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Leventhal MJ, Zanella CA, Kang B, Peng J, Gritsch D, Liao Z, Bukhari H, Wang T, Pao PC, Danquah S, Benetatos J, Nehme R, Farhi S, Tsai LH, Dong X, Scherzer CR, Feany MB, Fraenkel E. A systems-biology approach connects aging mechanisms with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.17.585262. [PMID: 38559190 PMCID: PMC10980014 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.17.585262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Age is the strongest risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disorder. However, the mechanisms connecting advancing age to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease are incompletely understood. We conducted an unbiased, genome-scale, forward genetic screen for age-associated neurodegeneration in Drosophila to identify the underlying biological processes required for maintenance of aging neurons. To connect genetic screen hits to Alzheimer's disease pathways, we measured proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and metabolomics in Drosophila models of Alzheimer's disease. We further identified Alzheimer's disease human genetic variants that modify expression in disease-vulnerable neurons. Through multi-omic, multi-species network integration of these data, we identified relationships between screen hits and tau-mediated neurotoxicity. Furthermore, we computationally and experimentally identified relationships between screen hits and DNA damage in Drosophila and human iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells. Our work identifies candidate pathways that could be targeted to attenuate the effects of age on neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Leventhal
- MIT Ph.D. Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Camila A Zanella
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Byunguk Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Spatial Technology Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jiajie Peng
- Precision Neurology Program, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical school, Boston, MA, USA
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Gritsch
- Precision Neurology Program, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical school, Boston, MA, USA
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhixiang Liao
- Precision Neurology Program, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical school, Boston, MA, USA
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hassan Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Precision Neurology Program, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical school, Boston, MA, USA
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Present address: School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ping-Chieh Pao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Serwah Danquah
- Spatial Technology Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Benetatos
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralda Nehme
- Spatial Technology Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samouil Farhi
- Spatial Technology Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xianjun Dong
- Precision Neurology Program, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical school, Boston, MA, USA
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Precision Neurology Program, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical school, Boston, MA, USA
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Present address: Stephen and Denise Adams Center of Yale School of Medicine, CT, USA
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- MIT Ph.D. Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Lead contact
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2
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Rani N, Sahu M, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Triaging between post-translational modification of cell cycle regulators and their therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102174. [PMID: 38135008 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, present challenges in healthcare because of their complicated etiologies and absence of healing remedies. Lately, the emerging role of post-translational modifications (PTMs), in the context of cell cycle regulators, has garnered big interest as a potential avenue for therapeutic intervention. The review explores the problematic panorama of PTMs on cell cycle regulators and their implications in neurodegenerative diseases. We delve into the dynamic phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, Glycation, and Neddylation that modulate the key cell cycle regulators, consisting of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and their inhibitors. The dysregulation of these PTMs is related to aberrant cell cycle in neurons, which is one of the factors involved in neurodegenerative pathologies. Moreover, the effect of exogenous activation of CDKs and CDK inhibitors through PTMs on the signaling cascade was studied in postmitotic conditions of NDDs. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of CDK inhibitors and associated alteration in PTMs were discussed. Lastly, we explored the putative mechanism of PTMs to restore normal neuronal function that might reverse NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Rani
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042
| | - Mehar Sahu
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042; Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, SRM University, Sonepat, Haryana, India.
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042.
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3
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Mehta RI, Mehta RI. The Vascular-Immune Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:408. [PMID: 36830944 PMCID: PMC9953491 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder with unknown etiology. While its cause is unclear, a number of theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of AD. In large part, these have centered around potential causes for intracerebral accumulation of beta-amyloid (βA) and tau aggregates. Yet, persons with AD dementia often exhibit autopsy evidence of mixed brain pathologies including a myriad of vascular changes, vascular brain injuries, complex brain inflammation, and mixed protein inclusions in addition to hallmark neuropathologic lesions of AD, namely insoluble βA plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Epidemiological data demonstrate that overlapping lesions diminish the βA plaque and NFT threshold necessary to precipitate clinical dementia. Moreover, a subset of persons who exhibit AD pathology remain resilient to disease while other persons with clinically-defined AD dementia do not exhibit AD-defining neuropathologic lesions. It is increasingly recognized that AD is a pathologically heterogeneous and biologically multifactorial disease with uncharacterized biologic phenomena involved in its genesis and progression. Here, we review the literature with regard to neuropathologic criteria and incipient AD changes, and discuss converging concepts regarding vascular and immune factors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi I. Mehta
- Department of Neuroradiology, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rupal I. Mehta
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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4
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Gupta R, Jha A, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Regulatory mechanism of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in post-mitotic neuronal cell division. Life Sci 2021; 285:120006. [PMID: 34606852 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are the most common life-threatening disease of the central nervous system and it cause the progressive loss of neuronal cells. The exact mechanism of the disease's progression is not clear and thus line of treatment for NDDs is a baffling issue. During the progression of NDDs, oxidative stress and DNA damage play an important regulatory function, and ultimately induces neurodegeneration. Recently, aberrant cell cycle events have been demonstrated in the progression of different NDDs. However, the pertinent role of signaling mechanism, for instance, post-translational modifications, oxidative stress, DNA damage response pathway, JNK/p38 MAPK, MEK/ERK cascade, actively participated in the aberrant cell cycle reentry induced neuronal cell death. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that aberrant cell cycle re-entry is a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of NDDs rather than a secondary phenomenon. In the brain of AD patients with mild cognitive impairment, post miotic cell division can be seen in the early stage of the disease. However, in the brain of PD patients, response to various neurotoxic signals, the cell cycle re-entry has been observed that causes neuronal apoptosis. On contrary, the contributing factors that leads to the induction of cell cycle events in mature neurons in HD and ALS brain pathology is remain unclear. Various pharmacological drugs have been developed to reduce the pathogenesis of NDDs, but they are still not helpful in eliminating the cause of these NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India
| | - Ankita Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), India.
