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Majid S, Ahmad KS, Ashraf GA, Al-Qahtani WH. Mycoremediation of the novel fungicide ametoctradin by different agricultural soils and accelerated degradation utilizing selected fungal strains. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:233-247. [PMID: 38534106 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2331951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Accelerating safety assessments for novel agrochemicals is imperative, advocating for in vitro setups to present pesticide biodegradation by soil microbiota before field studies. This approach enables metabolic profile generation in a controlled laboratory environment eliminating extrinsic factors. In the current study, ten different soil samples were utilized to check their capability to degrade Ametoctradin by their microbiota. Furthermore, five different fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Penicillium chrysogenum) were utilized to degrade Ametoctradin in aqueous media. A degradation pathway was established using the metabolic patterns created during the biodegradation of Ametoctradin. In contrast to 47% degradation (T1/2 of 34 days) when Ametoctradin was left in the soil samples, the fungal strain Aspergillus fumigatus demonstrated 71% degradation of parent Ametoctradin with a half-life (T1/2) of 16 days. In conclusion, soil rich in microorganisms effectively cleans Ametoctradin-contaminated areas while Fungi have also been shown to be an effective, affordable, and promising way to remove Ametoctradin from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Majid
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Lab, Lab-E21, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khuram Shahzad Ahmad
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Lab, Lab-E21, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas Ashraf
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- New Uzbekistan University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Wahidah H Al-Qahtani
- Department of food science and nutrition, College of food and agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Dai T, Yuan K, Shen J, Miao J, Liu X. Ametoctradin resistance risk and its resistance-related point mutation in PsCytb of Phytophthora sojae confirmed using ectopic overexpression. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105747. [PMID: 38225090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Ametoctradin is mainly used to treat plant oomycetes diseases, but the mechanism and resistance risk of ametoctradin in Phytophthora sojae remain unknown. This study determined the ametoctradin sensitivity of 106 P. sojae isolates and found that the frequency distribution of the median effective concentration (EC50) of ametoctradin was unimodal with a mean value of 0.1743 ± 0.0901 μg/mL. Furthermore, ametoctradin-resistant mutants had a substantially lower fitness index compared with that of wild-type isolates. Although ametoctradin did not show cross-resistance to other fungicides, negative cross-resistance to amisulbrom was found. In comparison to sensitive isolates, the control efficacy of ametoctradin to resistant mutants was lower, implying a low to moderate ametoctradin resistance risk in P. sojae. All ametoctradin-resistant mutants contained a S33L point mutation in PsCytb. A system with overexpression of PsCytb in the nucleus was established. When we ectopically overexpressed S33L-harboring PsCytb, P. sojae developed ametoctradin resistance. We hypothesized that the observed negative resistance between ametoctradin and amisulbrom could be attributed to conformational changes in the binding cavity of PsCytb at residues 33 and 220.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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3
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Niu X, Wang Z, Wang C, Wang H. Dibenzylideneacetone Overcomes Botrytis cinerea Infection in Cherry Tomatoes by Inhibiting Chitinase Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19422-19433. [PMID: 37915214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase, a crucial component of the fungal cell wall and septa, plays an important role in fungal germination by hydrolyzing chitin to provide carbon and energy for fungal growth and reproduction. In this study, we initially screened dibenzylideneacetone (DBA), a small molecule with inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea Chitinase, exhibiting an IC50 of 13.10 μg/mL. By constructing a three-dimensional (3D) model of the B. cinerea Chitinase and utilizing computational biology approaches, we found DBA bound to the active site pocket and formed strong π-π interactions and hydrophobic interactions with Chitinase, indicative of its competitive inhibitory mode. Site-directed mutagenesis also revealed that TRP-382, TRP-135, and ALA-215 were key amino acid residues involved in DBA binding. Subsequent antifungal assays showed that DBA had an MIC of 32 μg/mL against B. cinerea and EC50 values of 16.29 and 14.64 μg/mL in inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination, respectively. Importantly, in vivo experiments demonstrated that DBA treatment significantly extended the shelf life of cherry tomatoes by 2-fold. Therefore, DBA represents a promising antifungal agent for fruit preservation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Ziyou Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
