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Guarnaccia L, Navone SE, Begani L, Barilla E, Garzia E, Campanella R, Miozzo M, Fontana L, Alotta G, Cordiglieri C, Gaudino C, Schisano L, Ampollini A, Riboni L, Locatelli M, Marfia G. Testing calpain inhibition in tumor endothelial cells: novel targetable biomarkers against glioblastoma malignancy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1355202. [PMID: 39156707 PMCID: PMC11327812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1355202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma IDH-wildtype (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis of approximately 15 months after diagnosis. Most patients suffer from a recurrence in <1 year, and this renders GBM a life-threatening challenge. Among molecular mechanisms driving GBM aggressiveness, angiogenesis mediated by GBM endothelial cells (GECs) deserves consideration as a therapeutic turning point. In this scenario, calpains, a family of ubiquitously expressed calcium-dependent cysteine proteases, emerged as promising targets to be investigated as a novel therapeutic strategy and prognostic tissue biomarkers. Methods To explore this hypothesis, GECs were isolated from n=10 GBM biopsies and characterized phenotypically by immunofluorescence. The expression levels of calpains were evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western blot, and their association with patients' prognosis was estimated by Pearson correlation and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Calpain targeting efficacy was assessed by a time- and dose-dependent proliferation curve, MTT assay for viability, caspase-3/7 activity, migration and angiogenesis in vitro, and gene and protein expression level modification. Results Immunofluorescence confirmed the endothelial phenotype of our primary GECs. A significant overexpression was observed for calpain-1/2/3 (CAPN) and calpain-small-subunits-1/2 (CAPNS1), whereas calpastatin gene, the calpain natural inhibitor, was reported to be downregulated. A significant negative correlation was observed between CAPN1/CAPNS1 and patient overall survival. GEC challenging revealed that the inhibition of calpain-1 exerts the strongest proapoptotic efficacy, so GEC mortality reached the 80%, confirmed by the increased activity of caspase-3/7. Functional assays revealed a strong affection of in vitro migration and angiogenesis. Gene and protein expression proved a downregulation of MAPK, VEGF/VEGFRs, and Bcl-2, and an upregulation of caspases and Bax-family mediators. Conclusion Overall, the differential expression of calpains and their correlation with patient survival suggest a novel promising target pathway, whose blockade showed encouraging results toward precision medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guarnaccia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Elena Navone
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Begani
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Garzia
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Mother and Child, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
- Aerospace Medicine Institute “A. Mosso”, Italian Air Force, Milan, Italy
| | - Rolando Campanella
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fontana
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Cordiglieri
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Gaudino
- Department of Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Schisano
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Ampollini
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Locatelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marfia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Aerospace Medicine Institute “A. Mosso”, Italian Air Force, Milan, Italy
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Gurevich M, Iocolano K, Martin IN, Singh G, Khan S, Bui DT, Dagum AB, Komatsu DE. Efficacy of leupeptin in treating ischemia in a rat hind limb model. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15411. [PMID: 35924300 PMCID: PMC9350425 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged tourniquet use can lead to tissue ischemia and can cause progressive muscle and nerve injuries. Such injuries are accompanied by calpain activation and subsequent Wallerian-like degeneration. Several known inhibitors, including leupeptin, are known to impede the activity of calpain and associated tissue damage. We hypothesize that employment of leupeptin in a rat model of prolonged hind limb ischemia can mitigate muscle and nerve injuries. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 10) weighing between 300-400 g were employed in this study. Their left hind limbs were subjected to blood flow occlusion for a period of 2-h using a neonatal blood pressure cuff. Five rats were given twice weekly intramuscular leupeptin injections, while the other five received saline. After 2 weeks, the animals were euthanized, their sciatic nerves and gastrocnemius muscles were harvested, fixed, stained, and analyzed using NIH Image J software. The administration of leupeptin resulted in larger gastrocnemius muscle fiber cross-sectional areas for the right (non-tourniquet applied) hindlimb as compared to that treated with the saline (p = 0.0110). However, no statistically significant differences were found between these two groups for the injured left hindlimb (p = 0.1440). With regards to the sciatic nerve cross-sectional areas and sciatic functional index, no differences were detected between the leupeptin and control treated groups for both the healthy and injured hindlimbs. This research provides new insights on how to employ leupeptin to inhibit the degenerative effects of calpain and preserve tissues following ischemia resulting from orthopedic or plastic surgery procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irene Nozal Martin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Gurtej Singh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Sami U. Khan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Duc T. Bui
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Alexander B. Dagum
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryStony Brook University HospitalStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - David E. Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationStony Brook University HospitalNew YorkUSA
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Cui XZ, Zheng MX, Yang SY, Bai R, Zhang L. Roles of calpain in the apoptosis of Eimeria tenella host cells at the middle and late developmental stages. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1639-1649. [PMID: 35412077 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of calpain in Eimeria tenella-induced host cell apoptosis. Chick embryo cecal epithelial cell culture technology, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and fluorescence quantitative PCR were used to detect the E. tenella host cell apoptotic rate, Bax and Bid expression levels, and calpain activity. The results demonstrated that Bax, Bid, and calpain levels were upregulated and apoptosis was increased following E. tenella infection at 24-120 h. Calpain levels were reduced by pharmacological inhibition of calpain using SJA6017 or by blocking Ca2+ entry into the cell using BAPTA/AM at 24-120 h. The mRNA and protein levels of Bax and Bid, the E. tenella infection rate, and the early apoptotic and late apoptotic (necrosis) rates were decreased by using SJA6017 at 24-120 h. These results indicated that E. tenella-promoted host cell apoptosis is regulated by calpain via Bid and Bax at 24-120 h. Thus, manipulation of calpain levels could be used to manage E. tenella infection in chickens in the middle and late developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhen Cui
- College of Animal Medicine, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030036, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xue Zheng
- College of Animal Medicine, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Yu Yang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Rui Bai
- College of Animal Medicine, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030036, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030036, People's Republic of China
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4
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Potz BA, Sabe AA, Sabe SA, Lawandy IJ, Abid MR, Clements RT, Sellke FW. Calpain inhibition decreases myocardial fibrosis in chronically ischemic hypercholesterolemic swine. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 163:e11-e27. [PMID: 32359903 PMCID: PMC7529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.11.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Calpain activation during ischemia is known to play critical roles in myocardial remodeling. We hypothesize that calpain inhibition (CI) may serve to reverse and/or prevent fibrosis in chronically ischemic myocardium. METHODS Yorkshire swine were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks followed by placement of an ameroid constrictor on the left circumflex artery to induce myocardial ischemia. 3 weeks later, animals received either: no drug; high-cholesterol control group (CON; n = 8); low-dose CI (0.12 mg/kg; LCI, n = 9); or high-dose CI (0.25 mg/kg; HCI, n = 8). The high-cholesterol diet and CI were continued for 5 weeks, after which myocardial tissue was harvested. Tissue samples were analyzed by western blot for changes in protein content. RESULTS In the setting of hypercholesterolemia and chronic myocardial ischemia, CI decreased the expression of collagen in ischemic and nonischemic myocardial tissue. This reduced collagen content was associated with a corresponding decrease in Jak/STAT/MCP-1 signaling pathway, suggesting a role for Jak 2 signaling in calpain activity. CI also decreases the expression of focal adhesion proteins (vinculin) and stabilizes the expression of cytoskeletal and structural proteins (N-cadherin, α-fodrin, desmin, vimentin, filamin, troponin-I). CI had no significant effect on metabolic and hemodynamic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Calpain inhibition may be a beneficial medical therapy to decrease collagen formation in patients with coronary artery disease and associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank W. Sellke
