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Ahmad I, Kaur M, Tyagi D, Singh TB, Kaur G, Afzal SM, Jauhar M. Exploring novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Bisphenol A-induced toxicity: A persistent threat to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104467. [PMID: 38763439 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous industrial chemical used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, found in numerous consumer products. Despite its widespread use, its potential adverse health effects have raised significant concerns. This review explores the molecular mechanisms and evidence-based literature underlying BPA-induced toxicities and its implications for human health. BPA is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) which exhibits carcinogenic properties by influencing various receptors, such as ER, AhR, PPARs, LXRs, and RARs. It induces oxidative stress and contributes to cellular dysfunction, inflammation, and DNA damage, ultimately leading to various toxicities including but not limited to reproductive, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine toxicity. Moreover, BPA can modify DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA expression, leading to epigenetic changes and contribute to carcinogenesis. Overall, understanding molecular mechanisms of BPA-induced toxicity is crucial for developing effective strategies and policies to mitigate its adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Devansh Tyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Tejinder Bir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- School of Business Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Shaikh Mohammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | - Mohsin Jauhar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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Ichikawa T, Oba H, Owada M, Watanabe K, Yoshimura T, Fuchigami A, Nakamura A. Evaluation of the effects of pemafibrate on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease with hypertriglyceridemia using magnetic resonance elastography combined with fibrosis-4 index and the magnetic resonance imaging-aspartate aminotransferase score. JGH Open 2023; 7:959-965. [PMID: 38162848 PMCID: PMC10757500 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aim In this retrospective study, we evaluated the effects of pemafibrate treatment in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and hypertriglyceridemia using non-invasive stiffness-based models, including magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) combined with the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) (MEFIB) index and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (MAST) score. Methods In total, 179 patients with MASLD treated with pemafibrate were enrolled. We evaluated the effects of 48-week pemafibrate treatment using the MEFIB index, which classifies patients based on the combination of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) on MRE and FIB-4 and the MAST score, which is calculated based on LSM on MRE, MRI-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF), and AST levels. Results Pemafibrate treatment led to significant reduction in AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (P = 0.011, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively) and significant improvements in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P < 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). The MRI-PDFF values were not significantly altered. However, a significant decrease in LSM on MRE was detected (P = 0.003). Evaluation of fibrosis using the MEFIB index and MAST score demonstrated significant improvement (P = 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). Changes in the MAST score showed positive correlation with changes in ALT and GGT levels (r = 0.821, P < 0.001, and r = 0.808, P < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, ALT and GGT levels at baseline were significantly associated with improvements in the MAST score (P < 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). Conclusion Pemafibrate led to improvements in the MEFIB index and MAST score, as well as liver function. It is a promising therapeutic agent for patients with MASLD and hypertriglyceridemia with the potential to reduce liver-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ichikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNippon Koukan HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Haruki Oba
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNippon Koukan HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Mai Owada
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNippon Koukan HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNippon Koukan HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Tsubasa Yoshimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNippon Koukan HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Ayako Fuchigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNippon Koukan HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Atsushi Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNippon Koukan HospitalKawasakiJapan
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Targeted Therapies: Challenges upon Infectious Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040650. [PMID: 36831317 PMCID: PMC9954612 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, β, and γ are nuclear receptors that orchestrate the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in a variety of biological responses, such as energy metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of inflammation, cellular development, and differentiation. The many roles played by the PPAR signaling pathways indicate that PPARs may be useful targets for various human diseases, including metabolic and inflammatory conditions and tumors. Accumulating evidence suggests that each PPAR plays prominent but different roles in viral, bacterial, and parasitic infectious disease development. In this review, we discuss recent PPAR research works that are focused on how PPARs control various infections and immune responses. In addition, we describe the current and potential therapeutic uses of PPAR agonists/antagonists in the context of infectious diseases. A more comprehensive understanding of the roles played by PPARs in terms of host-pathogen interactions will yield potential adjunctive personalized therapies employing PPAR-modulating agents.
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Li X, Liu S, Qi D, Qi H, Wang Y, Zhao K, Tian F. Genome-wide identification and expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene family in the Tibetan highland fish Gymnocypris przewalskii. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1685-1699. [PMID: 36469183 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism and has been widely identified in diverse species. Gymnocypris przewalskii is a native fish of the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau that survives in a chronically cold environment. In the current study, we conducted genome-wide identification of PPAR genes, revealing the existence of seven PPARs in the G. przewalskii genome. Collinearity was observed between two copies of PPARαb and PPARγ in G. przewalskii, suggesting that the additional copy might be gained through whole genome duplication. Both phylogenetic and multiple sequence alignment analyses indicated that PPARs in G. przewalskii were conserved with teleosts. The cold treatment (10 °C and 4 °C) led to the developmental delay of G. przewalskii embryos. Continuous expression of PPARs was observed during the embryonic development of G. przewalskii under normal and cold conditions, with significantly different transcriptional patterns. These results indicated that PPARs participated in the embryonic development of G. przewalskii, and were involved in the cold response during development. The current study proposed a potential role of PPARs in the cold response in the embryonic development of G. przewalskii, which shed light on understanding cold adaptation in Tibetan highland fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Li
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - Delin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Hongfang Qi
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Breeding and Protection of Gymnocypris Przewalskii, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Breeding and Protection of Gymnocypris Przewalskii, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China.
