1
|
Yadikar H, Ansari MA, Abu-Farha M, Joseph S, Thomas BT, Al-Mulla F. Deciphering Early and Progressive Molecular Signatures in Alzheimer's Disease through Integrated Longitudinal Proteomic and Pathway Analysis in a Rodent Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6469. [PMID: 38928172 PMCID: PMC11203991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia worldwide, remains a challenge due to its complex origin and degenerative character. The need for accurate biomarkers and treatment targets hinders early identification and intervention. To fill this gap, we used a novel longitudinal proteome methodology to examine the temporal development of molecular alterations in the cortex of an intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced AD mouse model for disease initiation and progression at one, three-, and six-weeks post-treatment. Week 1 revealed metabolic protein downregulation, such as Aldoa and Pgk1. Week 3 showed increased Synapsin-1, and week 6 showed cytoskeletal protein alterations like Vimentin. The biological pathways, upstream regulators, and functional effects of proteome alterations were dissected using advanced bioinformatics methods, including Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and machine learning algorithms. We identified Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Synaptic Vesicle Pathway, and Neuroinflammation Signaling as disease-causing pathways. Huntington's Disease Signaling and Synaptogenesis Signaling were stimulated while Glutamate Receptor and Calcium Signaling were repressed. IPA also found molecular connections between PPARGC1B and AGT, which are involved in myelination and possible neoplastic processes, and MTOR and AR, which imply mechanistic involvements beyond neurodegeneration. These results help us comprehend AD's molecular foundation and demonstrate the promise of focused proteomic techniques to uncover new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD, enabling personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Yadikar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Sabah AlSalem University City, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait
- OMICS Research Unit, Research Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Mubeen A. Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Department of Translational Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (M.A.-F.); (F.A.-M.)
| | - Shibu Joseph
- Department of Special Service Facility, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait;
| | - Betty T. Thomas
- OMICS Research Unit, Research Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Translational Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (M.A.-F.); (F.A.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pramanik R, Dey A, Chakrabarty AK, Banerjee D, Narwaria A, Sharma S, Rai RK, Katiyar CK, Dubey SK. Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: Understanding disease mechanisms, their correlation, and promising dual activity of selected herbs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118402. [PMID: 38821139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This review explores the link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and diabetes-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD). It emphasizes the shared pathophysiological links and mechanisms between the two conditions, focusing on reduced insulin levels and receptors, impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative damage in AD-affected brains-paralleling aspects of T2DM. The review suggests AD as a "diabetes of the brain," supported by cognitive enhancement through antidiabetic interventions. It focuses on the traditionally used Indian herbs as a means to manage both conditions while addressing developmental challenges. AIM OF THE STUDY This study explores the DM-AD connection, reviewing medicinal herbs with protective potential for both ailments, considering traditional uses and developmental challenges. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studied research, reviews, and ethnobotanical and scientific data from electronic databases and traditional books. RESULTS The study analyzes the pathophysiological links between DM and AD, emphasizing their interconnected factors. Eight Ayurvedic plants with dual protective effects against T2DM and AD are thoroughly reviewed with preclinical/clinical evidence. Historical context, phytoconstituents, and traditional applications are explored. Innovative formulations using these plants are examined. Challenges stemming from phytoconstituents' physicochemical properties are highlighted, prompting novel formulation development, including nanotechnology-based delivery systems. The study uncovers obstacles in formulating treatments for these diseases. CONCLUSION The review showcases the dual potential of chosen medicinal herbs against both diseases, along with their traditional applications, endorsing their use. It addresses formulation obstacles, proposing innovative delivery technologies for herbal therapies, while acknowledging their constraints. The review suggests the need for heightened investment and research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Pramanik
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Anuradha Dey
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | | | - Dipankar Banerjee
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Avinash Narwaria
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajiva Kumar Rai
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Chandra Kant Katiyar
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pradeepkiran JA, Baig J, Islam MA, Kshirsagar S, Reddy PH. Amyloid-β and Phosphorylated Tau are the Key Biomarkers and Predictors of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0286. [PMID: 38739937 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a age-related neurodegenerative disease and is a major public health concern both in Texas, US and Worldwide. This neurodegenerative disease is mainly characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) accumulation in the brains of patients with AD and increasing evidence suggests that these are key biomarkers in AD. Both Aβ and p-tau can be detected through various imaging techniques (such as positron emission tomography, PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. The presence of these biomarkers in individuals, who are asymptomatic or have mild cognitive impairment can indicate an increased risk of developing AD in the future. Furthermore, the combination of Aβ and p-tau biomarkers is often used for more accurate diagnosis and prediction of AD progression. Along with AD being a neurodegenerative disease, it is associated with other chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, depression, and diabetes because studies have shown that these comorbid conditions make people more vulnerable to AD. In the first part of this review, we discuss that biofluid-based biomarkers such as Aβ, p-Tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Aβ & p-Tau in plasma could be used as an alternative sensitive technique to diagnose AD. In the second part, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms of chronic conditions linked with AD and how they affect the patients in clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Javaria Baig
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Sudhir Kshirsagar
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Departments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castillo-Ordoñez WO, Cajas-Salazar N, Velasco-Reyes MA. Genetic and epigenetic targets of natural dietary compounds as anti-Alzheimer's agents. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:846-854. [PMID: 37843220 PMCID: PMC10664119 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia that principally affects older adults. Pathogenic factors, such as oxidative stress, an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, genotoxicity, and neuroinflammation are present in this syndrome, which leads to neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease are considered late-onset diseases caused by the complex combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. There are two main types of Alzheimer's disease, known as familial Alzheimer's disease (onset < 65 years) and late-onset or sporadic Alzheimer's disease (onset ≥ 65 years). Patients with familial Alzheimer's disease inherit the disease due to rare mutations on the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) genes in an autosomal-dominantly fashion with closely 100% penetrance. In contrast, a different picture seems to emerge for sporadic Alzheimer's disease, which exhibits numerous non-Mendelian anomalies suggesting an epigenetic component in its etiology. Importantly, the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms driving Alzheimer's disease are interfaced with epigenetic dysregulation. However, the dynamic nature of epigenetics seems to open up new avenues and hope in regenerative neurogenesis to improve brain repair in Alzheimer's disease or following injury or stroke in humans. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in using natural products for the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease. Through epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, histone modification, and chromatin conformation regulation, natural compounds appear to exert neuroprotective effects. While we do not purport to cover every in this work, we do attempt to illustrate how various phytochemical compounds regulate the epigenetic effects of a few Alzheimer's disease-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willian Orlando Castillo-Ordoñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales-Exactas y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología. Universidad del Cauca, Popayán-Cauca, Colombia
- Departamento de Estudios Psicológicos, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nohelia Cajas-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales-Exactas y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología. Universidad del Cauca, Popayán-Cauca, Colombia
| | - Mayra Alejandra Velasco-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales-Exactas y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología. Universidad del Cauca, Popayán-Cauca, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Greeny A, Nair A, Sadanandan P, Satarker S, Famurewa AC, Nampoothiri M. Epigenetic Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease: Impact on Insulin Signaling and Advanced Drug Delivery Systems. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:157. [PMID: 38534427 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that predominantly affects the hippocampus and the entorhinal complex, leading to memory lapse and cognitive impairment. This can have a negative impact on an individual's behavior, speech, and ability to navigate their surroundings. AD is one of the principal causes of dementia. One of the most accepted theories in AD, the amyloid β (Aβ) hypothesis, assumes that the buildup of the peptide Aβ is the root cause of AD. Impaired insulin signaling in the periphery and central nervous system has been considered to have an effect on the pathophysiology of AD. Further, researchers have shifted their focus to epigenetic mechanisms that are responsible for dysregulating major biochemical pathways and intracellular signaling processes responsible for directly or indirectly causing AD. The prime epigenetic mechanisms encompass DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA, and are majorly responsible for impairing insulin signaling both centrally and peripherally, thus leading to AD. In this review, we provide insights into the major epigenetic mechanisms involved in causing AD, such as DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. We decipher how the mechanisms alter peripheral insulin signaling and brain insulin signaling, leading to AD pathophysiology. In addition, this review also discusses the need for newer drug delivery systems for the targeted delivery of epigenetic drugs and explores targeted drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, vesicular systems, networks, and other nano formulations in AD. Further, this review also sheds light on the future approaches used for epigenetic drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alosh Greeny
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ayushi Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Prashant Sadanandan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo 482123, Nigeria
