Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial dynamics-The cancer connection

Using Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics combined with Markov state models to explore the mechanism of action of new oral inhibitors on Complex I

In this study, our focus was on investigating H-1,2,3-triazole derivative HP661 as a novel and highly efficient oral OXPHOS inhibitor, with its molecular-level inhibitory mechanism not yet fully understood. We selected the ND1, NDUFS2, and NDUFS7 subunits of Mitochondrial Complex I as the receptor proteins and established three systems for comparative analysis: protein-IACS-010759, protein-lead compound 10, and protein-HP661. Through extensive analysis involving 500 ns Gaussian molecular dynamics simulations, we gained insights into these systems. Additionally, we constructed a Markov State Models to examine changes in secondary structures during the motion processes. The research findings suggest that the inhibitor HP661 enhances the extensibility and hydrophilicity of the receptor protein. Furthermore, HP661 induces the unwinding of the α-helical structure in the region of residues 726-730. Notably, key roles were identified for Met37, Phe53, and Pro212 in the binding of various inhibitors. In conclusion, we delved into the potential molecular mechanisms of triazole derivative HP661 in inhibiting Complex I. These research outcomes provide crucial information for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying OXPHOS inhibition, offering valuable theoretical support for drug development and disease treatment design.

The role of glucagon-like peptide-1/GLP-1R and autophagy in diabetic cardiovascular disease

Diabetes leads to a significantly accelerated incidence of various related macrovascular complications, including peripheral vascular disease and cardiovascular disease (the most common cause of mortality in diabetes), as well as microvascular complications such as kidney disease and retinopathy. Endothelial dysfunction is the main pathogenic event of diabetes-related vascular disease at the earliest stage of vascular injury. Understanding the molecular processes involved in the development of diabetes and its debilitating vascular complications might bring up more effective and specific clinical therapies. Long-acting glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogs are currently available in treating diabetes with widely established safety and extensively evaluated efficacy. In recent years, autophagy, as a critical lysosome-dependent self-degradative process to maintain homeostasis, has been shown to be involved in the vascular endothelium damage in diabetes. In this review, the GLP-1/GLP-1R system implicated in diabetic endothelial dysfunction and related autophagy mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications are briefly presented. This review also highlights a possible crosstalk between autophagy and the GLP-1/GLP-1R axis in the treatment of diabetic angiopathy.

Shenqi Fuzheng injection facilitates skeletal muscle mitophagy mediated by the ubiquitination of HIF-1α to ameliorate cancer-associated fatigue

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) significantly impacts the quality of life of cancer patients. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Shenqi Fuzheng injection (SFI) in managing CRF, focusing on its mechanistic action in skeletal muscle. We utilized a CRF mouse model to examine the effects of SFI on physical endurance, monitoring activity levels, swimming times and rest periods. Proteomic analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle was performed using isobaric tags and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to map the muscle proteome changes post-SFI treatment. Mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle was assessed via ATP bioluminescence assay. Furthermore, the regulatory role of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF-1α) signalling pathway in mediating SFI's effects was explored through western blotting. In CRF-induced C2C12 myoblasts, we evaluated cell viability (CCK-8 assay), apoptosis (flow cytometry) and mitophagy (electron microscopy). The study also employed pulldown, luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SFI's action, particularly focusing on the transcriptional regulation of PINK1 through HIF-1α binding at the PINK1 promoter region. Our findings reveal that SFI enhances physical mobility, reduces fatigue symptoms and exerts protective effects on skeletal muscles by mitigating mitochondrial damage and augmenting antioxidative responses. SFI promotes cell viability and induces mitophagy while decreasing apoptosis, primarily through the modulation of HIF-1α, PINK1 and p62 proteins. These results underscore SFI's efficacy in enhancing mitochondrial autophagy, thereby offering a promising approach for ameliorating CRF. The study not only provides insight into SFI's potential therapeutic mechanisms but also establishes a foundation for further exploration of SFI interventions in CRF management.

A personal glucose meter-utilized strategy for portable and label-free detection of hydrogen peroxide

Rapid and precise detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) holds great significance since it is linked to numerous physiological and inorganic catalytic processes. We herein developed a label-free and washing-free strategy to detect H2O2 by employing a hand-held personal glucose meter (PGM) as a signal readout device. By focusing on the fact that the reduced redox mediator ([Fe(CN)6]4-) itself is responsible for the final PGM signal, we developed a new PGM-based strategy to detect H2O2 by utilizing the target H2O2-mediated oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4- to [Fe(CN)6]3- in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and monitoring the reduced PGM signal in response to the target amount. Based on this straightforward and facile design principle, H2O2 was successfully determined down to 3.63 μM with high specificity against various non-target molecules. We further demonstrated that this strategy could be expanded to identify another model target choline by detecting H2O2 produced through its oxidation promoted by choline oxidase. Moreover, we verified its practical applicability by reliably determining extracellular H2O2 released from the breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. This work could evolve into versatile PGM-based platform technology to identify various non-glucose target molecules by employing their corresponding oxidase enzymes, greatly advancing the portable biosensing technologies.

Mitochondrial Changes in Rat Brain Endothelial Cells Associated with Hepatic Encephalopathy: Relation to the Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

The mechanisms underlying cerebral vascular dysfunction and edema during hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are unclear. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, resulting from increased vascular permeability, has been reported in acute and chronic HE. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-documented result of HE mainly affecting astrocytes, but much less so in the BBB-forming endothelial cells. Here we review literature reports and own experimental data obtained in HE models emphasizing alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and function as a possible contributor to the status of brain endothelial cell mitochondria in HE. Own studies on the expression of the mitochondrial fusion-fission controlling genes rendered HE animal model-dependent effects: increase of mitochondrial fusion controlling genes opa1, mfn1 in cerebral vessels in ammonium acetate-induced hyperammonemia, but a decrease of the two former genes and increase of fis1 in vessels in thioacetamide-induced HE. In endothelial cell line (RBE4) after 24 h ammonia and/or TNFα treatment, conditions mimicking crucial aspects of HE in vivo, we observed altered expression of mitochondrial fission/fusion genes: a decrease of opa1, mfn1, and, increase of the fission related fis1 gene. The effect in vitro was paralleled by the generation of reactive oxygen species, decreased total antioxidant capacity, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as increased permeability of RBE4 cell monolayer to fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran. Electron microscopy documented enlarged mitochondria in the brain endothelial cells of rats in both in vivo models. Collectively, the here observed alterations of cerebral endothelial mitochondria are indicative of their fission, and decreased potential of endothelial mitochondria are likely to contribute to BBB dysfunction in HE.

TGF-β3 mediates mitochondrial dynamics through the p-Smad3/AMPK pathway

It is well recognized that mitochondrial dynamics plays a vital role in cartilage physiology. Any perturbation in mitochondrial dynamics could cause disorders in cartilage metabolism and even lead to the occurrence of cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). TGF-β3, as an important growth factor that appears in the joints of OA disease, shows its great potential in chondrocyte growth and metabolism. Nevertheless, the role of TGF-β3 on mitochondrial dynamics is still not well understood. Here we aimed to investigate the effect of TGF-β3 on mitochondrial dynamics of chondrocytes and reveal its underlying bio-mechanism. By using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the number and morphology of mitochondria, western blotting for the protein expressions, immunofluorescence for the cytoplasmic distributions of proteins, and RNA sequencing for the transcriptome changes related to mitochondrial dynamics. We found that TGF-β3 could increase the number of mitochondria in chondrocytes. TGF-β3-enhanced mitochondrial number was via promoting the mitochondrial fission. The mitochondrial fission induced by TGF-β3 was mediated by AMPK signaling. TGF-β3 activated canonical p-Smad3 signaling and resultantly mediated AMPK-induced mitochondrial fission. Taken together, these results elucidate an understanding of the role of TGF-β3 on mitochondrial dynamics in chondrocytes and provide potential cues for therapeutic strategies in cartilage injury and OA disease in terms of energy metabolism.

