembrane helices 3 and 4. Although the motor stopped rotating after cross-linking, its function recovered after treatment with a reducing reagent that disrupted the disulfide bond. Our results support the hypothesis, which has been inferred from the stator structure, that the plug region terminates the ion influx by blocking the rotation of the rotor as a spanner. IMPORTANCE The biological flagellar motor resembles a mechanical motor. It is composed of a stator and a rotor. The force is transmitted to the rotor by the gear-like stator movements. It has been proposed that the pentamer of MotA subunits revolves around the axis of the B subunit dimer in response to ion flow. The plug region of the B subunit regulates the ion flow. Here, we demonstrated that the ion flow was terminated by cross-linking the plug region of PomB with PomA. These findings support the rotation hypothesis and explain the role of the plug region in blocking the rotation of the stator unit.
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16
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Donadio G, Mensitieri F, Santoro V, Parisi V, Bellone ML, De Tommasi N, Izzo V, Dal Piaz F. Interactions with Microbial Proteins Driving the Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoids. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:660. [PMID: 34062983 PMCID: PMC8147964 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are among the most abundant natural bioactive compounds produced by plants. Many different activities have been reported for these secondary metabolites against numerous cells and systems. One of the most interesting is certainly the antimicrobial, which is stimulated through various molecular mechanisms. In fact, flavonoids are effective both in directly damaging the envelope of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria but also by acting toward specific molecular targets essential for the survival of these microorganisms. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the most interesting results obtained in the research focused on the study of the interactions between flavonoids and bacterial proteins. Despite the great structural heterogeneity of these plant metabolites, it is interesting to observe that many flavonoids affect the same cellular pathways. Furthermore, it is evident that some of these compounds interact with more than one target, producing multiple effects. Taken together, the reported data demonstrate the great potential of flavonoids in developing innovative systems, which can help address the increasingly serious problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Francesca Mensitieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84082 Baronissi, Italy; (F.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Valentina Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bellone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (G.D.); (V.S.); (V.P.); (M.L.B.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84082 Baronissi, Italy; (F.M.); (V.I.)
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84082 Baronissi, Italy; (F.M.); (V.I.)
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17
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Liu Y, Yu J, Wang M, Zeng Q, Fu X, Chang Z. A high-throughput genetically directed protein crosslinking analysis reveals the physiological relevance of the ATP synthase 'inserted' state. FEBS J 2021; 288:2989-3009. [PMID: 33128817 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ATP synthase, a highly conserved protein complex that has a subunit composition of α3 β3 γδεab2 c8-15 for the bacterial enzyme, is a key player in supplying energy to living organisms. This protein complex consists of a peripheral F1 sector (α3 β3 γδε) and a membrane-integrated Fo sector (ab2 c8-15 ). Structural analyses of the isolated protein components revealed that, remarkably, the C-terminal domain of its ε-subunit seems to adopt two dramatically different structures, but the physiological relevance of this conformational change remains largely unknown. In an attempt to decipher this, we developed a high-throughput in vivo protein photo-cross-linking analysis pipeline based on the introduction of the unnatural amino acid into the target protein via the scarless genome-targeted site-directed mutagenesis technique, and probing the cross-linked products via the high-throughput polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique. Employing this pipeline, we examined the interactions involving the C-terminal helix of the ε-subunit in cells living under a variety of experimental conditions. These studies enabled us to uncover that the bacterial ATP synthase exists as an equilibrium between the 'inserted' and 'noninserted' state in cells, maintaining a moderate but significant level of net ATP synthesis when shifting to the former upon exposing to unfavorable energetically stressful conditions. Such a mechanism allows the bacterial ATP synthases to proportionally and instantly switch between two reversible functional states in responding to changing environmental conditions. Importantly, this high-throughput approach could allow us to decipher the physiological relevance of protein-protein interactions identified under in vitro conditions or to unveil novel physiological context-dependent protein-protein interactions that are unknown before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengyi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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18