- Dr. Frank W. Sellke, 2 Dudley Street, MOC 360, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Providence, RI 02905, Phone: (401) 444-2732, Fax: (401) 444-2380,
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5
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An inhibitor of endothelial ETS transcription factors promotes physiologic and therapeutic vessel regression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26494-26502. [PMID: 33020273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015980117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During the progression of ocular diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, overgrowth of retinal blood vessels results in the formation of pathological neovascular tufts that impair vision. Current therapeutic options for treating these diseases include antiangiogenic strategies that can lead to the undesirable inhibition of normal vascular development. Therefore, strategies that eliminate pathological neovascular tufts while sparing normal blood vessels are needed. In this study we exploited the hyaloid vascular network in murine eyes, which naturally undergoes regression after birth, to gain mechanistic insights that could be therapeutically adapted for driving neovessel regression in ocular diseases. We found that endothelial cells of regressing hyaloid vessels underwent down-regulation of two structurally related E-26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors, ETS-related gene (ERG) and Friend leukemia integration 1 (FLI1), prior to apoptosis. Moreover, the small molecule YK-4-279, which inhibits the transcriptional and biological activity of ETS factors, enhanced hyaloid regression in vivo and drove Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) tube regression and apoptosis in vitro. Importantly, exposure of HUVECs to sheer stress inhibited YK-4-279-induced apoptosis, indicating that low-flow vessels may be uniquely susceptible to YK-4-279-mediated regression. We tested this hypothesis by administering YK-4-279 to mice in an oxygen-induced retinopathy model that generates disorganized and poorly perfused neovascular tufts that mimic human ocular diseases. YK-4-279 treatment significantly reduced neovascular tufts while sparing healthy retinal vessels, thereby demonstrating the therapeutic potential of this inhibitor.
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6
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Calpain proteolytic systems counteract endothelial cell adaptation to inflammatory environments. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:5. [PMID: 32266045 PMCID: PMC7114782 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) make up the innermost surface of arteries, veins, and capillaries, separating the remaining layers of the vessel wall from circulating blood. Under non-inflammatory conditions, ECs are quiescent and form a robust barrier structure; however, exposure to inflammatory stimuli induces changes in the expression of EC proteins that control transcellular permeability and facilitate angiogenic tube formation. Increasing evidence suggests that dysfunction in intracellular proteolytic systems disturbs EC adaptation to the inflammatory environment, leading to vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and pathological angiogenesis. Recent work has highlighted the contribution of the calpain–calpastatin stress-responsive intracellular proteolytic system to adaptation failure in ECs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of calpain–calpastatin-mediated physiologic and pathogenic regulation in ECs and discuss the molecular basis by which disruption of this system perturbs EC adaptation to the inflammatory environment.
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Wert KJ, Koch SF, Velez G, Hsu CW, Mahajan M, Bassuk AG, Tsang SH, Mahajan VB. CAPN5 genetic inactivation phenotype supports therapeutic inhibition trials. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:2377-2392. [PMID: 31403230 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule pharmacological inhibition of dominant human genetic disease is a feasible treatment that does not rely on the development of individual, patient-specific gene therapy vectors. However, the consequences of protein inhibition as a clinical therapeutic are not well-studied. In advance of human therapeutic trials for CAPN5 vitreoretinopathy, genetic inactivation can be used to infer the effect of protein inhibition in vivo. We created a photoreceptor-specific knockout (KO) mouse for Capn5 and compared the retinal phenotype to both wild-type and an existing Capn5 KO mouse model. In humans, CAPN5 loss-of-function (LOF) gene variants were ascertained in large exome databases from 60,706 unrelated subjects without severe disease phenotypes. Ocular examination of the retina of Capn5 KO mice by histology and electroretinography showed no significant abnormalities. In humans, there were 22 LOF CAPN5 variants located throughout the gene and in all major protein domains. Structural modeling of coding variants showed these LOF variants were nearby known disease-causing variants within the proteolytic core and in regions of high homology between human CAPN5 and 150 homologs, yet the LOF of CAPN5 was tolerated as opposed to gain-of-function disease-causing variants. These results indicate that localized inhibition of CAPN5 is a viable strategy for hyperactivating disease alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Wert
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Susanne F Koch
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chun-Wei Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.,Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | | | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.,Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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8
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Peng H, Hulleman JD. Prospective Application of Activity-Based Proteomic Profiling in Vision Research-Potential Unique Insights into Ocular Protease Biology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163855. [PMID: 31398819 PMCID: PMC6720450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-based proteomic profiling (ABPP) is a powerful tool to specifically target and measure the activity of a family of enzymes with the same function and reactivity, which provides a significant advantage over conventional proteomic strategies that simply provide abundance information. A number of inherited and age-related eye diseases are caused by polymorphisms/mutations or abnormal expression of proteases including serine proteases, cysteine proteases, and matrix metalloproteinases, amongst others. However, neither conventional genomic, transcriptomic, nor traditional proteomic profiling directly interrogate protease activities. Thus, leveraging ABPP to probe the activity of these enzyme classes as they relate to normal function and pathophysiology of the eye represents a unique potential opportunity for disease interrogation and possibly intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA
| | - John D Hulleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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9
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Killing Two Angry Birds with One Stone: Autophagy Activation by Inhibiting Calpains in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Beyond. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4741252. [PMID: 30895192 PMCID: PMC6393885 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4741252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic machineries execute vital cellular functions and their disturbances are implicated in diverse medical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, calpains, a class of Ca2+-dependent regulatory proteases, can modulate the degradational system of autophagy by cleaving proteins involved in this pathway. Moreover, both machineries are common players in many molecular pathomechanisms and have been targeted individually or together, as a therapeutic strategy in experimental setups. In this review, we briefly introduce calpains and autophagy, with their roles in health and disease, and focus on their direct pathologically relevant interplay in neurodegeneration and beyond. The modulation of calpain activity may comprise a promising treatment approach to attenuate the deregulation of these two essential mechanisms.