Mitochondria: A source of potential biomarkers for non-communicable diseases

Mitochondria, as an endosymbiont of eukaryotic cells, controls multiple cellular activities, including respiration, reactive oxygen species production, fatty acid synthesis, and death. Though the majority of functional mitochondrial proteins are translated through a nucleus-controlled process, very few of them (∼10%) are translated within mitochondria through their own machinery. Germline and somatic mutations in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA significantly impact mitochondrial homeostasis and function. Such modifications disturbing mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolism, or mitophagy eventually resulted in cellular pathophysiology. In this chapter, we discussed the impact of mitochondria and its dysfunction on several non-communicable diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular problems. Mitochondrial dysfunction and its outcome could be screened by currently available omics-based techniques, flow cytometry, and high-resolution imaging. Such characterization could be evaluated as potential biomarkers to assess the disease burden and prognosis.

OTU deubiquitinase 7B facilitates the hyperthermia-induced inhibition of lung cancer progression through enhancing Smac-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction

Hyperthermia, as an adjuvant therapy, has shown promising anti-tumor effects. Ovarian tumor domain-containing 7B (OTUD7B) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that is frequently found in a variety of cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of OTUD7B in lung cancer hyperthermia and the underlying mechanism. A549 and CALU-3 cells were respectively exposed to 42 or 44°C for the indicated times (0, 1, 3, or 6 h) followed by incubation at 37°C for 24 h. We found a temperature- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis levels. Compared with 0 h, heat treatment for 3 h inhibited the proliferation and invasion of A549 cells, reduced the expression levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, IAP family members (cIAP-1 and XIAP) proteins and ubiquitination of Smac, and increased Smac protein expression. Treatment with 10 μM Smac mimic BV6 further enhanced the anti-tumor effect of hyperthermia. Next, co-IP validation showed that OTUD7B interacted with Smac and stabilized Smac through deubiquitination. OTUD7B overexpression induced damage in A549 and CALU-3 cells, while silencing OTUD7B caused opposite effects. Overexpressing OTUD7B enhanced the anti-cancer effect of hyperthermia, while si-OTUD7B reversed the anti-cancer effect of hyperthermia, which was verified in the xenograft tumor model in nude mice. Taken together, OTUD7B may serve as a potential anticancer factor with potential clinical efficacy in the thermotherapeutic treatment of lung cancer.

A novel mitochondria-related core gene signature to predict the prognosis and evaluate tumour microenvironment in CESC single-cell validation

Mitochondria and their related genes (MTRGs) are pivotal in the tumour microenvironment (TME) of cervical cancer, influencing prognosis and treatment response. This study developed a prognostic model using MTRGs to predict overall survival (OS) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), aiming for personalized therapy. Analysing 14 MTRGs like ISCU and NDUFA11 through techniques such as univariate Cox regression, we found that a low mitochondrial (MT) score is associated with better survival, while a high MT score predicts poorer outcomes. The TME score, particularly influenced by CD8 T cells, also correlates with prognosis, with a high score indicating favourable outcomes. The interplay between MT and TME subtypes revealed that the best prognosis is seen in patients with a low MT and high TME score. Our findings highlight the role of MTRGs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cervical cancer, offering a novel approach to improving patient outcomes through a more nuanced understanding of mitochondrial function and immune interactions within the TME. This model presents a promising avenue for enhancing the precision of prognostic assessments in CESC.

Mitochondria in disease: changes in shapes and dynamics

Mitochondrial structure often determines the function of these highly dynamic, multifunctional, eukaryotic organelles, which are essential for maintaining cellular health. The dynamic nature of mitochondria is apparent in descriptions of different mitochondrial shapes [e.g., donuts, megamitochondria (MGs), and nanotunnels] and crista dynamics. This review explores the significance of dynamic alterations in mitochondrial morphology and regulators of mitochondrial and cristae shape. We focus on studies across tissue types and also describe new microscopy techniques for detecting mitochondrial morphologies both in vivo and in vitro that can improve understanding of mitochondrial structure. We highlight the potential therapeutic benefits of regulating mitochondrial morphology and discuss prospective avenues to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics to manage diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction.

T-2 toxin induces mitochondrial dysfunction in chondrocytes via the p53-cyclophilin D pathway

Kashin-Beck disease is an endemic joint disease characterized by deep chondrocyte necrosis, and T-2 toxin exposure has been confirmed its etiology. This study investigated mechanism of T-2 toxin inducing mitochondrial dysfunction of chondrocytes through p53-cyclophilin D (CypD) pathway. The p53 signaling pathway was significantly enriched in T-2 toxin response genes from GeneCards. We demonstrated the upregulation of the p53 protein and p53-CypD complex in rat articular cartilage and ATDC5 cells induced by T-2 toxin. Transmission electron microscopy showed the damaged mitochondrial structure of ATDC5 cells induced by T-2 toxin. Furthermore, it can lead to overopening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased reactive oxygen species generation in ATDC5 cells. Pifithrin-α, the p53 inhibitor, alleviated the increased p53-CypD complex and mitochondrial dysfunction of chondrocytes induced by T-2 toxin, suggesting that p53 played an important role in T-2 toxin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistically, T-2 toxin can activate the p53 protein, which can be transferred to the mitochondrial membrane and form a complex with CypD. The increased binding of p53 and CypD mediated the excessive opening of mPTP, changed mitochondrial membrane permeability, and ultimately induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of chondrocytes.

Osthole impairs mitochondrial metabolism and the autophagic flux in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Osthole is active constituent of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss. with various physiological functions including anti-inflammation and anti-lipedemic effects. However, the regulatory activity of osthole in colorectal cancer development, focusing on mitochondrial metabolism, is not well known.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

We hypothesized that osthole may suppress progression of colorectal cancer and aimed to determine the underlying mitochondrial metabolism and the autophagic flux.

STUDY DESIGN

In this study, we elucidated the mechanism of action of osthole in colorectal cancer using an in vivo azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) mouse model and an in vitro cell culture system.

METHODS

AOM/DSS mouse model was established and analyzed the effects of osthole on survival rate, diseases activity index, number of tumor and histopathology. Then, cell based assays including viability, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, calcium efflux, and mitochondrial function were analyzed. Moreover, osthole-mediated signaling was demonstrated by western blot analyses.

RESULTS

Osthole effectively suppressed the growth of colorectal tumors and alleviated AOM/DSS-induced intestinal injury. Osthole restored the function of goblet cells and impaired the expression of Claudin1 and Axin1 impaired by AOM/DSS. In addition, osthole specifically showed cytotoxicity in colorectal carcinoma cells, but not in normal colon cells. Osthole decreased the ASC/caspase-1/IL-1β inflammasome pathway and induced mitochondrial dysfunction in redox homeostasis, calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, osthole inhibited both oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis, leading to the suppression of ATP production. Moreover, via combination treatment with chloroquine (CQ), we demonstrated that osthole impaired autophagic flux, leading to apoptosis of HCT116 and HT29 cells. Finally, we elucidated that the functional role of tiRNAHisGTG regulated by osthole directly affects the cellular fate of colon cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that osthole has the potential to manage progression of colorectal cancer by regulating autophagy- and mitochondria-mediated signal transduction.