| | - Fei Tian
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 23 Xinning Road, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zhang Q, Peng J, Huang A, Zheng S, Shi X, Li B, Huang W, Tan W, Wang X, Wu K. Associations between polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in adipose tissues and blood lipids in women of Shantou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114096. [PMID: 35973458 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have indicated that exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) during development can permanently affect blood/liver lipid balance. However, no epidemiological study has assessed the relationship between PBDEs in adipose tissues and blood lipid metabolism. In this study, we explored the associations between PBDEs levels in female adipose tissues and lipid profiles. We recruited 150 female patients undergoing plastic surgery from hospital in Shantou, China, collected their characteristics, clinical information, and adipose tissue samples. Fourteen PBDE congeners in adipose tissues were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to explore the relationships between PBDEs and lipid profiles, while restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to evaluate the nonlinearity of mixtures. Median levels of ΣPBDEs and dominant congeners BDE-153, -209, and -183 in adipose tissues were 73.91, 26.12, 14.10 and 9.01 ng/g lipid, respectively. In the multiple linear model, BDE-153 and BDE-209 were negatively associated with triglycerides (TG), similarly for BDE-190 and total cholesterol (TC). While in the adjusted logistic models, BDE-138 was negatively associated with TC (OR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.58, 0.99) and total lipids (TL) (OR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.58, 0.99). Diastolic blood pressure was positively correlated with BDE-28 and BDE-71 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a non-linear relationship was observed in BDE-138 and blood lipid levels using a RCS model (Pnonlinearity<0.05). BKMR analysis indicated that with the cumulative levels across PBDEs increased, the health risks of hypertriglyceridemia gradually rebounded, and the health risks of hypercholesterolemia and high total lipid gradually rebounded and then declined, but without statistical significance. PBDEs pollution was still prevalent in Shantou city, and several PBDE congeners were significant risk factors for dyslipidemia and blood pressure alteration. There exist deleterious effects of PBDEs and blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajun Peng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Anyan Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Shukai Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Shi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Boyu Li
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Kusheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
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Habara M, Shimada M. Estrogen receptor α revised: Expression, structure, function, and stability. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200148. [PMID: 36192154 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates the expression of estrogen-responsive genes. Approximately 70% of patients with breast cancer are ERα positive. Estrogen stimulates cancer cell proliferation and contributes to tumor progression. Endocrine therapies, which suppress the ERα signaling pathway, significantly improve the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. However, the development of de novo or acquired endocrine therapy resistance remains a barrier to breast cancer treatment. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of ERα is essential to overcome the resistance to treatment. This review focuses on the regulation of ERα expression, including copy number variation, epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, and stability, as well as functions from the point of view post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Habara
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Midori Shimada
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, Japan
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7
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Chromatin modifiers – Coordinators of estrogen action. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lasa M, Contreras-Jurado C. Thyroid hormones act as modulators of inflammation through their nuclear receptors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:937099. [PMID: 36004343 PMCID: PMC9393327 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.937099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal crosstalk between endocrine and immune systems has been well-documented both in physiological and pathological conditions, although the connection between the immune system and thyroid hormones (THs) remains largely unclear. Inflammation and infection are two important processes modulated by the immune system, which have profound effects on both central and peripheral THs metabolism. Conversely, optimal levels of THs are necessary for the maintenance of immune function and response. Although some effects of THs are mediated by their binding to cell membrane integrin receptors, triggering a non-genomic response, most of the actions of these hormones involve their binding to specific nuclear thyroid receptors (TRs), which generate a genomic response by modulating the activity of a great variety of transcription factors. In this special review on THs role in health and disease, we highlight the relevance of these hormones in the molecular mechanisms linked to inflammation upon their binding to specific nuclear receptors. In particular, we focus on THs effects on different signaling pathways involved in the inflammation associated with various infectious and/or pathological processes, emphasizing those mediated by NF-kB, p38MAPK and JAK/STAT. The findings showed in this review suggest new opportunities to improve current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammation associated with several infections and/or diseases, such as cancer, sepsis or Covid-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lasa
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Contreras-Jurado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Endocrina y del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Idowu OK, Oluyomi OO, Faniyan OO, Dosumu OO, Akinola OB. The synergistic ameliorative activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and gamma agonists, fenofibrate and pioglitazone, on hippocampal neurodegeneration in a rat model of insulin resistance. IBRAIN 2022; 8:251-263. [PMID: 37786742 PMCID: PMC10528802 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a risk factor for metabolic disorders and neurodegeneration. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists have been proven to mitigate the neuronal pathology associated with IR. However, the synergetic efficacy of these agonists is yet to be fully described. Hence, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of PPARα/γ agonists (fenofibrate and pioglitazone) on a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration. Male Wistar rats (200 ± 25 mg/body weight [BW]) were divided into five groups. The experimental groups were fed on an HFD for 12 weeks coupled with 5 days of an STZ injection (30 mg/kg/BW, i.p) to induce IR. Fenofibrate (FEN; 100 mg/kg/BW, orally), pioglitazone (PIO; 20 mg/kg/BW, orally), and their combination were administered for 2 weeks postinduction. Behavioral tests were conducted, and blood was collected to determine insulin sensitivity after treatment. Animals were killed for assessment of oxidative stress, cellular morphology characterization, and astrocytic evaluation. HFD/STZ-induced IR increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels. Evidence of cellular alterations and overexpression of astrocytic protein was observed in the hippocampus. By contrast, monotherapy of FEN and PIO increased the GSH level (p < 0.05), decreased the MDA level (p < 0.05), and improved cellular morphology and astrocytic expression. Furthermore, the combined treatment led to improved therapeutic activities compared to monotherapies. In conclusion, FEN and PIO exerted a therapeutic synergistic effect on HFD/STZ-induced IR in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oluwatomisin O. Faniyan
- Department of Physiology, School of Bioscience and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CamerinoCamerinoItaly
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Cui Y, Wang F, Zhang D, Huang J, Yang Y, Xu J, Gao Y, Ding H, Qu Y, Zhang W, Liu W, Pan L, Zhang L, Liu Z, Niu T, Liu T, Zheng Y. Estrogen-Responsive Gene MAST4 Regulates Myeloma Bone Disease. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:711-723. [PMID: 35064934 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous data showed that young female multiple myeloma (MM) patients had a low frequency of osteolytic lesions. Based on this clinical observation, we found that estrogen cell signaling played a regulatory role in MM bone disease (MMBD), and the estrogen-responsive gene microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase family member 4 (MAST4) was a critical factor. The presence of estrogen in cell cultures promoted MAST4 expression in MM cells, while knocking down estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) inhibited MAST4 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay suggested a binding site of ESR1 on the MAST4 promoter. Bisphosphonates, such as zoledronic acid (ZOL), which was widely used in MMBD control, could stimulate MAST4 expression in MM cells by promoting ESR1 expression. MAST4 interacted with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), therefore regulating the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and the expression of downstream cytokines, such as CCL2/3/4. MAST4 knockdown (MAST4-KD) or ESR1 knockdown (ESR1-KD) MM cells had repressed PTEN activity, elevated PI3K-Akt-mTOR activity, and increased CCL2/3/4 expressions. Coculture of MAST4-KD or ESR1-KD MM cells with pre-osteoclasts (pre-OCs) stimulated OC formation in vitro, whereas neutralizing antibodies of CCL2/3/4 attenuated such stimulation. In mouse models, mice inoculated with MAST4-KD or ESR1-KD MM cells had severer MMBD than control knockdown (CTR-KD). The correlations between MAST4 and ESR1 expressions in MMBD, as well as related cell signaling pathways, were confirmed in analyses using gene expression profiles (GEPs) of patients' MM cells. The negative correlation of MAST4 expression and occurrence of MMBD was further validated by patients' immunohistochemical tissue array. Overall, our data suggested that estrogen cell signaling negatively regulated MMBD through MAST4. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Cui
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingcao Huang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Pan
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Niu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhuan Zheng
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital/State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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New agents for immunosuppression. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2021; 54-55:101763. [PMID: 34874846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2021.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human abdomen harbors organs that the host's immune system can attack easily. This immunological storm front leads to diseases like Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis or Autoimmune Hepatitis. Serious symptoms like pain, diarrhea, fatigue, or malnutrition accompany these diseases. Moreover, many patients have an increased risk for developing special kind of malignancies and some autoimmune disease can show a high mortality. The key to treat them consists of a deep understanding of their pathophysiology. In vitro and especially in vivo basic research laid the foundation for our increasing knowledge about it during the past years. This enabled the development of new therapeutic approaches that interact directly with cytokines or immune cells instead of building the treatment on a total immunosuppression. Different kind of antibodies, kinase inhibitors, and regulatory T cells build the base for these approaches. This review shows new therapeutical approaches in gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases in context to their pathophysiological basis.