| | - Hongsu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P. R. China
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Yin F, Qin Z. Long-Chain Molecules with Agro-Bioactivities and Their Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:5880. [PMID: 37570848 PMCID: PMC10421526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain molecules play a vital role in agricultural production and find extensive use as fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators. This review article specifically addresses the agricultural biological activities and applications of long-chain molecules. The utilization of long-chain molecules in the development of pesticides is an appealing avenue for designing novel pesticide compounds. By offering valuable insights, this article serves as a useful reference for the design of new long-chain molecules for pesticide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaohai Qin
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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Gao X, Yuan K, Li X, Liao S, Peng Q, Miao J, Liu X. Resistance Risk and Resistance-Related Point Mutations in Target Protein Cyt b of the Quinone Inside Inhibitor Amisulbrom in Phytophthora litchii. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6552-6560. [PMID: 37071710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amisulbrom is a novel quinone inside inhibitor, which exhibits excellent inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic oomycetes. However, the resistance risk and mechanism of amisulbrom in Phytophthora litchii are rarely reported. In this study, the sensitivity of 147 P. litchii isolates to amisulbrom was determined, with an average EC50 of 0.24 ± 0.11 μg/mL. The fitness of resistant mutants, obtained by fungicide adaption, was significantly lower than that of the parental isolates in vitro. Cross-resistance was detected between amisulbrom and cyazofamid. Amisulbrom could not inhibit the cytochrome bc1 complex activity with H15Y and G30E + F220L point mutations in cytochrome b (Cyt b) in vitro. Molecular docking indicated that the H15Y or G30E point mutation can decrease the binding energy between amisulbrom and P. litchii Cyt b. In conclusion, P. litchii might have a medium resistance risk to amisulbrom, and a novel point mutation H15Y or G30E in Cyt b could cause high amisulbrom resistance in P. litchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuailin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China
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Young DH, Meunier B. Characterization of mutants with single and combined Q i and Q o site mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals interactions between the picolinamide fungicide CAS-649 and azoxystrobin. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 189:105313. [PMID: 36549825 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Picolinamide and strobilurin fungicides bind to the Qi and Qo sites on cytochrome b, respectively, and target many of the same plant pathogens. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system, we explore effects of amino acid changes at each site on sensitivity to a fungicide acting at the opposite site and examine the relationship between altered sensitivity and growth penalty. In addition, double mutants containing the G143A or F129L mutations responsible for strobilurin resistance in combination with Qi site mutations that confer resistance to picolinamides are characterized in terms of their sensitivity to QiI and QoI fungicides and growth rate. Mutants containing amino acid changes at the Qo site varied in their growth rate and sensitivity to the picolinamide CAS-649, and increased sensitivity was associated with a greater growth penalty. Conversely, changes at the Qi site affected sensitivity to azoxystrobin and also showed a correlation between increased sensitivity and reduced growth. There was no overall correlation between resistance to azoxystrobin and CAS-649 among mutants, however negative cross-resistance occurred in the case of mutations which conferred resistance to either compound and also carried a growth penalty. These results suggest the use of QoI fungicides to delay the emergence of pathogen resistance to QiIs, and vice versa. Double mutants containing G143A or F129L in combination with Qi site changes N31K, G37C/V or L198F that cause resistance to picolinamides generally exhibited lower resistance factors for both azoxystrobin and CAS-649 than corresponding resistant strains with a single mutation. Reduced growth was observed for all F129L-containing double mutants, whereas the growth rate of double mutants containing G143A was significantly reduced only by the Qi site mutations N31K and G37V that confer a larger growth penalty. Our results suggest that resistance to picolinamides in pathogens could emerge more readily in a strobilurin-sensitive genetic background than in a strobilurin-resistant one.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Young