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5
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Marinkovic T, Marinkovic D. Obscure Involvement of MYC in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Neuronal Repair. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4169-4177. [PMID: 33954904 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02406-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
MYC is well known as a potent oncogene involved in regulating cell cycle and metabolism. Augmented MYC expression leads to cell cycle dysregulation, intense cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Surprisingly, its increased expression in neurons does not induce their proliferation, but leads to neuronal cell death and consequent development of a neurodegenerative phenotype. Interestingly, while cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are placed at the opposite sides of cell division spectrum, both start with cell cycle dysregulation and stimulation of proliferation. It seems that MYC action directed toward neuron cell proliferation and neural tissue repair collides with evolutional loss of regenerative capacity of CNS neurons in order to strengthen synaptic structure, to protect our cognitive abilities and therefore character. Accordingly, there are abundant mechanisms that block its expression and action specifically in the brain. Moreover, while MYC expression in brain neurons during neurodegenerative processes is related to their death, there are obvious evidences that MYC action after physical injury is beneficial in case of peripheral nerve recovery. MYC might be a useful tool to repair brain cells upon development of neurodegenerative disease or CNS trauma, including stroke and traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, as even imperfect axonal growth and regeneration strategies will likely be of profound benefit. Understanding complex control of MYC action in the brain might have important therapeutic significance, but also it may contribute to the comprehension of development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragan Marinkovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Visokog Stevana 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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6
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Siafaka PI, Bülbül EÖ, Mutlu G, Okur ME, Karantas ID, Okur NÜ. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems and their Potential in Alzheimer’s Disease Management. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:360-373. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200618150046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neuropathological disease with symptoms such as language problems,
confusion as to place or time, loss of interest in activities, which were previously enjoyed, behavioral
changes, and memory loss. Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia affect almost
46.8 million people globally and are estimated to strike about 131.5 million people in 2050. It has been
reported that Alzheimer's is the sixth main cause of mortality. The most used drugs, which are currently
approved by the Food, and Drug Administration for Alzheimer’s disease are donepezil, rivastigmine,
galantamine, memantine, and the combination of donepezil and memantine. However, most of
the drugs present various adverse effects. Recently, the transdermal drug delivery route has gained increasing
attention as an emerging tool for Alzheimer's disease management. Besides, transdermal drug
delivery systems seem to provide hope for the management of various diseases, due to the advantages
that they offer in comparison with oral dosage forms. Herein, the current advancements in transdermal
studies with potent features to achieve better Alzheimer's disease management are presented. Many
researchers have shown that the transdermal systems provide higher efficiency since the first-pass hepatic
metabolism effect can be avoided and a prolonged drug release rate can be achieved. In summary,
the transdermal administration of Alzheimer's drugs is an interesting and promising topic, which
should be further elaborated and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panoraia I. Siafaka
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ece Ö. Bülbül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökce Mutlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet E. Okur
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ioannis D. Karantas
- Hippokration General Hospital, 2nd Clinic of Internal Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Neslihan Ü. Okur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Lyu P, Huang Z, Feng Q, Su Y, Zheng M, Hong Y, Cai X, Lu Z. Unveiling the transcriptome alteration of POMC neuron in diet-induced obesity. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111848. [PMID: 31954693 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Loss of neuron homeostasis in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) is responsible for diet-induced-obesity (DIO). We previously reported that loss of Rb1 gene compromised the homeostasis of anorexigenic POMC neurons in ARC and induced obesity in mice. To evaluate the development of DIO, we propose to analyze the transcriptomic alteration of POMC neurons in mice following high fat diet (HFD) feeding. We isolated these neurons from established DIO mice and performed transcriptomic profiling using RNA-seq. In total, 1066 genes (628 upregulated and 438 downregulated) were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Pathway enrichment analysis with these DEGs further revealed that "cell cycle," "apoptosis," "chemokine signaling," and "sphingolipid metabolism" pathways were correlated with DIO development. Moreover, we validated that the pRb protein, a key regulator of "cell cycle pathway," was inactivated by phosphorylation in POMC neurons by HFD feeding. Importantly, the reversal of deregulated cell cycle by stereotaxic delivering of the unphosphorylated pRbΔP in ARC significantly meliorated the DIO. Collectively, our study provides insights into the mechanisms related to the loss of homeostasis of POMC neurons in DIO, and suggests pRb phosphorylation as a potential intervention target to treat DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lyu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhishun Huang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Qingjun Feng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yongfu Su
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Mengying Zheng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yannv Hong
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiang Cai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhonglei Lu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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8
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Ashok A, Naaz S, Kota LN, Sen S, Purushottam M, Faruq M, Kumari R, Yadav V, Kannan R, Jain S, Panicker MM, Viswanath B. Does retinoic acid reverse cell cycle dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease lymphocytes? Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 39:174-177. [PMID: 30139662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant re-entry of neurons into cell cycle appears to be an early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and targeting this dysregulation may have therapeutic potential. We have examined whether cell cycle dysregulation in AD can be detected using patient and control derived B-lymphocytes. Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry demonstrated that cell cycle dysregulation occurs in AD lymphocytes, with a significant difference in the distribution of cells in G0/G1, S and G2/M phases of cell cycle as compared to control lymphocytes. Using global gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing and cell cycle analysis, we examined the role of Retinoic Acid (RA), a candidate molecule predicted to be of therapeutic potential in cell cycle dysregulation associated with AD. CCND1, CCNE2, E2F transcription factors which are known to be dysregulated in AD were among the 32 genes that showed differential expression in response to RA treatment thus suggesting a protective role of RA. However, the cell cycle analysis demonstrated that RA did not reverse the cellular phenotype in AD lymphocytes. This suggests that though RA might have a protective role by influencing the expression of cell cycle genes, it might not be able to arrest abnormal re-entry into cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ashok
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Safoora Naaz
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | | | - Somdatta Sen
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Meera Purushottam
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine CSIR-IGIB, Mall road, New Delhi, India.