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Main Factors Involved in Thyroid Hormone Action. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237337. [PMID: 34885918 PMCID: PMC8658769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptors are the mediators of a multitude of actions by the thyroid hormones in cells. Most thyroid hormone activities require interaction with nuclear receptors to bind DNA and regulate the expression of target genes. In addition to genomic regulation, thyroid hormones function via activation of specific cytosolic pathways, bypassing interaction with nuclear DNA. In the present work, we reviewed the most recent literature on the characteristics and roles of different factors involved in thyroid hormone function in particular, we discuss the genomic activity of thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus and the functions of different thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in the cytosol. Furthermore, we describe the integrin αvβ3-mediated thyroid hormone signaling pathway and its rapid nongenomic action in the cell. We furthermore reviewed the thyroid hormone transporters enabling the uptake of thyroid hormones in the cell, and we also include a paragraph on the proteins that mediate thyroid receptors’ shuttling from the nucleus to the cytosol.
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Sołtys K, Ożyhar A. Transcription Regulators and Membraneless Organelles Challenges to Investigate Them. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12758. [PMID: 34884563 PMCID: PMC8657783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are composed of different bio-macromolecules that are divided into compartments called organelles providing optimal microenvironments for many cellular processes. A specific type of organelles is membraneless organelles. They are formed via a process called liquid-liquid phase separation that is driven by weak multivalent interactions between particular bio-macromolecules. In this review, we gather crucial information regarding different classes of transcription regulators with the propensity to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation and stress the role of intrinsically disordered regions in this phenomenon. We also discuss recently developed experimental systems for studying formation and properties of membraneless organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sołtys
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Grossmann C, Almeida-Prieto B, Nolze A, Alvarez de la Rosa D. Structural and molecular determinants of mineralocorticoid receptor signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3103-3118. [PMID: 34811739 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has evolved from a much-overlooked member of the steroid hormone receptor family to an important player, not only in volume and electrolyte homeostasis but also in pathological changes occurring in an increasing number of tissues, especially the renal and cardiovascular systems. Simultaneously, a wealth of information about the structure, interaction partners and chromatin requirements for genomic signalling of steroid hormone receptors became available. However, much of the information for the MR has been deduced from studies of other family members and there is still a lack of knowledge about MR-specific features in ligand binding, chromatin remodelling, co-factor interactions and general MR specificity-conferring mechanisms that can completely explain the differences in pathophysiological function between MR and its closest relative, the glucocorticoid receptor. This review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge of MR structure, signalling and co-factors modulating its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Grossmann
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Brian Almeida-Prieto
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alexander Nolze
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease is a disease that causes liver damage and fibrosis owing to bile stasis. It is represented by primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), but the pathophysiological pathways that cause bile stasis in both diseases are different. The pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear, although autoimmune mechanisms have been postulated and partially elucidated. Although the disease may progress slowly with only mild liver dysfunction, it may progress to liver cirrhosis or liver failure, which require liver transplantation. As a medical treatment, ursodeoxycholic acid is widely used for PBC and has proved to be very effective against disease progression in cases of PBC. On the other hand, its efficacy is limited in cases of PSC, and the research and development of various drugs are underway. Furthermore, the clinical course of both diseases is quite variable, making the design of clinical trials fairly difficult. In this review, we present the general natural history of PBC and PSC, and provide information on the latest drug therapies currently available and those that are under investigation.
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Sołtys K, Wycisk K, Ożyhar A. Liquid-liquid phase separation of the intrinsically disordered AB region of hRXRγ is driven by hydrophobic interactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:936-949. [PMID: 33971237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of transcription factors that are regulated endogenously by small lipophilic ligands. Recently, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has appeared as a new aspect of NR function. In the human retinoid X receptor γ (hRXRγ), the inherently disordered AB region undergoes LLPS via homotypic multivalent interactions. To better understand the functions of liquid condensates, a clear view of the molecular interactions underlying the LLPS are required. The phase separation propensity of the AB region of hRXRγ (AB_hRXG) at a high NaCl concentration, a lower critical solution temperature behavior, and also sensitivity to kosmotropic salts and 1,6-hexanediol, which all indicate the importance of hydrophobic interactions in the formation of AB_hRXG liquid condensates, is presented in the paper. Additionally, molecular crowding agents and TMAO shift the equilibrium, in turn enabling phase transition at lower AB_hRXG concentrations. Although the LLPS of the proteins can lead to aggregation, AB_hRXG liquid condensates are not aggregation prone. Interestingly, the formation of AB_hRXG liquid condensates has an impact on the rest of the receptor, as AB_hRXG liquid condensates recruit the remaining fragment of hRXRγ into the droplets. The ability of AB_hRXG to undergo LLPS might be important for gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sołtys
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Wycisk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Więch A, Tarczewska A, Ożyhar A, Orłowski M. Metal Ions Induce Liquid Condensate Formation by the F Domain of Aedes aegypti Ecdysteroid Receptor. New Perspectives of Nuclear Receptor Studies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030571. [PMID: 33807814 PMCID: PMC7999165 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of nuclear receptors (NRs), composed of ligand-activated transcription factors, is responsible for gene expression as a reaction to physiological and environmental changes. Transcriptional machinery may require phase separation to fulfil its role. Although NRs have a similar canonical structure, their C-terminal domains (F domains) are considered the least conserved and known regions. This article focuses on the peculiar molecular properties of the intrinsically disordered F domain of the ecdysteroid receptor from the Aedes aegypti mosquito (AaFEcR), the vector of the world's most devastating human diseases such as dengue and Zika. The His-Pro-rich segment of AaFEcR was recently shown to form the unique poly-proline helix II (PPII) in the presence of Cu2+. Here, using widefield microscopy of fluorescently labeled AaFEcR, Zn2+- and Cu2+-induced liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) was observed for the first time for the members of NRs. The perspectives of this finding on future research on the F domain are discussed, especially in relation to other NR members.