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Cherrad S, Gillet B, Dellinger J, Bellaton L, Roux P, Hernandez C, Steva H, Perrier L, Vacher S, Hughes S. New insights from short and long reads sequencing to explore cytochrome b variants in Plasmopara viticola populations collected from vineyards and related to resistance to complex III inhibitors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0268385. [PMID: 36656908 PMCID: PMC9851517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Downy mildew is caused by Plasmopara viticola, an obligate oomycete plant pathogen, a devasting disease of grapevine. To protect plants from the disease, complex III inhibitors are among the fungicides widely used. They specifically target the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) of the pathogen to block cellular respiration mechanisms. In the French vineyard, P. viticola has developed resistance against a first group of these fungicides, the Quinone outside Inhibitors (QoI), with a single amino acid substitution G143A in its cytb mitochondrial sequence. The use of QoI was limited and another type of fungicide, the Quinone inside Inhibitors, targeting the same gene and highly effective against oomycetes, was used instead. Recently however, less sensitive P. viticola populations were detected after treatments with some inhibitors, in particular ametoctradin and cyazofamid. By isolating single-sporangia P. viticola strains resistant to these fungicides, we characterized new variants in the cytb sequences associated with cyazofamid resistance: a point mutation (L201S) and more strikingly, two insertions (E203-DE-V204, E203-VE-V204). In parallel with the classical tools, pyrosequencing and qPCR, we then benchmarked short and long-reads NGS technologies (Ion Torrent, Illumina, Oxford Nanopore Technologies) to sequence the complete cytb with a view to detecting and assessing the proportion of resistant variants of P. viticola at the scale of a field population. Eighteen populations collected from French vineyard fields in 2020 were analysed: 12 showed a variable proportion of G143A, 11 of E203-DE-V204 and 7 populations of the S34L variant that confers resistance to ametoctradin. Interestingly, the long reads were able to identify variants, including SNPs, with confidence and to detect a small proportion of P. viticola with multiple variants along the same cytb sequence. Overall, NGS appears to be a promising method for assessing fungicide resistance of pathogens linked to cytb modifications at the field population level. This approach could rapidly become a robust decision support tool for resistance management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INRAE USC 1370, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Dellinger
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INRAE USC 1370, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Lalie Bellaton
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INRAE USC 1370, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Roux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INRAE USC 1370, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandrine Hughes
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INRAE USC 1370, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (SH); (SC)
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Penagos-Tabares F, Sulyok M, Nagl V, Faas J, Krska R, Khiaosa-Ard R, Zebeli Q. Mixtures of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and pesticides co-occurring in wet spent brewery grains (BSG) intended for dairy cattle feeding in Austria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1855-1877. [PMID: 36129729 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Spent brewery grains (BSG) are the main by-product of beer production and are incorporated in rations of food-delivering animals, mainly dairy cows. Like other agricultural commodities, BSG can be contaminated by a broad spectrum of natural and synthetic undesirable substances, which can be hazardous to animal and human health as well as to the environment. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, other fungal and plant secondary metabolites, along with pesticides, was investigated in 21 BSG samples collected in dairy farms in Austria. For this purpose, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was employed. Metabolites derived from Fusarium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and pesticide residues, were ubiquitous in the samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 and HT-2 toxins were the only regulated mycotoxin detected, albeit at concentrations below the European guidance values for animal feeds. Ergot alkaloids, Penicillium-derived metabolites, and phytoestrogens had occurrence rates of 90, 48 and 29%, respectively. Penicillium metabolites presented the highest levels among the fungal compounds, indicating contamination during storage. Aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins and deoxynivalenol (DON) were not detected. Out of the 16 detected pesticides, two fungicides, ametoctradin (9.5%) and mandipropamid (14.3%) revealed concentrations exceeding their respective maximum residue level (MRL) (0.01 mg kg-1) for barley in two samples. Although based on European guidance and MRL values the levels of the detected compounds probably do not pose acute risks for cattle, the impact of the long-time exposure to such mixtures of natural and synthetic toxicants on animal health and food safety are unknown and must be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health - BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Johannes Faas
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health - BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-Ard