| | - Renu Kumari
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine CSIR-IGIB, Mall road, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vinod Yadav
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine CSIR-IGIB, Mall road, New Delhi, India; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | - Sanjeev Jain
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India.
| | | | - Biju Viswanath
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
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9
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Abstract
Neurons are usually regarded as postmitotic cells that undergo apoptosis in response to cell cycle reactivation. Nevertheless, recent evidence indicates the existence of a defined developmental program that induces DNA replication in specific populations of neurons, which remain in a tetraploid state for the rest of their adult life. Similarly, de novo neuronal tetraploidization has also been described in the adult brain as an early hallmark of neurodegeneration. The aim of this review is to integrate these recent developments in the context of cell cycle regulation and apoptotic cell death in neurons. We conclude that a variety of mechanisms exists in neuronal cells for G1/S and G2/M checkpoint regulation. These mechanisms, which are connected with the apoptotic machinery, can be modulated by environmental signals and the neuronal phenotype itself, thus resulting in a variety of outcomes ranging from cell death at the G1/S checkpoint to full proliferation of differentiated neurons.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- CKI, Cdk-inhibitor
- CNS, central nervous system
- Cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- Cip/Kip, cyclin inhibitor protein/kinase inhibitor protein
- G0, quiescent state
- G1, growth phase 1
- G2, growth phase 2
- Ink, inhibitor of kinase
- Mcm2, minichromosome maintenance 2
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PD, Parkinson disease
- RGCs, retinal ganglion cells
- Rb, Retinoblastoma
- S-phase
- S-phase, synthesis phase.
- apoptosis
- cell cycle re-entry
- mitosis
- neuron
- p38MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- p75NTR, neurotrophin receptor p75
- tetraploid
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Frade
- a Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology; Instituto Cajal; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IC-CSIC) ; Madrid , Spain
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10
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Wang C, Wang Z. Studying the relationship between cell cycle and Alzheimer's disease by gold nanoparticle probes. Anal Biochem 2015; 489:32-7. [PMID: 26299647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple gold nanoparticle (GNP)-based colorimetric assay has been developed for studying the relationship between cell cycle and β-amyloid peptide (Aβ, the biomarker of Alzheimer's disease [AD]) expression level. It was found that Aβ expression of neuronal cells (e.g., SHG-44 cell line) is strongly dependent on cell cycle phases; that is, the Aβ expression level was highest when cells were arrested in the G1/S phase by thymidine and was lowest when they were arrested in the G2/M phase by nocodazole. This finding may improve the understanding of AD pathology and provide a new tool for anti-dementia drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengke Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
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11
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Talwar P, Sinha J, Grover S, Rawat C, Kushwaha S, Agarwal R, Taneja V, Kukreti R. Dissecting Complex and Multifactorial Nature of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Clinical, Genomic, and Systems Biology Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4833-64. [PMID: 26351077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. AD can be classified into familial AD (FAD) and sporadic AD (SAD) based on heritability and into early onset AD (EOAD) and late onset AD (LOAD) based on age of onset. LOAD cases are more prevalent with genetically complex architecture. In spite of significant research focused on understanding the etiological mechanisms, search for diagnostic biomarker(s) and disease-modifying therapy is still on. In this article, we aim to comprehensively review AD literature on established etiological mechanisms including role of beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E (APOE) along with promising newer etiological factors such as epigenetic modifications that have been associated with AD suggesting its multifactorial nature. As genomic studies have recently played a significant role in elucidating AD pathophysiology, a systematic review of findings from genome-wide linkage (GWL), genome-wide association (GWA), genome-wide expression (GWE), and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) was conducted. The availability of multi-dimensional genomic data has further coincided with the advent of computational and network biology approaches in recent years. Our review highlights the importance of integrative approaches involving genomics and systems biology perspective in elucidating AD pathophysiology. The promising newer approaches may provide reliable means of early and more specific diagnosis and help identify therapeutic interventions for LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Juhi Sinha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.,Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pneumonology-Immunology, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India. .,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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12
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Castellani RJ, Zhu X, Lee HG, Moreira PI, Perry G, Smith MA. Neuropathology and treatment of Alzheimer disease: did we lose the forest for the trees? Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 7:473-85. [PMID: 17492899 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.5.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although amyloid-beta-containing senile plaques and phospho-tau containing neurofibrillary tangles are hallmark lesions of Alzheimer disease (AD), neither is specific for AD, nor even a marker of AD. Rather, they are empirical lesions that require close correlation with age and clinical signs for optimal interpretation. In essence, these lesions represent the effect rather than the cause of disease. In this review, we discuss diagnostic criteria for AD, the relationship between pathology, pathogenesis and multiple treatment approaches that have so far been disappointing, including those that presume to address pathological lesions. An acceptance that lesion-based therapies do not address etiology or rate-limiting pathogenic factors is probably necessary for the best chance of significant advances that have thus far been elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J Castellani
- University of Maryland, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Triana-Vidal LE, Carvajal-Varona SM. Protective effect of galantamine against oxidative damage using human lymphocytes: a novel in vitro model. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:85-92. [PMID: 23357099 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease are characterized in the initial stages by an increase in reactive oxygen species that trigger apoptosis or programmed cell death. It has been suggested that the synthetic alkaloid galantamine may offer protection against this cell loss. This investigation sought to assess the protective effect of galantamine against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using human lymphocytes cultured in vitro as a model. METHODS Cell death can be measured indirectly using cell viability testing with trypan blue. Determination of the galantamine concentrations used was made possible by the negative correlation found between galantamine concentration and average mitotic index (MI). RESULTS Average viability of lymphocytes treated with low and medium concentrations of galantamine was significantly higher than the control. CONCLUSION Galantamine does indeed demonstrate a protective capacity against cell damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. This finding supports the possible use of the drug in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Elena Triana-Vidal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Citogenética y Toxicología Genética, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia.