Baicalin ameliorates deficient decidualization in URSA by regulating mitochondrial fission induced necroptosis

Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) is a common complication of pregnancy that affects the health of pregnant women. Deficient endometrial decidualization has been associated with URSA. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. This study aims to explore the mechanisms of mitochondrial fission induced necroptosis in deficient decidualization in URSA, and explore the regulation of baicalin on this mechanism. Initially, decidual tissues were collected from patients with URSA and health controls. Subsequently, in vitro induced decidualization model of Telomerase-Immortalized Human Endometrial Stromal Cells (T-hESCs) was constructed. Additionally, murine models of URSA (CBA/J × DBA/2) and normal pregnancy (CBA/J × BALB/c) were established, respectively. The level of decidualization, necroptosis, and mitochondrial fission of decidual tissues from clinical samples were detected. The function of mitochondrial fission on necroptosis during decidualization in T-hESCs was assessed by enhancing or inhibiting mitochondrial fission or necroptosis. Finally, CBA/J × DBA/2 pregnant mice were administrated with different doses of baicalin or saline, and the expression of mitochondrial fission, necroptosis, and decidualization markers were verified. The results of the study demonstrated a significant decrease in decidualization markers in the decidual tissues of URSA patients (P < 0.05), along with an increase in the incidence of cell necroptosis (P < 0.05) and hyperactive mitochondrial fission (P < 0.05). In vitro experiments, LPS was induced to trigger necroptosis of T-hESCs during induced decidualization, and decidualization markers IGFBP1 and PRL were subsequently decreased (P < 0.05). Besides, the mitochondrial fission agonist Tyrphostin A9 was found to promote the level of necroptosis (P < 0.05) and induced deficient decidualization (P < 0.05), which could be rescued by mitochondrial fission inhibitor Mdivi-1 and necroptosis inhibitor Nec-1 (P < 0.05). In addition, baicalin was shown to reduce hyperactive mitochondrial fission (P < 0.05), necroptosis (P < 0.05) and ameliorate deficient decidualization in vitro and in URSA murine models (P < 0.05). Collectively, baicalin shows potential in ameliorating deficient decidualization in URSA by inhibiting mitochondrial fission-triggered necroptosis.

Urechistachykinin I triggers mitochondrial dysfunction leading to a ferroptosis-like response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

AIMS

The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of urechistachykinin I (LRQSQFVGSR-NH2) extracted from Urechis unicinctus,and its mode of action dependent on mitochondrial dysfunction.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The antifungal activity of urechistachykinin I generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), as demonstrated with MitoSOX Red and hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF). Overaccumulation of ROS caused oxidative damage to cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial disruption resulted in cell death, creating several hallmarks that included lipid peroxidation, glutathione oxidation, and depolarization. Moreover, the loss of mitochondria changed the calcium ion imbalance by depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. In particular, iron accumulation and DNA fragmentation measurement determined the type of cell death. Our results indicate that urechistachykinin I treatment induced ferroptosis-like death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via mitochondrial dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONS

Urechistachykinin I treatment induced mitochondrial dysfunction in S. cerevisiae by generating ROS, and the subsequent oxidative damage caused the ferroptosis-like cell death.

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters induce HepG2 cells necroptosis via CTSB/TFAM/ROS pathway

3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) are toxic substances that form in food thermal processing and have a diverse range of toxicities. In this study, we found that 3-MCPDE triggered necroptosis by RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway in HepG2 cells. Previous studies have shown that ROS is an important activator of RIPK1 and RIPK3. The data showed that 3-MCPDE induced excessive ROS production through mitochondrial damage. After treatment with ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 3-MCPDE-induced necroptosis was relieved. Further, we explored how 3-MCPDE destroys mitochondria. The data suggested that 3-MCPDE induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the CTSB/TFAM pathway. Overall, the results indicated that 3-MCPDE induced necroptosis through CTSB/TFAM/ROS pathway in HepG2 cells. Our study provided a new mechanism for 3-MCPDE hepatotoxicity.

Mitochondrial metabolism and targeted treatment strategies in ischemic-induced acute kidney injury

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). The kidney is susceptible to IRI under several clinical conditions, including hypotension, sepsis, and surgical procedures, such as partial nephrectomy and kidney transplantation. Extensive research has been conducted on the mechanism and intervention strategies of renal IRI in past decades; however, the complex pathophysiology of IRI-induced AKI (IRI-AKI) is not fully understood, and there remains a lack of effective treatments for AKI. Renal IRI involves several processes, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammation, and apoptosis. Mitochondria, the centers of energy metabolism, are increasingly recognized as substantial contributors to the early phases of IRI. Multiple mitochondrial lesions have been observed in the renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) of IRI-AKI mice, and damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria are toxic to the cells because they produce ROS and release cell death factors, resulting in TEC apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the mitochondrial pathology in ischemic AKI and highlight promising therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to prevent or treat human ischemic AKI.

The critical roles of STING in mitochondrial homeostasis

The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial signaling hub in the immune system's antiviral and antimicrobial defense by detecting exogenous and endogenous DNA. The multifaceted functions of STING have been uncovered gradually during past decades, including homeostasis maintenance and overfull immunity or inflammation induction. However, the subcellular regulation of STING and mitochondria is poorly understood. The main functions of STING are outlined in this review. Moreover, we discuss how mitochondria and STING interact through multiple mechanisms, including the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), modulation of mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) and mitochondrial dynamics, alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondria-related cell death. Finally, we discuss how STING is crucial to disease development, providing a novel perspective on its role in cellular physiology and pathology.

The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and their crosstalk in intervertebral disc degeneration

Low back pain (LBP) is a pervasive global health issue. Roughly 40% of LBP cases are attributed to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). While the underlying mechanisms of IVDD remain incompletely understood, it has been confirmed that apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation caused by many factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress, calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis imbalance leads to IVDD. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in these processes. The initiation of ER stress precipitates cell apoptosis, and is also related to inflammation, levels of oxidative stress, and Ca2+ homeostasis. Additionally, mitochondrial dynamics, antioxidative systems, disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis are closely associated with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and inflammation, promoting cell apoptosis. However, numerous crosstalk exists between the ER and mitochondria, where they interact through inflammatory cytokines, signaling pathways, ROS, or key molecules such as CHOP, forming positive and negative feedback loops. Furthermore, the contact sites between the ER and mitochondria, known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), facilitate direct signal transduction such as Ca2+ transfer. However, the current attention towards this issue is insufficient. Therefore, this review summarizes the impacts of ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction on IVDD, along with the possibly potential crosstalk between them, aiming to unveil novel avenues for IVDD intervention.

ARK5 enhances cell survival associated with mitochondrial morphological dynamics from fusion to fission in human multiple myeloma cells

5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-related kinase 5 (ARK5) is involved in mitochondrial ATP production and associated with poor prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM). However, the molecular mechanisms of ARK5 in MM remain largely unknown. This study examined the pathogenic role of ARK5 in mitochondria by using genetically modified isogenic cell clones with or without ARK5 in human myeloma cell lines, KMS-11 and Sachi, which overexpress ARK5. The biallelic knockout of ARK5 (ARK5-KO) inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration with increased apoptosis. Mitochondrial fusion was enhanced in ARK5-KO cells, unlike in ARK5 wild-type (ARK5-WT) cells, which exhibited increased mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, ARK5-KO cells demonstrated a lower phosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1 at serine 616, higher protein expression of mitofusin-1 (MFN1) and MFN2, optic atrophy 1 with a lower level of ATP, and higher levels of lactate and reactive oxygen species than ARK5-WT cells. Our findings suggest that ARK5-enhanced myeloma cells can survive associated mitochondrial fission and activity. This study first revealed the relationship between ARK5 and mitochondrial morphological dynamics. Thus, our outcomes show novel aspects of mitochondrial biology of ARK5, which can afford a more advanced treatment approach for unfavorable MM expressing ARK5.

The Research Progress of Mitochondrial Transplantation in the Treatment of Mitochondrial Defective Diseases

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that are involved in energy production, apoptosis, and signaling in eukaryotic cells. Several studies conducted over the past decades have correlated mitochondrial dysfunction with various diseases, including cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, and cancer. Mitochondrial transplantation entails importing intact mitochondria from healthy tissues into diseased tissues with damaged mitochondria to rescue the injured cells. In this review, the different mitochondrial transplantation techniques and their clinical applications have been discussed. In addition, the challenges and future directions pertaining to mitochondrial transplantation and its potential in the treatment of diseases with defective mitochondria have been summarized.