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Young HA, Geurts L, Scarmeas N, Benton D, Brennan L, Farrimond J, Kiliaan AJ, Pooler A, Trovò L, Sijben J, Vauzour D. Multi-nutrient interventions and cognitive ageing: are we barking up the right tree? Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:471-483. [PMID: 36156184 DOI: 10.1017/s095442242200018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As we continue to elucidate the mechanisms underlying age-related brain diseases, the reductionist strategy in nutrition–brain function research has focused on establishing the impact of individual foods. However, the biological processes connecting diet and cognition are complex. Therefore, consideration of a combination of nutritional compounds may be most efficacious. One barrier to establishing the efficacy of multi-nutrient interventions is that the area lacks an established set of evidence-based guidelines for studying their effect on brain health. This review is an output of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Europe. A multi-disciplinary expert group was assembled with the aim of developing a set of considerations to guide research into the effects of multi-nutrient combinations on brain functions. Consensus recommendations converged on six key issues that should be considered to advance research in this area: (1) establish working mechanisms of the combination and contributions of each individual compound; (2) validate the relevance of the mechanisms for the targeted human condition; (3) include current nutrient status, intake or dietary pattern as inclusion/exclusion criteria in the study design; (4) select a participant population that is clinically and biologically appropriate for all nutritional components of the combination; (5) consider a range of cognitive outcomes; (6) consider the limits of reductionism and the ‘gold standard’ randomised controlled trial. These guiding principles will enhance our understanding of the interactive/complementary activities of dietary components, thereby strengthening the evidence base for recommendations aimed at delaying cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucie Geurts
- International Life Sciences Institute Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - David Benton
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Wales, UK
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD Institute of Food and Health, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | | | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Pooler
- Formerly at Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland. Currently at Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, USA
| | - Laura Trovò
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - John Sijben
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Żyła A, Martel A, Jurczak P, Moliński A, Szymańska A, Kozak M. Human cystatin C induces the disaggregation process of selected amyloid beta peptides: a structural and kinetic view. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20833. [PMID: 38012338 PMCID: PMC10682421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and various types of amyloidosis, are incurable; therefore, understanding the mechanisms of amyloid decomposition is crucial to develop an effective drug against them for future therapies. It has been reported that one out of three people over the age of 85 are suffering from dementia as a comorbidity to AD. Amyloid beta (Aβ), the hallmark of AD, transforms structurally from monomers into β-stranded aggregates (fibrils) via multiple oligomeric states. Astrocytes in the central nervous system secrete the human cystatin C protein (HCC) in response to various proteases and cytokines. The codeposition of Aβ and HCC in the brains of patients with AD led to the hypothesis that cystatin C is implicated in the disease process. In this study, we investigate the intermolecular interactions between different atomic structures of fibrils formed by Aβ peptides and HCC to understand the pathological aggregation of these polypeptides into neurotoxic oligomers and then amyloid plaques. To characterize the interactions between Aβ and HCC, we used a complementary approach based on the combination of small-angle neutron scattering analysis, atomic force microscopy and computational modelling, allowing the exploration of the structures of multicomponent protein complexes. We report here an optimized protocol to study that interaction. The results show a dependency of the sequence length of the Aβ peptide on the ability of the associated HCC to disaggregate it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Żyła
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anne Martel
- Large Scale Structures, ILL Neutrons for Society, Institute Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Przemysław Jurczak
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Augustyn Moliński
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aneta Szymańska
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
- SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gupta S, Jinka SKA, Khanal S, Bhavnani N, Almashhori F, Lallo J, Mathias A, Al-Rhayyel Y, Herman D, Holden JG, Fleming SM, Raman P. Cognitive dysfunction and increased phosphorylated tau are associated with reduced O-GlcNAc signaling in an aging mouse model of metabolic syndrome. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1324-1344. [PMID: 37031439 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by hyperglycemia, obesity, and hyperlipidemia, can increase the risk of developing late-onset dementia. Recent studies in patients and mouse models suggest a putative link between hyperphosphorylated tau, a component of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia (ADRD) pathology, and cerebral glucose hypometabolism. Impaired glucose metabolism reduces glucose flux through the hexosamine metabolic pathway triggering attenuated O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification. The goal of the current study was to investigate the link between cognitive function, tau pathology, and O-GlcNAc signaling in an aging mouse model of MetS, agouti KKAy+/- . Male and female C57BL/6, non-agouti KKAy-/- , and agouti KKAy+/- mice were aged 12-18 months on standard chow diet. Body weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured to confirm the MetS phenotype. Cognition, sensorimotor function, and emotional reactivity were assessed for each genotype followed by plasma and brain tissue collection for biochemical and molecular analyses. Body weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in agouti KKAy+/- mice versus C57BL/6 controls and non-agouti KKAy-/- . Behaviorally, agouti KKAy+/- revealed impairments in sensorimotor and cognitive function versus age-matched C57BL/6 and non-agouti KKAy-/- mice. Immunoblotting demonstrated increased phosphorylated tau accompanied with reduced O-GlcNAc protein expression in hippocampal-associated dorsal midbrain of female agouti KKAy+/- versus C57BL/6 control mice. Together, these data demonstrate that impaired cognitive function and AD-related pathology are associated with reduced O-GlcNAc signaling in aging MetS KKAy+/- mice. Overall, our study suggests that interaction of tau pathology with O-GlcNAc signaling may contribute to MetS-induced cognitive dysfunction in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Gupta
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjay K A Jinka
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Saugat Khanal
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Neha Bhavnani
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Fayez Almashhori
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason Lallo
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy Mathias
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Yasmine Al-Rhayyel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Danielle Herman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John G Holden
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sheila M Fleming
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Priya Raman
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khan MA, Khan ZA, Shoeb F, Fatima G, Khan RH, Khan MM. Role of de novo lipogenesis in inflammation and insulin resistance in alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124859. [PMID: 37187418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) display both peripheral tissue and brain insulin resistance, the later could be a potential risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. While certain degree of inflammation is required for inducing insulin resistance, underlying mechanism(s) remains unclear. Evidence from diverse research domains suggest that elevated intracellular fatty acids of de novo pathway can induce insulin resistance even without triggering inflammation; however, the effect of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) could be detrimental due the development of proinflammatory cues. In this context, evidence suggest that while lipid/fatty acid accumulation is a characteristic feature of brain pathology in AD, dysregulated de novo lipogenesis could be a potential source for lipid/fatty acid accumulation. Therefore, therapies aimed at regulating de novo lipogenesis could be effective in improving insulin sensitivity and cognitive function in patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ali Khan
- Research and Development Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Zaw Ali Khan
- Research and Development Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Fouzia Shoeb
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Ghizal Fatima
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Mohammad M Khan
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Aligarh, UP, India; Laboratory of Translational Neurology and Molecular Psychiatry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Faculty of Science, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, UP, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Araki W. Aβ Oligomer Toxicity-Reducing Therapy for the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease: Importance of the Nrf2 and PPARγ Pathways. Cells 2023; 12:1386. [PMID: 37408220 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that soluble amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) play a pathogenetic role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, AβOs induce neurotoxic and synaptotoxic effects and are also critically involved in neuroinflammation. Oxidative stress appears to be a crucial event underlying these pathological effects of AβOs. From a therapeutic standpoint, new drugs for AD designed to remove AβOs or inhibit the formation of AβOs are currently being developed. However, it is also worth considering strategies for preventing AβO toxicity itself. In particular, small molecules with AβO toxicity-reducing activity have potential as drug candidates. Among such small molecules, those that can enhance Nrf2 and/or PPARγ activity can effectively inhibit AβO toxicity. In this review, I summarize studies on the small molecules that counteract AβO toxicity and are capable of activating Nrf2 and/or PPARγ. I also discuss how these interrelated pathways are involved in the mechanisms by which these small molecules prevent AβO-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. I propose that AβO toxicity-reducing therapy, designated ATR-T, could be a beneficial, complementary strategy for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Araki
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Memory Clinic Ochanomizu, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kooshki L, Zarneshan SN, Fakhri S, Moradi SZ, Echeverria J. The pivotal role of JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanistic approaches to polyphenols and alkaloids. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154686. [PMID: 36804755 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunctionality which results in disability and human life-threatening events. In recent decades, NDDs are on the rise. Besides, conventional drugs have not shown potential effectiveness to attenuate the complications of NDDs. So, exploring novel therapeutic agents is an urgent need to combat such disorders. Accordingly, growing evidence indicates that polyphenols and alkaloids are promising natural candidates, possessing several beneficial pharmacological effects against diseases. Considering the complex pathophysiological mechanisms behind NDDs, Janus kinase (JAK), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) seem to play critical roles during neurodegeneration/neuroregeneration. In this line, modulation of the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways and their interconnected mediators by polyphenols/alkaloids could play pivotal roles in combating NDDs, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), stroke, aging, multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), depression and other neurological disorders. PURPOSE Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective roles of polyphenols/alkaloids as multi-target natural products against NDDs which are critically passing through the modulation of the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic and comprehensive review was performed to highlight the modulatory roles of polyphenols and alkaloids on the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways in NDDs, according to the PRISMA guideline, using scholarly electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and associated reference lists. RESULTS In the present study 141 articles were included from a total of 1267 results. The results showed that phenolic compounds such as curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and quercetin, and alkaloids such as berberine could be introduced as new strategies in combating NDDs through JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways. This is the first systematic review that reveals the correlation between the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K axis which is targeted by phytochemicals in NDDs. Hence, this review highlighted promising insights into the neuroprotective potential of polyphenols and alkaloids through the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathway and interconnected mediators toward neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Amongst natural products, phenolic compounds and alkaloids are multi-targeting agents with the most antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects possessing the potential of combating NDDs with high efficacy and lower toxicity. However, additional reports are needed to prove the efficacy and possible side effects of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kooshki