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Young DH, Meunier B, Wang NX. Interaction of picolinamide fungicide primary metabolites UK-2A and CAS-649 with the cytochrome bc 1 complex Qi site: mutation effects and modelling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2657-2666. [PMID: 35355395 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fenpicoxamid and florylpicoxamid are picolinamide fungicides targeting the Qi site of the cytochrome bc1 complex, via their primary metabolites UK-2A and CAS-649, respectively. We explore binding interactions and resistance mechanisms for picolinamides, antimycin A and ilicicolin H in yeast by testing effects of cytochrome b amino acid changes on fungicide sensitivity and interpreting results using molecular docking. RESULTS Effects of amino acid changes on sensitivity to UK-2A and CAS-649 were similar, with highest resistance associated with exchanges involving G37 and substitutions N31K and L198F. These changes, as well as K228M, also affected antimycin A, while ilicicolin H was affected by changes at G37 and L198, as well as Q22E. N31 substitution patterns suggest that a lysine at position 31 introduces an electrostatic interaction with neighbouring D229, causing disruption of a key salt-bridge interaction with picolinamides. Changes involving G37 and L198 imply resistance primarily through steric interference. G37 changes also showed differences between CAS-649 and UK-2A or antimycin A with respect to branched versus unbranched amino acids. N31K and substitution of G37 by large amino acids reduced growth rate substantially while L198 substitutions showed little effect on growth. CONCLUSION Binding of UK-2A and CAS-649 at the Qi site involves similar interactions such that general cross-resistance between fenpicoxamid and florylpicoxamid is anticipated in target pathogens. Some resistance mutations reduced growth rate and could carry a fitness penalty in pathogens. However, certain changes involving G37 and L198 carry little or no growth penalty and may pose the greatest risk for resistance development in the field. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Young
- Crop Protection Discovery and Development, Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nick X Wang
- Crop Protection Discovery and Development, Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Quinone binding sites of cyt bc complexes analysed by X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:877-893. [PMID: 35356963 PMCID: PMC9162462 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome (cyt) bc1, bcc and b6f complexes, collectively referred to as cyt bc complexes, are homologous isoprenoid quinol oxidising enzymes present in diverse phylogenetic lineages. Cyt bc1 and bcc complexes are constituents of the electron transport chain (ETC) of cellular respiration, and cyt b6f complex is a component of the photosynthetic ETC. Cyt bc complexes share in general the same Mitchellian Q cycle mechanism, with which they accomplish proton translocation and thus contribute to the generation of proton motive force which drives ATP synthesis. They therefore require a quinol oxidation (Qo) and a quinone reduction (Qi) site. Yet, cyt bc complexes evolved to adapt to specific electrochemical properties of different quinone species and exhibit structural diversity. This review summarises structural information on native quinones and quinone-like inhibitors bound in cyt bc complexes resolved by X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM structures. Although the Qi site architecture of cyt bc1 complex and cyt bcc complex differs considerably, quinone molecules were resolved at the respective Qi sites in very similar distance to haem bH. In contrast, more diverse positions of native quinone molecules were resolved at Qo sites, suggesting multiple quinone binding positions or captured snapshots of trajectories toward the catalytic site. A wide spectrum of inhibitors resolved at Qo or Qi site covers fungicides, antimalarial and antituberculosis medications and drug candidates. The impact of these structures for characterising the Q cycle mechanism, as well as their relevance for the development of medications and agrochemicals are discussed.
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Ma X, Li W. Amisulbrom causes cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131236. [PMID: 34182637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Amisulbrom (AML), a sulfonamide fungicide used to control oomycete diseases, is regarded as a threat to aquatic species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of AML on fish using a zebrafish model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.0075 μM, 0.075 μM, and 0.75 μM AML. AML-treated zebrafish embryos exhibited severe developmental defects, including pericardial edema, blood-clot clustering, increased hatching rates, decreased heart rates, and abnormal hemoglobin distributions. Compared with controls, key marker genes associated with cardiovascular development (i.e., nkx2.5, myh6, myh7, myl7, alas2, hbbe1, hbbe2, and gata1a) were abnormally expressed in response to AML treatment, suggesting that AML might specifically affect cardiovascular development. These results provide a valuable reference for the effects of AML on zebrafish embryos and may help to further clarify the potential risks posed by AML to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China.