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10
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Miyazaki T, Haraguchi S, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Miyazaki A. Endothelial calpain systems orchestrate myofibroblast differentiation during wound healing. FASEB J 2018; 33:2037-2046. [PMID: 30199285 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800588rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts plays a major role in fibrogenic responses during dermal wound healing. We show a contribution of calpain systems (intracellular regulatory protease systems) in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to myofibroblast differentiation in wound sites. Dermal wound healing experiments in mice found that calpastatin (an endogenous inhibitor of calpains) is enriched in preexisting vessels but not in newly formed capillaries. Transgenic overexpression of calpastatin in ECs delayed wound healing in mice as well as reducing the keratinocyte layer, extracellular matrix deposition, and myofibroblast accumulation in wound sites. EC and leukocyte markers, however, remain unchanged. Calpastatin overexpression reduced the expression of genes encoding platelet-derived growth factor-B and PDGF receptor-β (PDGFR-β). Topical application of platelet-derived growth factor-BB-containing ointment to wounds accelerated healing in control mice, but calpastatin overexpression prevented this acceleration. In cultured human dermal fibroblasts, α-smooth muscle actin and PDGFR-β were up-regulated by coculturing with ECs, but this action was inhibited by suppression of EC calpain activity. EC-driven transformation of mouse dermal fibroblasts was also suppressed by calpastatin overexpression in ECs. These results suggest that endothelial calpain systems influence PDGFR-β signaling in fibroblasts, EC-driven myofibroblast differentiation, and subsequent fibrogenic responses in wounds.-Miyazaki, T., Haraguchi, S., Kim-Kaneyama, J.-R., Miyazaki, A. Endothelial calpain systems orchestrate myofibroblast differentiation during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joo-Ri Kim-Kaneyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Duran CL, Howell DW, Dave JM, Smith RL, Torrie ME, Essner JJ, Bayless KJ. Molecular Regulation of Sprouting Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:153-235. [PMID: 29357127 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at first met with some opposition. Once overcome, the angiogenesis field has flourished due to studies on tumor angiogenesis and various developmental models that can be genetically manipulated, including mice and zebrafish. In addition, new discoveries have been aided by the ability to isolate primary endothelial cells, which has allowed dissection of various steps within angiogenesis. This review will summarize the molecular events that control angiogenesis downstream of biochemical factors such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and lipids. These and other stimuli have been linked to regulation of junctional molecules and cell surface receptors. In addition, the contribution of cytoskeletal elements and regulatory proteins has revealed an intricate role for mobilization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in response to cues that activate the endothelium. Activating stimuli also affect various focal adhesion proteins, scaffold proteins, intracellular kinases, and second messengers. Finally, metalloproteinases, which facilitate matrix degradation and the formation of new blood vessels, are discussed, along with our knowledge of crosstalk between the various subclasses of these molecules throughout the text. Compr Physiol 8:153-235, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Howell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie E Torrie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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Schaefer K, Mahajan M, Gore A, Tsang SH, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Calpain-5 gene expression in the mouse eye and brain. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:602. [PMID: 29157313 PMCID: PMC5697233 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our objective was to characterize CAPN5 gene expression in the mouse central nervous system. Mouse brain and eye sections were probed with two high-affinity RNA oligonucleotide analogs designed to bind CAPN5 RNA and one scramble, control oligonucleotide. Images were captured in brightfield. Results CAPN5 RNA probes were validated on mouse breast cancer tumor tissue. In the eye, CAPN5 was expressed in the ganglion cell, inner nuclear and outer nuclear layers of the retina. Signal could not be detected in the ciliary body or the iris because of the high density of melanin. In the brain, CAPN5 was expressed in the granule cell layers of the hippocampus and cerebellum. There was scattered expression in pons. The visual cortex showed faint signal. Most signal in the brain was in a punctate pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie Schaefer
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Anuradha Gore
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. .,Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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13
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Potz BA, Parulkar AB, Abid RM, Sodha NR, Sellke FW. Novel molecular targets for coronary angiogenesis and ischemic heart disease. Coron Artery Dis 2017; 28:605-613. [PMID: 28678145 PMCID: PMC5624824 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the number one cause of death among men and women in the USA. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors lead to the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessel walls of the coronary arteries, resulting in decreased myocardial perfusion. Treatment includes a combination of revascularization procedures and medical therapy. Because of the high surgical risk of many of the patients undergoing revascularization procedures, medical therapies to reduce ischemic disease are an area of active research. Small molecule, cytokine, endothelial progenitor cell, stem cell, gene, and mechanical therapies show promise in increasing the collateral growth of blood vessels, thereby reducing myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Research Division, Institution of Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Miyazaki T, Miyazaki A. Dysregulation of Calpain Proteolytic Systems Underlies Degenerative Vascular Disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:1-15. [PMID: 28819082 PMCID: PMC5770219 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, diabetic angiopathy/retinopathy as well as fibrotic and proliferative vascular diseases are generally complicated by the progression of degenerative insults, which are characterized by endothelial dysfunction, apoptotic/necrotic cell death in vascular/immune cells, remodeling of extracellular matrix or breakdown of elastic lamella. Increasing evidence suggests that dysfunctional calpain proteolytic systems and defective calpain protein metabolism in blood vessels contribute to degenerative disorders. In vascular endothelial cells, the overactivation of conventional calpains consisting of calpain-1 and -2 isozymes can lead to the disorganization of cell-cell junctions, dysfunction of nitric oxide synthase, sensitization of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription cascades and depletion of prostaglandin I2, which contributes to degenerative disorders. In addition to endothelial cell dysfunctions, calpain overactivation results in inflammatory insults in macrophages and excessive fibrogenic/proliferative signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, calpain-6, a non-proteolytic unconventional calpain, is involved in the conversion of macrophages to a pro-atherogenic phenotype, leading to the pinocytotic deposition of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the cells. Here, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in our understanding of how calpain contributes to degenerative vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine
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15
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A Critical Analysis of the Available In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methods to Study Retinal Angiogenesis. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:3034953. [PMID: 28848677 PMCID: PMC5564124 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3034953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a biological process with a central role in retinal diseases. The choice of the ideal method to study angiogenesis, particularly in the retina, remains a problem. Angiogenesis can be assessed through in vitro and in vivo studies. In spite of inherent limitations, in vitro studies are faster, easier to perform and quantify, and typically less expensive and allow the study of isolated angiogenesis steps. We performed a systematic review of PubMed searching for original articles that applied in vitro or ex vivo angiogenic retinal assays until May 2017, presenting the available assays and discussing their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages. Most of the studies evaluated migration, proliferation, and tube formation of endothelial cells in response to inhibitory or stimulatory compounds. Other aspects of angiogenesis were studied by assessing cell permeability, adhesion, or apoptosis, as well as by implementing organotypic models of the retina. Emphasis is placed on how the methods are applied and how they can contribute to retinal angiogenesis comprehension. We also discuss how to choose the best cell culture to implement these methods. When applied together, in vitro and ex vivo studies constitute a powerful tool to improve retinal angiogenesis knowledge. This review provides support for researchers to better select the most suitable protocols in this field.