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Javier Echeverria
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghodrati N, Haghighi AH, Hosseini Kakhak SA, Abbasian S, Goldfield GS. Effect of Combined Exercise Training on Physical and Cognitive Function in Women With Type 2 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:162-170. [PMID: 36572617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One of the consequences of old age is cognitive and physical decline, which can cause a wide range of problems. These complications are more pronounced in those with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise training on blood biomarkers, physical fitness, and cognitive function in elderly women with T2D. METHODS Twenty-one elderly women with T2D were randomly allocated to training (n=12) and control (n=9) groups. The exercise training program was a combination of aerobic, resistance, and balance exercises performed 3 times per week over 12 weeks. In the same period, the control group received no training intervention. Blood markers, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, glycated hemoglobin (A1C), fasting blood sugar (FBS), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), lower and upper body strength, and cognitive function, were measured in all participants at baseline and after 12 weeks. RESULTS Serum BDNF levels were not significantly different between the exercise and control groups at 12 weeks (p>0.05). FBS and A1C levels in the exercise group decreased significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). CRF, dynamic balance, and both upper and lower body strength in the exercise group improved significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). Irisin levels decreased significantly in the control group, but levels did not change significantly in the exercise group. Greater improvements from exercise were observed on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment index compared with the control group (p=0.05), but no other group differences in cognitive function were noted. CONCLUSIONS Combined exercise improved some physical fitness and diabetes-related surrogate factors, as well as select cognitive functions, but had no significant effect on cognition-related biochemical factors (i.e. BDNF) in women with T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Ghodrati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Haghighi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Seyed Alireza Hosseini Kakhak
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Sadegh Abbasian
- Department of Sport Sciences, Khavaran Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living & Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ezkurdia A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054354. [PMID: 36901787 PMCID: PMC10001958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main type of dementia and is a disease with a profound socioeconomic burden due to the lack of effective treatment. In addition to genetics and environmental factors, AD is highly associated with metabolic syndrome, defined as the combination of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among these risk factors, the connection between AD and T2DM has been deeply studied. It has been suggested that the mechanism linking both conditions is insulin resistance. Insulin is an important hormone that regulates not only peripheral energy homeostasis but also brain functions, such as cognition. Insulin desensitization, therefore, could impact normal brain function increasing the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders in later life. Paradoxically, it has been demonstrated that decreased neuronal insulin signalling can also have a protective role in aging and protein-aggregation-associated diseases, as is the case in AD. This controversy is fed by studies focused on neuronal insulin signalling. However, the role of insulin action on other brain cell types, such as astrocytes, is still unexplored. Therefore, it is worthwhile exploring the involvement of the astrocytic insulin receptor in cognition, as well as in the onset and/or development of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Ezkurdia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J. Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Corrigan RR, Labrador L, Grizzanti J, Mey M, Piontkivska H, Casadesús G. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Amylin Receptor Activation, Not Antagonism, in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1495-1514. [PMID: 36641678 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amylin, a pancreatic amyloid peptide involved in energy homeostasis, is increasingly studied in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. To date, conflicting pathogenic and neuroprotective roles for this peptide and its analogs for AD pathogenesis have been described. OBJECTIVE Whether the benefits of amylin are associated with peripheral improvement of metabolic tone/function or directly through the activation of central amylin receptors is also unknown and downstream signaling mechanisms of amylin receptors are major objectives of this study. METHODS To address these questions more directly we delivered the amylin analog pramlintide systemically (IP), at previously identified therapeutic doses, while centrally (ICV) inhibiting the receptor using an amylin receptor antagonist (AC187), at doses known to impact CNS function. RESULTS Here we show that pramlintide improved cognitive function independently of CNS receptor activation and provide transcriptomic data that highlights potential mechanisms. Furthermore, we show than inhibition of the amylin receptor increased amyloid-beta pathology in female APP/PS1 mice, an effect than was mitigated by peripheral delivery of pramlintide. Through transcriptomic analysis of pramlintide therapy in AD-modeled mice we found sexual dimorphic modulation of neuroprotective mechanisms: oxidative stress protection in females and membrane stability and reduced neuronal excitability markers in males. CONCLUSION These data suggest an uncoupling of functional and pathology-related events and highlighting a more complex receptor system and pharmacological relationship that must be carefully studied to clarify the role of amylin in CNS function and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Labrador
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John Grizzanti
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Megan Mey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Gemma Casadesús
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Al-Lahham R, Mendez N. Tau Loss of Function, by Deletion or Aggregation, Contributes to Peripheral Insulin Resistance. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1041-1058. [PMID: 37638441 PMCID: PMC10578286 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several epidemiological data revealed an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes. Researchers concentrated on brain insulin resistance with little emphasis on the link between systemic insulin resistance and AD, despite the fact that the incidence of type 2 diabetes is higher in AD patients and that impairment in insulin signaling is a risk factor for AD. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to determine the role of systemic insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by evaluating the consequences of tau loss-of-function on peripheral insulin sensitivity. METHODS Primary hepatocytes isolated from transgenic mouse models (Tau KO, P301 L) and wild type mice (C57BL/6) were evaluated for their insulin sensitivity using glucose uptake assays as well as biochemical analysis of insulin signaling markers. RESULTS Our data show that tau deletion or loss of function promotes peripheral insulin resistance as seen in primary hepatocytes isolated from Tau KO and P301 L mice, respectively. Furthermore, exposure of wild-type primary hepatocytes to sub-toxic concentrations of tau oligomers results in a dose-dependent inhibition of glucose uptake, associated with downregulation of insulin signaling. Tau oligomers-induced inactivation of insulin signaling proteins was rescued by inhibition of p38 MAPK, suggesting the involvement of p38 MAPK. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study testing tau role in peripheral insulin resistance at the cellular level using multiple transgenic mouse models. Moreover, this study suggests that tau should be functional for insulin sensitivity, therefore, any loss of function by deletion or aggregation would result in insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Al-Lahham
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicolas Mendez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Flynn CM, Yuan Q. Probiotic supplement as a promising strategy in early tau pathology prevention: Focusing on GSK-3β? Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1159314. [PMID: 37034173 PMCID: PMC10073452 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1159314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent research suggests that pretangle tau, the soluble precursor of NFT, is an initiator for AD pathogenesis, thus targeting pretangle tau pathology may be a promising early intervention focus. The bidirectional communications between the gut and the brain play a crucial role in health. The compromised gut-brain axis is involved in various neurodegenerative diseases including AD. However, most research on the relationship between gut microbiome and AD have focused on amyloid-β. In this mini review, we propose to target preclinical pretangle tau stages with gut microbiota interventions such as probiotic supplementation. We discuss the importance of targeting pretangle tau that starts decades before the onset of clinical symptoms, and potential intervention focusing on probiotic regulation of tau hyperphosphorylation. A particular focus is on GSK-3β, a protein kinase that is at the interface between tau phosphorylation, AD and diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma N, Liang Y, Yue L, Liu P, Xu Y, Zhu C. The identities of insulin signaling pathway are affected by overexpression of Tau and its phosphorylation form. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1057281. [PMID: 36589543 PMCID: PMC9800792 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1057281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hyperphosphorylated Tau formed neurofibrillary tangles was one of the major neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dysfunctional insulin signaling in brain is involved in AD. However, the effect of Tau pathology on brain insulin resistance remains unclear. This study explored the effects of overexpressing wild-type Tau (WTau) or Tau with pseudo-phosphorylation at AT8 residues (PTau) on the insulin signaling pathway (ISP). Methods 293T cells or SY5Y cells overexpressing WTau or PTau were treated with or without insulin. The elements in ISP or the regulators of IPS were analyzed by immunoblotting, immunofluorescent staining and co-immunoprecipitation. Akt inhibitor MK2206 was used for evaluating the insulin signaling to downstream of mTOR in Tau overexpressing cells. The effects of anti-aging drug lonafarnib on ISP in WTau or PTau cells were also analyzed with immunoblotting. Considering lonafarnib is an inhibitor of FTase, the states of Rhes, one of FTase substrate in WTau or PTau cells were analyzed by drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay and the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Results WTau or PTau overexpression in cells upregulated basal activity of elements in ISP in general. However, overexpression of WTau or PTau suppressed the ISP signaling transmission responses induced by insulin simulation, appearing relative higher response of IRS-1 phosphorylation at tyrosine 612 (IRS-1 p612) in upstream IPS, but a lower phosphorylation response of downstream IPS including mTOR, and its targets 4EPB1 and S6. This dysregulation of insulin evoked signaling transmission was more obvious in PTau cells. Suppressing Akt with MK2206 could compromise the levels of p-S6 and p-mTOR in WTau or PTau cells. Moreover, the changes of phosphatases detected in WTau and PTau cells may be related to ISP dysfunction. In addition, the effects of lonafarnib on the ISP in SY5Y cells with WTau and PTau overexpression were tested, which showed that lonafarnib treatment resulted in reducing the active levels of ISP elements in PTau cells but not in WTau cells. The differential effects are probably due to Tau phosphorylation modulating lonafarnib-induced alterations in Rhes, as revealed by DARTS assay. Conclusion and discussion Overexpression of Tau or Tau with pseudo-phosphorylation at AT8 residues could cause an upregulation of the basal/tonic ISP, but a suppression of insulin induced the phasic activation of ISP. This dysfunction of ISP was more obvious in cells overexpressing pseudo-phosphorylated Tau. These results implied that the dysfunction of ISP caused by Tau overexpression might impair the physiological fluctuation of neuronal functions in AD. The different effects of lonafarnib on ISP between WTau and PTau cells, indicating that Tau phosphorylation mediates an additional effect on ISP. This study provided a potential linkage of abnormal expression and phosphorylation of Tau to the ISP dysfunction in AD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hamzé R, Delangre E, Tolu S, Moreau M, Janel N, Bailbé D, Movassat J. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease: Shared Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Common Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315287. [PMID: 36499613 PMCID: PMC9739879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease is increasing alarmingly with the aging of the population. Numerous epidemiological data suggest that there is a strong association between type 2 diabetes and an increased risk of dementia. These diseases are both degenerative and progressive and share common risk factors. The amyloid cascade plays a key role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. The accumulation of amyloid beta peptides gradually leads to the hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, which then form neurofibrillary tangles, resulting in neurodegeneration and cerebral atrophy. In Alzheimer's disease, apart from these processes, the alteration of glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in the brain seems to induce early neuronal loss and the impairment of synaptic plasticity, years before the clinical manifestation of the disease. The large amount of evidence on the existence of insulin resistance in the brain during Alzheimer's disease has led to the description of this disease as "type 3 diabetes". Available animal models have been valuable in the understanding of the relationships between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, but to date, the mechanistical links are poorly understood. In this non-exhaustive review, we describe the main molecular mechanisms that may link these two diseases, with an emphasis on impaired insulin and IGF-1 signaling. We also focus on GSK3β and DYRK1A, markers of Alzheimer's disease, which are also closely associated with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes, and thus may represent common therapeutic targets for both diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hamzé