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Król-Górniak A, Pomastowski P, Railean-Plugaru V, Žuvela P, Wong MW, Pauter K, Szultka-Młyńska M, Buszewski B. The study of the molecular mechanism of Lactobacillus paracasei clumping via divalent metal ions by electrophoretic separation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462127. [PMID: 34214833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the molecular mechanism of Lactobacillus paracasei bio-colloid clumping under divalent metal ions treatment such as zinc, copper and magnesium at constant concentrations was studied. The work involved experimental (electrophoretic - capillary electrophoresis in pseudo-isotachophoresis mode, spectroscopic and spectrometric - FT-IR and MALDI-TOF-MS, microscopic - fluorescent microscopy, and flow cytometry) and theoretical (DFT calculations of model complex systems) characterization. Electrophoretic results have pointed out the formation of aggregates under the Zn2+ and Cu2+ modification, whereas the use of the Mg2+ allowed focusing the zone of L. paracasei biocolloid. According to the FT-IR analysis, the major functional groups involved in the aggregation are deprotonated carboxyl and amide groups derived from the bacterial surface structure. Nature of the divalent metal ions was shown to be one of the key factors influencing the bacterial aggregation process. Proteomic analysis showed that surface modification had a considerable impact on bacteria molecular profiles and protein expression, mainly linked to the activation of carbohydrate and nucleotides metabolism as well with the transcription regulation and membrane transport. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of modeled Cu2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+ coordination complexes support the interaction between the divalent metal ions and bacterial proteins. Consequently, the possible mechanism of the aggregation phenomenon was proposed. Therefore, this comprehensive study could be further applied in evaluation of biocolloid aggregation under different types of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Król-Górniak
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Viorica Railean-Plugaru
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Katarzyna Pauter
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szultka-Młyńska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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Antibacterial apple cider vinegar eradicates methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and resistant Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1854. [PMID: 33473148 PMCID: PMC7817673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and resistant Escherichia coli (rE.coli) infections can spread rapidly. Further they are associated with high morbidity and mortality from treatment failure. Therapy involves multiple rounds of ineffective antibiotics alongside unwanted side effects, alternative treatments are crucial. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a natural, vegan product that has been shown to have powerful antimicrobial activity hence we investigated whether ACV could ameliorate these resistant bacteria. The minimum dilution of ACV required for growth inhibition was comparable for both bacteria (1/25 dilution of ACV liquid and ACV tablets at 200 µg/ml were effective against rE. coli and MRSA). Monocyte co-culture with microbes alongside ACV resulted in an increase in monocyte phagocytosis by 21.2% and 33.5% compared to non-ACV treated but MRSA or rE. coli stimulated monocytes, respectively. Label free quantitative proteomic studies of microbial protein extracts demonstrated that ACV penetrated microbial cell membranes and organelles, altering the expression of key proteins. This resulted in significant reductions in total protein expression, moreover we could only detect ribosomal proteins; 50 s 30 s, enolase, phosphenol pyruvate and the ATP synthase subunit in rE. coli. Elongation factor iNOS and phosphoglycerate kinase OS were the only proteins present in MRSA samples following ACV treatment.
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Kutscha R, Pflügl S. Microbial Upgrading of Acetate into Value-Added Products-Examining Microbial Diversity, Bioenergetic Constraints and Metabolic Engineering Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228777. [PMID: 33233586 PMCID: PMC7699770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological concerns have recently led to the increasing trend to upgrade carbon contained in waste streams into valuable chemicals. One of these components is acetate. Its microbial upgrading is possible in various species, with Escherichia coli being the best-studied. Several chemicals derived from acetate have already been successfully produced in E. coli on a laboratory scale, including acetone, itaconic acid, mevalonate, and tyrosine. As acetate is a carbon source with a low energy content compared to glucose or glycerol, energy- and redox-balancing plays an important role in acetate-based growth and production. In addition to the energetic challenges, acetate has an inhibitory effect on microorganisms, reducing growth rates, and limiting product concentrations. Moreover, extensive metabolic engineering is necessary to obtain a broad range of acetate-based products. In this review, we illustrate some of the necessary energetic considerations to establish robust production processes by presenting calculations of maximum theoretical product and carbon yields. Moreover, different strategies to deal with energetic and metabolic challenges are presented. Finally, we summarize ways to alleviate acetate toxicity and give an overview of process engineering measures that enable sustainable acetate-based production of value-added chemicals.