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12
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Sarewicz M, Pintscher S, Pietras R, Borek A, Bujnowicz Ł, Hanke G, Cramer WA, Finazzi G, Osyczka A. Catalytic Reactions and Energy Conservation in the Cytochrome bc1 and b6f Complexes of Energy-Transducing Membranes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2020-2108. [PMID: 33464892 PMCID: PMC7908018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on key components of respiratory and photosynthetic energy-transduction systems: the cytochrome bc1 and b6f (Cytbc1/b6f) membranous multisubunit homodimeric complexes. These remarkable molecular machines catalyze electron transfer from membranous quinones to water-soluble electron carriers (such as cytochromes c or plastocyanin), coupling electron flow to proton translocation across the energy-transducing membrane and contributing to the generation of a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, which powers cellular metabolism in the majority of living organisms. Cytsbc1/b6f share many similarities but also have significant differences. While decades of research have provided extensive knowledge on these enzymes, several important aspects of their molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We summarize a broad range of structural, mechanistic, and physiological aspects required for function of Cytbc1/b6f, combining textbook fundamentals with new intriguing concepts that have emerged from more recent studies. The discussion covers but is not limited to (i) mechanisms of energy-conserving bifurcation of electron pathway and energy-wasting superoxide generation at the quinol oxidation site, (ii) the mechanism by which semiquinone is stabilized at the quinone reduction site, (iii) interactions with substrates and specific inhibitors, (iv) intermonomer electron transfer and the role of a dimeric complex, and (v) higher levels of organization and regulation that involve Cytsbc1/b6f. In addressing these topics, we point out existing uncertainties and controversies, which, as suggested, will drive further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sarewicz
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sebastian Pintscher
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Pietras
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Borek
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bujnowicz
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Guy Hanke
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - William A. Cramer
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire
de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National Recherche Scientifique,
Commissariat Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut National
Recherche l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Fisher N, Meunier B, Biagini GA. The cytochrome bc 1 complex as an antipathogenic target. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2935-2952. [PMID: 32573760 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome bc1 complex is a key component of the mitochondrial respiratory chains of many eukaryotic microorganisms that are pathogenic for plants or humans, such as fungi responsible for crop diseases and Plasmodium falciparum, which causes human malaria. Cytochrome bc1 is an enzyme that contains two (ubi)quinone/quinol-binding sites, which can be exploited for the development of fungicidal and chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we review recent progress in determination of the structure and mechanism of action of cytochrome bc1 , and the associated development of antimicrobial agents (and associated resistance mechanisms) targeting its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Fisher
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Parasitology Department, Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Lin J, Zhou S, Xu JX, Yao WQ, Hao GF, Li YT. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Economical Triazole Sulfonamide Aryl Derivatives with High Fungicidal Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6792-6801. [PMID: 32442369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant fungal diseases have caused great decreases in crop quality and yield. As one of the considerable agricultural diseases, cucumber downy mildew (CDM) caused by pseudoperonospora cubensis seriously influences the production of cucumber. Amisulbrom is a commercial agricultural fungicide developed by Nissan Chemical, Ltd., for the control of oomycetes diseases that is highly effective against CDM. However, the synthesis of amisulbrom has a high cost because of the introduction of the bromoindole ring. In addition, the continuous use of amisulbrom might increase the risk of resistance development. Hence, there is an imperative to develop active fungicides with new scaffolds but low cost against CDM. In this study, a series of 1,2,4-triazole-1,3-disulfonamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and screened. Compound 1j showed a comparable fungicidal activity with amisulbrom, but it was low cost and ecofriendly. It has the potential to be developed as a new fungicide candidate against CDM. Further investigations of structure-activity relationship exhibited the structural requirements of 1,2,4-triazole-1,3-disulfonamide and appropriate modification in N-alkyl benzylamine groups with high fungicidal activity. This research will provide powerful guidance for the design of highly active lead compounds with a novel skeleton and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environmental Engineering, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, P. R. China