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Chen MJ, Ng JMJ, Peng ZF, Manikandan J, Yap YW, Llanos RM, Beart PM, Cheung NS. Gene profiling identifies commonalities in neuronal pathways in excitotoxicity: evidence favouring cell cycle re-activation in concert with oxidative stress. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:719-30. [PMID: 23291249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity, induced by the aberrant rise in cytosolic Ca(2+) level, is a major neuropathological process in numerous neurodegenerative disorders. It is triggered when extracellular glutamate (Glu) concentration reaches neuropathological levels resulting in dysregulation and hyper-activation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtype (iGluRs). Even though all three members of the iGluRs, namely N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDAR), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPAR) and kainate (KAR) receptors are implicated in excitotoxicity, their individual contributions to downstream signaling transduction have not been explored. In this study, we report a comprehensive description of the recruitment of cellular processes in neurons upon iGluR activation during excitotoxicity through temporal (5h, 15h, and 24h) global gene profiling of AMPA, KA, NMDA, and Glu excitotoxic models. DNA microarray analyses of mouse primary cortical neurons treated with these four pharmacological agonists are further validated via real-time PCR. Bi-model analyses against Glu model demonstrate that NMDARs and KARs play a more pivotal role in Glu-mediated excitotoxicity, with a higher degree of global gene profiling overlaps, as compared to that of AMPARs. Comparison of global transcriptomic profiles reveals aberrant calcium ion binding and homeostasis, organellar (lysosomal and endoplasmic reticulum) stress, oxidative stress, cell cycle re-entry and activation of cell death processes as the main pathways that are significantly modulated across all excitotoxicity models. Singular profile analyses demonstrate substantial transcriptional regulation of numerous cell cycle proteins. For the first time, we show that iGluR activation forms the basis of cell cycle re-activation, and together with oxidative stress fulfill the "two-hit" hypothesis that accelerates neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Jessica Chen
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
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15
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Esteras N, Bartolomé F, Alquézar C, Antequera D, Muñoz Ú, Carro E, Martín-Requero Á. Altered cell cycle-related gene expression in brain and lymphocytes from a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease [amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (PS1)]. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2609-18. [PMID: 22702220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative evidence indicates that aberrant re-expression of many cell cycle-related proteins and inappropriate neuronal cell cycle control are critical events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Evidence of cell cycle activation in post-mitotic neurons has also been observed in murine models of AD, despite the fact that most of these mice do not show massive loss of neuronal bodies. Dysfunction of the cell cycle appears to affect cells other than neurons, as peripheral cells, such as lymphocytes and fibroblasts from patients with AD, show an altered response to mitogenic stimulation. We sought to determine whether cell cycle disturbances are present simultaneously in both brain and peripheral cells from the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) mouse model of AD, in order to validate the use of peripheral cells from patients not only to study cell cycle abnormalities as a pathogenic feature of AD, but also as a means to test novel therapeutic approaches. By using cell cycle pathway-specific RT(2)Profiler™ PCR Arrays, we detected changes in a number of cell cycle-related genes in brain as well as in lymphocytes from APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, we found enhanced 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA in lymphocytes from APP/PS1 mice, and increased expression of the cell proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor Cdkn2a, as detected by immunohistochemistry in cortical neurons of the APP/PS1 mice. Taken together, the cell cycle-related changes in brain and blood cells reported here support the mitosis failure hypothesis in AD and validate the use of peripheral cells as surrogate tissue to study the molecular basis of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Castellani RJ, Moreira PI, Perry G, Zhu X. The role of iron as a mediator of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Biofactors 2012; 38:133-8. [PMID: 22447715 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Iron is both essential for maintaining a spectrum of metabolic processes in the central nervous system and elsewhere, and potent source of reactive oxygen species. Redox balance with respect to iron, therefore, may be critical to human neurodegenerative disease but is also in need of better understanding. Alzheimer disease (AD) in particular is associated with accumulation of numerous markers of oxidative stress; moreover, oxidative stress has been shown to precede hallmark neuropathological lesions early in the disease process, and such lesions, once present, further accumulate iron, among other markers of oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the role of iron in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Yurov YB, Vorsanova SG, Iourov IY. The DNA replication stress hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 11:2602-12. [PMID: 22262948 PMCID: PMC3254013 DOI: 10.1100/2011/625690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-recognized theory of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis suggests ectopic cell cycle events to mediate neurodegeneration. Vulnerable neurons of the AD brain exhibit biomarkers of cell cycle progression and DNA replication suggesting a reentry into the cell cycle. Chromosome reduplication without proper cell cycle completion and mitotic division probably causes neuronal cell dysfunction and death. However, this theory seems to require some inputs in accordance with the generally recognized amyloid cascade theory as well as to explain causes and consequences of genomic instability (aneuploidy) in the AD brain. We propose that unscheduled and incomplete DNA replication (replication stress) destabilizes (epi)genomic landscape in the brain and leads to DNA replication "catastrophe" causing cell death during the S phase (replicative cell death). DNA replication stress can be a key element of the pathogenetic cascade explaining the interplay between ectopic cell cycle events and genetic instabilities in the AD brain. Abnormal cell cycle reentry and somatic genome variations can be used for updating the cell cycle theory introducing replication stress as a missing link between cell genetics and neurobiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri B. Yurov
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics of Psychiatric Disorders, Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Minzdravsotsrazvitia, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Neurobiological Diagnosis of Genetic Psychiatric Disorders, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana G. Vorsanova
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics of Psychiatric Disorders, Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Minzdravsotsrazvitia, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Neurobiological Diagnosis of Genetic Psychiatric Disorders, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Y. Iourov
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics of Psychiatric Disorders, Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Minzdravsotsrazvitia, Moscow, Russia
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Braithwaite SP, Stock JB, Lombroso PJ, Nairn AC. Protein phosphatases and Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 106:343-79. [PMID: 22340724 PMCID: PMC3739963 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396456-4.00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by progressive loss of cognitive function, linked to marked neuronal loss. Pathological hallmarks of the disease are the accumulation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the form of amyloid plaques and the intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Accumulating evidence supports a key role for protein phosphorylation in both the normal and pathological actions of Aβ as well as the formation of NFTs. NFTs contain hyperphosphorylated forms of the microtubule-binding protein tau, and phosphorylation of tau by several different kinases leads to its aggregation. The protein kinases involved in the generation and/or actions of tau or Aβ are viable drug targets to prevent or alleviate AD pathology. However, it has also been recognized that the protein phosphatases that reverse the actions of these protein kinases are equally important. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of serine/threonine and tyrosine protein phosphatases in the pathology of AD.