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21
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Yang JH, Williams D, Kandiah E, Fromme P, Chiu PL. Structural basis of redox modulation on chloroplast ATP synthase. Commun Biol 2020; 3:482. [PMID: 32879423 PMCID: PMC7468127 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, chloroplast ATP synthase has a unique redox switch on its γ subunit that modulates enzyme activity to limit ATP hydrolysis at night. To understand the molecular details of the redox modulation, we used single-particle cryo-EM to determine the structures of spinach chloroplast ATP synthase in both reduced and oxidized states. The disulfide linkage of the oxidized γ subunit introduces a torsional constraint to stabilize the two β hairpin structures. Once reduced, free cysteines alleviate this constraint, resulting in a concerted motion of the enzyme complex and a smooth transition between rotary states to facilitate the ATP synthesis. We added an uncompetitive inhibitor, tentoxin, in the reduced sample to limit the flexibility of the enzyme and obtained high-resolution details. Our cryo-EM structures provide mechanistic insight into the redox modulation of the energy regulation activity of chloroplast ATP synthase. Jay-How Yang et al. use single-particle cryo-EM to determine the structures of spinach chloroplast ATP synthase in reduced and oxidized states. They report a torsional constraint in the oxidized γ subunit that is alleviated by free cysteines in the reduced state. Their work provides mechanistic insights into the redox modulation of the ATP synthesis by the chloroplast ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay-How Yang
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dewight Williams
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Petra Fromme
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Po-Lin Chiu
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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22
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Novichkova NS, Malyan AN. The Effect of the Viscosity of a Trehalose Solution on ATP Hydrolysis by Chloroplast F1-ATPase. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919060174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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Narang R, Kumar R, Kalra S, Nayak SK, Khatik GL, Kumar GN, Sudhakar K, Singh SK. Recent advancements in mechanistic studies and structure activity relationship of FoF1 ATP synthase inhibitor as antimicrobial agent. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Jindal S, Yang L, Day PJ, Kell DB. Involvement of multiple influx and efflux transporters in the accumulation of cationic fluorescent dyes by Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:195. [PMID: 31438868 PMCID: PMC6704527 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is widely believed that most xenobiotics cross biomembranes by diffusing through the phospholipid bilayer, and that the use of protein transporters is an occasional adjunct. According to an alternative view, phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible, and several different transporters may be involved in the uptake of an individual molecular type. We recognise here that the availability of gene knockout collections allows one to assess the contributions of all potential transporters, and flow cytometry based on fluorescence provides a convenient high-throughput assay for xenobiotic uptake in individual cells. Results We used high-throughput flow cytometry to assess the ability of individual gene knockout strains of E coli to take up two membrane-permeable, cationic fluorescent dyes, namely the carbocyanine diS-C3(5) and the DNA dye SYBR Green. Individual strains showed a large range of distributions of uptake. The range of modal steady-state uptakes for the carbocyanine between the different strains was 36-fold. Knockouts of the ATP synthase α- and β-subunits greatly inhibited uptake, implying that most uptake was ATP-driven rather than being driven by a membrane potential. Dozens of transporters changed the steady-state uptake of the dye by more than 50% with respect to that of the wild type, in either direction (increased or decreased); knockouts of known influx and efflux transporters behaved as expected, giving credence to the general strategy. Many of the knockouts with the most reduced uptake were transporter genes of unknown function (‘y-genes’). Similarly, several overexpression variants in the ‘ASKA’ collection had the anticipated, opposite effects. Similar results were obtained with SYBR Green (the range being approximately 69-fold). Although it too contains a benzothiazole motif there was negligible correlation between its uptake and that of the carbocyanine when compared across the various strains (although the membrane potential is presumably the same in each case). Conclusions Overall, we conclude that the uptake of these dyes may be catalysed by a great many transporters of putatively broad and presently unknown specificity, and that the very large range between the ‘lowest’ and the ‘highest’ levels of uptake, even in knockouts of just single genes, implies strongly that phospholipid bilayer transport is indeed negligible. This work also casts serious doubt upon the use of such dyes as quantitative stains for representing either bioenergetic parameters or the amount of cellular DNA in unfixed cells (in vivo). By contrast, it opens up their potential use as transporter assay substrates in high-throughput screening. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1561-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Jindal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lei Yang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philip J Day
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK. .,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark. .,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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25
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Kamariah N, Huber RG, Nartey W, Bhushan S, Bond PJ, Grüber G. Structure and subunit arrangement of Mycobacterial F1FO ATP synthase and novel features of the unique mycobacterial subunit δ. J Struct Biol 2019; 207:199-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Yamakita A, Liu Y, Futai M, Iwamoto-Kihara A. The carboxyl-terminal helical domain of the ATP synthase γ subunit is involved in ε subunit conformation and energy coupling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:361-368. [PMID: 30876890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The γ subunit located at the center of ATP synthase (FOF1) plays critical roles in catalysis. Escherichia coli mutant with Pro substitution of the γ subunit residue γLeu218, which are located the rotor shaft near the c subunit ring, decreased NADH-driven ATP synthesis activity and ATP hydrolysis-dependent H+ transport of membranes to ~60% and ~40% of the wild type, respectively, without affecting FOF1 assembly. Consistently, the mutant was defective in growth by oxidative phosphorylation, indicating that energy coupling is impaired by the mutation. The ε subunit conformations in the γLeu218Pro mutant enzyme were investigated by cross-linking between cysteine residues introduced into both the ε subunit (εCys118 and εCys134, in the second helix and the hook segment, respectively) and the γ subunit (γCys99 and γCys260, located in the globular domain and the carboxyl-terminal helix, respectively). In the presence of ADP, the two γ260 and ε134 cysteine residues formed a disulfide bond in both the γLeu218Pro mutant and the wild type, indicating that the hook segment of ε subunit penetrates into the α3β3-ring along with the γ subunits in both enzymes. However, γ260/ε134 cross-linking in the γLeu218Pro mutant decreased significantly in the presence of ATP, whereas this effect was small in the wild type. These results suggested that the γ subunit carboxyl-terminal helix containing γLeu218 is involved in the conformation of the ε subunit hook region during ATP hydrolysis and, therefore, is required for energy coupling in FOF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyoshi Yamakita
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - YingTao Liu
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Futai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Atsuko Iwamoto-Kihara
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan.