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Schaefer KA, Toral MA, Velez G, Cox AJ, Baker SA, Borcherding NC, Colgan DF, Bondada V, Mashburn CB, Yu CG, Geddes JW, Tsang SH, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Calpain-5 Expression in the Retina Localizes to Photoreceptor Synapses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:2509-21. [PMID: 27152965 PMCID: PMC4868102 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We characterize calpain-5 (CAPN5) expression in retinal and neuronal subcellular compartments. Methods CAPN5 gene variants were classified using the exome variant server, and RNA-sequencing was used to compare expression of CAPN5 mRNA in the mouse and human retina and in retinoblastoma cells. Expression of CAPN5 protein was ascertained in humans and mice in silico, in mouse retina by immunohistochemistry, and in neuronal cancer cell lines and fractionated central nervous system tissue extracts by Western analysis with eight antibodies targeting different CAPN5 regions. Results Most CAPN5 genetic variation occurs outside its protease core; and searches of cancer and epilepsy/autism genetic databases found no variants similar to hyperactivating retinal disease alleles. The mouse retina expressed one transcript for CAPN5 plus those of nine other calpains, similar to the human retina. In Y79 retinoblastoma cells, the level of CAPN5 transcript was very low. Immunohistochemistry detected CAPN5 expression in the inner and outer nuclear layers and at synapses in the outer plexiform layer. Western analysis of fractionated retinal extracts confirmed CAPN5 synapse localization. Western blots of fractionated brain neuronal extracts revealed distinct subcellular patterns and the potential presence of autoproteolytic CAPN5 domains. Conclusions CAPN5 is moderately expressed in the retina and, despite higher expression in other tissues, hyperactive disease mutants of CAPN5 only manifest as eye disease. At the cellular level, CAPN5 is expressed in several different functional compartments. CAPN5 localization at the photoreceptor synapse and with mitochondria explains the neural circuitry phenotype in human CAPN5 disease alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Schaefer
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Marcus A Toral
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Allison J Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Sheila A Baker
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 5Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Nicholas C Borcherding
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Diana F Colgan
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Vimala Bondada
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Charles B Mashburn
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Chen-Guang Yu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - James W Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 9Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Zhang Y, Liu NM, Wang Y, Youn JY, Cai H. Endothelial cell calpain as a critical modulator of angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1326-1335. [PMID: 28366876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent non-lysosomal cysteine proteases. In particular, calpains residing in the endothelial cells play important roles in angiogenesis. It has been shown that calpain activity can be increased in endothelial cells by growth factors, primarily vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF/VEGFR2 induces calpain 2 dependent activation of PI3K/AMPK/Akt/eNOS pathway, and consequent nitric oxide production and physiological angiogenesis. Under pathological conditions such as tumor angiogenesis, endothelial calpains can be activated by hypoxia. This review focuses on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of calpain activation, and the newly identified mechanistic roles and downstream signaling events of calpains in physiological angiogenesis, and in the conditions of pathological tumor angiogenesis and diabetic wound healing, as well as retinopathy and atherosclerosis that are also associated with an increase in calpain activity. Further discussed include the differential strategies of modulating angiogenesis through manipulating calpain expression/activity in different pathological settings. Targeted limitation of angiogenesis in cancer and targeted promotion of angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing via modulations of calpains and calpain-dependent signaling mechanisms are of significant translational potential. Emerging strategies of tissue-specific targeting, environment-dependent targeting, and genome-targeted editing may turn out to be effective regimens for targeted manipulation of angiogenesis through calpain pathways, for differential treatments including both attenuation of tumor angiogenesis and potentiation of diabetic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Norika Mengchia Liu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongchen Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA.
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18
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Potz BA, Sabe AA, Elmadhun NY, Sabe SA, Braun BJV, Clements RT, Usheva A, Sellke FW. Calpain inhibition decreases inflammatory protein expression in vessel walls in a model of chronic myocardial ischemia. Surgery 2016; 161:1394-1404. [PMID: 28024857 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data suggest a link between calpain activation and the enhanced inflammatory response of the cardiovascular system. We hypothesize that calpain activation associates with altered inflammatory protein expression in correlation with the proinflammatory profile of the myocardium. Our pig hypercholesterolemic model with chronic myocardial ischemia was treated with calpain inhibitors to establish their potential to improve cardiac function. METHODS Yorkshire swine, fed a high cholesterol diet for 4 weeks then underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor on the left circumflex artery. Two weeks later, animals received either no drug (high-cholesterol control group, n = 8), a low dose of calpain inhibitors (0.12 mg/kg, n = 9), or a high dose of calpain inhibitors (0.25 mg/kg; n = 8). The high-cholesterol diet and calpain inhibitors were continued for 5 weeks, after which the pig was euthanized. The left ventricular myocardial tissue (ischemic and nonischemic) was harvested and analyzed for inflammatory protein expression. Data were statistically analyzed via the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post hoc test. RESULTS Calpain inhibitor treatment coincides with increased expression of IKB-α and decreased expression of macrophages, NFkB, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the ischemic myocardial tissue as compared with the control group. An NFkB array revealed decreased expression of IRF5, JNK1/2, JNK2, CD18, NFkB p65, c-Rel, Sharpin, TNF R1, TNF R2, and DR5 in the ischemic myocardium of the group treated with a high dose of calpain inhibitors compared with the control. CONCLUSION Calpain activation in metabolic syndrome is a potential contributor to cardiac dysfunction in metabolic disorders with ischemic background. We suggest that calpain inhibition downregulates NFkB signaling in the vessel walls, which might be useful for improving myocardial blood flow in ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Ashraf A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Nassrene Y Elmadhun
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sharif A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Benedikt J V Braun
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Richard T Clements
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Anny Usheva
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
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19
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Potz BA, Sabe AA, Elmadhun NY, Clements RT, Abid MR, Sodha NR, Sellke FW. Calpain inhibition modulates glycogen synthase kinase 3β pathways in ischemic myocardium: A proteomic and mechanistic analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 153:342-357. [PMID: 27986275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calpain inhibition has an enhancing effect on myocardial perfusion and improves myocardial density by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and up-regulating downstream signaling pathways, including the insulin/PI3K and WNT/β-catenin pathways, in a pig model of chronic myocardial ischemia in the setting of metabolic syndrome. METHODS Pigs were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, then underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex artery. Three weeks later, the animals received no drug (high-cholesterol controls [HCC]), a high-dose calpain inhibitor (HCI), a low-dose calpain inhibitor (LCI), or a GSK-3β inhibitor (GSK-3βI). The diets and drug regimens were continued for 5 weeks and the myocardial tissue was harvested. RESULTS Calpain and GSK-3β inhibition caused an increase in myocardial perfusion ratios at rest and during pacing compared with controls. Pigs in the LCI and HCI groups had increased vessel density in the ischemic myocardium, and pigs in the GSK-3βI group had increased vessel density in the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium compared with the HCC group. Calpain inhibition modulates proteins involved in the insulin/PI3K and WNT/β-catenin pathways. Quantitative proteomics revealed that calpain and GSK-3β inhibition significantly modulated the expression of proteins enriched in cytoskeletal regulation, metabolism, respiration, and calcium-binding pathways. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of metabolic syndrome, calpain or GSK-3β inhibition increases vessel density in both ischemic and nonischemic myocardial tissue. Calpain inhibition may exert these effects through the inhibition of GSK-3β and up-regulation of downstream signaling pathways, including the insulin/PI3K and WNT/β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Ashraf A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Nassrene Y Elmadhun