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Molecular insights into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and its relationship to normal aging. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29610. [PMID: 22216330 PMCID: PMC3247273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that diverges from the process of normal brain aging by unknown mechanisms. We analyzed the global structure of age- and disease-dependent gene expression patterns in three regions from more than 600 brains. Gene expression variation could be almost completely explained by four transcriptional biomarkers that we named BioAge (biological age), Alz (Alzheimer), Inflame (inflammation), and NdStress (neurodegenerative stress). BioAge captures the first principal component of variation and includes genes statistically associated with neuronal loss, glial activation, and lipid metabolism. Normally BioAge increases with chronological age, but in AD it is prematurely expressed as if some of the subjects were 140 years old. A component of BioAge, Lipa, contains the AD risk factor APOE and reflects an apparent early disturbance in lipid metabolism. The rate of biological aging in AD patients, which cannot be explained by BioAge, is associated instead with NdStress, which includes genes related to protein folding and metabolism. Inflame, comprised of inflammatory cytokines and microglial genes, is broadly activated and appears early in the disease process. In contrast, the disease-specific biomarker Alz was selectively present only in the affected areas of the AD brain, appears later in pathogenesis, and is enriched in genes associated with the signaling and cell adhesion changes during the epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) transition. Together these biomarkers provide detailed description of the aging process and its contribution to Alzheimer's disease progression.
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Judge M, Hornbeck L, Potter H, Padmanabhan J. Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein at threonine 668 leads to its altered processing and association with centrosomes. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:80. [PMID: 22112898 PMCID: PMC3284477 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the molecular mechanisms by which they induce neurodegeneration are not well understood. We examined transgenic mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) for changes in cell cycle regulatory proteins to determine whether there is a correlation between cell cycle activation and pathology development in AD. Results Our studies in the AD transgenic mice show significantly higher levels of cyclin E, cyclin D1, E2F1, and P-cdc2 in the cells in the vicinity of the plaques where maximum levels of Threonine 668 (Thr668)-phosphorylated APP accumulation was observed. This suggests that the cell cycle regulatory proteins might be influencing plaque pathology by affecting APP phosphorylation. Using neuroglioma cells overexpressing APP we demonstrate that phosphorylation of APP at Thr668 is mitosis-specific. Cells undergoing mitosis show altered cellular distribution and localization of P-APP at the centrosomes. Also, Thr668 phosphorylation in mitosis correlates with increased processing of APP to generate Aβ and the C-terminal fragment of APP, which is prevented by pharmacological inhibitors of the G1/S transition. Conclusions The data presented here suggests that cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of APP may affect its normal cellular function. For example, association of P-APP with the centrosome may affect spindle assembly and cell cycle progression, further contributing to the development of pathology in AD. The experiments with G1/S inhibitors suggest that cell cycle inhibition may impede the development of Alzheimer's pathology by suppressing modification of βAPP, and thus may represent a novel approach to AD treatment. Finally, the cell cycle regulated phosphorylation and processing of APP into Aβ and the C-terminal fragment suggest that these proteins may have a normal function during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Judge
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B, Downs Blvd,, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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22
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Castellani RJ, Nugent SL, Morrison AL, Zhu X, Lee HG, Harris PLR, Bajić V, Sharma HS, Chen SG, Oettgen P, Perry G, Smith MA. CD3 in Lewy pathology: does the abnormal recall of neurodevelopmental processes underlie Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:23-6. [PMID: 20972807 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD3ζ is a subunit of the CD3 molecule that, until recently, appeared restricted to T cells and natural killer cells. However, experimental studies have demonstrated a role of CD3ζ in dendritic outgrowth in the visual system as well as in synaptic plasticity. Given the increasing evidence for uncharacteristic recapitulation of neurodevelopmental processes in neurodegenerative diseases, in this study, we evaluated brains from subjects with Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia for evidence of aberrant CD3 expression. Our data shows marked CD3ζ in association with the α-synuclein containing pathological lesions, i.e., Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, in the brains of subjects with Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. This finding raises the novel concept of CD3 dysregulation in these disorders as a pathogenic factor and also furthers the increasing evidence that the recall of aberrant neurodevelopmental processes underlies the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Mondragón-Rodríguez S, Basurto-Islas G, Lee HG, Perry G, Zhu X, Castellani RJ, Smith MA. Causes versus effects: the increasing complexities of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 10:683-91. [PMID: 20420489 DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and have been the focus of disease etiology and pathogenesis. However, in the larger picture of a complex disease, the precise etiology of the lesions per se, as well as the clinical disease, remain to be defined. In this regard, to date no single process has been identified as a useful target and treatment efforts have shown no meaningful progress. Therefore, alternative ideas that may lead to new and effective treatment options are much needed.