| | - Si Zhou
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Xing Xu
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Qiang Yao
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Li
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
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Mounkoro P, Michel T, Benhachemi R, Surpateanu G, Iorga BI, Fisher N, Meunier B. Mitochondrial complex III Q i -site inhibitor resistance mutations found in laboratory selected mutants and field isolates. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2107-2114. [PMID: 30426681 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex III inhibitors targeting the Qi -site have been known for decades; some are used or being developed as antimicrobial compounds. Target site resistance mutations have been reported in laboratory-selected mutants and in field isolates. Here, we present a brief overview of mutations found in laboratory-selected resistant mutants. We also provide a study of mutations observed in field isolates of Plasmopara viticola, in particular the ametoctradin resistance substitution, S34L that we analysed in the yeast model. RESULTS A survey of laboratory mutants showed that resistance could be caused by a large number of substitutions in the Qi -site. Four residues seemed key in term of resistance: N31, G37, L198 and K228. Using yeast, we analysed the effect of the ametoctradin resistance substitution S34L reported in field isolates of P. viticola. We showed that S34L caused a high level of resistance combined with a loss of complex III activity and growth competence. CONCLUSION Use of single site Qi -site inhibitors is expected to result in the selection of resistant mutants. However, if the substitution is associated with a fitness penalty, as may be the case with S34L, resistance development might not be an insuperable obstacle, although careful monitoring is required. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mounkoro
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rafik Benhachemi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Georgiana Surpateanu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Labex LERMIT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Labex LERMIT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicholas Fisher
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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16
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Fontaine S, Remuson F, Caddoux L, Barrès B. Investigation of the sensitivity of Plasmopara viticola to amisulbrom and ametoctradin in French vineyards using bioassays and molecular tools. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2115-2123. [PMID: 31077540 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex III inhibitors are key compounds in the control of Plasmopara viticola. They are prone to the development of resistance, as demonstrated by the emergence of resistance to quinone-outside inhibitors. By using a combination of bioassays and molecular methods, we monitored sensitivity to amisulbrom and ametoctradin in P. viticola populations in French vineyards from 2012 to 2017. RESULTS We found that the alternative oxidase (AOX)-related resistance mechanism was common in French P. viticola populations. Target-site resistance to ametoctradin was first detected in 2015 and is likely caused by a single point mutation in the cytochrome b gene, leading to the S34L substitution. The role of this substitution in resistance to ametoctradin was corroborated by another study using an experimental model. A molecular biology method has been developed to detect the mutant allele. To date, the frequency of this mutation is low in French P. viticola populations and it is often co-detected with the wild-type allele. CONCLUSION Populations of P. viticola displaying evidence of AOX-related resistance were detected for every surveyed year, and their occurrence in French vineyards seems to be increasing over time. This resistance mechanism is currently threatening the efficacy of complex III inhibitors in the field. The low frequency of the S34L allele conferring resistance to ametoctradin, and the instability of resistant phenotypes in some populations, suggest that a fitness cost may be associated with the mutation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benoit Barrès
- Université de Lyon, Anses, INRA, USC CASPER, Lyon, France
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17
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Garavito MF, Narvaez-Ortiz HY, Pulido DC, Löffler M, Judelson HS, Restrepo S, Zimmermann BH. Phytophthora infestans Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Is a Potential Target for Chemical Control - A Comparison With the Enzyme From Solanum tuberosum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1479. [PMID: 31316493 PMCID: PMC6611227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of tomato and potato late blight, a disease that causes tremendous economic losses in the production of solanaceous crops. The similarities between oomycetes and the apicomplexa led us to hypothesize that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), the enzyme catalyzing the fourth step in pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, and a validated drug target in treatment of malaria, could be a potential target for