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Sekiya M, Izumisawa S, Iwamoto-Kihara A, Fan Y, Shimoyama Y, Sasaki M, Nakanishi-Matsui M. Proton-pumping F-ATPase plays an important role in Streptococcus mutans under acidic conditions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 666:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Manoj KM. Aerobic Respiration: Criticism of the Proton-centric Explanation Involving Rotary Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis, Chemiosmosis Principle, Proton Pumps and Electron Transport Chain. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2018; 11:1178626418818442. [PMID: 30643418 PMCID: PMC6311555 DOI: 10.1177/1178626418818442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The acclaimed explanation for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (mOxPhos, or cellular respiration) is a deterministic proton-centric scheme involving four components: Rotary adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-synthesis, Chemiosmosis principle, Proton pumps, and Electron transport chain (abbreviated as RCPE hypothesis). Within this write-up, the RCPE scheme is critically analyzed with respect to mitochondrial architecture, proteins’ distribution, structure-function correlations and their interactive dynamics, overall reaction chemistry, kinetics, thermodynamics, evolutionary logic, and so on. It is found that the RCPE proposal fails to explain key physiological aspects of mOxPhos in several specific issues and also in holistic perspectives. Therefore, it is imperative to look for new explanations for mOxPhos.
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Issa D, Najjar A, Greige-Gerges H, Nehme H. Screening of Some Essential Oil Constituents as Potential Inhibitors of the ATP Synthase of Escherichia coli. J Food Sci 2018; 84:138-146. [PMID: 30569590 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many novel bacterial targets and natural inhibitors of enzymes are currently being considered to overcome antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli. Hence, in this study, 20 essential oil constituents were screened for their potential inhibitory effect on E. coli ATP synthase. This enzyme is involved in the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). First, E. coli membrane ATP synthase was isolated via cell lysis. A spectrophotometric method was optimized to quantify the released phosphate from ATP hydrolysis in order to follow the enzymatic activity. The method was validated by determining the kinetic parameters of this reaction (Km = 144.66 μM and Vmax = 270.27 μM/min), and through the inhibition assays of ATP synthase using three reference inhibitors, thymoquinone (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50 ] = 50.93 μM), resveratrol (maximum inhibition of 40%), and quercetin (IC50 = 29.01 μM). Among the studied essential oil components, α-terpinene was the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 19.74 μM) followed by β-pinene, isoeugenol, eugenol, and estragole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Issa
- Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Section II, Lebanese Univ., B.P. 90656, Jdeidet El-Matn, Lebanon
| | - Amal Najjar
- Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Section II, Lebanese Univ., B.P. 90656, Jdeidet El-Matn, Lebanon
| | - Hélène Greige-Gerges
- Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Section II, Lebanese Univ., B.P. 90656, Jdeidet El-Matn, Lebanon
| | - Hala Nehme
- Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Section II, Lebanese Univ., B.P. 90656, Jdeidet El-Matn, Lebanon
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30
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Lapashina AS, Feniouk BA. ADP-Inhibition of H+-F OF 1-ATP Synthase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1141-1160. [PMID: 30472953 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
H+-FOF1-ATP synthase (F-ATPase, F-type ATPase, FOF1 complex) catalyzes ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate in eubacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and some archaea. ATP synthesis is powered by the transmembrane proton transport driven by the proton motive force (PMF) generated by the respiratory or photosynthetic electron transport chains. When the PMF is decreased or absent, ATP synthase catalyzes the reverse reaction, working as an ATP-dependent proton pump. The ATPase activity of the enzyme is regulated by several mechanisms, of which the most conserved is the non-competitive inhibition by the MgADP complex (ADP-inhibition). When ADP binds to the catalytic site without phosphate, the enzyme may undergo conformational changes that lock bound ADP, resulting in enzyme inactivation. PMF can induce release of inhibitory ADP and reactivate ATP synthase; the threshold PMF value required for enzyme reactivation might exceed the PMF for ATP synthesis. Moreover, membrane energization increases the catalytic site affinity to phosphate, thereby reducing the probability of ADP binding without phosphate and preventing enzyme transition to the ADP-inhibited state. Besides phosphate, oxyanions (e.g., sulfite and bicarbonate), alcohols, lauryldimethylamine oxide, and a number of other detergents can weaken ADP-inhibition and increase ATPase activity of the enzyme. In this paper, we review the data on ADP-inhibition of ATP synthases from different organisms and discuss the in vivo role of this phenomenon and its relationship with other regulatory mechanisms, such as ATPase activity inhibition by subunit ε and nucleotide binding in the noncatalytic sites of the enzyme. It should be noted that in Escherichia coli enzyme, ADP-inhibition is relatively weak and rather enhanced than prevented by phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lapashina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - B A Feniouk