- Team Biology and Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Delangre
- Team Biology and Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Stefania Tolu
- Team Biology and Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Manon Moreau
- Team Degenerative Process, Stress and Aging, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Team Degenerative Process, Stress and Aging, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Danielle Bailbé
- Team Biology and Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jamileh Movassat
- Team Biology and Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-57-27-77-82; Fax: +33-1-57-27-77-91
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
AdipoRon induces AMPK activation and ameliorates Alzheimer's like pathologies and associated cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105876. [PMID: 36162737 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ42) plaque formation, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leading to intracellular neurofibrillary tangle formation. Recently discovered hallmark features responsible for AD pathogenesis are neuronal insulin resistance, dysregulation in adiponectin and AMPK signaling. The presence of adiponectin and its receptor in the brain with its unique anti-diabetic effects and association with neurodegenerative diseases has raised our interest in exploring orally active small molecule adiponectin receptor agonist, AdipoRon. To date, all the available drugs for the treatment of AD provides symptomatic relief and do not stall the progression of the disease. Indeed, it is becoming increasingly apparent to find appropriate targets. Here, we attempt to shed lights on adiponectin receptor agonist, AdipoRon and its downstream molecular targets in reducing disease pathogenesis and insulin resistance. In brain, AdipoRon induced AMPK activation, increased insulin sensitivity, reduced amyloid beta plaque deposition and improved cognitive impairment. Levels of BACE were also downregulated while LDLR, APOE and neprilysin were upregulated promoting amyloid beta clearance from brain. AdipoRon further reduced the chronic inflammatory marker, GFAP and improved synaptic markers PSD-95 and synaptophysin in APP/PS1 mice. Our in-vitro studies further confirmed the potential role of AdipoRon in improving insulin sensitivity by increasing GLUT 4 translocation, glucose uptake and insulin signaling under hyperinsulinemic condition. Our findings suggest that AdipoRon could be a promising lead in the future treatment strategies in the development of effective AD treatment.
Collapse
|
20
|
Picone P, Sanfilippo T, Vasto S, Baldassano S, Guggino R, Nuzzo D, Bulone D, San Biagio PL, Muscolino E, Monastero R, Dispenza C, Giacomazza D. From Small Peptides to Large Proteins against Alzheimer’sDisease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101344. [PMID: 36291553 PMCID: PMC9599460 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. The two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the senile plaques, which are extracellular deposits mainly constituted by beta-amyloids, and neurofibrillary tangles formed by abnormally phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) located in the cytoplasm of neurons. Although the research has made relevant progress in the management of the disease, the treatment is still lacking. Only symptomatic medications exist for the disease, and, in the meantime, laboratories worldwide are investigating disease-modifying treatments for AD. In the present review, results centered on the use of peptides of different sizes involved in AD are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Picone
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Sanfilippo
- Ambulatorio di Nutrizione Clinica ASP Palermo, Via G. Cusmano 24, 90141 Palermo, Italy
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio Ospedaliero “S. Cimino”, 90141 Termini Imerese, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituti Euro-Mediterranei di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Via M. Miraglia 20, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rossella Guggino
- Ambulatorio di Nutrizione Clinica ASP Palermo, Via G. Cusmano 24, 90141 Palermo, Italy
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio Ospedaliero “S. Cimino”, 90141 Termini Imerese, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Donatella Bulone
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi San Biagio
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Muscolino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Clelia Dispenza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Giacomazza
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Long C, Han X, Yang Y, Li T, Zhou Q, Chen Q. Efficacy of intranasal insulin in improving cognition in mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:963933. [PMID: 36172480 PMCID: PMC9512636 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.963933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin regulates many aspects of brain function related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia, which can be delivered to the brain center via intranasal (IN) devices. Some small, single-site studies indicated that intranasal insulin can enhance memory in patients with MCI or dementia. The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) overlap, making insulin an attractive therapy for people suffering from MCI or dementia. Objective The goal of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of IN insulin on cognition in patients with MCI or dementia. Methods We searched the electronic database for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that verified the effects of insulin on patients with MCI or dementia.16 studies (899 patients) were identified. Results The pooled standard mean difference (SMD) showed no significant difference between IN insulin and placebo groups; however, statistical results suggested a difference between study groups in the effects of ADCS-ADL; AD patients with APOE4 (-) also showed improved performance in verbal memory; other cognitions did not improve significantly. Conclusion In view of IN insulin's promising potential, more researches should be conducted at a larger dose after proper selection of insulin types and patients. Systematic review registration http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022353546.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Long
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuke Han
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunjiao Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tongyi Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qiu Chen
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides as Nasal Aerosols. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091870. [PMID: 36145618 PMCID: PMC9502087 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as psychiatric disorders, neurodegeneration, chronic pain, stroke, brain tumor, spinal cord injury, and many other CNS diseases, would hugely benefit from specific and potent peptide pharmaceuticals and their low inherent toxicity. The delivery of peptides to the brain is challenging due to their low metabolic stability, which decreases their duration of action, poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and their incompatibility with oral administration, typically resulting in the need for parenteral administration. These challenges limit peptides’ clinical application and explain the interest in alternative routes of peptide administration, particularly nose-to-brain (N-to-B) delivery, which allows protein and peptide drugs to reach the brain noninvasively. N-to-B delivery can be a convenient method for rapidly targeting the CNS, bypassing the BBB, and minimizing systemic exposure; the olfactory and trigeminal nerves provide a unique pathway to the brain and the external environment. This review highlights the intranasal delivery of drugs, focusing on peptide delivery, illustrating various clinical applications, nasal delivery devices, and the scope and limitations of this approach.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gentreau M, Reynes C, Sabatier R, Maller JJ, Meslin C, Deverdun J, Le Bars E, Raymond M, Berticat C, Artero S. Glucometabolic Changes Are Associated with Structural Gray Matter Alterations in Prodromal Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:1293-1302. [PMID: 36031896 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucometabolic changes, such as high glycemic load (GL) diet and insulin resistance (IR), are potential risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, the effect of these factors on brain alterations that contribute to AD pathology has not been clearly demonstrated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the relationship of GL and IR with gray matter volumes involved in prodromal dementia. METHODS GL and Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index, an IR surrogate marker, were calculated in 497 participants who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The gray matter volumes most related to prodromal dementia/mild cognitive impairment (diagnosed in 18/158 participants during the 7-year follow-up) were identified using a data-driven machine learning algorithm. RESULTS Higher GL diet was associated with reduced amygdala volume. The TyG index was negatively associated with the hippocampus, amygdala, and putamen volumes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that GL and IR are associated with lower gray matter volumes in brain regions involved in AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Gentreau
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Robert Sabatier
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome J Maller
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,General Electric Healthcare, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chantal Meslin
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jeremy Deverdun
- I2FH, Department of Neuroradiology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Le Bars
- I2FH, Department of Neuroradiology, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Raymond
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Berticat
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvaine Artero
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Relation to T2DM from Endocrinology, Neurophysiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry Perspectives. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1708769. [PMID: 35983003 PMCID: PMC9381199 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1708769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a severe disease caused by metabolic disorders, particularly carbohydrate metabolism disorders. The disease is a fatal global trouble characterised by high prevalence rates, causing death, blindness, kidney failure, myocardial infarction, amputation of lower limps, and stroke. Biochemical metabolic pathways like glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis are critical pathways that regulate blood glucose levels with the glucokinase (GK) enzyme playing a central role in glucose homeostasis. Any factor that perturbs the aforementioned biochemical pathways is detrimental. Endocrinological, neurophysiological, and molecular biological pathways that are linked to carbohydrate metabolism should be studied, grasped, and manipulated in order to alleviate T2DM global chaos. The challenge, howbeit, is that, since the body is an integration of systems that complement one another, studying one “isolated” system is not very useful. This paper serves to discuss endocrinology, neurophysiology, and molecular biology pathways that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism in relation to T2DM.