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Chen X, Ren C, Teng Y, Shen Y, Wu M, Xiao H, Wang H. Effects of temperature on growth, development and the leptin signaling pathway of Bufo gargarizans. J Therm Biol 2020; 96:102822. [PMID: 33627262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the most important causes of the decline in amphibians. Changes in temperature have an important effect on the growth and development and energy metabolism of amphibians. The aim of this study is to unravel the effects of temperature on the leptin signaling pathway of Bufo gargarizans and its molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that high temperature accelerated the development rate of tadpoles, but reduced body size and mass, while low temperature deferred the development of tadpoles, but increased size and mass. Both high temperature and low temperature exposure caused pathological damage of the liver in B. gargarizans. The results of RT-qPCR revealed that the high temperature treatment significantly upregulated the transcript levels of genes related to thyroid hormone (DIO2 (D2), Thyroid Hormone Receptor-α (TRα)) and the leptin signaling pathway (Leptin Receptor (LepR), Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3 (STAT3), Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3.1 (STAT3.1), and Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 6 (STAT6)), while there was a decrease of mRNA expression of these genes (TRα, Thyroid Hormone Receptor-Beta (TRβ), LepR, JAK1, and TYK2) in the liver of tadpoles exposed to high temperature compared with the intermediate temperature treatment. Therefore, our results suggested that temperature extremes might interfere with the thyroid and leptin signaling pathways and affect the growth and development of B. gargarizans. Furthermore, tissue injury of the liver could occur due to exposure to temperature extremes. This work promotes public awareness of environmental protection and species conservation needs, also provides valuable experimental data and a theoretical basis for the protection of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chaolu Ren
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yiran Teng
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yujia Shen
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Minyao Wu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Lack of PPAR β/ δ-Inactivated SGK-1 Is Implicated in Liver Carcinogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9563851. [PMID: 33083492 PMCID: PMC7556072 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9563851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present study examined the role of PPARβ/δ in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The effect of PPARβ/δ on HCC development was analyzed using PPARβ/δ-overexpressed liver cancer cells and PPARβ/δ-knockout mouse models. Results PPARβ/δ(-/-) mice were susceptible to diethylnitrosamine- (DEN-) induced HCC (87.5% vs. 37.5%, p < 0.05). In addition, PPARβ/δ-overexpressed HepG2 cells had reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities accompanied by increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, differential gene expression profiling uncovered that the levels of serine/threonine-protein kinase (SGK-1) mRNA and its encoded protein were reduced in PPARβ/δ-overexpressed HepG2 cells. Consistently, elevated SGK-1 levels were found in PPARβ/δ(-/-) mouse livers as well as PPARβ/δ-knockdown human SMMC-7721 HCC cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays followed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays further revealed the binding of PPARβ/δ to the SGK-1 regulatory region in HepG2 cells. Conclusions Due to the known tumor-promoting effect of SGK1, the present data suggest that PPARβ/δ-deactivated SGK1 is a novel pathway for inhibiting liver carcinogenesis.
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Ren XM, Yao L, Xue Q, Shi J, Zhang Q, Wang P, Fu J, Zhang A, Qu G, Jiang G. Binding and Activity of Tetrabromobisphenol A Mono-Ether Structural Analogs to Thyroid Hormone Transport Proteins and Receptors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:107008. [PMID: 33095664 PMCID: PMC7584160 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) mono-ether structural analogs, identified as the by-products or transformation products of commercial TBBPA bis-ether derivatives, have been identified as emerging widespread pollutants. However, there is very little information regarding their toxicological effects. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the potential thyroid hormone (TH) system-disrupting effect of TBBPA mono-ether structural analogs. METHODS The binding potencies of chemicals toward human TH transport proteins [transthyretin (TTR) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)] and receptors [TRα ligand-binding domain (LBD) and TRβ-LBD] were determined by fluorescence competitive binding assays. Molecular docking was used to simulate the binding modes of the chemicals with the proteins. The cellular TR-disrupting potencies of chemicals were assessed by a GH3 cell proliferation assay. The intracellular concentrations of the chemicals were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS TBBPA mono-ether structural analogs bound to TTR with half maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.1μM to 1.0μM but did not bind to TBG. They also bound to both subtypes of TR-LBDs with 20% maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 4.0μM to 50.0μM. The docking results showed that the analogs fit into the ligand-binding pockets of TTR and TR-LBDs with binding modes similar to that of TBBPA. These compounds likely induced GH3 cell proliferation via TR [with the lowest effective concentrations (LOECs) ranging from 0.3μM to 2.5μM] and further enhanced TH-induced GH3 cell proliferation (with LOECs ranging from 0.3μM to 1.2μM). Compared with TBBPA, TBBPA-mono(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) showed a 4.18-fold higher GH3 cell proliferation effect and 105-fold higher cell membrane transportation ability. CONCLUSION This study provided a possible mechanism underlying the difference in TTR or TR binding by novel TBBPA structural analogs. These compounds might exert TH system-disrupting effects by disrupting TH transport in circulation and TR activity in TH-responsive cells. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6498.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
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Wang F, Li X, Li Z, Wang S, Fan J. Functions of Circular RNAs in Regulating Adipogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:3763069. [PMID: 32802080 PMCID: PMC7416283 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3763069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as highly plastic stem cells and can differentiate into specialized tissues such as adipose tissue, osseous tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is very important in regenerative medicine. Their differentiation process is regulated by signaling pathways of epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels. Circular RNA (circRNA), a class of noncoding RNAs generated from protein-coding genes, plays a pivotal regulatory role in many biological processes. Accumulated studies have demonstrated that several circRNAs participate in the cell differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. In the current review, characteristics and functions of circRNAs in stem cell differentiation will be discussed. The mechanism and key role of circRNAs in regulating mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, especially adipogenesis, will be reviewed and discussed. Understanding the roles of these circRNAs will present us with a more comprehensive signal path network of modulating stem cell differentiation and help us discover potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, And Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shoushuai Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