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Abstract
The complex neurodegeneration underlying Alzheimer disease (AD), although incompletely understood, is characterised by an aberrant re-entry into the cell cycle in neurons. Pathological evidence, in the form of cell cycle markers and regulatory proteins, suggests that cell cycle re-entry is an early event in AD, which precedes the formation of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although the exact mechanisms that induce and mediate these cell cycle events in AD are not clear, significant advances have been made in further understanding the pathological role of cell cycle re-entry in AD. Importantly, recent studies indicate that cell cycle re-entry is not a consequence, but rather a cause, of neurodegeneration, suggesting that targeting of cell cycle re-entry may provide an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, multiple inducers of cell cycle re-entry and their interactions in AD have been proposed. Here, we review the most recent advances in understanding the pathological implications of cell cycle re-entry in AD.
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Bonda DJ, Evans TA, Santocanale C, Llosá JC, Viña J, Bajic VP, Castellani RJ, Siedlak SL, Perry G, Smith MA, Lee HG. Evidence for the progression through S-phase in the ectopic cell cycle re-entry of neurons in Alzheimer disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2010; 1:382-8. [PMID: 19946466 PMCID: PMC2783633 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal re-entry into the cell cycle is emerging as a potential
pathological mechanism in Alzheimer disease (AD). However, while cyclins,
cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), and other mitotic factors are ectopically
expressed in neurons, many of these proteins are also involved in other
pathological and physiological processes, generating continued debate on
whether such markers are truly indicative of a bona fide cell cycle
process. To address this issue, here we analyzed one of the minichromosome
maintenance (Mcm) proteins that plays a role in DNA replication and becomes
phosphorylated by the S-phase promoting CDKs and Cdc7 during DNA synthesis.
We found phosphorylated Mcm2 (pMcm2) markedly associated with neurofibrillary
tangles, neuropil threads, and dystrophic neurites in AD but not in
aged-matched controls. These data not only provide further evidence for
cell cycle aberrations in AD, but the cytoplasmic, rather than nuclear,
localization of pMcm2 suggests an abnormal cellular distribution of this
important replication factor in AD that may explain resultant cell cycle
stasis and consequent neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bonda
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Snape M, Lee HG, Casadesus G, Smith MA. Cell cycle aberrations in Alzheimer's disease: a novel therapeutic opportunity. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 9:1579-80. [PMID: 19903017 DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang M, Wang X, Jiang F, Wang W, Vincent I, Bu B. Mitotic epitopes are incorporated into age-dependent neurofibrillary tangles in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:367-77. [PMID: 19476463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders remains elusive. Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a kind of genetic neurovisceral disorder in which the intracellular sequestration of cholesterol and other lipids in neurons, NFT formation and neuronal degeneration in brain are the neuropathology hallmarks. The age of onset and progression of the disease vary dramatically. We have analyzed the hippocampus from 17 NPC cases, aged from 7 months to 55 years, to depict the temporal characteristics of NFT formation. Unexpectedly, classic NFT was observed in about 4-year-old NPC brain, suggesting that NFT is not aging dependent, and that juvenile brain neurons satisfy the requirements for NFT formation. NFT in the hippocampus of NPC was significantly increased in number with the advance of age. More importantly, multiple mitotic phase markers, which are not usually found in normal mature neurons, were abundant in the affected neurons and incorporated into NFT. The unusual activation of cdc2/cyclin B kinase and downstream mitotic indices are closely associated with the age-dependent NFT formation, signifying the contribution of abortive cell cycle to neurodegeneration. The cdc2 inhibitors may be therapeutically used for early intervention of neurodegeneration and NFT formation in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Tajes Orduña M, Pelegrí Gabalda C, Vilaplana Hortensi J, Pallàs Lliberia M, Camins Espuny A. An evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in an in vitro experimental model of age-induced neuronal apoptosis. J Pineal Res 2009; 46:262-7. [PMID: 19196437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of melatonin in an experimental model of aging-induced apoptosis have been examined. Cerebellar granule neurons show characteristics of apoptosis after 17 days in culture (DV). The addition of melatonin to neuronal cell cultures (100-500 mum) resulted in neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects, which were revealed by nuclear condensed cell counting. In a thorough analysis by Western-blot of the potential pathways responsible for melatonin's neuroprotective effects, we found an increase in the activation of prosurvival Akt. Subsequently GSK3beta inhibition and an increase in p-FOXO1 phosphorylation occurred. In this model of aging, apoptosis was associated with an elevated DNA damage, as demonstrated by an increase in the activation of ataxia telangiectasia muted (ATM). Subsequently, downstream targets such as p53 were activated. Furthermore, the process of DNA damage was coupled to an increase in the expression of certain proteins involved in cell cycle regulation; these were cyclin D and the proapoptotic transcription factor E2F-1. We conclude that the antiapoptotic effects of melatonin were mediated by two potential mechanisms: by increasing the activity of prosurvival pathways via Akt and by the prevention of DNA damage (via ATM inhibition) followed by the reduction of cell cycle re-entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tajes Orduña