Collapse
|
25
|
Taylor HA, Przemylska L, Clavane EM, Meakin PJ. BACE1: More than just a β-secretase. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13430. [PMID: 35119166 PMCID: PMC9286785 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) research has historically focused on its actions as the β-secretase responsible for the production of β-amyloid beta, observed in Alzheimer's disease. Although the greatest expression of BACE1 is found in the brain, BACE1 mRNA and protein is also found in many cell types including pancreatic β-cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and vascular cells. Pathologically elevated BACE1 expression in these cells has been implicated in the development of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we examine key questions surrounding the BACE1 literature, including how is BACE1 regulated and how dysregulation may occur in disease, and understand how BACE1 regulates metabolism via cleavage of a myriad of substrates. The phenotype of the BACE1 knockout mice models, including reduced weight gain, increased energy expenditure, and enhanced leptin signaling, proposes a physiological role of BACE1 in regulating energy metabolism and homeostasis. Taken together with the weight loss observed with BACE1 inhibitors in clinical trials, these data highlight a novel role for BACE1 in regulation of metabolic physiology. Finally, this review aims to examine the possibility that BACE1 inhibitors could provide a innovative treatment for obesity and its comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Taylor
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lena Przemylska
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eva M Clavane
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul J Meakin
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Patel VN, Chorawala MR, Shah MB, Shah KC, Dave BP, Shah MP, Patel TM. Emerging Pathophysiological Mechanisms Linking Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Old Wine in a New Bottle. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:349-357. [PMID: 35891636 PMCID: PMC9277673 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic immuno-inflammatory and metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance with corresponding hyperinsulinemia. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease involving cognitive impairment, neuronal dysfunction, and memory loss. Several recently published literatures suggest a causal relationship between T2DM and AD. In this review, we have discussed several potential mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced cognitive impairment which include, abnormal insulin signaling, amyloid-β accumulation, oxidative stress, immuno-inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, advanced glycation end products, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, advanced lipid peroxidation products, and apolipoprotein E. All these interconnected mechanisms may act either individually or synergistically which eventually leads to neurodegeneration and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishvas N. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul R. Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri B. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kashvi C. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavarth P. Dave
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Manal P. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Tanvi M. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jeong JH, Lee DH, Song J. HMGB1 signaling pathway in diabetes-related dementia: Blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain insulin resistance, and Aβ accumulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112933. [PMID: 35413600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes contributes to the onset of various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the similarities and relationship between diabetes and dementia as an important issue for treating diabetes-related cognitive deficits. Diabetes-related dementia exhibits several features, including blood-brain barrier disruption, brain insulin resistance, and Aβ over-accumulation. High-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) is a protein known to regulate gene transcription and cellular mechanisms by binding to DNA or chromatin via receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Recent studies have demonstrated that the interplay between HMGB1, RAGE, and TLR4 can impact both neuropathology and diabetic alterations. Herein, we review the recent research regarding the roles of HMGB1-RAGE-TLR4 axis in diabetes-related dementia from several perspectives and emphasize the importance of the influence of HMGB1 in diabetes-related dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Insulin Resistance Is Cheerfully Hitched with Hypertension. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040564. [PMID: 35455055 PMCID: PMC9028820 DOI: 10.3390/life12040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have risen steadily worldwide, particularly in low-income and developing countries. In the last hundred years, deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases increased rapidly to 35–40%, becoming the most common cause of mortality worldwide. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is aggravated by hypertension. Hypertension and diabetes are closely interlinked since they have similar risk factors such as endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, arterial remodeling, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Patients with high blood pressure often show insulin resistance and have a higher risk of developing diabetes than normotensive individuals. It has been observed that over the last 30 years, the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) has increased significantly. Accordingly, hypertension and insulin resistance are strongly related to an increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and endocrine disorders. Common mechanisms, for instance, upregulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of the immune system, possibly have a role in the association between diabetes and hypertension. Altogether these abnormalities significantly increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
29
|
Integrating Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approaches to Decipher the Multi-Target Pharmacological Mechanism of Abrus precatorius L. Acting on Diabetes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040414. [PMID: 35455411 PMCID: PMC9029140 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a notable health care load that imposes a serious impact on the quality of life of patients. The small amount of reported data and multiple spectra of pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM make it a challenging task and serious economic burden in health care management. Abrus precatorius L. is a slender, perennial, deciduous, and woody twining plant used in various regions of Asia to treat a variety of ailments, including diabetes mellitus. Various in vitro studies revealed the therapeutic significance of A. precatorius against diabetes. However, the exact molecular mechanism remains unclarified. In the present study, a network pharmacology technique was employed to uncover the active ingredients, their potential targets, and signaling pathways in A. precatorius for the treatment of T2DM. In the framework of this study, we explored the active ingredient–target–pathway network and figured out that abrectorin, abrusin, abrisapogenol J, sophoradiol, cholanoic acid, precatorine, and cycloartenol decisively contributed to the development of T2DM by affecting AKT1, MAPK3, TNFalpha, and MAPK1 genes. Later, molecular docking was employed to validate the successful activity of the active compounds against potential targets. Lastly, we conclude that four highly active constituents, namely, abrusin, abrisapogenol J, precatorine, and cycloartenol, help in improving the body’s sensitivity to insulin and regulate the expression of AKT1, MAPK3, TNFalpha, and MAPK1, which may act as potential therapeutic targets of T2DM. Integrated network pharmacology and docking analysis revealed that A. precatorius exerted a promising preventive effect on T2DM by acting on diabetes-associated signaling pathways. This provides a basis to understand the mechanism of the anti-diabetes activity of A. precatorius.
Collapse
|
30
|
Athanasaki A, Melanis K, Tsantzali I, Stefanou MI, Ntymenou S, Paraskevas SG, Kalamatianos T, Boutati E, Lambadiari V, Voumvourakis KI, Stranjalis G, Giannopoulos S, Tsivgoulis G, Paraskevas GP. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040778. [PMID: 35453527 PMCID: PMC9029855 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia, reaching 60–80% of case totals, and is one of the major global causes of the elderly population’s decline in functionality concerning daily life activities. Epidemiological research has already indicated that, in addition to several others metabolic factors, diabetes mellitus type 2 is a risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease. Many molecular pathways have been described, and at the same time, there are clues that suggest the connection between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease, through specific genes, autophagy, and even inflammatory pathways. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted, and its main goal was to reveal the multilevel connection between these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Athanasaki
- Department of Neurology, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Konstantinos Melanis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Ioanna Tsantzali
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Maria Ioanna Stefanou
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Sofia Ntymenou
- Department of Neurology, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Sotirios G. Paraskevas
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Theodosis Kalamatianos
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Eleni Boutati
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (E.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (E.B.); (V.L.)