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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31
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Mnatsakanyan N, Li Y, Weber J. Identification of two segments of the γ subunit of ATP synthase responsible for the different affinities of the catalytic nucleotide-binding sites. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1152-1160. [PMID: 30510135 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP synthase uses a rotary mechanism to couple transmembrane proton translocation to ATP synthesis and hydrolysis, which occur at the catalytic sites in the β subunits. In the presence of Mg2+, the three catalytic sites of ATP synthase have vastly different affinities for nucleotides, and the position of the central γ subunit determines which site has high, medium, or low affinity. Affinity differences and their changes as rotation progresses underpin the ATP synthase catalytic mechanism. Here, we used a series of variants with up to 45- and 60-residue-long truncations of the N- and C-terminal helices of the γ subunit, respectively, to identify the segment(s) responsible for the affinity differences of the catalytic sites. We found that each helix carries an affinity-determining segment of ∼10 residues. Our findings suggest that the affinity regulation by these segments is transmitted to the catalytic sites by the DELSEED loop in the C-terminal domain of the β subunits. For the N-terminal truncation variants, presence of the affinity-determining segment and therefore emergence of a high-affinity binding site resulted in WT-like catalytic activity. At the C terminus, additional residues outside of the affinity-determining segment were required for optimal enzymatic activity. Alanine substitutions revealed that the affinity changes of the catalytic sites required no specific interactions between amino acid side chains in the γ and α3β3 subunits but were caused by the presence of the helices themselves. Our findings help unravel the molecular basis for the affinity changes of the catalytic sites during ATP synthase rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Mnatsakanyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409 and the Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Yunxiang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409 and the Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Joachim Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409 and the Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430.
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Giorgio V, Fogolari F, Lippe G, Bernardi P. OSCP subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase: role in regulation of enzyme function and of its transition to a pore. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:4247-4257. [PMID: 30291799 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeability transition pore (PTP) is a latent, high-conductance channel of the inner mitochondrial membrane. When activated, it plays a key role in cell death and therefore in several diseases. The investigation of the PTP took an unexpected turn after the discovery that cyclophilin D (the target of the PTP inhibitory effect of cyclosporin A) binds to FO F1 (F)-ATP synthase, thus inhibiting its catalytic activity by about 30%. This observation was followed by the demonstration that binding occurs at a particular subunit of the enzyme, the oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein (OSCP), and that F-ATP synthase can form Ca2+ -activated, high-conductance channels with features matching those of the PTP, suggesting that the latter originates from a conformational change in F-ATP synthase. This review is specifically focused on the OSCP subunit of F-ATP synthase, whose unique features make it a potential pharmacological target both for modulation of F-ATP synthase and its transition to a pore. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giorgio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Fogolari
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Physics, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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33
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Bogdanović N, Sundararaman L, Kamariah N, Tyagi A, Bhushan S, Ragunathan P, Shin J, Dick T, Grüber G. Structure and function of Mycobacterium-specific components of F-ATP synthase subunits α and ε. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:420-434. [PMID: 30342092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) F1FO-ATP synthase (α3:β3:γ:δ:ε:a:b:b':c9) is an essential enzyme that supplies energy for both the aerobic growing and the hypoxic dormant stage of the mycobacterial life cycle. Employing the heterologous F-ATP synthase model system αchi3:β3:γ we showed previously, that transfer of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Mtb subunit α (Mtα514-549) to a standard F-ATP synthase α subunit suppresses ATPase activity. Here we determined the 3D reconstruction from electron micrographs of the αchi3:β3:γ complex reconstituted with the Mtb subunit ε (Mtε), which has been shown to crosstalk with the CTD of Mtα. Together with the first solution shape of Mtb subunit α (Mtα), derived from solution X-ray scattering, the structural data visualize the extended C-terminal stretch of the mycobacterial subunit α. In addition, Mtε mutants MtεR62L, MtεE87A, Mtε6-121, and Mtε1-120, reconstituted with αchi3:β3:γ provided insight into their role in coupling and in trapping inhibiting MgADP. NMR solution studies of MtεE87A gave insights into how this residue contributes to stability and crosstalk between the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the CTD of Mtε. Analyses of the N-terminal mutant Mtε6-121 highlight the differences of the NTD of mycobacterial subunit ε to the well described Geobacillus stearothermophilus or Escherichia coli counterparts. These data are discussed in context of a crosstalk between the very N-terminal amino acids of Mtε and the loop region of one c subunit of the c-ring turbine for coupling of proton-translocation and ATP synthesis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Bogdanović