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Improves Ram Sperm Quality through Its Antioxidative Ability during Storage at 4 °C

Sperm motility is an important factor in the migration of sperm from the uterus to the oviduct. During sperm preservation in vitro, sperm generates excessive ROS that damages its function. This study aims to investigate whether the addition of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) to the diluted medium could improve chilled ram sperm quality, and then elucidates the mechanism. Ram semen was diluted with Tris-citric acid-glucose (TCG) medium containing different doses of PQQ (0 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1000 nM, 10,000 nM), and stored at 4 °C. Sperm motility patterns, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and ATP levels were measured after preservation. Furthermore, the expressions of NADH dehydrogenase 1 (MT-ND1) and NADH dehydrogenase 6 (MT-ND6) in sperm were also detected by western blotting. In addition, sperm capacitation and the ability of sperm to bind to the zona pellucina were also evaluated. It was observed that the addition of PQQ significantly (p < 0.05) improved ram sperm motility, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity during preservation. The percentage of sperm with high mitochondrial membrane potential in the PQQ treatment group was much higher than that in the control. In addition, supplementation of PQQ also decreased the sperm MDA and ROS levels, while increasing ATP levels. Interestingly, the levels of MT-ND1 and MT-ND6 protein in sperm treated with PQQ were also higher than that of the control. Furthermore, the addition of 100 nM PQQ to the medium decreased ROS damage in MT-ND1 and MT-ND6 proteins. The addition of 100 nM PQQ significantly (p < 0.05) increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation in ram sperm after induced capacitation. Furthermore, the value of the sperm-zona pellucida binding capacity in the 100 nM PQQ treatment group was also much higher than that of the control. Overall, during chilled ram- sperm preservation, PQQ protected ram sperm quality by quenching the ROS levels to reduce ROS damage and maintain sperm mitochondrial function, and preserved the sperm's high ability of fertilization.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium remodels mitochondrial dynamics of macrophages via the T3SS effector SipA to promote intracellular proliferation

Mitochondrial dynamics are critical in cellular energy production, metabolism, apoptosis, and immune responses. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cells' mitochondrial functions, facilitating their proliferation and dissemination. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm), an intracellular foodborne pathogen, causes diarrhea and exploits host macrophages for survival and replication. However, S. Tm-associated mitochondrial dynamics during macrophage infection remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that within macrophages, S. Tm remodeled mitochondrial fragmentation to facilitate intracellular proliferation mediated by Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA), a type III secretion system effector encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1. SipA directly targeted mitochondria via its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence, preventing excessive fragmentation and the associated increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of mitochondrial DNA and cytochrome c into the cytosol. Macrophage replication assays and animal experiments showed that mitochondria and SipA interact to facilitate intracellular replication and pathogenicity of S. Tm. Furthermore, we showed that SipA delayed mitochondrial fragmentation by indirectly inhibiting the recruitment of cytosolic dynamin-related protein 1, which mediates mitochondrial fragmentation. This study revealed a novel mechanism through which S. Tm manipulates host mitochondrial dynamics, providing insights into the molecular interplay that facilitates S. Tm adaptation within host macrophages.

Knockdown of MRPL35 promotes cell apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation in non-small-cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major pathological type of lung cancer. However, its pathogenesis remains largely unclear. MRPL35 is a regulatory subunit of the mitoribosome, which can regulate the assembly of cytochrome c oxidases and plays an important role in the occurrence of NSCLC.

METHODS

The expression of MRPL35 in NSCLC was detected by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry. H1299 cells were infected with lentivirus to knockdown MRPL35, and the cells were subjected to crystal violet staining to assess the results of colony formation assays. A549 cells were infected by lentiviral particles-expressing shMRPL35 or shControl, and then subcutaneously injected into nude mice. Tumorigenesis in mice was detected by in vivo imaging. The potential pathway of MRPL35 in NSCLC was assessed by Western blotting.

RESULTS

MRPL35 was over-expressed in NSCLC tissue compared to para-cancerous and normal tissues. Knockdown of MRPL35 suppressed cell proliferation and decreased NSCLC progression both in vitro and in vivo. The possible molecular mechanisms were also clarified, which indicated that MRPL35 could be involved in cell apoptosis and proliferation by modulating the expression levels of CDK1, BIRC5, CHEK1, STMN1 and MCM2. Knockdown of MRPL35 activated p53 signaling pathway and inhibited cell cycle regulation.

CONCLUSIONS

The oncogenic role of MRPL35 in NSCLC was potentially mediated through the cell cycle regulatory genes such as BIRC5, STMN1, CDK1, CHEK1 and MCM2, as well as activation of P53 signaling pathway.

Clinical chorioamnionitis at term is characterized by changes in the plasma concentration of CHCHD2/MNRR1, a mitochondrial protein

OBJECTIVE

Mitochondrial dysfunction was observed in acute systemic inflammatory conditions such as sepsis and might be involved in sepsis-induced multi-organ failure. Coiled-Coil-Helix-Coiled-Coil-Helix Domain Containing 2 (CHCHD2), also known as Mitochondrial Nuclear Retrograde Regulator 1 (MNRR1), a bi-organellar protein located in the mitochondria and the nucleus, is implicated in cell respiration, survival, and response to tissue hypoxia. Recently, the reduction of the cellular CHCHD2/MNRR1 protein, as part of mitochondrial dysfunction, has been shown to play a role in the amplification of inflammatory cytokines in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine whether the plasma concentration of CHCHD2/MNRR1 changed during human normal pregnancy, spontaneous labor at term, and clinical chorioamnionitis at term.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study that included the following groups: 1) non-pregnant women (n = 17); 2) normal pregnant women at various gestational ages from the first trimester until term (n = 110); 3) women at term with spontaneous labor (n = 50); and 4) women with clinical chorioamnionitis at term in labor (n = 25). Plasma concentrations of CHCHD2/MNRR1 were assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

1) Pregnant women at term in labor with clinical chorioamnionitis had a significantly higher plasma CHCHD2/MNRR1 concentration than those in labor without chorioamnionitis (p = .003); 2) CHCHD2/MNRR1 is present in the plasma of healthy non-pregnant and normal pregnant women without significant differences in its plasma concentrations between the two groups; 3) there was no correlation between maternal plasma CHCHD2/MNRR1 concentration and gestational age at venipuncture; and 4) plasma CHCHD2/MNRR1 concentration was not significantly different in women at term in spontaneous labor compared to those not in labor.

CONCLUSIONS

CHCHD2/MNRR1 is physiologically present in the plasma of healthy non-pregnant and normal pregnant women, and its concentration does not change with gestational age and parturition at term. However, plasma CHCHD2/MNRR1 is elevated in women at term with clinical chorioamnionitis. CHCHD2/MNRR1, a novel bi-organellar protein located in the mitochondria and the nucleus, is released into maternal plasma during systemic inflammation.

Correction to: YY1 inactivated transcription co-regulator PGC-1α to promote mitochondrial dysfunction of early diabetic nephropathy-associated tubulointerstitial fibrosis

The development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) could be promoted by the occurrence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), which has a close relationship with mitochondrial dysfunction of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). As a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) plays an important role not only in regulating the fibrosis process but also in maintaining the mitochondrial function of pancreatic β-cells. However, it was not clear whether YY1 participated in maintaining mitochondrial function of RTECs in early DN-associated TIF. In this study, we dynamically detected mitochondrial functions and protein expression of YY1 in db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-cultured HK-2 cells. Our results showed that comparing with the occurrence of TIF, the emergence of mitochondrial dysfunction of RTECs was an earlier even, besides the up-regulated and nuclear translocated YY1. Correlation analysis showed YY1 expressions were negatively associated with PGC-1α in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanism research demonstrated the formation of mTOR-YY1 heterodimer induced by HG up-regulated YY1, the nuclear translocation of which inactivated PGC-1α by binding to the PGC-1α promoter. Overexpression of YY1 induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in normal glucose-cultured HK-2 cells and 8-weeks-old db/m mice. While, dysfunctional mitochondria induced by HG could be improved by knockdown of YY1. Finally, downregulation of YY1 could retard the progression of TIF by preventing mitochondrial functions, resulting in the improvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in early DN. These findings suggested that YY1 was a novel regulator of mitochondrial function of RTECs and contributed to the occurrence of early DN-associated TIF.