| | - Konstantinos I. Voumvourakis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - George Stranjalis
- 1st Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Sotirios Giannopoulos
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
| | - George P. Paraskevas
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (I.T.); (M.I.S.); (S.G.P.); (K.I.V.); (S.G.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2105832466
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mehan S, Bhalla S, Siddiqui EM, Sharma N, Shandilya A, Khan A. Potential Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Analogues in Dementia Targeting Impaired Insulin Secretion and Neurodegeneration. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2022; 12:31-59. [PMID: 35300067 PMCID: PMC8921673 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s247153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a chronic, irreversible condition marked by memory loss, cognitive decline, and mental instability. It is clinically related to various progressive neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s. The primary cause of neurological disorders is insulin desensitization, demyelination, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation accompanied by various aberrant proteins such as amyloid-β deposits, Lewy bodies accumulation, tau formation leading to neurofibrillary tangles. Impaired insulin signaling is directly associated with amyloid-β and α-synuclein deposition, as well as specific signaling cascades involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin dysfunction may initiate various intracellular signaling cascades, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Neuronal death, inflammation, neuronal excitation, mitochondrial malfunction, and protein deposition are all influenced by insulin. Recent research has focused on GLP-1 receptor agonists as a potential therapeutic target. They increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion and are beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases by reducing oxidative stress and cytokine production. They reduce the deposition of abnormal proteins by crossing the blood-brain barrier. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of insulin dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, specifically dementia. Additionally, we reviewed the therapeutic target (GLP-1) and its receptor activators as a possible treatment of dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: Sidharth Mehan, Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India, Tel +91 8059889909; +91 9461322911, Email ;
| | - Sonalika Bhalla
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ehraz Mehmood Siddiqui
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ambika Shandilya
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Querfurth H, Marshall J, Parang K, Rioult-Pedotti MS, Tiwari R, Kwon B, Reisinger S, Lee HK. A PDK-1 allosteric agonist neutralizes insulin signaling derangements and beta-amyloid toxicity in neuronal cells and in vitro. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261696. [PMID: 35061720 PMCID: PMC8782417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Alzheimer's brain is affected by multiple pathophysiological processes, which include a unique, organ-specific form of insulin resistance that begins early in its course. An additional complexity arises from the four-fold risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in type 2 diabetics, however there is no definitive proof of causation. Several strategies to improve brain insulin signaling have been proposed and some have been clinically tested. We report findings on a small allosteric molecule that reverses several indices of insulin insensitivity in both cell culture and in vitro models of AD that emphasize the intracellular accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβi). PS48, a chlorophenyl pentenoic acid, is an allosteric activator of PDK-1, which is an Akt-kinase in the insulin/PI3K pathway. PS48 was active at 10 nM to 1 μM in restoring normal insulin-dependent Akt activation and in mitigating Aβi peptide toxicity. Synaptic plasticity (LTP) in prefrontal cortical slices from normal rat exposed to Aβ oligomers also benefited from PS48. During these experiments, neither overstimulation of PI3K/Akt signaling nor toxic effects on cells was observed. Another neurotoxicity model producing insulin insensitivity, utilizing palmitic acid, also responded to PS48 treatment, thus validating the target and indicating that its therapeutic potential may extend outside of β-amyloid reliance. The described in vitro and cell based-in vitro coupled enzymatic assay systems proved suitable platforms to screen a preliminary library of new analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, School of Pharmacology, Irvine, CA United States of America
| | - Mengia S. Rioult-Pedotti
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurorehabilitation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rakesh Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, School of Pharmacology, Irvine, CA United States of America
| | - Bumsup Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | | | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Beard E, Lengacher S, Dias S, Magistretti PJ, Finsterwald C. Astrocytes as Key Regulators of Brain Energy Metabolism: New Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Physiol 2022; 12:825816. [PMID: 35087428 PMCID: PMC8787066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.825816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play key roles in the regulation of brain energy metabolism, which has a major impact on brain functions, including memory, neuroprotection, resistance to oxidative stress and homeostatic tone. Energy demands of the brain are very large, as they continuously account for 20–25% of the whole body’s energy consumption. Energy supply of the brain is tightly linked to neuronal activity, providing the origin of the signals detected by the widely used functional brain imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. In particular, neuroenergetic coupling is regulated by astrocytes through glutamate uptake that triggers astrocytic aerobic glycolysis and leads to glucose uptake and lactate release, a mechanism known as the Astrocyte Neuron Lactate Shuttle. Other neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide mobilize glycogen, the reserve for glucose exclusively localized in astrocytes, also resulting in lactate release. Lactate is then transferred to neurons where it is used, after conversion to pyruvate, as a rapid energy substrate, and also as a signal that modulates neuronal excitability, homeostasis, and the expression of survival and plasticity genes. Importantly, glycolysis in astrocytes and more generally cerebral glucose metabolism progressively deteriorate in aging and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. This decreased glycolysis actually represents a common feature of several neurological pathologies. Here, we review the critical role of astrocytes in the regulation of brain energy metabolism, and how dysregulation of astrocyte-mediated metabolic pathways is involved in brain hypometabolism. Further, we summarize recent efforts at preclinical and clinical stages to target brain hypometabolism for the development of new therapeutic interventions in age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
34
|
Chung JY, Kim OY, Song J. Role of ketone bodies in diabetes-induced dementia: sirtuins, insulin resistance, synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurotransmitter. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:774-785. [PMID: 34957519 PMCID: PMC8907488 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes can have several neuropathologies, such as memory deficits. Recent studies have focused on the association between metabolic imbalance and neuropathological problems, and the associated molecular pathology. Diabetes triggers neuroinflammation, impaired synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance in the brain. Glucose is a main energy substrate for neurons, but under certain conditions, such as fasting and starvation, ketone bodies can be used as an energy fuel for these cells. Recent evidence has shed new light on the role of ketone bodies in regulating several anti-inflammation cellular pathways and improving glucose metabolism, insulin action, and synaptic plasticity, thereby being neuroprotective. However, very high amount of ketone bodies can be toxic for the brain, such as in ketoacidosis, a dangerous complication that may occur in type 1 diabetes mellitus or alcoholism. Recent findings regarding the relationship between ketone bodies and neuropathogenesis in dementia are reviewed in this article. They suggest that the adequately low amount of ketone bodies can be a potential energy source for the treatment of diabetes-induced dementia neuropathology, considering the multifaceted effects of the ketone bodies in the central nervous system. This review can provide useful information for establishing the therapeutic guidelines of a ketogenic diet for diabetes-induced dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Chung
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and the Department of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mittal N, Mittal R. Repurposing old molecules for new indications: Defining pillars of success from lessons in the past. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174569. [PMID: 34653378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing or studying existing drugs for potential therapeutic utility in newer indications has been identified as an attractive option for treating a number of diseases. Various strategies of drug repurposing include serendipitous observation of drug's unexpected effects, directing the failed investigational drugs to new indications and currently adopted systematic approach to identify, screen and develop existing drug molecules for new off-label indications. Drug repurposing is able to constructively overcome the bottleneck restraints encountered during traditional de novo drug development process in grounds of timelines, cost and resources. However, success rates of drug repurposing programs are not very impressive. Through a meticulous examination of some failed repurposing attempts we aimed to identify key factors leading to high attrition rate in such studies. Based on the fundamental elements of knowledge and evaluation, we have defined four pillars toward improving success rate in drug repurposing programs viz. sound knowledge of the repurposed drug's pharmacological characteristics (pillar 1: drug pharmacology); drug formulation considerations in new indication (pillar 2: drug formulation); evaluation in representative biological assays with translational potential (pillar 3: evaluation in biological assays); and robust clinical trial methodologies including biomarker driven approach to provide conclusive evidence of repurposed drug's efficacy in new indication (pillar 4: clinical evaluation). In addition to the pharmacological challenges, certain regulatory concerns, including lack of clear guidelines for evaluation and market exclusivity pose hurdles in the application of drug repurposing, which may however be overcome to a great extent by adopting some strategies as discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niti Mittal
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, 124001, India.
| | - Rakesh Mittal
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, 124001, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Qin G, Dong Y, Liu Z, Gong Z, Gao C, Zheng M, Tian M, He Y, Zhong L, Wang P. Shen-Zhi-Ling oral liquid ameliorates cerebral glucose metabolism disorder in early AD via insulin signal transduction pathway in vivo and in vitro. Chin Med 2021; 16:128. [PMID: 34857022 PMCID: PMC8638512 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shen-Zhi-Ling oral liquid (SZL) is an herbal formula known for its efficacy of nourishing "heart and spleen", and is used for the treatment and prevention of middle- and early-stage dementia. This study investigated the effects of SZL on amelioration of AD, and examined whether the underlying mechanisms from the perspective of neuroprotection are related to brain glucose metabolism. METHODS Firstly, LC-MS/MS was used to analysis the SZL mainly enters the blood component. Then, the effects of SZL on cognitive and behavioral ability of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice and amyloid protein characteristic pathological changes were investigated by behavioral study and morphological observation. The effects of SZL on the ultrastructure of mitochondria, astrocytes, and micrangium related to cerebral glucose metabolism were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Then, micro-PET was also used to observe the effects of SZL on glucose uptake. Furthermore, the effects of SZL on insulin signaling pathway InR/PI3K/Akt and glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT3) were observed by immunohistochemistry, Western-blot and RT-qPCR. Finally, the effects of SZL on brain glucose metabolism and key enzyme were observed. In vitro, the use of PI3K and/or GSK3β inhibitor to observe the effects of SZL drug-containing serum on GLUT1 and GLUT3. RESULTS In vivo, SZL could significantly ameliorate cognitive deficits, retarded the pathological damage, including neuronal degeneration, Aβ peptide aggregation, and ultrastructural damage of hippocampal neurons, improve the glucose uptake, transporters and glucolysis. Beyond that, SZL regulates the insulin signal transduction pathway the insulin signal transduction pathway InR/PI3K/Akt. Furthermore, 15% SZL drug-containing serum increased Aβ42-induced insulin signal transduction-pathway related indicators and GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. The improvement of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the downstream PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway was reversed by the use of PI3K and/or GSK3β inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results demonstrated that improving glucose uptake, transport, and glycolysis in the brain may underlie the neuroprotective effects of SZL, and its potential molecular mechanism may be related to regulate the insulin signal transduction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
- Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
- Beijing Prominion Publishing Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Mingcui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Meijing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yannan He
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Pengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Haiyuncang No. 5 in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barone E, Di Domenico F, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA. The interplay among oxidative stress, brain insulin resistance and AMPK dysfunction contribute to neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:16-33. [PMID: 34530075 PMCID: PMC8595768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly followed by vascular dementia. In addition to clinically diagnosed dementia, cognitive dysfunction has been reported in diabetic patients. Recent studies are now beginning to recognize type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, as a risk factor for AD and other cognitive disorders. While studies on insulin action have remained traditionally in the domain of peripheral tissues, the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in the central nervous system on cognitive dysfunction are increasingly being reported in recent clinical and preclinical studies. Brain functions require continuous supply of glucose and oxygen and a tight regulation of metabolic processes. Loss of this metabolic regulation has been proposed to be a contributor to memory dysfunction associated with neurodegeneration. Within the above scenario, this review will focus on the interplay among oxidative stress (OS), insulin resistance and AMPK dysfunctions in the brain by highlighting how these neurotoxic events contribute to neurodegeneration. We provide an overview on the detrimental effects of OS on proteins regulating insulin signaling and how these alterations impact cell metabolic dysfunctions through AMPK dysregulation. Such processes, we assert, are critically involved in the molecular pathways that underlie AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Behl T, Arora A, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S, Mostafavi E. Molecular and Biochemical Pathways Encompassing Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:542-556. [PMID: 34758720 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666211110115257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major metabolic disorder that has now emerged as an epidemic, and it affects the brain through an array of pathways. Diabetes mellitus patients can develop pathological changes in the brain, which eventually take the shape of mild cognitive impairment progressing to Alzheimer's Disease. A number of preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate this fact, and it comes out to be those molecular pathways such as amyloidogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired insulin signaling are identical in diabetes mellitus and dementia. However, the critical player involved in the vicious cycle of diabetes mellitus and dementia is insulin, whose signaling, when impaired in diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and 2), leads to a decline in cognition, although other pathways are also essential contributors. Moreover, it is not only that diabetes mellitus patients indicate cognitive decline at a later stage; many Alzheimer's Disease patients also reflect symptoms of diabetes mellitus, thus creating a vicious cycle inculcating a web of complex molecular mechanisms and hence categorizing Alzheimer's Disease as 'brain diabetes'. Thus, it is practical to suggest that anti-diabetic drugs are beneficial in Alzheimer's Disease; but only smaller trials, not the larger ones, have showcased positive outcomes mainly because of the late onset of therapy. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop more of such molecules that target insulin in dementia patients along with such methods that diagnose impaired insulin signaling and the associated cognitive decline so that early therapy may be initiated and the progression of the disease be prevented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Arpita Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Haryana. India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa. Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea. Romania
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Might Mitochondrial Dysfunction Help Deciphering the Common Path? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081257. [PMID: 34439505 PMCID: PMC8389322 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of clinical and epidemiological studies support the hypothesis of a tight correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the development risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, the proposed definition of Alzheimer's disease as type 3 diabetes (T3D) underlines the key role played by deranged insulin signaling to accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the senile plaques of the brain. Metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia, peripheral hyperinsulinemia, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and chronic inflammation associated with T2DM are responsible for an inefficient transport of insulin to the brain, producing a neuronal insulin resistance that triggers an enhanced production and deposition of Aβ and concomitantly contributes to impairment in the micro-tubule-associated protein Tau, leading to neural degeneration and cognitive decline. Furthermore, the reduced antioxidant capacity observed in T2DM patients, together with the impairment of cerebral glucose metabolism and the decreased performance of mitochondrial activity, suggests the existence of a relationship between oxidative damage, mitochondrial impairment, and cognitive dysfunction that could further reinforce the common pathophysiology of T2DM and AD. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which insulin-signaling dysregulation in T2DM can contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AD, deepening the analysis of complex mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under oxidative stress and their possible influence in AD and T2DM. In addition, the role of current therapies as tools for prevention or treatment of damage induced by oxidative stress in T2DM and AD will be debated.
Collapse
|
40
|
El Sayed NS, Kandil EA, Ghoneum MH. Enhancement of Insulin/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway and Modulation of Gut Microbiome by Probiotics Fermentation Technology, a Kefir Grain Product, in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Model in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666502. [PMID: 34366841 PMCID: PMC8346028 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive dysfunction. Remarkably, alteration in the gut microbiome and resultant insulin resistance has been shown to be connected to metabolic syndrome, the crucial risk factor for AD, and also to be implicated in AD pathogenesis. Thus, this study, we assessed the efficiency of probiotics fermentation technology (PFT), a kefir product, in enhancing insulin signaling via modulation of gut microbiota to halt the development of AD. We also compared its effectiveness to that of pioglitazone, an insulin sensitizer that has been confirmed to substantially treat AD. AD was induced in mice by a single injection of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ; 3 mg/kg). PFT (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (30 mg/kg) were administered orally for 3 weeks. Behavioral tests were conducted to assess cognitive function, and hippocampal levels of acetylcholine (Ach) and β-amyloid (Aβ1-42) protein were assessed along with histological examination. Moreover, the expression of the insulin receptor, insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), and the phosphorylated forms of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and tau were detected. Furthermore, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers were estimated. Treatment with PFT reversed STZ-induced neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment, enhanced hippocampal Ach levels, and reduced Aβ1-42 levels after restoration of IDE activity. PFT also improved insulin signaling, as evidenced by upregulation of insulin receptor expression and activation of PI3K/Akt signaling with subsequent suppression of GSK-3β and mTOR signaling, which result in the downregulation of hyperphosphorylated tau. Moreover, PFT significantly diminished oxidative stress and inflammation induced by STZ. These potential effects were parallel to those produced by pioglitazone. Therefore, PFT targets multiple mechanisms incorporated in the pathogenesis of AD and hence might be a beneficial therapy for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esraa A. Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdooh H. Ghoneum
- Department of Surgery, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wei Z, Koya J, Reznik SE. Insulin Resistance Exacerbates Alzheimer Disease via Multiple Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:687157. [PMID: 34349617 PMCID: PMC8326507 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.687157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that accounts for 60–70% of dementia and is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. The pathogenesis of this debilitating disorder is still not completely understood. New insights into the pathogenesis of AD are needed in order to develop novel pharmacologic approaches. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that insulin resistance plays a significant role in the development of AD. Over 80% of patients with AD have type II diabetes (T2DM) or abnormal serum glucose, suggesting that the pathogenic mechanisms of insulin resistance and AD likely overlap. Insulin resistance increases neuroinflammation, which promotes both amyloid β-protein deposition and aberrant tau phosphorylation. By increasing production of reactive oxygen species, insulin resistance triggers amyloid β-protein accumulation. Oxidative stress associated with insulin resistance also dysregulates glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), which leads to increased tau phosphorylation. Both insulin and amyloid β-protein are metabolized by insulin degrading enzyme (IDE). Defects in this enzyme are the basis for a strong association between T2DM and AD. This review highlights multiple pathogenic mechanisms induced by insulin resistance that are implicated in AD. Several pharmacologic approaches to AD associated with insulin resistance are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jagadish Koya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sandra E Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Querfurth H, Lee HK. Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes in neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:44. [PMID: 34215308 PMCID: PMC8252260 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel targets to arrest neurodegeneration in several dementing conditions involving misfolded protein accumulations may be found in the diverse signaling pathways of the Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). As a nutrient sensor, mTOR has important homeostatic functions to regulate energy metabolism and support neuronal growth and plasticity. However, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), mTOR alternately plays important pathogenic roles by inhibiting both insulin signaling and autophagic removal of β-amyloid (Aβ) and phospho-tau (ptau) aggregates. It also plays a role in the cerebrovascular dysfunction of AD. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase residing at the core in either of two multiprotein complexes termed mTORC1 and mTORC2. Recent data suggest that their balanced actions also have implications for Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Beyond rapamycin; an mTOR inhibitor, there are rapalogs having greater tolerability and micro delivery modes, that hold promise in arresting these age dependent conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Type-2 diabetes, a co-morbidity in Covid-19: does insulin signaling matter? Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:987-995. [PMID: 33666220 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type-2 Diabetes is associated with one of the co-morbidities due to SARS-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2) infection. Clinical studies show out of control glucose levels in SARS-Cov2 infected patients with type-2 diabetes. There is no experimental evidence suggesting aberrant molecular pathway(s) that explains why SARS-Cov2 infected patients with type-2 diabetes have uncontrolled glucose homeostasis and are co-morbid. In this article, we have highlighted major proteins involved in SARS-Cov2 infection, like, ACE 2, proteases like, TMPRSS2, Furin and their connectivity to insulin signaling molecules like, PI3K, Akt, AMPK, MAPK, mTOR, those regulate glucose homeostasis and the possible outcome of that cross-talk. We also raised concerns about the effect of anti-SARS-Cov2 drugs on patients with type-2 diabetes with reference to insulin signaling and the outcome of their possible cross-talk. There are no studies to decipher the possibilities of these obvious cross-talks. The major objective of this article is to urge the scientific community to explore the possibility of determining whether derangement of insulin signaling could be one of the possible causes of the patients with type-2 diabetes being co-morbid due to SARS-Cov2 infection.