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Richard T Clements
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Neel R Sodha
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
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20
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Curcio M, Salazar IL, Mele M, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Calpains and neuronal damage in the ischemic brain: The swiss knife in synaptic injury. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:1-35. [PMID: 27283248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The excessive extracellular accumulation of glutamate in the ischemic brain leads to an overactivation of glutamate receptors with consequent excitotoxic neuronal death. Neuronal demise is largely due to a sustained activation of NMDA receptors for glutamate, with a consequent increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and activation of calcium- dependent mechanisms. Calpains are a group of Ca(2+)-dependent proteases that truncate specific proteins, and some of the cleavage products remain in the cell, although with a distinct function. Numerous studies have shown pre- and post-synaptic effects of calpains on glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, targeting membrane- associated proteins as well as intracellular proteins. The resulting changes in the presynaptic proteome alter neurotransmitter release, while the cleavage of postsynaptic proteins affects directly or indirectly the activity of neurotransmitter receptors and downstream mechanisms. These alterations also disturb the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain, with an impact in neuronal demise. In this review we discuss the evidence pointing to a role for calpains in the dysregulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in brain ischemia, at the pre- and post-synaptic levels, as well as the functional consequences. Although targeting calpain-dependent mechanisms may constitute a good therapeutic approach for stroke, specific strategies should be developed to avoid non-specific effects given the important regulatory role played by these proteases under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Curcio
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miranda Mele
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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21
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Potz BA, Abid MR, Sellke FW. Role of Calpain in Pathogenesis of Human Disease Processes. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2016; 2:e218. [PMID: 27747292 PMCID: PMC5065022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Calpains are a 15-member class of calcium activated nonlysosomal neutral proteases which are involved in a broad range of cellular function. Calpains are usually localized to the cytosol and within mitochondria. Calpastatin is an endogenous protein that specifically binds to and inhibits calpain. Overactivation of calpain has been implicated in a number of disease processes of the brain, eyes, heart, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, vascular system and skeletal muscle. Therefore, calpain may serve as a potential therapeutic target for a wide variety of disease processes. This review briefly outlines the current literature regarding the involvement of calpain overactivation in the pathogenesis of almost every organ in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank W. Sellke
- Corresponding Author. Frank W Sellke, M.D., Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University, 2 Dudley Street MOC 360, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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22
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Yıldırım C, Favre J, Weijers EM, Fontijn RD, van Wijhe MH, van Vliet SJ, Boon RA, Koolwijk P, van der Pouw Kraan TCTM, Horrevoets AJG. IFN-β affects the angiogenic potential of circulating angiogenic cells by activating calpain 1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1667-78. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00810.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) are monocyte-derived cells with endothelial characteristics, which contribute to both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in a paracrine way. Interferon-β (IFN-β) is known to inhibit these divergent processes in animals and patients. We hypothesized that IFN-β might act by affecting the differentiation and function of CACs. CACs were cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and phenotypically characterized by surface expression of monocytic and endothelial markers. IFN-β significantly reduced the number of CACs by 18–64%. Apoptosis was not induced by IFN-β, neither in mononuclear cells during differentiation, nor after maturation to CACs. Rather, IFN-β impaired adhesion to, and spreading on, fibronectin, which was dependent on α5β1 (VLA-5)-integrin. IFN-β affected the function of VLA-5 in mature CACs, leading to rounding and detachment of cells, by induction of calpain 1 activity. Cell rounding and detachment was completely reversed by inhibition of calpain 1 activity in mature CACs. During in vitro capillary formation, CAC addition and calpain 1 inhibition enhanced sprouting of endothelial cells to a comparable extent, but were not sufficient to rescue tube formation in the presence of IFN-β. We show that the IFN-β-induced reduction of the numbers of in vitro differentiated CACs is based on activation of calpain 1, resulting in an attenuated adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins via VLA-5. In vivo, this could lead to inhibition of vessel formation due to reduction of the locally recruited CAC numbers and their paracrine angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Favre
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ester M. Weijers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ruud D. Fontijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel H. van Wijhe
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Sandra J. van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier A. Boon
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pieter Koolwijk
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Anton J. G. Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Despite many advances in percutaneous and surgical interventions in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), up to one-third of patients are still either not candidates or receive suboptimal revascularization. Calpains are a class of calcium-activated non-lysosomal cysteine proteases that serve as a proteolytic unit for cellular homeostasis. Uncontrolled activation of calpain has been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial stunning and cardiac ischemia. Inhibition of calpains has been shown to significantly attenuate myocardial stunning and reduced infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion. Calpain inhibition therefore serves as a potential medical therapy for patients suffering from a number of diseases, including CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University
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24
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Lawton JS. What is the significance of "collateral dependent perfusion"? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 151:253-4. [PMID: 26456814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Lawton
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo.
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25
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Calpain inhibition improves collateral-dependent perfusion in a hypercholesterolemic swine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 151:245-52. [PMID: 26478238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calpain overexpression is implicated in aberrant angiogenesis. We hypothesized that calpain inhibition (MDL28170) would improve collateral perfusion in a swine model with hypercholesterolemia and chronic myocardial ischemia. METHODS Yorkshire swine fed a high cholesterol diet for 4 weeks underwent surgical placement of an ameroid constrictor to their left circumflex coronary artery. Three weeks later, animals received no drug, high cholesterol control group (n = 8); low-dose calpain inhibition (0.12 mg/kg; n = 9); or high-dose calpain inhibition (0.25 mg/kg; n = 8). The heart was harvested after 5 weeks. RESULTS Myocardial perfusion in ischemic myocardium significantly improved with high-dose calpain inhibition at rest and with demand pacing (P = .016 and .011). Endothelium-dependent microvessel relaxation was significantly improved with low-dose calpain inhibition (P = .001). There was a significant increase in capillary density, with low-dose calpain inhibition and high-dose calpain inhibition (P = .01 and .01), and arteriolar density with low-dose calpain inhibition (P = .001). Calpain inhibition significantly increased several proangiogenic proteins, including vascular endothelial growth factor (P = .02), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (P = .003), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (P = .003), and talin, a microvascular structural protein (P = .0002). There was a slight increase in proteins implicated in endothelial-dependent (nitric oxide mediated) relaxation, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase with calpain inhibition. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of hypercholesterolemia, calpain inhibition improved perfusion, with a trend toward increased collateralization on angiography and increased capillary and arteriolar densities in ischemic myocardium. Calpain inhibition also improved endothelium-dependent microvessel relaxation and increased expression of proteins implicated in angiogenesis and vasodilatation.