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Bafna D, Ban F, Rennie PS, Singh K, Cherkasov A. Computer-Aided Ligand Discovery for Estrogen Receptor Alpha. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4193. [PMID: 32545494 PMCID: PMC7352601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is one of the most predominantly diagnosed cancers in women. Notably, 70% of BCa diagnoses are Estrogen Receptor α positive (ERα+) making it a critical therapeutic target. With that, the two subtypes of ER, ERα and ERβ, have contrasting effects on BCa cells. While ERα promotes cancerous activities, ERβ isoform exhibits inhibitory effects on the same. ER-directed small molecule drug discovery for BCa has provided the FDA approved drugs tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene and fulvestrant that all bind to the estrogen binding site of the receptor. These ER-directed inhibitors are non-selective in nature and may eventually induce resistance in BCa cells as well as increase the risk of endometrial cancer development. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel drugs with alternative ERα targeting mechanisms that can overcome the limitations of conventional anti-ERα therapies. Several functional sites on ERα, such as Activation Function-2 (AF2), DNA binding domain (DBD), and F-domain, have been recently considered as potential targets in the context of drug research and discovery. In this review, we summarize methods of computer-aided drug design (CADD) that have been employed to analyze and explore potential targetable sites on ERα, discuss recent advancement of ERα inhibitor development, and highlight the potential opportunities and challenges of future ERα-directed drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (D.B.); (F.B.); (P.S.R.); (K.S.)
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Decara J, Rivera P, López-Gambero AJ, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, Baixeras E, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Experimental Targeting for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:730. [PMID: 32536865 PMCID: PMC7266982 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that promote ligand-dependent transcription of target genes that regulate energy production, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. The PPAR superfamily comprises three subtypes, PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ, with differential tissue distributions. In addition to their different roles in the regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, an emerging function of PPARs includes normal homeostasis of intestinal tissue. PPARα activation represses NF-κB signaling, which decreases the inflammatory cytokine production by different cell types, while PPARγ ligands can inhibit activation of macrophages and the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and Il-1β. In this regard, the anti-inflammatory responses induced by PPAR activation might restore physiopathological imbalances associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Thus, PPARs and their ligands have important therapeutic potential. This review briefly discusses the roles of PPARs in the physiopathology and therapies of the most important IBDs, ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn's disease (CD), as well some new experimental compounds with PPAR activity as promising drugs for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús López-Gambero
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) and UGC del Corazón, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Bisphenols as Environmental Triggers of Thyroid Dysfunction: Clues and Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082654. [PMID: 32294918 PMCID: PMC7216215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs), and especially bisphenol A (BPA), are known endocrine disruptors (EDCs), capable of interfering with estrogen and androgen activities, as well as being suspected of other health outcomes. Given the crucial role of thyroid hormones and the increasing incidence of thyroid carcinoma in the last few decades, this review analyzes the effects of BPS on the thyroid, considering original research in vitro, in vivo, and in humans published from January 2000 to October 2019. Both in vitro and in vivo studies reported the ability of BPs to disrupt thyroid function through multiple mechanisms. The antagonism with thyroid receptors (TRs), which affects TR-mediated transcriptional activity, the direct action of BPs on gene expression at the thyroid and the pituitary level, the competitive binding with thyroid transport proteins, and the induction of toxicity in several cell lines are likely the main mechanisms leading to thyroid dysfunction. In humans, results are more contradictory, though some evidence suggests the potential of BPs in increasing the risk of thyroid nodules. A standardized methodology in toxicological studies and prospective epidemiological studies with individual exposure assessments are warranted to evaluate the pathophysiology resulting in the damage and to establish the temporal relationship between markers of exposure and long-term effects.
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Sołtys K, Ożyhar A. Ordered structure-forming properties of the intrinsically disordered AB region of hRXRγ and its ability to promote liquid-liquid phase separation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105571. [PMID: 31881311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily that occupies the central position among other NRs by forming both homodimers and heterodimers with other representatives of the family. RXR shares similar structural domains with other members of NRs. The major differences in the subtypes and isoforms of RXR are in the AB region. To date, there have been no data concerning the molecular properties of the AB region of hRXRγ (AB_hRXG). Here, we describe the biochemical and biophysical properties of the recombinant AB_hRXG. The results indicate that AB_hRXG shows the structural and functional characteristics of the pre-molten globule-like (PMG-like) group of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and also has a significant propensity for folding. We also present the first experimental evidence showing that the AB region of NRs promotes the formation of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sołtys
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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Legrand N, Bretscher CL, Zielke S, Wilke B, Daude M, Fritz B, Diederich WE, Adhikary T. PPARβ/δ recruits NCOR and regulates transcription reinitiation of ANGPTL4. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:9573-9591. [PMID: 31428774 PMCID: PMC6765110 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of ligands, the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ recruits the NCOR and SMRT corepressors, which form complexes with HDAC3, to canonical target genes. Agonistic ligands cause dissociation of corepressors and enable enhanced transcription. Vice versa, synthetic inverse agonists augment corepressor recruitment and repression. Both basal repression of the target gene ANGPTL4 and reinforced repression elicited by inverse agonists are partially insensitive to HDAC inhibition. This raises the question how PPARβ/δ represses transcription mechanistically. We show that the PPARβ/δ inverse agonist PT-S264 impairs transcription initiation by decreasing recruitment of activating Mediator subunits, RNA polymerase II, and TFIIB, but not of TFIIA, to the ANGPTL4 promoter. Mass spectrometry identifies NCOR as the main PT-S264-dependent interactor of PPARβ/δ. Reconstitution of knockout cells with PPARβ/δ mutants deficient in basal repression results in diminished recruitment of NCOR, SMRT, and HDAC3 to PPAR target genes, while occupancy by RNA polymerase II is increased. PT-S264 restores binding of NCOR, SMRT, and HDAC3 to the mutants, resulting in reduced polymerase II occupancy. Our findings corroborate deacetylase-dependent and -independent repressive functions of HDAC3-containing complexes, which act in parallel to downregulate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Legrand
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumour Research, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Clemens L Bretscher
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumour Research, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Zielke
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumour Research, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wilke
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumour Research, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Institute for Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Daude
- Core Facility Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Fritz
- Centre for Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wibke E Diederich
- Core Facility Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Till Adhikary
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumour Research, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Institute for Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Centre for Tumour Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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27