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lavanya Sundararaman
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Neelagandan Kamariah
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Anu Tyagi
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Republic of Singapore; Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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Sekiya M, Shimoyama Y, Ishikawa T, Sasaki M, Futai M, Nakanishi-Matsui M. Porphyromonas gingivalis is highly sensitive to inhibitors of a proton-pumping ATPase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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35
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Tkachenko AG. Stress Responses of Bacterial Cells as Mechanism of Development of Antibiotic Tolerance (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Joon S, Ragunathan P, Sundararaman L, Nartey W, Kundu S, Manimekalai MSS, Bogdanović N, Dick T, Grüber G. The NMR solution structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis F-ATP synthase subunit ε provides new insight into energy coupling inside the rotary engine. FEBS J 2018; 285:1111-1128. [PMID: 29360236 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) F1 F0 ATP synthase (α3 :β3 :γ:δ:ε:a:b:b':c9 ) is essential for the viability of growing and nongrowing persister cells of the pathogen. Here, we present the first NMR solution structure of Mtε, revealing an N-terminal β-barrel domain (NTD) and a C-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a helix-loop-helix with helix 1 and -2 being shorter compared to their counterparts in other bacteria. The C-terminal amino acids are oriented toward the NTD, forming a domain-domain interface between the NTD and CTD. The Mtε structure provides a novel mechanistic model of coupling c-ring- and ε rotation via a patch of hydrophobic residues in the NTD and residues of the CTD to the bottom of the catalytic α3 β3 -headpiece. To test our model, genome site-directed mutagenesis was employed to introduce amino acid changes in these two parts of the epsilon subunit. Inverted vesicle assays show that these mutations caused an increase in ATP hydrolysis activity and a reduction in ATP synthesis. The structural and enzymatic data are discussed in light of the transition mechanism of a compact and extended state of Mtε, which provides the inhibitory effects of this coupling subunit inside the rotary engine. Finally, the employment of these data with molecular docking shed light into the second binding site of the drug Bedaquiline. DATABASE Structural data are available in the PDB under the accession number 5YIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Joon
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lavanya Sundararaman
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson Nartey
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Subhashri Kundu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Nebojša Bogdanović
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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Colgan AM, Quinn HJ, Kary SC, Mitchenall LA, Maxwell A, Cameron ADS, Dorman CJ. Negative supercoiling of DNA by gyrase is inhibited in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium during adaptation to acid stress. Mol Microbiol 2018; 107:734-746. [PMID: 29352745 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA in intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium relaxes during growth in the acidified (pH 4-5) macrophage vacuole and DNA relaxation correlates with the upregulation of Salmonella genes involved in adaptation to the macrophage environment. Bacterial ATP levels did not increase during adaptation to acid pH unless the bacterium was deficient in MgtC, a cytoplasmic-membrane-located inhibitor of proton-driven F1 F0 ATP synthase activity. Inhibiting ATP binding by DNA gyrase and topo IV with novobiocin enhanced the effect of low pH on DNA relaxation. Bacteria expressing novobiocin-resistant (NovR ) derivatives of gyrase or topo IV also exhibited DNA relaxation at acid pH, although further relaxation with novobiocin was not seen in the strain with NovR gyrase. Thus, inhibition of the negative supercoiling activity of gyrase was the primary cause of enhanced DNA relaxation in drug-treated bacteria. The Salmonella cytosol reaches pH 5-6 in response to an external pH of 4-5: the ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling activity of purified gyrase was progressively inhibited by lowering the pH in this range, as was the ATP-dependent DNA relaxation activity of topo IV. We propose that DNA relaxation in Salmonella within macrophage is due to acid-mediated impairment of the negative supercoiling activity of gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M Colgan
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Heather J Quinn
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stefani C Kary
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Lesley A Mitchenall
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andrew D S Cameron
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Charles J Dorman