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Wert KJ, Bassuk AG, Wu WH, Gakhar L, Coglan D, Mahajan M, Wu S, Yang J, Lin CS, Tsang SH, Mahajan VB. CAPN5 mutation in hereditary uveitis: the R243L mutation increases calpain catalytic activity and triggers intraocular inflammation in a mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4584-98. [PMID: 25994508 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A single amino acid mutation near the active site of the CAPN5 protease was linked to the inherited blinding disorder, autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV, OMIM #193235). In homology modeling with other calpains, this R243L CAPN5 mutation was situated in a mobile loop that gates substrate access to the calcium-regulated active site. In in vitro activity assays, the mutation increased calpain protease activity and made it far more active at low concentrations of calcium. To test whether the disease allele could yield an animal model of ADNIV, we created transgenic mice expressing human (h) CAPN5(R243L) only in the retina. The resulting hCAPN5(R243L) transgenic mice developed a phenotype consistent with human uveitis and ADNIV, at the clinical, histological and molecular levels. The fundus of hCAPN5(R243L) mice showed enhanced autofluorescence (AF) and pigment changes indicative of reactive retinal pigment epithelial cells and photoreceptor degeneration. Electroretinography showed mutant mouse eyes had a selective loss of the b-wave indicating an inner-retina signaling defect. Histological analysis of mutant mouse eyes showed protein extravasation from dilated vessels into the anterior chamber and vitreous, vitreous inflammation, vitreous and retinal fibrosis and retinal degeneration. Analysis of gene expression changes in the hCAPN5(R243L) mouse retina showed upregulation of several markers, including members of the Toll-like receptor pathway, chemokines and cytokines, indicative of both an innate and adaptive immune response. Since many forms of uveitis share phenotypic characteristics of ADNIV, this mouse offers a model with therapeutic testing utility for ADNIV and uveitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Wert
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | | | - Wen-Hsuan Wu
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Protein Crystallography Facility
| | - Diana Coglan
- Omics Laboratory and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology
| | - Jing Yang
- Protein Crystallography Facility, Omics Laboratory and
| | | | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Potz BA, Sabe AA, Elmadhun NY, Feng J, Liu Y, Mitchell H, Quesenberry P, Abid MR, Sellke FW. Calpain inhibition decreases myocardial apoptosis in a swine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. Surgery 2015; 158:445-52. [PMID: 25991048 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain is a family of cysteine proteases that has an important role in the initiation, regulation, and execution of cell death. Our recent studies using a hypercholesterolemic swine model demonstrated that in the setting of the metabolic syndrome, calpain inhibition (CI) improved collateral-dependent perfusion and increased expression of proteins implicated in angiogenesis and vasodilation. In this study, we hypothesized that CI (by MLD28170) would decrease myocardial apoptosis in the same model. METHODS Yorkshire swine, all fed a high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor on the left circumflex coronary artery. Three weeks later, animals received either no drug, termed the high-cholesterol control group (HCC; n = 8); low-dose CI (0.12 mg/kg; LCI, n = 9); or high-dose CI (0.25 mg/kg; HCI, n = 8). The high-cholesterol diet and the CI were continued for 5 weeks, after which the pig was humanely killed and the left ventricular myocardium was harvested and analyzed via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, oxyblot analysis, and Western blots. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS The percentage of apoptotic cells to total cells in ischemic myocardial territory was decreased in the LCI and HCI groups compared with the HCC group as shown by TUNEL staining (P = .018). There was a decrease in proapoptotic proteins, including cleaved caspase 3, caspase 9, cleaved caspase 9, Bax, BAD, p-BAD, and Erk 1/2 (P ≤ .049 each), but no decrease in caspase 3 (P = .737). There was also an increase in antiapoptotic proteins, including BCL-2 and p-BCL2 (P ≤ .025 each). In the ischemic myocardium, several proangiogenic proteins were increased in the LCI and HCI groups compared with the HCC group, including p-AKT, p-eNOS, and eNOS (P ≤ .006 each) but there was no increase in AKT (P = .311). CI decreased tissue oxidative stress in both the LCI and HCI groups compared to the HCC group as shown by oxyblot analysis (P = .021). CONCLUSION In the setting of hypercholesterolemia, CI decreases apoptosis and the expression of proteins in proapoptotic signaling pathways. CI also increased expression of proteins implicated in anti apoptotic pathways and improves oxidative stress in ischemic myocardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Ashraf A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Nassrene Y Elmadhun
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jun Feng
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Hunter Mitchell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
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Miyazaki T, Taketomi Y, Saito Y, Hosono T, Lei XF, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Arata S, Takahashi H, Murakami M, Miyazaki A. Calpastatin counteracts pathological angiogenesis by inhibiting suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 degradation in vascular endothelial cells. Circ Res 2015; 116:1170-81. [PMID: 25648699 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signals and their endogenous inhibitor, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) reportedly dominate the pathological angiogenesis. However, how these inflammatory signals are potentiated during pathological angiogenesis has not been fully elucidated. We suspected that an intracellular protease calpain, which composes the multifunctional proteolytic systems together with its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin (CAST), contributes to the JAK/STAT regulations. OBJECTIVE To specify the effect of EC calpain/CAST systems on JAK/STAT signals and their relationship with pathological angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS The loss of CAST, which is ensured by several growth factor classes, was detectable in neovessels in murine allograft tumors, some human malignant tissues, and oxygen-induced retinopathy lesions in mice. EC-specific transgenic introduction of CAST caused downregulation of JAK/STAT signals, upregulation of SOCS3 expression, and depletion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, thereby counteracting unstable pathological neovessels and disease progression in tumors and oxygen-induced retinopathy lesions in mice. Neutralizing antibody against VEGF-C ameliorated pathological angiogenesis in oxygen-induced retinopathy lesions. Small interfering RNA-based silencing of endogenous CAST in cultured ECs facilitated μ-calpain-induced proteolytic degradation of SOCS3, leading to VEGF-C production through amplified interleukin-6-driven STAT3 signals. Interleukin-6-induced angiogenic tube formation in cultured ECs was accelerated by CAST silencing, which is suppressible by pharmacological inhibition of JAK/STAT signals, antibody-based blockage of VEGF-C, and transfection of calpain-resistant SOCS3, whereas transfection of wild-type SOCS3 exhibited modest angiostatic effects. CONCLUSIONS Loss of CAST in angiogenic ECs facilitates μ-calpain-induced SOCS3 degradation, which amplifies pathological angiogenesis through interleukin-6/STAT3/VEGF-C axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.).