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Veras Ribeiro Filho H, Tambones IL, Mariano Gonçalves Dias M, Bernardi Videira N, Bruder M, Amorim Amato A, Migliorini Figueira AC. Modulation of nuclear receptor function: Targeting the protein-DNA interface. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:1-14. [PMID: 30703486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that modulate several biological processes. Traditionally, modulation of NRs has been focused on the development of ligands that recognize and bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD), resulting in activation or repression of transcription through the recruitment of coregulators. However, for more severe diseases, such as breast and prostate cancer, the conventional treatment addressing LBD modulation is not always successful, due to tumor resistance. To overcome these challenges and aiming to modulate NR activity by inhibiting the NR-DNA interaction, new studies focus on the development of molecules targeting alternative sites and domains on NRs. Here, we discuss two different approaches for this alternative NR modulation: one targeting the NR DNA binding domain (DBD); and the other targeting the DNA sites recognized by NRs. Our aim is to present the challenges and perspectives for developing specific inhibitors for each purpose, alongside with already reported examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Veras Ribeiro Filho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Izabella Luisa Tambones
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marieli Mariano Gonçalves Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Bernardi Videira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Bruder
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angélica Amorim Amato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Migliorini Figueira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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Santen RJ, Simpson E. History of Estrogen: Its Purification, Structure, Synthesis, Biologic Actions, and Clinical Implications. Endocrinology 2019; 160:605-625. [PMID: 30566601 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review summarizes key points from the Clark Sawin Memorial Lecture on the History of Estrogen delivered at Endo 2018 and focuses on the rationales and motivation leading to various discoveries and their clinical applications. During the classical period of antiquity, incisive clinical observations uncovered important findings; however, extensive anatomical dissections to solidify proof were generally lacking. Initiation of the experimental approach followed later, influenced by Claude Bernard's treatise "An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine." With this approach, investigators began to explore the function of the ovaries and their "internal secretions" and, after intensive investigations for several years, purified various estrogens. Clinical therapies for hot flashes, osteoporosis, and dysmenorrhea were quickly developed and, later, methods of hormonal contraception. Sophisticated biochemical methods revealed the mechanisms of estrogen synthesis through the enzyme aromatase and, after discovery of the estrogen receptors, their specific biologic actions. Molecular techniques facilitated understanding of the specific transcriptional and translational events requiring estrogen. This body of knowledge led to methods to prevent and treat hormone-dependent neoplasms as well as a variety of other estrogen-related conditions. More recently, the role of estrogen in men was uncovered by prismatic examples of estrogen deficiency in male patients and by knockout of the estrogen receptor and aromatase in animals. As studies became more extensive, the effects of estrogen on nearly every organ were described. We conclude that the history of estrogen illustrates the role of intellectual reasoning, motivation, and serendipity in advancing knowledge about this important sex steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Santen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Evan Simpson
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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29
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Więch A, Rowińska-Żyrek M, Wątły J, Czarnota A, Hołubowicz R, Szewczuk Z, Ożyhar A, Orłowski M. The intrinsically disordered C-terminal F domain of the ecdysteroid receptor from Aedes aegypti exhibits metal ion-binding ability. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:42-55. [PMID: 30243841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The dominant vector of dengue and Zika diseases is a female Aedes aegypti mosquito. Its reproduction is controlled by the formation of an active heterodimer complex of the 20-hydroxyecdysone receptor (EcR) and Ultraspiracle protein (Usp). Although EcR exhibits a structural and functional organization typical of nuclear receptors (NRs), the EcR C-terminus has an additional F domain (AaFEcR) that is rarely present in the NRs superfamily. The presence of F domains is evolutionarily not well conserved in the NRs. The structure-function relationship of EcR F domains in arthropods is unclear and enigmatic. To date, there have been no data concerning the structure and function of AaFEcR. Our results showed that AaFEcR belongs to a family of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and possesses putative pre-molten globule (PMG) characteristics. Unexpectedly, additional amino acid composition in silico analyses revealed the presence of short unique repeated Pro-His clusters forming an HGPHPHPHG motif, which is similar to those responsible for Zn2+ and Cu2+ binding in histidine-proline-rich glycoproteins (HPRGs). Using SEC, SV-AUC and ESI-TOF MS, we showed that the intrinsically disordered AaFEcR is able to bind metal ions and form complexes with these ions. Our studies provide new insight into the structural organization and activities of the F domains of NRs. This unique for the F domains of NRs ion-binding propensity demonstrated by the AaFEcR domain may be a part of the ecdysteroid receptor's mechanism for regulating the expression of genes encoding oxidative stress-protecting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Więch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Wątły
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czarnota
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Hołubowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Orłowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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30
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Hyde CJ, Elizur A, Ventura T. The crustacean ecdysone cassette: A gatekeeper for molt and metamorphosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:172-183. [PMID: 30157455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods have long been utilized as models to explore molecular function, and the findings derived from them can be applied throughout metazoa, including as a basis for medical research. This has led to the adoption of many representative insect models beyond Drosophila, as each lends its own unique perspective to questions in endocrinology and genetics. However, non-insect arthropods are yet to be realised for the potential insight they may provide in such studies. The Crustacea are among the most ancient arthropods from which insects descended, comprising a huge variety of life histories and ecological roles. Of the events in a typical crustacean development, metamorphosis is perhaps the most ubiquitous, challenging and highly studied. Despite this, our knowledge of the endocrinology which underpins metamorphosis is rudimentary at best; although several key molecules have been identified and studied in depth, the link between them is quite nebulous and leans heavily on well-explored insect models, which diverged from the Pancrustacea over 450 million years ago. As omics technologies become increasingly accessible, they bring the prospect of explorative molecular research which will allow us to uncover components and pathways unique to crustaceans. This review reconciles known components of crustacean metamorphosis and reflects on our findings in insects to outline a future search space, with focus given to the ecdysone cascade. To expand our knowledge of this ubiquitous endocrine system not only aids in our understanding of crustacean metamorphosis, but also provides a deeper insight into the adaptive capacity of arthropods throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Hyde
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia.