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Ahmad Z, Hassan SS, Azim S. A Therapeutic Connection between Dietary Phytochemicals and ATP Synthase. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:3894-3906. [PMID: 28831918 PMCID: PMC5738703 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170823125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 01/01/1970] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, phytochemicals have been used to prevent and cure multiple health ailments. Phytochemicals have been reported to have antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitussive, antiparasitic, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties. Generally, the therapeutic use of phy-tochemicals is based on tradition or word of mouth with few evidence-based studies. Moreo-ver, molecular level interactions or molecular targets for the majority of phytochemicals are unknown. In recent years, antibiotic resistance by microbes has become a major healthcare concern. As such, the use of phytochemicals with antimicrobial properties has become perti-nent. Natural compounds from plants, vegetables, herbs, and spices with strong antimicrobial properties present an excellent opportunity for preventing and combating antibiotic resistant microbial infections. ATP synthase is the fundamental means of cellular energy. Inhibition of ATP synthase may deprive cells of required energy leading to cell death, and a variety of die-tary phytochemicals are known to inhibit ATP synthase. Structural modifications of phyto-chemicals have been shown to increase the inhibitory potency and extent of inhibition. Site-directed mutagenic analysis has elucidated the binding site(s) for some phytochemicals on ATP synthase. Amino acid variations in and around the phytochemical binding sites can re-sult in selective binding and inhibition of microbial ATP synthase. In this review, the therapeu-tic connection between dietary phytochemicals and ATP synthase is summarized based on the inhibition of ATP synthase by dietary phytochemicals. Research suggests selective target-ing of ATP synthase is a valuable alternative molecular level approach to combat antibiotic resistant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, USA
| | - Sherif S Hassan
- Department of Medical Education, California University of Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine (Cal Med-SOM), Colton, California 92324, USA
| | - Sofiya Azim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, USA
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39
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Singh D, Grüber G. Crystallographic and enzymatic insights into the mechanisms of Mg-ADP inhibition in the A 1 complex of the A 1A O ATP synthase. J Struct Biol 2017; 201:26-35. [PMID: 29074108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
F-ATP synthases are described to have mechanisms which regulate the unnecessary depletion of ATP pool during an energy limited state of the cell. Mg-ADP inhibition is one of the regulatory features where Mg-ADP gets entrapped in the catalytic site, preventing the binding of ATP and further inhibiting ATP hydrolysis. Knowledge about the existence and regulation of the related archaeal-type A1AO ATP synthases (A3B3CDE2FG2ac) is limited. We demonstrate MgADP inhibition of the enzymatically active A3B3D- and A3B3DF complexes of Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase and reveal the importance of the amino acids P235 and S238 inside the P-loop (GPFGSGKTV) of the catalytic A subunit. Substituting these two residues by the respective P-loop residues alanine and cysteine (GAFGCGKTV) of the related eukaryotic V-ATPase increases significantly the ATPase activity of the enzyme variant and abolishes MgADP inhibition. The atomic structure of the P235A, S238C double mutant of subunit A of the Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 A-ATP synthase provides details of how these critical residues affect nucleotide-binding and ATP hydrolysis in this molecular engine. The qualitative data are confirmed by quantitative results derived from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Singh
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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40
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Sekiya M, Sakamoto Y, Futai M, Nakanishi-Matsui M. Role of α/β interface in F 1 ATPase rotational catalysis probed by inhibitors and mutations. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:615-621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Role of the virulence plasmid in acid resistance of Shigella flexneri. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46465. [PMID: 28440329 PMCID: PMC5404508 DOI: 10.1038/srep46465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence plasmid (VP) acquisition was a key step in the evolution of Shigella from a non-pathogenic Escherichia coli ancestor to a pathogenic genus. In addition, the co-evolution and co-ordination of chromosomes and VPs was also a very important step in the evolutionary process. To investigate the cross-talk between VPs and bacterial chromosomes, we analyzed the expression profiles of protein complexes and protein monomers in three wild-type Shigella flexneri strains and their corresponding VP deletion mutants. A non-pathogenic wild-type E. coli strain and mutant E. coli strains harboring three Shigella VPs were also analyzed. Comparisons showed that the expression of chromosome-encoded proteins GadA/B and AtpA/D, which are associated with intracellular proton flow and pH tuning of bacterial cells, was significantly altered following acquisition or deletion of the VP. The acid tolerance of the above strains was also compared, and the results confirmed that the presence of the VP reduced the bacterial survival rate in extremely acidic environments, such as that in the host stomach. These results further our understanding of the evolution from non-pathogenic E. coli to Shigella, and highlight the importance of co-ordination between heterologous genes and the host chromosome in the evolution of bacterial species.