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.)
| | - Yuta Saito
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.)
| | - Tomohiko Hosono
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.)
| | - Xiao-Feng Lei
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.)
| | - Joo-Ri Kim-Kaneyama
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.)
| | - Satoru Arata
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.)
| | - Haruo Takahashi
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.)
| | - Makoto Murakami
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.)
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- From the Department of Biochemistry (T.M., X.-F.L., J.-r.K.-K., A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (Y.S., H.T.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.H., S.A.); and Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.M.)
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Hempel C, Hoyer N, Kildemoes A, Jendresen CB, Kurtzhals JAL. Systemic and Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels Increase in Murine Cerebral Malaria along with Increased Calpain and Caspase Activity and Can be Reduced by Erythropoietin Treatment. Front Immunol 2014; 5:291. [PMID: 24995009 PMCID: PMC4062992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM) includes compromised microvascular perfusion, increased inflammation, cytoadhesion, and endothelial activation. These events cause blood-brain barrier disruption and neuropathology and associations with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway have been shown. We studied this pathway in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA causing murine CM with or without the use of erythropoietin (EPO) as adjunct therapy. ELISA and western blotting was used for quantification of VEGF and relevant proteins in brain and plasma. CM increased levels of VEGF in brain and plasma and decreased plasma levels of soluble VEGF receptor 2. EPO treatment normalized VEGF receptor 2 levels and reduced brain VEGF levels. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α was significantly upregulated whereas cerebral HIF-2α and EPO levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, we noticed increased caspase-3 and calpain activity in terminally ill mice, as measured by protease-specific cleavage of α-spectrin and p35. In conclusion, we detected increased cerebral and systemic VEGF as well as HIF-1α, which in the brain were reduced to normal in EPO-treated mice. Also caspase and calpain activity was reduced markedly in EPO-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Hempel
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ; Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nils Hoyer
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ; Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anna Kildemoes
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ; Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Charlotte Bille Jendresen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ; Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jørgen Anders Lindholm Kurtzhals
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ; Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Sweigard JH, Yanai R, Gaissert P, Saint-Geniez M, Kataoka K, Thanos A, Stahl GL, Lambris JD, Connor KM. The alternative complement pathway regulates pathological angiogenesis in the retina. FASEB J 2014; 28:3171-82. [PMID: 24668752 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-251041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A defining feature in proliferative retinopathies is the formation of pathological neovessels. In these diseases, the balance between neovessel formation and regression determines blindness, making the modulation of neovessel growth highly desirable. The role of the immune system in these retinopathies is of increasing interest, but it is not completely understood. We investigated the role of the alternative complement pathway during the formation and resolution of aberrant neovascularization. We used alternative complement pathway-deficient (Fb(-/-)) mice and age- and strain-matched control mice to assess neovessel development and regression in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model. In the control mice, we found increased transcription of Fb after OIR treatment. In the Fb(-/-) mice, we prepared retinal flatmounts and identified an increased number of neovessels, peaking at postnatal day 17 (P17; P=0.001). Subjecting human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to low oxygen, mimicking a characteristic of neovessels, decreased the expression of the complement inhibitor Cd55. Finally, using laser capture microdissection (LCM) to isolate the neovessels after OIR, we found decreased expression of Cd55 (P=0.005). Together, our data implicate the alternative complement pathway in facilitating neovessel clearance by down-regulating the complement inhibitor Cd55 specifically on neovessels, allowing for their targeted removal while leaving the established vasculature intact.-Sweigard, J. H., Yanai, R., Gaissert, P., Saint-Geniez, M., Kataoka, K., Thanos, A., Stahl, G. L., Lambris, J. D., Connor, K. M. The alternative complement pathway regulates pathological angiogenesis in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryoji Yanai
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, and
| | | | | | - Keiko Kataoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, and
| | | | - Gregory L Stahl
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kip M Connor
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, and
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Wang CY, Xie JW, Wang T, Xu Y, Cai JH, Wang X, Zhao BL, An L, Wang ZY. Hypoxia-triggered m-calpain activation evokes endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuropathogenesis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:820-33. [PMID: 23889979 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is activated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. ER stress-triggered unfolded protein response (UPR) leads to tau phosphorylation and neuronal death. AIMS In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced m-calpain activation is involved in ER stress-mediated AD pathogenesis. METHOD We employed a hypoxic exposure in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing human Swedish mutation APP (APPswe). RESULTS We observed that hypoxia impaired spatial learning and memory in the APP/PS1 mouse. In the transgenic mouse brain, hypoxia increased the UPR, upregulated apoptotic signaling, enhanced the activation of calpain and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), and increased tau hyperphosphorylation and β-amyloid deposition. In APPswe cells, m-calpain silencing reduced hypoxia-induced cellular dysfunction and resulted in suppression of GSK3β activation, ER stress and tau hyperphosphorylation reduction as well as caspase pathway suppression. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that hypoxia-induced abnormal calpain activation may increase ER stress-induced apoptosis in AD pathogenesis. In contrast, a reduction in the expression of the m-calpain isoform reduces ER stress-linked apoptosis that is triggered by hypoxia. These findings suggest that hypoxia-triggered m-calpain activation is involved in ER stress-mediated AD pathogenesis. m-calpain is a potential target for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Medical Research Laboratory, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, China
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Miyazaki T, Koya T, Kigawa Y, Oguchi T, Lei XF, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Miyazaki A. Calpain and atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 20:228-37. [PMID: 23171729 DOI: 10.5551/jat.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the pro-atherogenic roles of Ca(2+)-sensitive intracellular protease calpains. Among more than ten species of calpain isozymes, µ- and m-calpains have been characterized most extensively. These two isozymes are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, including blood vessels, and tightly regulate functional molecules in the vascular component cells through limited proteolytic cleavage. Indeed, previous cell-based experiments showed that calpains play significant roles in nitric oxide production in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), maintenance of EC barrier function and angiogenesis for maintaining vascular homeostasis. Recently, we demonstrated that modified-low density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced m-calpain causes hyperpermeability in ECs, leading to the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and plasma lipids into the intimal spaces (Miyazaki T. et al., Circulation. 2011; 124: 2522-2532). Calpains also mediate oxidized LDL-induced apoptotic death in ECs. In monocytes/macrophages, calpains induce proteolytic degradation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), which results in impaired cholesterol efflux and subsequent macrophage foam cell formation. In vascular smooth muscle cells, calpains may be involved in the conversion from contractile phenotype to proliferative phenotype. In hepatocytes, calpains disrupt the biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein via proteolytic degradation of ABCA1. Thus, calpains may serve as novel candidate molecular targets for control of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Al-Shabrawey M, Ahmad S, Megyerdi S, Othman A, Baban B, Palenski TL, Shin ES, Gurel Z, Hsu S, Sheibani N. Caspase-14: a novel caspase in the retina with a potential role in diabetic retinopathy. Mol Vis 2012; 18:1895-906. [PMID: 22876114 PMCID: PMC3413417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate caspase-14 expression in the retina under normal and diabetic conditions, and to determine whether caspase-14 contributes to retinal microvascular cell death under high glucose conditions. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to evaluate caspase-14 expression in retinal cells, including pericytes (PCs), endothelial cells (ECs), astrocytes (ACs), choroidal ECs, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. We also determined caspase-14 expression in the retinas of human subjects with or without diabetic retinopathy (DR) and in experimental diabetic mice. Retinal ECs and PCs were infected with adenoviruses expressing human caspase-14 or green fluorescent protein. Caspase-14 expression was also assessed in retinal vascular cells cultured under high glucose conditions. The number of apoptotic cells was determined with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining and confirmed by determining the levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and caspase-3. RESULTS Our experiments demonstrated that retinal ECs, PCs, ACs, choroidal ECs, and RPE cells expressed caspase-14, and DR was associated with upregulation and/or activation of caspase-14 particularly in retinal vasculature. High glucose induced marked elevation of the caspase-14 level in retinal vascular cells. There was a significant increase in the apoptosis rate and the levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and caspase-3 in retinal ECs and PCs overexpressing caspase-14. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that caspase-14 might play a significant role in the pathogenesis of DR by accelerating retinal PC and EC death. Further investigations are required to elaborate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University (GHSU), College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA,Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, GHSU, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA,Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Saif Ahmad
- Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, GHSU, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
| | - Sylvia Megyerdi
- Department of Oral Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University (GHSU), College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA
| | - Amira Othman
- Department of Oral Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University (GHSU), College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA,Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University (GHSU), College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA
| | - Tammy L. Palenski
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Eui Seok Shin
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Zafer Gurel
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Stephen Hsu
- Department of Oral Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University (GHSU), College of Dental Medicine, Augusta, GA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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Abstract
Mitochondrial activity is critical for efficient function of the cardiovascular system. In response to cardiovascular injury, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs and can lead to apoptosis and necrosis. Calpains are a 15-member family of Ca(2+)-activated cysteine proteases localized to the cytosol and mitochondria, and several have been shown to regulate apoptosis and necrosis. For example, in endothelial cells, Ca(2+) overload causes mitochondrial calpain 1 cleavage of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger leading to mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation. Also, activated calpain 1 cleaves Bid, inducing cytochrome c release and apoptosis. In renal cells, calpains 1 and 2 promote apoptosis and necrosis by cleaving cytoskeletal proteins, which increases plasma membrane permeability and cleavage of caspases. Calpain 10 cleaves electron transport chain proteins, causing decreased mitochondrial respiration and excessive activation, or inhibition of calpain 10 activity induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. In cardiomyocytes, calpain 1 activates caspase 3 and poly-ADP ribose polymerase during tumour necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis, and calpain 1 cleaves apoptosis-inducing factor after Ca(2+) overload. Many of these observations have been elucidated with calpain inhibitors, but most calpain inhibitors are not specific for calpains or a specific calpain family member, creating more questions. The following review will discuss how calpains affect mitochondrial function and apoptosis within the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun Street, MSC140, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Kwak HI, Kang H, Dave JM, Mendoza EA, Su SC, Maxwell SA, Bayless KJ. Calpain-mediated vimentin cleavage occurs upstream of MT1-MMP membrane translocation to facilitate endothelial sprout initiation. Angiogenesis 2012; 15:287-303. [PMID: 22407449 PMCID: PMC3338915 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells normally line the vasculature and remain quiescent. However, these cells can be rapidly stimulated to undergo morphogenesis and initiate new blood vessel formation given the proper cues. This study reports a new mechanism for initiating angiogenic sprout formation that involves vimentin, the major intermediate filament protein in endothelial cells. Initial studies confirmed vimentin was required for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)- and growth factor (GF)-induced endothelial cell invasion, and vimentin was cleaved by calpains during invasion. Calpains were predominantly activated by GF and were required for sprout initiation. Because others have reported membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is required for endothelial sprouting responses, we tested whether vimentin and calpain acted upstream of MT1-MMP. Both calpain and vimentin were required for successful MT1-MMP membrane translocation, which was stimulated by S1P. In addition, vimentin complexed with MT1-MMP in a manner that required both the cytoplasmic domain of MT1-MMP and calpain activation, which increased the soluble pool of vimentin in endothelial cells. Altogether, these data indicate that pro-angiogenic signals converge to activate calpain-dependent vimentin cleavage and increase vimentin solubility, which act upstream to facilitate MT1-MMP membrane translocation, resulting in successful endothelial sprout formation in three-dimensional collagen matrices. These findings help explain why S1P and GF synergize to stimulate robust sprouting in 3D collagen matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Il Kwak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114 USA
| | - Hojin Kang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114 USA
| | - Jui M. Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114 USA
| | - E. Adriana Mendoza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114 USA
| | - Shih-Chi Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114 USA
| | - Steve A. Maxwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114 USA
| | - Kayla J. Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114 USA
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36
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Kang H, Kwak HI, Kaunas R, Bayless KJ. Fluid shear stress and sphingosine 1-phosphate activate calpain to promote membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) membrane translocation and endothelial invasion into three-dimensional collagen matrices. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42017-42026. [PMID: 22002053 PMCID: PMC3234924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium continually senses and responds to biochemical and mechanical stimuli to appropriately initiate angiogenesis. We have shown previously that fluid wall shear stress (WSS) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) cooperatively initiate the invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells into collagen matrices (Kang, H., Bayless, K. J., and Kaunas, R. (2008) Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 295, H2087-2097). Here, we investigated the role of calpains in the regulation of endothelial cell invasion in response to WSS and S1P. Calpain inhibition significantly decreased S1P- and WSS-induced invasion. Short hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing demonstrated that calpain 1 and 2 were required for WSS and S1P-induced invasion. Also, S1P synergized with WSS to induce invasion and to activate calpains and promote calpain membrane localization. Calpain inhibition results in a cell morphology consistent with reduced matrix proteolysis. Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) has been shown by others to regulate endothelial cell invasion, prompting us to test whether calpain acted upstream of MT1-MMP. S1P and WSS synergistically activated MT1-MMP and induced cell membrane localization of MT1-MMP in a calpain-dependent manner. Calpain activation, MT1-MMP activation and MT1-MMP membrane localization were all maximal with 5.3 dynes/cm(2) WSS and S1P treatment, which correlated with maximal invasion responses. Our data show for the first time that 5.3 dynes/cm(2) WSS in the presence of S1P combine to activate calpains, which direct MT1-MMP membrane localization to initiate endothelial sprouting into three-dimensional collagen matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Hyeong-Il Kwak
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114
| | - Roland Kaunas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114.
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