Collapse
|
44
|
Dehghani M, Jalal R, Rashidi MR. Kinetic and thermodynamic insights into the interaction of Aβ1-42 with astaxanthin and aggregation behavior of Aβ1-42: Surface plasmon resonance, microscopic, and molecular docking studies. Biophys Chem 2021; 275:106612. [PMID: 33984664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) aggregation is considered as an important process in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astaxanthin (ATX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, has a broad range of biological activities such as neuroprotective one. The present study aimed to elucidate the interaction of ATX with Aβ1-42, as well as its effect on Aβ1-42 aggregates under different conditions. Based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results, ATX possessed a high affinity towards Aβ1-42 and the binding process was spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven. Additionally, the binding affinity of ATX to Aβ1-42 was glucose and insulin concentration-dependent. Hydrophobic interactions may play an important role in the interaction between ATX and Aβ1-42. The results of SPR, thioflavin T (ThT), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses represented the dependency of the anti-amyloid activity of ATX on glucose, insulin, and ATX concentrations. Further, molecular docking results indicated the presence of some same binding sites on Aβ1-42 for ATX and glucose, as well as ATX and insulin, which suggests the possible competition between the molecules for Aβ1-42 binding. Furthermore, the MTT results confirmed that ATX effect on the viability of Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells was dependent on glucose, insulin, and ATX concentrations. In general, the results provided further insights into the interaction between Aβ1-42 and ATX, as well as the effect of ATX on Aβ1-42 aggregates under various conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moharram Dehghani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razieh Jalal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Targeting impaired nutrient sensing with repurposed therapeutics to prevent or treat age-related cognitive decline and dementia: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101302. [PMID: 33609776 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a debilitating syndrome that significantly impacts individuals over the age of 65 years. There are currently no disease-modifying treatments for dementia. Impairment of nutrient sensing pathways has been implicated in the pathogenesis of dementia, and may offer a novel treatment approach for dementia. AIMS This systematic review collates all available evidence for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics that modify nutrient sensing in the context of preventing cognitive decline or improving cognition in ageing, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia populations. METHODS PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched using key search terms focusing on available therapeutics such as 'metformin', 'GLP1', 'insulin' and the dementias including 'Alzheimer's disease' and 'Parkinson's disease'. Articles were screened using Covidence systematic review software (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia). The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool v 2.0 for human studies and SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies. RESULTS Out of 2619 articles, 114 were included describing 31 different 'modulation of nutrient sensing pathway' therapeutics, 13 of which specifically were utilized in human interventional trials for normal ageing or dementia. Growth hormone secretagogues improved cognitive outcomes in human mild cognitive impairment, and potentially normal ageing populations. In animals, all investigated therapeutic classes exhibited some cognitive benefits in dementia models. While the risk of bias was relatively low in human studies, this risk in animal studies was largely unclear. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of nutrient sensing pathway therapeutics, particularly growth hormone secretagogues, have the potential to improve cognitive outcomes. Overall, there is a clear lack of translation from animal models to human populations.
Collapse
|
46
|
Calsolaro V, Bottari M, Coppini G, Lemmi B, Monzani F. Endocrine dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2021; 46:335-349. [PMID: 33435644 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a highly prevalent chronic disease among the older population, affecting more than 50 million people worldwide and representing a huge healthcare, social and economic burden. Dementia, and in particular Alzheimer's disease, prevalence is expected to raise within the next few years. Unfortunately, no disease-modifying therapies are available so far, despite a plethora of clinical trials targeting the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Given these premises, it appears crucial to address not only the neuropathological correlates of the disease, but also the modifiable risk factors. Among them, evidence suggest a role of the endocrine system not only in the brain development, but also in the maintenance of its health, having neurotrophic, antioxidant and metabolic functions crucial for the cognitive abilities. This review focuses on the evidence evaluating the impact of the endocrine systems, in particular thyroid function, insulin resistance, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and sexual hormones on cognitive status. Results from epidemiological, preclinical and some clinical studies demonstrated the link between thyroid, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D and cognitive status, between diabetes, and insulin resistance in particular, and dementia, between sexual and adrenal hormones, particularly estrogen variation at menopause, and cognitive decline. The growing interest on the modifiable risks factors of cognitive decline increased the knowledge about the complex interplay of endocrine systems and cognition, highlighting the need and the usefulness of a multidisciplinary approach to the prevention of a complex and devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calsolaro
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marina Bottari
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Coppini
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bianca Lemmi
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Monzani
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy -
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Preventing dementia? Interventional approaches in mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 122:143-164. [PMID: 33440197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as an intermediate state between normal cognitive aging and dementia. It describes a status of the subjective impression of cognitive decline and objectively detectible memory impairment beyond normal age-related changes. Activities of daily living are not affected. As the population ages, there is a growing need for early, proactive programs that can delay the consequences of dementia and improve the well-being of people with MCI and their caregivers. Various forms and approaches of intervention for older people with MCI have been suggested to delay cognitive decline. Pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological approaches (cognitive, physiological, nutritional supplementation, electric stimulation, psychosocial therapeutic) and multicomponent interventions have been proposed. Interventional approaches in MCI from 2009 to April 2019 concerning the cognitive performance are presented in this review.
Collapse
|
48
|
Cecon E, Lhomme T, Maurice T, Luka M, Chen M, Silva A, Wauman J, Zabeau L, Tavernier J, Prévot V, Dam J, Jockers R. Amyloid Beta Peptide Is an Endogenous Negative Allosteric Modulator of Leptin Receptor. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:370-387. [PMID: 32335558 DOI: 10.1159/000508105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic dysfunction is now recognized as a pivotal component of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common dementia worldwide. However, the precise molecular mechanisms linking metabolic dysfunction to AD remain elusive. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the direct impact of soluble oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, the main molecular hallmark of AD, on the leptin system, a major component of central energy metabolism regulation. METHODS We developed a new time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based Aβ binding assay for the leptin receptor (LepR) and studied the effect of Aβ on LepR function in several in vitro assays. The in vivo effect of Aβ on LepR function was studied in an Aβ-specific AD mouse model and in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. RESULTS We revealed specific and high-affinity (Ki = 0.1 nM) binding of Aβ to LepR. Pharmacological characterization of this interaction showed that Aβ binds allosterically to the extracellular domain of LepR and negatively affects receptor function. Negative allosteric modulation of LepR by Aβ was detected at the level of signaling pathways (STAT-3, AKT, and ERK) in vitroand in vivo. Importantly, the leptin-induced response of POMC neurons, key players in the regulation of metabolic function, was completely abolished in the presence of Aβ. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Aβ is a negative allosteric modulator of LepR, resulting in impaired leptin action, and qualify LepR as a new and direct target of Aβ oligomers. Preventing the interaction of Aβ with LepR might improve both the metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions in AD condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cecon
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Tori Lhomme
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, EGID, DistAlz, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, UMR_S1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Luka
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Min Chen
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Anisia Silva
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Joris Wauman
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lennart Zabeau
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, EGID, DistAlz, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
| | - Julie Dam
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France,
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Brzecka A, Madetko N, Nikolenko VN, Ashraf GM, Ejma M, Leszek J, Daroszewski C, Sarul K, Mikhaleva LM, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Bachurin SO, Aliev G. Sleep Disturbances and Cognitive Impairment in the Course of Type 2 Diabetes-A Possible Link. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:78-91. [PMID: 32148197 PMCID: PMC7903492 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200309101750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing number of patients worldwide with sleep disturbances and diabetes. Various sleep disorders, including long or short sleep duration and poor sleep quality of numerous causes, may increase the risk of diabetes. Some symptoms of diabetes, such as painful peripheral neuropathy and nocturia, or associated other sleep disorders, such as sleep breathing disorders or sleep movement disorders, may influence sleep quality and quantity. Both sleep disorders and diabetes may lead to cognitive impairment. The risk of development of cognitive impairment in diabetic patients may be related to vascular and non-vascular and other factors, such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, central insulin resistance, amyloid and tau deposits and other causes. Numerous sleep disorders, e.g., sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, and poor sleep quality are most likely are also associated with cognitive impairment. Adequate functioning of the system of clearance of the brain from toxic substances, such as amyloid β, i.e. glymphatic system, is related to undisturbed sleep and prevents cognitive impairment. In the case of coexistence, sleep disturbances and diabetes either independently lead to and/or mutually aggravate cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Madetko
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Vladimir N Nikolenko
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ghulam M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Ejma
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cyryl Daroszewski
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Sarul
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Liudmila M Mikhaleva
- Research Institute of Human Morphology,3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Siva G Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426, United States
| | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426, United States
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhou J, Jangili P, Son S, Ji MS, Won M, Kim JS. Fluorescent Diagnostic Probes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001945. [PMID: 32902000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating disorders that feature progressive and selective loss of function or structure of anatomically or physiologically associated neuronal systems. Both chronic and acute neurodegenerative diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality along with the death of neurons in different areas of the brain; moreover, there are few or no effective curative therapy options for treating these disorders. There is an urgent need to diagnose neurodegenerative disease as early as possible, and to distinguish between different disorders with overlapping symptoms that will help to decide the best clinical treatment. Recently, in neurodegenerative disease research, fluorescent-probe-mediated biomarker visualization techniques have been gaining increasing attention for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. A survey of fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases is provided. These imaging probes are categorized based on the different potential biomarkers of various neurodegenerative diseases, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Guides to develop new sensing strategies, recognition mechanisms, as well as the ideal features to further improve neurodegenerative disease fluorescence imaging are also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Paramesh Jangili
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Subin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Myung Sun Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|