Applications of microalga-powered microrobots in targeted drug delivery

Over the past decade, researchers have proposed a new class of drug delivery systems, bio-hybrid micro-robots, designed with a variety of living cell-driven micro-robots that utilize the unique mobility of natural organisms (bacteria, cells, exosomes, etc.) to transport effective drugs. Microalgae are considered potential drug delivery carriers. Recent studies have shown that microalga-based drug delivery systems exhibit excellent biocompatibility. In addition, microalgae have a large surfactant area, phototaxis, oxygen production, and other characteristics, so they are used as a carrier for the treatment of bacterial infections, cancer, etc. This review summarizes the modification of microalgae including click chemistry and electrostatic adsorption, and can improve the drug loading efficiency through dehydration and hydration strategies. The prepared microalgal drug delivery system can be targeted to different organs by different dosing methods or using external forces. Finally, it summarizes its antibacterial (gastritis, periodontitis, skin wound inflammation, etc.) and antitumor applications.

Bifenthrin induces cell death in bovine mammary epithelial cells via ROS generation, calcium ion homeostasis disruption, and MAPK signaling cascade alteration

Bifenthrin is one of the widely used synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, employed for various purposes worldwide. As lipophilic pyrethroids can easily bind to soil particles, which is why their residues are detected in various environments. Consequently, the toxicity of bifenthrin to non-target organisms can be regarded as an environmental concern. The toxic effects of bifenthrin have been studied in various animal models and cell lines; however, its toxic effects on cattle remain unclear. In particular, gaining insights into the toxic effects of bifenthrin on the mammary lactation system is crucial for the dairy industry. Therefore, we proceeded to investigate the toxic effects of bifenthrin on the bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells). We established that bifenthrin inhibited cell proliferation and triggered apoptosis in MAC-T cells. Additionally, bifenthrin induced mitochondrial dysfunction and altered inflammatory gene expression by disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also demonstrated that bifenthrin disrupted both cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium ion homeostasis. Furthermore, bifenthrin altered mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades and downregulated casein-related genes. Collectively, we confirmed the multiple toxic effects of bifenthrin on MAC-T cells, which could potentially reduce milk yield and quality.

Mitochondrial transplantation strategies in multifaceted induction of cancer cell death

Otto Warburg hypothesized that some cancer cells reprogram their metabolism, favoring glucose metabolism by anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) instead of oxidative phosphorylation, mainly because the mitochondria of these cells were damaged or dysfunctional. It should be noted that mitochondrial apoptosis is decreased because of the dysfunctional mitochondria. Strategies like mitochondrial transplantation therapy, where functional mitochondria are transplanted to cancer cells, could increase cell death, such as apoptosis, because the intrinsic apoptosis mechanisms would be reactivated. In addition, mitochondrial transplantation is associated with the redox state, which could promote synergy with common anticancer treatments such as ionizing radiation, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, increasing cell death due to the presence or decrease of oxidative stress. On the other hand, mitochondrial transfer, a natural process for sharing mitochondrial between cells, induces an increase in chemoresistance and invasiveness in cancer cells that receive mitochondria from cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which indicates an antitumor therapeutic target. This review focuses on understanding mitochondrial transplantation as a therapeutic outcome induced by a procedure in aspects including oxidative stress, metabolism shifting, mitochondrial function, auto-/mitophagy, invasiveness, and chemoresistance. It also explores how these mechanisms, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and parthanatos, impact cell death pathways. Finally, it discusses the chemoresistance and invasiveness in cancer cells associated with mitochondria transfer, indicating an antitumor therapeutic target.

Research progress of hyperthermia in tumor therapy by influencing metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells

Cellular metabolic reprogramming is an important feature of malignant tumors. Metabolic reprogramming causes changes in the levels or types of specific metabolites inside and outside the cell, which affects tumorigenesis and progression by influencing gene expression, the cellular state, and the tumor microenvironment. During tumorigenesis, a series of changes in the glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and cholesterol metabolism of tumor cells occur, which are involved in the process of cellular carcinogenesis and constitute part of the underlying mechanisms of tumor formation. Hyperthermia, as one of the main therapeutic tools for malignant tumors, has obvious effects on tumor cell metabolism. In this paper, we will combine the latest research progress in the field of cellular metabolic reprogramming and focus on the current experimental research and clinical treatment of hyperthermia in cellular metabolic reprogramming to discuss the feasibility of cellular metabolic reprogramming-related mechanisms guiding hyperthermia in malignant tumor treatment, so as to provide more ideas for hyperthermia to treat malignant tumors through the direction of cellular metabolic reprogramming.

Mitochondria-related lncRNAs: predicting prognosis, tumor microenvironment and treatment response in lung adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer is the most common type of malignant tumor that affects people in China and even across the globe, as it exhibits the highest rates of morbidity and mortality. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a type of lung cancer with a very high incidence. The purpose of this study was to identify potential biomarkers that could be used to forecast the prognosis and improve the existing therapy options for treating LUAD. Clinical and RNA sequencing data of LUAD patients were retrieved from the TCGA database, while the mitochondria-associated gene sets were acquired from the MITOMAP database. Thereafter, Pearson correlation analysis was carried out to screen mitochondria-associated lncRNAs. Furthermore, univariate Cox and Lasso regression analyses were used for the initial screening of the target lncRNAs for prognostic lncRNAs before they could be incorporated into a multivariate Cox Hazard ratio model. Then, the clinical data, concordance index, Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves, and the clinically-relevant subjects that were approved by the Characteristic Curves (ROC) were employed for assessing the model's predictive value. Additionally, the differences in immune-related functions and biological pathway enrichment between high- and low-risk LUAD groups were examined. Nomograms were developed to anticipate the OS rates of the patients within 1-, 3-, and 5 years, and the differences in drug sensitivity and immunological checkpoints were compared. In this study, 2175 mitochondria-associated lncRNAs were screened. Univariate, multivariate, and Lasso Cox regression analyses were carried out to select 13 lncRNAs with an independent prognostic significance, and a prognostic model was developed. The OS analysis of the established prognostic prediction model revealed significant variations between the high- and low-risk patients. The AUC-ROC values after 1, 3, and 5 years were seen to be 0.746, 0.692, and 0.726, respectively. The results suggested that the prognostic model riskscore could be used as an independent prognostic factor that differed from the other clinical characteristics. After analyzing the findings of the study, it was noted that both the risk groups showed significant differences in their immune functioning, immunological checkpoint genes, and drug sensitivity. The prognosis of patients with LUAD could be accurately and independently predicted using a risk prediction model that included 13 mitochondria-associated lncRNAs.

MCCC2 is a novel mediator between mitochondria and telomere and functions as an oncogene in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

The mitochondrial gene MCCC2, a subunit of the heterodimer of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, plays a pivotal role in catabolism of leucine and isovaleric acid. The molecular mechanisms and prognostic value still need to be explored in the context of specific cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

In vitro and in vivo cell-based assays were performed to explore the role of MCCC2 in CRC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Mitochondrial morphology, membrane potential, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), telomerase activity, and telomere length were examined and analyzed accordingly. Protein complex formation was detected by co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP). Mitochondrial morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) CRC cohort analysis, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to examine the MCCC2 expression level. The association between MCCC2 expression and various clinical characteristics was analyzed by chi-square tests. CRC patients' overall survival (OS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis.

RESULTS

Ectopic overexpression of MCCC2 promoted cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, while MCCC2 knockdown (KD) or knockout (KO) inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. MCCC2 KD or KO resulted in reduced mitochondria numbers, but did not affect the gross ATP production in the cells. Mitochondrial fusion markers MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1 were all upregulated in MCCC2 KD or KO cells, which is in line with a phenomenon of more prominent mitochondrial fusion. Interestingly, telomere lengths of MCCC2 KD or KO cells were reduced more than control cells. Furthermore, we found that MCCC2 could specifically form a complex with telomere binding protein TRF2, and MCCC2 KD or KO did not affect the expression or activity of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Finally, MCCC2 expression was heightened in CRC, and patients with higher MCCC2 expression had favorable prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, we identified MCCC2 as a novel mediator between mitochondria and telomeres, and provided an additional biomarker for CRC stratification.