controlling P. infestans growth. In eukaryotes, class 2 DHODHs are mitochondrially associated ubiquinone-linked enzymes that catalyze the fourth, and only redox step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. We characterized the enzymes from both the pathogen and a host, Solanum tuberosum. Plant DHODHs are known to be class 2 enzymes. Sequence analysis suggested that the pathogen enzyme (PiDHODHs) also belongs to this class. We confirmed the mitochondrial localization of GFP-PiDHODH showing colocalization with mCherry-labeled ATPase in a transgenic pathogen. N-terminally truncated versions of the two DHODHs were overproduced in E. coli, purified, and kinetically characterized. StDHODH exhibited a apparent specific activity of 41 ± 1 μmol min-1 mg-1, a kcatapp of 30 ± 1 s-1, and a Kmapp of 20 ± 1 μM for L-dihydroorotate, and a Kmapp= 30 ± 3 μM for decylubiquinone (Qd). PiDHODH exhibited an apparent specific activity of 104 ± 1 μmol min-1 mg-1, a kcatapp of 75 ± 1 s-1, and a Kmapp of 57 ± 3 μM for L-dihydroorotate, and a Kmapp of 15 ± 1 μM for Qd. The two enzymes exhibited different activities with different quinones and napthoquinone derivatives, and different sensitivities to compounds known to cause inhibition of DHODHs from other organisms. The IC50 for A77 1726, a nanomolar inhibitor of human DHODH, was 2.9 ± 0.6 mM for StDHODH, and 79 ± 1 μM for PiDHODH. In vivo, 0.5 mM A77 1726 decreased mycelial growth by approximately 50%, after 92 h. Collectively, our findings suggest that the PiDHODH could be a target for selective inhibitors and we provide a biochemical background for the development of compounds that could be helpful for the control of the pathogen, opening the way to protein crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F Garavito
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Dania Camila Pulido
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Monika Löffler
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Delp J, Funke M, Rudolf F, Cediel A, Bennekou SH, van der Stel W, Carta G, Jennings P, Toma C, Gardner I, van de Water B, Forsby A, Leist M. Development of a neurotoxicity assay that is tuned to detect mitochondrial toxicants. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1585-1608. [PMID: 31190196 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many neurotoxicants affect energy metabolism in man, but currently available test methods may still fail to predict mito- and neurotoxicity. We addressed this issue using LUHMES cells, i.e., human neuronal precursors that easily differentiate into mature neurons. Within the NeuriTox assay, they have been used to screen for neurotoxicants. Our new approach is based on culturing the cells in either glucose or galactose (Glc-Gal-NeuriTox) as the main carbohydrate source during toxicity testing. Using this Glc-Gal-NeuriTox assay, 52 mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial toxicants were tested. The panel of chemicals comprised 11 inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (cI), 4 inhibitors of cII, 8 of cIII, and 2 of cIV; 8 toxicants were included as they are assumed to be mitochondrial uncouplers. In galactose, cells became more dependent on mitochondrial function, which made them 2-3 orders of magnitude more sensitive to various mitotoxicants. Moreover, galactose enhanced the specific neurotoxicity (destruction of neurites) compared to a general cytotoxicity (plasma membrane lysis) of the toxicants. The Glc-Gal-NeuriTox assay worked particularly well for inhibitors of cI and cIII, while the toxicity of uncouplers and non-mitochondrial toxicants did not differ significantly upon glucose ↔ galactose exchange. As a secondary assay, we developed a method to quantify the inhibition of all mitochondrial respiratory chain functions/complexes in LUHMES cells. The combination of the Glc-Gal-NeuriTox neurotoxicity screening assay with the mechanistic follow up of target site identification allowed both, a more sensitive detection of neurotoxicants and a sharper definition of the mode of action of mitochondrial toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Delp
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
- Cooperative Doctorate College InViTe, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Melina Funke
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Franziska Rudolf
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Andrea Cediel
- Swetox Unit for Toxicological Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Wanda van der Stel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giada Carta
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cosimo Toma
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via la Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Forsby
- Swetox Unit for Toxicological Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcel Leist
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany.
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HFIP-Promoted Bischler Indole Synthesis under Microwave Irradiation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123317. [PMID: 30558133 PMCID: PMC6321335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-ol (HFIP) was found to be effective for the Bischler indole synthesis under microwave irradiation in the absence of a metal catalyst. Under the catalysis of HFIP, a wide range of α-amino arylacetones were successfully transformed into indole derivatives with moderate to good yields.
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