- Centro de Investigación de Biomedicina en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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Yeste-Velasco M, Folch J, Casadesús G, Smith M, Pallàs M, Camins A. Neuroprotection by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 against potassium deprivation–induced apoptosis involves the Akt pathway and inhibition of cell cycle reentry. Neuroscience 2009; 159:1135-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Niu Y, Su Z, Zhao C, Song B, Zhang X, Zhao N, Shen X, Gong Y. Effect of amyloid β on capacitive calcium entry in neural 2a cells. Brain Res Bull 2009; 78:152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lee HG, Casadesus G, Nunomura A, Zhu X, Castellani RJ, Richardson SL, Perry G, Felsher DW, Petersen RB, Smith MA. The neuronal expression of MYC causes a neurodegenerative phenotype in a novel transgenic mouse. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:891-7. [PMID: 19164506 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many different proteins associated with the cell cycle, including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and proto-oncogenes such as c-MYC (MYC), are increased in degenerating neurons. Consequently, an ectopic activation of the cell cycle machinery in neurons has emerged as a potential pathogenic mechanism of neuronal dysfunction and death in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. However, the exact role of cell cycle re-entry during disease pathogenesis is unclear, primarily because of the lack of relevant research models to study the effects of cell cycle re-entry on mature neurons in vivo. To address this issue, we developed a new transgenic mouse model in which forebrain neurons (CaMKII-MYC) can be induced to enter the cell cycle using the physiologically relevant proto-oncogene MYC to drive cell cycle re-entry. We show that such cell cycle re-entry results in neuronal cell death, gliosis, and cognitive deficits. These findings provide compelling evidence that dysregulation of cell cycle re-entry results in neurodegeneration in vivo. Our current findings, coupled with those of previous reports, strengthen the hypothesis that neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, similar to cellular proliferation in cancer, is a disease that results from inappropriate cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-gon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Cell cycle re-entry mediated neurodegeneration and its treatment role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2008; 54:84-8. [PMID: 19114068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As one of the earliest pathologic changes, the aberrant re-expression of many cell cycle-related proteins and inappropriate cell cycle control in specific vulnerable neuronal populations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is emerging as an important component in the pathogenesis leading to AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. These events are clearly representative of a true cell cycle, rather than epiphenomena of other processes since, in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, there is a true mitotic alteration that leads to DNA replication. While the exact role of cell cycle re-entry is unclear, recent studies using cell culture and animal models strongly support the notion that the dysregulation of cell cycle in neurons leads to the development of AD-related pathology such as hyperphosphorylation of tau and amyloid-beta deposition and ultimately causes neuronal cell death. Importantly, cell cycle re-entry is also evident in mutant amyloid-beta precursor protein and tau transgenic mice and, as in human disease, occurs prior to the development of the pathological hallmarks, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-beta plaques. Therefore, the study of aberrant cell cycle regulation in model systems, both cellular and animal, may provide extremely important insights into the pathogenesis of AD and also serve as a means to test novel therapeutic approaches.
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Luo W, Rodina A, Chiosis G. Heat shock protein 90: translation from cancer to Alzheimer's disease treatment? BMC Neurosci 2008; 9 Suppl 2:S7. [PMID: 19090995 PMCID: PMC2604891 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-s2-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both malignant transformation and neurodegeneration, as it occurs in Alzheimer's disease, are complex and lengthy multistep processes characterized by abnormal expression, post-translational modification, and processing of certain proteins. To maintain and allow the accumulation of these dysregulated processes, and to facilitate the step-wise evolution of the disease phenotype, cells must co-opt a compensatory regulatory mechanism. In cancer, this role has been attributed to heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a molecular chaperone that maintains the functional conformation of multiple proteins involved in cell-specific oncogenic processes. In this sense, at the phenotypic level, Hsp90 appears to serve as a biochemical buffer for the numerous cancer-specific lesions that are characteristic of diverse tumors. The current review proposes a similar role for Hsp90 in neurodegeneration. It will present experimentally demonstrated, but also hypothetical, roles that suggest Hsp90 can act as a regulator of pathogenic changes that lead to the neurodegenerative phenotype in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University and Fisher Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Yeste-Velasco M, Folch J, Pallàs M, Camins A. The p38(MAPK) signaling pathway regulates neuronal apoptosis through the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. Neurochem Int 2008; 54:99-105. [PMID: 19007833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of SB202190, a selective p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor in cerebellar granule neurons (CGC) in response to serum potassium deprivation (S/K deprivation), an apoptotic stimulus. CGC apoptosis after S/K deprivation was shown to be mediated through cell cycle re-entry and the induction of transcription factor E2F-1. We found that SB 202190 (10muM) inhibits retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation, in response to S/K deprivation. Moreover, the expression of cyclin E and E2F-1 were also significantly decreased. Interestingly, SB202190 did not affect or modulate the increase in the protein expression levels of cyclin D1. Similarly, p-Akt and p-GSK3 protein levels, measured after 12h S/K deprivation, did not appear to be regulated by SB 202190 (10muM). These data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of the p38 inhibitor were not mediated via Akt activation. In conclusion, these results suggest that p38MAPK converged with the cell cycle in S/K deprivation-induced apoptosis through pRb phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Yeste-Velasco
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Cell cycle activation in striatal neurons from Huntington's disease patients and rats treated with 3-nitropropionic acid. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 26:665-71. [PMID: 18768156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the potential role of cell cycle re-entry in an experimental model of Huntington's disease and in human brain samples. We found that after treatment of rats with the mitochondrial neurotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid, the expression of cell cycle markers of G1 phase measured by immunohistochemistry was induced in the striatal brain region. Furthermore, we detected an increase in the nuclear and also cytoplasmatic E2F-1 expression, suggesting that this protein could activate the apoptotic cascade in rat brain. Western blot analysis of post-mortem brain samples from patients also showed an increase in the expression of E2F-1 and cyclin D1 in comparison with control samples. These results indicate that cell cycle re-entry is activated in Huntington's disease and may contribute to the neurodegenerative process.