Mitochondrial-related genes markers that predict survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma affect immunomodulation through hypoxia, glycolysis, and angiogenesis pathways

Mitochondria play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of tumors. We used mitochondria-related genes for consistent clustering to identify three stable molecular subtypes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with different prognoses, mutations, and immune characteristics. Significant differences were observed in clinical characteristics, immune microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, and immune cell scores. TP53 was the most significantly mutated; cell cycle-related pathways and tumorigenesis-related pathways were activated in different subtypes. Risk modeling was conducted using a multifactor stepwise regression method, and nine genes were identified as mitochondria-related genes affecting prognosis (DKK1, EFNB2, ITGA5, AREG, EPHX3, CHGB, P4HA1, CCND1, and JCHAIN). Risk score calculations revealed significant differences in prognosis, immune cell scores, immune cell infiltration, and responses to conventional chemotherapy drugs. Glycolysis, angiogenesis, hypoxia, and tumor-related pathways were positively correlated with the RiskScore. Clinical samples were subjected to qPCR to validate the results. In this work, we constructed a prognostic model based on the mitochondrial correlation score, which well reflects the risk and positive factors for the prognosis of patients with HNSCC. This model can be used to guide individualized adjuvant and immunotherapy in patients with HNSCC.

Deciphering the Mysterious Relationship between the Cross-Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative and Oncological Diseases

The relationship between oncological pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders is extremely complex and is a topic of concern among a growing number of researchers around the world. In recent years, convincing scientific evidence has accumulated that indicates the contribution of a number of etiological factors and pathophysiological processes to the pathogenesis of these two fundamentally different diseases, thus demonstrating an intriguing relationship between oncology and neurodegeneration. In this review, we establish the general links between three intersecting aspects of oncological pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders, i.e., oxidative stress, epigenetic dysregulation, and metabolic dysfunction, examining each process in detail to establish an unusual epidemiological relationship. We also focus on reviewing the current trends in the research and the clinical application of the most promising chemical structures and therapeutic platforms that have a modulating effect on the above processes. Thus, our comprehensive analysis of the set of molecular determinants that have obvious cross-functional pathways in the pathogenesis of oncological and neurodegenerative diseases can help in the creation of advanced diagnostic tools and in the development of innovative pharmacological strategies.

The effect of hypomagnetic field on survival and mitochondrial functionality of active Paramacrobiotus experimentalis females and males of different age

Even for tardigrades, often called the toughest animals on Earth, a hypomagnetic field (HMF) is an extreme environment. However, studies on the effect of HMF on tardigrades and other invertebrates are scarce. Mitochondria play an important role in an organism's response to extreme conditions. The effect of HMF on the mitochondrial inner membrane potential (Δψ), a well-known marker of mitochondria functionality, shows that mitochondria are very sensitive to HMF. To measure the HMF effect on Paramacrobiotus experimentalis, we calculated the tardigrade survival rate and Δψ level after HMF treatments of different durations. We also estimated the relationship between the age and sex of the tardigrade and the HMF effect. We observed age- and sex-related differences in Δψ and found that Δψ changes after HMF treatment were dependent on its duration as well as the animal's age and sex. Furthermore, active P. experimentalis individuals displayed a high survival rate after HMF treatment. The data may contribute to the understanding of tardigrade aging and their resistance to extreme conditions including HMF, which in turn may be useful for future space explorations.

Inhibition of LNC EBLN3P Enhances Radiation-Induced Mitochondrial Damage in Lung Cancer Cells by Targeting the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 Axis

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both women and men, claiming millions of lives worldwide. Radiotherapy is an effective modality for treating early-stage lung cancer; however, it cannot completely eradicate certain tumor cells due to their radioresistance. Radioresistance is commonly observed in conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, which can lead to treatment failure, metastasis, cancer recurrence, and poor prognosis for cancer patients. Identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms of radioresistance in lung cancer can promote the development of effective radiosensitizers, thereby improving patients' life expectancy and curability. In this study, we identified LNC EBLN3P as a regulator of lung cancer cell proliferation and radiosensitivity. The repression of LNC EBLN3P could increase ROS production and mitochondrial injury in NSCLC cells. In addition, knocking down LNC EBLN3P increased the binding of Nrf2 to Keap1, resulting in enhanced Nrf2 degradation, decreased translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus, reduced expression of antioxidant protein HO-1, weakened cellular antioxidant capacity, and increased radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells. These findings suggest that targeting LNC EBLN3P could be a promising strategy for developing novel radiosensitizers in the context of conventional radiotherapy for NSCLC.

Recent Advances in Targeted Drug Delivery Strategy for Enhancing Oncotherapy

Targeted drug delivery is a precise and effective strategy in oncotherapy that can accurately deliver drugs to tumor cells or tissues to enhance their therapeutic effect and, meanwhile, weaken their undesirable side effects on normal cells or tissues. In this research field, a large number of researchers have achieved significant breakthroughs and advances in oncotherapy. Typically, nanocarriers as a promising drug delivery strategy can effectively deliver drugs to the tumor site through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect-mediated passive targeting and various types of receptor-mediated active targeting, respectively. Herein, we review recent targeted drug delivery strategies and technologies for enhancing oncotherapy. In addition, we also review two mainstream drug delivery strategies, passive and active targeting, based on various nanocarriers for enhancing tumor therapy. Meanwhile, a comparison and combination of passive and active targeting are also carried out. Furthermore, we discuss the associated challenges of passive and active targeted drug delivery strategies and the prospects for further study.

The value of RPS15 and MRPS27 in ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is caused by insufficient blood supply to the brain. It has acute onset, often disturbance of consciousness, and high mortality and disability rate. However, relationship between ribosomal proteins (RP)-S15 and mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRP)-S27 and ischemic stroke remains unclear. The ischemic stroke datasets GSE22255, GSE16561, and GSE199435 were downloaded from gene expression omnibus generated by GPL6883, GPL11154, and GPL570. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, and the construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction network, functional enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis were performed. The gene expression heat map was drawn. Comparative toxicogenomics database analysis were performed to find the disease most related to core gene. TargetScan screened miRNAs that regulated central DEGs. Five hundred DEGs were identified. According to gene ontology analysis, they were mainly enriched in leukocyte activation, myoid cell activation involved in immune response, cell membrane, mitochondria, secretory vesicles, catalytic activity, enzyme binding, ribonucleic acid binding, splicing. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that the enrichment items are similar to the enrichment items of differentially expressed genes. And 20 core genes were obtained. Comparative toxicogenomics database analysis showed that 6 genes (RPS15, RPS2, RPS3, MRPS27, POLR2A, MRPS26) were found to be associated with chemical and drug-induced liver injury, necrosis, delayed prenatal exposure, nephropathy, hepatomegaly and tumor. RPS15 and MRPS27 are the core genes of ischemic stroke and play an important role in ischemic stroke.

Controllable mitochondrial aggregation and fusion by a programmable DNA binder

DNA nanodevices have been feasibly applied for various chemo-biological applications, but their functions as precise regulators of intracellular organelles are still limited. Here, we report a synthetic DNA binder that can artificially induce mitochondrial aggregation and fusion in living cells. The rationally designed DNA binder consists of a long DNA chain, which is grafted with multiple mitochondria-targeting modules. Our results indicated that the DNA binder-induced in situ self-assembly of mitochondria can be used to successfully repair ROS-stressed neuron cells. Meanwhile, this DNA binder design is highly programmable. Customized molecular switches can be easily implanted to further achieve stimuli-triggered mitochondrial aggregation and fusion inside living cells. We believe this new type of DNA regulator system will become a powerful chemo-biological tool for subcellular manipulation and precision therapy.