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31
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Hessel-Pras S, Kieshauer J, Roenn G, Luckert C, Braeuning A, Lampen A. In vitro characterization of hepatic toxicity of Alternaria toxins. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 35:157-168. [PMID: 30552586 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites which can contaminate food and feed. They are produced by Alternaria species with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), and tentoxin (TEN) as the main representatives for Alternaria mycotoxins in food. Once passing the intestinal barrier, Alternaria toxins can reach the liver to exert yet uncharacterized molecular effects. Therefore, hepatic in vitro systems were used to examine selected Alternaria mycotoxins for their induction of metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity, phosphorylation of the histone H2AX as a surrogate marker for DNA double-strand breaks, and relevant marker genes for hepatotoxicity. Analysis of cell viability as well as the induction of H2AX phosphorylation in the hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 revealed a detoxification of 100 μmol/l AME and AOH by pre-treatment with S9 liver homogenate as shown by a decrease in cytotoxicity and H2AX histone phosphorylation to levels observed in control cells. Concentrations up to 100 μmol/l TeA and TEN did not induce H2AX phosphorylation whether metabolized or not. In the metabolically competent human hepatoma cell line HepaRG, no cytotoxicity of Alternaria toxins occurred even at high concentrations up to 100 μmol/l, which indicates a low cytotoxic potential. Induction of gene expression associated with liver toxicity was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR using a specific hepatotoxicity PCR array in HepaRG cells: here, an evidence was found that 50 μmol/l of AOH, AME, TeA, and TEN might be associated with hepatotoxic effects, necrosis, and the development of diseases like cholestasis and phospholipidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Janine Kieshauer
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giana Roenn
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Luckert
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Perkins MS, Louw-du Toit R, Africander D. Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: Emerging Steroid Receptor Mechanisms. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:R133-R160. [PMID: 29899079 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although hormone therapy is widely used by millions of women to relieve symptoms of menopause, it has been associated with several side-effects such as coronary heart disease, stroke and increased invasive breast cancer risk. These side-effects have caused many women to seek alternatives to conventional hormone therapy, including the controversial custom-compounded bioidentical hormone therapy suggested to not increase breast cancer risk. Historically estrogens and the estrogen receptor were considered the principal factors promoting breast cancer development and progression, however, a role for other members of the steroid receptor family in breast cancer pathogenesis is now evident, with emerging studies revealing an interplay between some steroid receptors. In this review, we discuss examples of hormone therapy used for the relief of menopausal symptoms, highlighting the distinction between conventional hormone therapy and custom-compounded bioidentical hormone therapy. Moreover, we highlight the fact that not all hormones have been evaluated for an association with increased breast cancer risk. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of steroid receptors in mediating the carcinogenic effects of hormones used in menopausal hormone therapy, with special emphasis on the influence of the interplay or crosstalk between steroid receptors. Unraveling the intertwined nature of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathways in breast cancer biology is of utmost importance, considering that breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Moreover, understanding these mechanisms may reveal novel prevention or treatment options, and lead to the development of new hormone therapies that does not cause increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S Perkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Renate Louw-du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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Hewitt SC, Korach KS. Estrogen Receptors: New Directions in the New Millennium. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:664-675. [PMID: 29901737 PMCID: PMC6173474 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen years have passed since our previous review in this journal in 1999 regarding estrogen receptors. At that time, we described the current assessments of the physiological activities of estrogen and estrogen receptors. Since that time there has been an explosion of progress in our understanding of details of estrogen receptor-mediated processes from the molecular and cellular level to the whole organism. In this review we discuss the basic understanding of estrogen signaling and then elaborate on the progress and current understanding of estrogen receptor actions that have developed using new models and continuing clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia C Hewitt
- Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Endocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Endocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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34
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Maher M, Diesch J, Casquero R, Buschbeck M. Epigenetic-Transcriptional Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism and Its Alterations in Leukaemia. Front Genet 2018; 9:405. [PMID: 30319689 PMCID: PMC6165860 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years fatty acid metabolism has gained greater attention in haematologic cancers such as acute myeloid leukaemia. The oxidation of fatty acids provides fuel in the form of ATP and NADH, while fatty acid synthesis provides building blocks for cellular structures. Here, we will discuss how leukaemic cells differ from healthy cells in their increased reliance on fatty acid metabolism. In order to understand how these changes are achieved, we describe the main pathways regulating fatty acid metabolism at the transcriptional level and highlight the limited knowledge about related epigenetic mechanisms. We explore these mechanisms in the context of leukaemia and consider the relevance of the bone marrow microenvironment in disease management. Finally, we discuss efforts to interfere with fatty acid metabolism as a therapeutic strategy along with the use of metabolic parameters as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maher
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeannine Diesch
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Casquero
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
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35
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All-Trans Retinoic Acid Enhances Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Expression and Secretion in Human Myeloid Leukemia THP-1 Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5971080. [PMID: 30225259 PMCID: PMC6129365 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5971080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an effective drug for the induction therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, the treatment is associated with adverse events such as retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) in some patients, whose histologic characteristics included organ infiltration by leukemic cells. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) is often upregulated in tumor cells and plays a role in tumor cell migration and invasion by degrading the extracellular matrix. In this study, we examined the possible modulatory effects of ATRA on MMP-2 expression and secretion in human myeloid leukemia cell line THP-1. The cells were treated with various concentrations of ATRA, and MMP-2 expression and secretion were examined. MMP-2 expression and secretion started to increase with ATRA concentration as low as 0.1 nM and gradually increased thereafter. Agonists of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) or retinoid X receptor (RXR) alone could enhance MMP-2 secretion, and RAR or RXR antagonists alone could reverse ATRA-induced MMP-2 secretion. ATRA increased intracellular calcium ion levels, and a calcium-channel blocker inhibited ATRA-induced MMP-2 secretion. Dexamethasone suppressed ATRA-induced MMP-2 secretion. Our results suggest that ATRA enhances MMP-2 expression and secretion in human myeloid leukemia THP-1 cells in a calcium ion dependent manner through RAR/RXR signaling pathways, and this enhanced expression and secretion may be associated with the possible mechanisms of RAS.