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Sanchez A, Rao HV, Grammas P. PACAP38 protects rat cortical neurons against the neurotoxicity evoked by sodium nitroprusside and thrombin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 152:33-40. [PMID: 18682263 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) 38 is a multifunctional anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system. The objective of this study is to determine whether PACAP38 is neuroprotective against sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and thrombin, two mechanistically distinct neurotoxic agents. Treatment of primary cortical neuronal cultures with 1 mM SNP for 4 h causes neuronal cell death that is significantly reduced by 100 nM PACAP38. PACAP38 down-regulates SNP-induced cell cycle protein (cyclin E) expression and up-regulates p57(KIP2), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor as well as the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Similarly, neuronal death induced by 100 nM thrombin or the thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP 6) is reduced by PACAP38 treatment. Thrombin-stimulated cell cycle protein (cdk4) expression is decreased by PACAP38 while PACAP38 inhibits thrombin-mediated reduction of p57(KIP2). However, the decrease in Bcl-2 evoked by thrombin is not affected by PACAP38. Finally, both SNP and thrombin (or TRAP) increase caspase 3 activity, an effect that is decreased by PACAP38. These data show that PACAP38 supports neuronal survival in vitro suppressing cell cycle progression and enhancing anti-apoptotic proteins. Our results support the possibility that PACAP could be a useful therapeutic agent for reducing neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Sanchez
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock TX 79430, USA
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38
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A synthetic lethal siRNA screen identifying genes mediating sensitivity to a PARP inhibitor. EMBO J 2008; 27:1368-77. [PMID: 18388863 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 (PARP) are highly lethal to cells with deficiencies in BRCA1, BRCA2 or other components of the homologous recombination pathway. This has led to PARP inhibitors entering clinical trials as a potential therapy for cancer in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. To discover new determinants of sensitivity to these drugs, we performed a PARP-inhibitor synthetic lethal short interfering RNA (siRNA) screen. We identified a number of kinases whose silencing strongly sensitised to PARP inhibitor, including cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), MAPK12, PLK3, PNKP, STK22c and STK36. How CDK5 silencing mediates sensitivity was investigated. Previously, CDK5 has been suggested to be active only in a neuronal context, but here we show that CDK5 is required in non-neuronal cells for the DNA-damage response and, in particular, intra-S and G(2)/M cell-cycle checkpoints. These results highlight the potential of synthetic lethal siRNA screens with chemical inhibitors to define new determinants of sensitivity and potential therapeutic targets.
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39
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La maladie d’Alzheimer : des lésions cérébrales aux perspectives thérapeutiques. BULLETIN DE L'ACADÉMIE NATIONALE DE MÉDECINE 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)32836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Amit T, Avramovich‐Tirosh Y, Youdim MBH, Mandel S. Targeting multiple Alzheimer's disease etiologies with multimodal neuroprotective and neurorestorative iron chelators. FASEB J 2007; 22:1296-305. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8627rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases ResearchDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Yael Avramovich‐Tirosh
- Eve Topf Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases ResearchDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Eve Topf Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases ResearchDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases ResearchDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
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Castellani RJ, Moreira PI, Liu G, Dobson J, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. Iron: the Redox-active center of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1640-5. [PMID: 17508283 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although iron is essential in maintaining the function of the central nervous system, it is a potent source of reactive oxygen species. Excessive iron accumulation occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, raising the possibility that oxidative stress is intimately involved in the neurodegenerative process. AD in particular is associated with accumulation of numerous markers of oxidative stress; moreover, oxidative stress has been shown to precede hallmark neuropathological lesions early in the disease process, and such lesions, once present, further accumulate iron, among other markers of oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the role of iron in the progression of AD.
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Evans TA, Raina AK, Delacourte A, Aprelikova O, Lee HG, Zhu X, Perry G, Smith MA. BRCA1 may modulate neuronal cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer disease. Int J Med Sci 2007; 4:140-5. [PMID: 17505559 PMCID: PMC1868658 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease, neuronal degeneration and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles correlate with the severity of cognitive decline. Neurofibrillary tangles contain the antigenic profile of many cell cycle markers, reflecting a re-entry into the cell cycle by affected neurons. However, while such a cell cycle re-entry phenotype is an early and consistent feature of Alzheimer disease, the mechanisms responsible for neuronal cell cycle are unclear. In this regard, given that a dysregulated cell cycle is a characteristic of cancer, we speculated that alterations in oncogenic proteins may play a role in neurodegeneration. To this end, in this study, we examined brain tissue from cases of Alzheimer disease for the presence of BRCA1, a known regulator of cell cycle, and found intense and specific localization of BRCA1 to neurofibrillary tangles, a hallmark lesion of the disease. Analysis of clinically normal aged brain tissue revealed systematically less BRCA1, and surprisingly in many cases with apparent phosphorylated tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles, BRCA1 was absent, yet BRCA1 was present in all cases of Alzheimer disease. These findings not only further define the cell cycle reentry phenotype in Alzheimer disease but also indicate that the neurofibrillary tangles which define Alzheimer disease may have a different genesis from the neurofibrillary tangles of normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A. Evans
- 1. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Arun K. Raina
- 1. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - André Delacourte
- 2. Inserm U837, JPARC, Bat. G. Biserte, 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille cedex, France
| | - Olga Aprelikova
- 3. Laboratory of Biosystems and Cancer, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hyoung-gon Lee
- 1. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- 1. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - George Perry
- 1. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- 4. College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | - Mark A. Smith
- 1. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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McShea A, Lee HG, Petersen RB, Casadesus G, Vincent I, Linford NJ, Funk JO, Shapiro RA, Smith MA. Neuronal cell cycle re-entry mediates Alzheimer disease-type changes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:467-72. [PMID: 17095196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence showing the ectopic re-expression of cell cycle-related proteins in specific vulnerable neuronal populations in Alzheimer disease led us to formulate the hypothesis that neurodegeneration, like cancer, is a disease of inappropriate cell cycle control. To test this notion, we used adenoviral-mediated expression of c-myc and ras oncogenes to drive postmitotic primary cortical neurons into the cell cycle. Cell cycle re-entry in neurons was associated with increased DNA content, as determined using BrdU and DAPI, and the re-expression of cyclin B1, a marker for the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Importantly, we also found that cell cycle re-entry in primary neurons leads to tau phosphorylation and conformational changes similar to that seen in Alzheimer disease. This study establishes that the cell cycle can be instigated in normally quiescent neuronal cells and results in a phenotype that shares features of degenerative neurons in Alzheimer disease. As such, our neuronal cell model may be extremely valuable for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McShea
- Department of Biology, CombiMatrix Corp, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA
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