Role of mitochondrial alterations in human cancer progression and cancer immunity

Dysregulating cellular metabolism is one of the emerging cancer hallmarks. Mitochondria are essential organelles responsible for numerous physiologic processes, such as energy production, cellular metabolism, apoptosis, and calcium and redox homeostasis. Although the "Warburg effect," in which cancer cells prefer aerobic glycolysis even under normal oxygen circumstances, was proposed a century ago, how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cancer progression is still unclear. This review discusses recent progress in the alterations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mitochondrial dynamics in cancer malignant progression. Moreover, we integrate the possible regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathways, including mitochondrion-derived molecules (reactive oxygen species, calcium, oncometabolites, and mtDNA) and mitochondrial stress response pathways (mitochondrial unfolded protein response and integrated stress response) in cancer progression and provide the possible therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings on the role of mitochondria in the immune regulatory function of immune cells and reveal the impact of the tumor microenvironment and metabolism remodeling on cancer immunity. Targeting the mitochondria and metabolism might improve cancer immunotherapy. These findings suggest that targeting mitochondrial retrograde signaling in cancer malignancy and modulating metabolism and mitochondria in cancer immunity might be promising treatment strategies for cancer patients and provide precise and personalized medicine against cancer.

Mitochondria as intracellular signalling organelles. An update

Traditionally, mitochondria are known as "the powerhouse of the cell," responsible for energy (ATP) generation (by the electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid ß-oxidation), and for the regulation of several metabolic processes, including redox homeostasis, calcium signalling, and cellular apoptosis. The extensive studies conducted in the last decades portray mitochondria as multifaceted signalling organelles that ultimately command cells' survival or death. Based on current knowledge, we'll outline the mitochondrial signalling to other intracellular compartments in homeostasis and pathology-related mitochondrial stress conditions here. The following topics are discussed: (i) oxidative stress and mtROS signalling in mitohormesis, (ii) mitochondrial Ca²⁺ signalling; (iii) the anterograde (nucleus-to-mitochondria) and retrograde (mitochondria-to-nucleus) signal transduction, (iv) the mtDNA role in immunity and inflammation, (v) the induction of mitophagy- and apoptosis - signalling cascades, (vi) the mitochondrial dysfunctions (mitochondriopathies) in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and malignant diseases. The novel insights into molecular mechanisms of mitochondria-mediated signalling can explain mitochondria adaptation to metabolic and environmental stresses to achieve cell survival.

Abnormal expression of fission and fusion genes and the morphology of mitochondria in eutopic and ectopic endometrium

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in physiological and metabolic function of the cell. Mitochondrial dynamics orchestrate mitochondrial function and morphology, involving fission and fusion as well as ultrastructural remodeling. Mounting evidence unravels the close link between mitochondria and endometriosis. However, how mitochondrial architecture changes through fission and fusion in eutopic and ectopic tissues of women with ovarian endometriosis remains unknown. We detected the expression of fission and fusion genes and the morphology of mitochondria in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in ovarian endometriosis. The results showed that the expression of DRP1 and LCLAT1 was upregulated in eutopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), and the expression of DRP1, OPA1, MFN1, MFN2, and LCLAT1 was significantly downregulated in ectopic ESCs, and reduced number of mitochondria, wider cristae width and narrower cristae junction width was observed, but there was no difference in cell survival rate. The altered mitochondrial dynamics and morphology might, respectively, provide an advantage for migration and adhesion in eutopic ESCs and be the adaptive response in ectopic endometrial cells to survive under hypoxic and oxidative stress environment.

TOMM40 and TOMM22 of the Translocase Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Complex rescue statin-impaired mitochondrial dynamics, morphology, and mitophagy in skeletal myotubes

Background

Statins are the drugs most commonly used for lowering plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Although generally well tolerated, statins can induce myopathy, a major cause of non-adherence to treatment. Impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated as a cause of statin-induced myopathy, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We have shown that simvastatin downregulates transcription of TOMM40 and TOMM22 , genes that encode major subunits of the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) complex which is responsible for importing nuclear-encoded proteins and maintaining mitochondrial function. We therefore investigated the role of TOMM40 and TOMM22 in mediating statin effects on mitochondrial function, dynamics, and mitophagy.

Methods

Cellular and biochemical assays and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate effects of simvastatin and TOMM40 and TOMM22 expression on measures of mitochondrial function and dynamics in C2C12 and primary human skeletal cell myotubes.

Results

Knockdown of TOMM40 and TOMM22 in skeletal cell myotubes impaired mitochondrial oxidative function, increased production of mitochondrial superoxide, reduced mitochondrial cholesterol and CoQ levels, disrupted mitochondrial dynamics and morphology, and increased mitophagy, with similar effects resulting from simvastatin treatment. Overexpression of TOMM40 and TOMM22 in simvastatin-treated muscle cells rescued statin effects on mitochondrial dynamics, but not on mitochondrial function or cholesterol and CoQ levels. Moreover, overexpression of these genes resulted in an increase in number and density of cellular mitochondria.

Conclusion

These results confirm that TOMM40 and TOMM22 are central in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and demonstrate that downregulation of these genes by statin treatment mediates disruption of mitochondrial dynamics, morphology, and mitophagy, effects that may contribute to statin-induced myopathy.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Lactoferrin: Antimicrobial impacts, genomic guardian, therapeutic uses and clinical significance for humans and animals

Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein found in several bodily fluids, such as milk. This protein has a diverse range of functions and is evolutionarily conserved. Lactoferrin is a multifunction protein with distinct biological abilities affecting mammals' immune structures. Reports indicated that the daily uptake of LF from dairy products is unsatisfactory in detecting further health-promoting abilities. Research has shown that it protects against infection, mitigates cellular senescence, and improves nutritional quality. Additionally, LF is being studied as a potential treatment for various diseases and conditions, including gastrointestinal issues and infections. Studies have also demonstrated its effectiveness against various viruses and bacteria. In this article, we'll look closer at the structure of LF and its various biological activities, including its antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-osteoporotic, detoxifying, and immunomodulatory properties. More specifically, the protective effect of LF against oxidative DNA damage was also clarified through its ability to abolish DNA damaging issues without interfacing with host genetic material. Fortification with LF protects mitochondria dysfunction syndromes via sustaining redox status and biogenesis and suppressing apoptosis and autophagy singling. Additionally, we'll examine the potential benefits of lactoferrin and provide an overview of recent clinical trials conducted to examine its use in laboratory and living models.

The Role of Pyruvate Metabolism in Mitochondrial Quality Control and Inflammation

Pyruvate metabolism, a key pathway in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, is crucial for energy homeostasis and mitochondrial quality control (MQC), including fusion/fission dynamics and mitophagy. Alterations in pyruvate flux and MQC are associated with reactive oxygen species accumulation and Ca2+ flux into the mitochondria, which can induce mitochondrial ultrastructural changes, mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation. Perturbations in MQC are emerging as a central mechanism for the pathogenesis of various metabolic diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and insulin resistance-related diseases. Mitochondrial Ca2+ regulates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), which is central to pyruvate metabolism, by promoting its dephosphorylation. Increase of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) is associated with perturbation of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) function and Ca2+ flux. Pyruvate metabolism also plays an important role in immune cell activation and function, dysregulation of which also leads to insulin resistance and inflammatory disease. Pyruvate metabolism affects macrophage polarization, mitochondrial dynamics and MAM formation, which are critical in determining macrophage function and immune response. MAMs and MQCs have also been intensively studied in macrophage and T cell immunity. Metabolic reprogramming connected with pyruvate metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics and MAM formation are important to macrophages polarization (M1/M2) and function. T cell differentiation is also directly linked to pyruvate metabolism, with inhibition of pyruvate oxidation by PDKs promoting proinflammatory T cell polarization. This article provides a brief review on the emerging role of pyruvate metabolism in MQC and MAM function, and how dysfunction in these processes leads to metabolic and inflammatory diseases.