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Singh D, Sielaff H, Börsch M, Grüber G. Conformational dynamics of the rotary subunit F in the A 3 B 3 DF complex of Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase monitored by single-molecule FRET. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:854-862. [PMID: 28231387 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In archaea the A1 AO ATP synthase uses a transmembrane electrochemical potential to generate ATP, while the soluble A1 domain (subunits A3 B3 DF) alone can hydrolyse ATP. The three nucleotide-binding AB pairs form a barrel-like structure with a central orifice that hosts the rotating central stalk subunits DF. ATP binding, hydrolysis and product release cause a conformational change inside the A:B-interface, which enforces the rotation of subunits DF. Recently, we reported that subunit F is a stimulator of ATPase activity. Here, we investigated the nucleotide-dependent conformational changes of subunit F relative to subunit D during ATP hydrolysis in the A3 B3 DF complex of the Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer. We found two conformations for subunit F during ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hendrik Sielaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Michael Börsch
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Liu M, Amini A, Ahmad Z. Safranal and its analogs inhibit Escherichia coli ATP synthase and cell growth. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:145-152. [PMID: 27865956 PMCID: PMC5884629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Safranal, a dominant component of saffron, is known to have antitumor, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties. In this study, we examined safranal and its structural analogs-thymol, carvacrol, damascenone, cuminol, 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione (TMCHD), 4-isopropylbenzyl bromide (IPBB), and 4-tert-butylphenol (TBP) induced inhibition of Escherichia coli membrane bound F1Fo ATP synthase. Safranal and its analogs inhibited wild-type enzyme to variable degrees. While safranal caused 100% inhibition of wild-type F1Fo ATP synthase, only about 50% inhibition occurred for αR283D mutant ATP synthase. Moreover, safranal, thymol, carvacrol, damascenone, cuminol, TMCHD, IPBB, and TBP all fully abrogated the growth of wild-type E. coli cells and had partial or no effect on the growth of null and mutant E. coli strains. Therefore, the antimicrobial properties of safranal, thymol, carvacrol, damascenone, cuminol, TMCHD, IPBB, and TBP can be linked to their binding and inhibition of ATP synthase. Total loss of growth in wild-type and partial or no growth loss in null or mutant E. coli strains demonstrates that ATP synthase is a molecular target for safranal and its structural analogs. Partial inhibition of the αArg-283 mutant enzyme establishes that αArg-283 residue is required in the polyphenol binding pocket of ATP synthase for the binding of safranal. Furthermore, partial growth loss for the null and mutant strains in the presence of inhibitors also suggests the role of other targets and residues in the process of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
| | - Amon Amini
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States.
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Yang M, Ye J, Qin H, Long Y, Li Y. Influence of perfluorooctanoic acid on proteomic expression and cell membrane fatty acid of Escherichia coli. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:532-539. [PMID: 27742440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has received an increasing attention in the agricultural and food industries due to its risk to human health. To facilitate the development of novel biomarkers of Escherichia coli against PFOA through multi-omics technologies, and to reveal the resistance mechanism of E. coli against PFOA at protein levels, the interactions among pollutant stress, protein expression and cell metabolism was investigated by using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. The results revealed that the 63 up-regulated proteins mainly involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis, whereas, the 69 down-regulated proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate metabolism and the cell cycle-caulobacter pathway, were also associated with the increase of membrane permeability, excessive expenditure of ATP, disruption of fatty acid biosynthesis under PFOA stress. The results provide novel insights into the influence mechanisms of PFOA on fatty acid and protein networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinshao Ye
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek, 94598, CA, USA
| | - Huaming Qin
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yan Long
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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