LncRNA FAS-AS1 upregulated by its genetic variation rs6586163 promotes cell apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through regulating mitochondria function and Fas splicing

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common head and neck malignant with a high incidence in Southern China. Genetic aberrations play a vital role in the pathogenesis, progression and prognosis of NPC. In the present study, we elucidated the underlying mechanism of FAS-AS1 and its genetic variation rs6586163 in NPC. We demonstrated that FAS-AS1 rs6586163 variant genotype carriers were associated with lower risk of NPC (CC vs. AA, OR = 0.645, P = 0.006) and better overall survival (AC + CC vs. AA, HR = 0.667, P = 0.030). Mechanically, rs6586163 increased the transcriptional activity of FAS-AS1 and contributed to ectopic overexpression of FAS-AS1 in NPC. rs6586163 also exhibited an eQTL trait and the genes affected by rs6586163 were enriched in apoptosis related signaling pathway. FAS-AS1 was downregulated in NPC tissues and over-expression of FAS-AS1 was associated with early clinical stage and better short-term treatment efficacy for NPC patients. Overexpression of FAS-AS1 inhibited NPC cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis. GSEA analysis of RNA-seq data suggested FAS-AS1 participate in mitochondria regulation and mRNA alternative splicing. Transmission electron microscopic examination verified that the mitochondria was swelled, the mitochondrial cristae was fragmented or disappeared, and their structures were destroyed in FAS-AS1 overexpressed cells. Furthermore, we identified HSP90AA1, CS, BCL2L1, SOD2 and PPARGC1A as the top 5 hub genes of FAS-AS1 regulated genes involved in mitochondria function. We also proved FAS-AS1 could affect Fas splicing isoform sFas/mFas expression ratio, and apoptotic protein expression, thus leading to increased apoptosis. Our study provided the first evidence that FAS-AS1 and its genetic polymorphism rs6586163 triggered apoptosis in NPC, which might have a potential as new biomarkers for NPC susceptibility and prognosis.

Switchable hepatic organelles aberrations in DEN-induced mice under the influence of chemically characterized silk sericin

OBJECTIVE

Assessing the beneficial effects of silk sericin against hepatic injury induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN).

METHODS

Aiming at promoting sericin as a natural product able to counteract the hazards of toxic elements, HPLC profile was conducted on the extracted sericin sample versus the standard one to qualitatively identify it. Following sericin treatment on human HepG2 liver cancer cells, many parameters were analyzed in vitro including cell viability, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis. Hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as histopathological and ultrastructure changes were evaluated in vivo in the different experimental groups.

RESULTS

Sericin exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on HepG2 cells with an IC50 of 14.12 + 0.75 μg/mL. The hepatotoxicity of DEN was manifested in mice by increased pro-inflammatory markers (IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α), decreased IL-10, liver structure deterioration, and characteristic histopathological and ultrastructure changes. Sericin administration reversed most of the observed alterations inflected by DEN.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results substantiate the sericin's powerful apoptotic impact in vitro. In experimental mice, combination treatment using sericin together with melatonin appears to be more potent in mitigating the adverse effects of DEN. However, further investigations are needed to identify the underlying mechanism of action and complement the knowledge about the expected medicinal values of sericin.

The Complex Interplay between Imbalanced Mitochondrial Dynamics and Metabolic Disorders in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global burden, with an increasing number of people affected and increasing treatment costs. The advances in research and guidelines improve the management of blood glucose and related diseases, but T2DM and its complications are still a big challenge in clinical practice. T2DM is a metabolic disorder in which insulin signaling is impaired from reaching its effectors. Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" that not only generate the energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using pyruvate supplied from glucose, free fatty acid (FFA), and amino acids (AA) but also regulate multiple cellular processes such as calcium homeostasis, redox balance, and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. The mitochondria are highly dynamic in adjusting their functions according to cellular conditions. The shape, morphology, distribution, and number of mitochondria reflect their function through various processes, collectively known as mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial fusion, fission, biogenesis, transport, and mitophagy. These processes determine the overall mitochondrial health and vitality. More evidence supports the idea that dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics play essential roles in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, obesity, and T2DM, as well as imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics found in T2DM. This review updates and discusses mitochondrial dynamics and the complex interactions between it and metabolic disorders.

InP/ZnS quantum dots cause liver damage in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) larvae

InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) are widely used in biomedical imaging and light-emitting component manufacturing industries, but there are few studies on their biological toxicity. In this study, we conducted experiments with rare minnow larvae and found that InP/ZnS QDs can cause liver damage. InP/ZnS QDs appeared only in the intestine of larvae and were not enriched in other parts of the larvae. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) increased, while the decrease in bile acid. InP/ZnS QDs caused hepatic cell nuclear lysis, abnormal cytoplasmic staining, and mitochondrial cristae reduction, swelling, and fragmentation. RNA-sequencing results revealed that InP/ZnS QDs exposure treatment affected the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, sterol synthesis, bile acid synthesis and other pathways. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by InP/ZnS QDs may be the main source of toxicity.

Evaluation of Mitochondrial Function in Blood Samples Shows Distinct Patterns in Subjects with Thyroid Carcinoma from Those with Hyperplasia

Metabolic adaptations are a hallmark of cancer and may be exploited to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Only about 50% of the patients who undergo thyroidectomy due to suspicion of thyroid cancer actually have the disease, highlighting the diagnostic limitations of current tools. We explored the possibility of using non-invasive blood tests to accurately diagnose thyroid cancer. We analyzed blood and thyroid tissue samples from two independent cohorts of patients undergoing thyroidectomy at the Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (Madrid, Spain). As expected, histological comparisons of thyroid cancer and hyperplasia revealed higher proliferation and apoptotic rates and enhanced vascular alterations in the former. Notably, they also revealed increased levels of membrane-bound phosphorylated AKT, suggestive of enhanced glycolysis, and alterations in mitochondrial sub-cellular distribution. Both characteristics are common metabolic adaptations in primary tumors. These data together with reduced mtDNA copy number and elevated levels of the mitochondrial antioxidant PRX3 in cancer tissue samples suggest the presence of mitochondrial oxidative stress. In plasma, cancer patients showed higher levels of cfDNA and mtDNA. Of note, mtDNA plasma levels inversely correlated with those in the tissue, suggesting that higher death rates were linked to lower mtDNA copy number. In PBMCs, cancer patients showed higher levels of PGC-1α, a positive regulator of mitochondrial function, but this increase was not associated with a corresponding induction of its target genes, suggesting a reduced activity in cancer patients. We also observed a significant difference in the PRDX3/PFKFB3 correlation at the gene expression level, between carcinoma and hyperplasia patients, also indicative of increased systemic metabolic stress in cancer patients. The correlation of mtDNA levels in tissue and PBMCs further stressed the interconnection between systemic and tumor metabolism. Evaluation of the mitochondrial gene ND1 in plasma, PBMCs and tissue samples, suggested that it could be a good biomarker for systemic oxidative metabolism, with ND1/mtDNA ratio positively correlating in PBMCs and tissue samples. In contrast, ND4 evaluation would be informative of tumor development, with ND4/mtDNA ratio specifically altered in the tumor context. Taken together, our data suggest that metabolic dysregulation in thyroid cancer can be monitored accurately in blood samples and might be exploited for the accurate discrimination of cancer from hyperplasia.

Targeting Mitochondria with ClpP Agonists as a Novel Therapeutic Opportunity in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide and the leading cause of cancer mortality in women. Despite the recent development of new therapeutics including targeted therapies and immunotherapy, triple-negative breast cancer remains an aggressive form of breast cancer, and thus improved treatments are needed. In recent decades, it has become increasingly clear that breast cancers harbor metabolic plasticity that is controlled by mitochondria. A myriad of studies provide evidence that mitochondria are essential to breast cancer progression. Mitochondria in breast cancers are widely reprogrammed to enhance energy production and biosynthesis of macromolecules required for tumor growth. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of mitochondrial roles in breast cancers and elucidate why mitochondria are a rational therapeutic target. We will then outline the status of the use of mitochondria-targeting drugs in breast cancers, and highlight ClpP agonists as emerging mitochondria-targeting drugs with a unique mechanism of action. We also illustrate possible drug combination strategies and challenges in the future breast cancer clinic.