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36
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Classification of thyroid hormone receptor agonists and antagonists using statistical learning approaches. Mol Divers 2018; 23:85-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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PXR: Structure-specific activation by hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 288:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Butt NA, Zhang L, Williams R, Rimando AM, Biswas PK, Levenson AS. Molecular insight into the differential anti-androgenic activity of resveratrol and its natural analogs: in silico approach to understand biological actions. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:1702-9. [PMID: 27063447 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer. Androgen receptor reactivation during the androgen-independent stage of prostate cancer is mediated by numerous mechanisms including expression of AR mutants and splice variants that become non-responsive to conventional anti-androgenic agents. Resveratrol and its natural analogs exhibit varying degrees of anti-androgenic effects on tumor growth suppression in prostate cancer. However, the structural basis for the observed differential activity remains unknown. Here, anti-androgenic activities of resveratrol and its natural analogs, namely, pterostilbene, piceatannol and trimethoxy-resveratrol were studied in LNCaP cells expressing T877A mutant AR and atomistic simulations were employed to establish the structure activity relationship. Interestingly, essential hydrogen bonding contacts and the binding energies of resveratrol analogs with AR ligand binding domain (LBD), emerge as key differentiating factors for varying anti-androgenic action. Among all the analogs, pterostilbene exhibited strongest anti-androgenic activity and its binding energy and hydrogen bonding interactions pattern closely resembled pure anti-androgen, flutamide. Principal component analysis of our simulation studies revealed that androgenic compounds bind more strongly to AR LBD compared to anti-androgenic compounds and provide conformational stabilization of the receptor in essential subspace. The present study provides critical insight into the structure-activity relationship of the anti-androgenic action of resveratrol analogs, which can be translated further to design novel highly potent anti-androgenic stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics & Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS 39174, USA. and Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA
| | - Nasir A Butt
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA
| | - Liangfen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA
| | - Raquema Williams
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics & Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS 39174, USA.
| | - Agnes M Rimando
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Pradip K Biswas
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics & Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, MS 39174, USA.
| | - Anait S Levenson
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39202, USA
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Structural basis for specific ligation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2563-E2570. [PMID: 28320959 PMCID: PMC5380080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621513114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family comprises three subtypes: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ. PPARδ transcriptionally modulates lipid metabolism and the control of energy homeostasis; therefore, PPARδ agonists are promising agents for treating a variety of metabolic disorders. In the present study, we develop a panel of rationally designed PPARδ agonists. The modular motif affords efficient syntheses using building blocks optimized for interactions with subtype-specific residues in the PPARδ ligand-binding domain (LBD). A combination of atomic-resolution protein X-ray crystallographic structures, ligand-dependent LBD stabilization assays, and cell-based transactivation measurements delineate structure-activity relationships (SARs) for PPARδ-selective targeting and structural modulation. We identify key ligand-induced conformational transitions of a conserved tryptophan side chain in the LBD that trigger reorganization of the H2'-H3 surface segment of PPARδ. The subtype-specific conservation of H2'-H3 sequences suggests that this architectural remodeling constitutes a previously unrecognized conformational switch accompanying ligand-dependent PPARδ transcriptional regulation.
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Bigley RB, Payumo AY, Alexander JM, Huang GN. Insights into nuclear dynamics using live-cell imaging approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 9:10.1002/wsbm.1372. [PMID: 28078793 PMCID: PMC5315593 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus contains the genetic blueprint of the cell and myriad interactions within this subcellular structure are required for gene regulation. In the current scientific era, characterization of these gene regulatory networks through biochemical techniques coupled with systems-wide 'omic' approaches has become commonplace. However, these strategies are limited because they represent a mere snapshot of the cellular state. To obtain a holistic understanding of nuclear dynamics, relevant molecules must be studied in their native contexts in living systems. Live-cell imaging approaches are capable of providing quantitative assessment of the dynamics of gene regulatory interactions within the nucleus. We survey recent insights into what live-cell imaging approaches have provided the field of nuclear dynamics. In this review, we focus on interactions of DNA with other DNA loci, proteins, RNA, and the nuclear envelope. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1372. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1372 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B. Bigley
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Y. Payumo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Alexander
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
| | - Guo N. Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
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Zolezzi JM, Santos MJ, Bastías-Candia S, Pinto C, Godoy JA, Inestrosa NC. PPARs in the central nervous system: roles in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:2046-2069. [PMID: 28220655 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over 25 years have passed since peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs), were first described. Like other members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, PPARs have been defined as critical sensors and master regulators of cellular metabolism. Recognized as ligand-activated transcription factors, they are involved in lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism, taking part in different cellular processes, including cellular differentiation and apoptosis, inflammatory modulation and attenuation of acute and chronic neurological damage in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, PPAR activation can simultaneously reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial functions, promote axonal growth, induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes, and improve brain clearance of toxic molecules such as β-amyloid peptide. Although the molecular mechanisms and cross-talk with different molecular pathways are still the focus of intense research, PPARs are considered potential therapeutic targets for several neuropathological conditions, including degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. This review considers recent advances regarding PPARs, as well as new PPAR agonists. We focus on the mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects exerted by PPARs and summarise the roles of PPARs in different pathologies of the central nervous system, especially those associated with degenerative and inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zolezzi
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel J Santos
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sussy Bastías-Candia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Gral. Velásquez 1775, 1000007, Arica, Chile
| | - Claudio Pinto
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Avoca Street Randwick NSW 2031, Sydney, Australia.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, PO Box 113-D, Avenida Bulnes 01855, 6210427, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Pemafibrate, a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator, improves the pathogenesis in a rodent model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42477. [PMID: 28195199 PMCID: PMC5307366 DOI: 10.1038/srep42477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-agonists (e.g., fibrates) against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in humans is not known. Pemafibrate is a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α modulator that can maximize the beneficial effects and minimize the adverse effects of fibrates used currently. In a phase-2 study, pemafibrate was shown to improve liver dysfunction in patients with dyslipidaemia. In the present study, we first investigated the effect of pemafibrate on rodent models of NASH. Pemafibrate efficacy was assessed in a diet-induced rodent model of NASH compared with fenofibrate. Pemafibrate and fenofibrate improved obesity, dyslipidaemia, liver dysfunction, and the pathological condition of NASH. Pemafibrate improved insulin resistance and increased energy expenditure significantly. To investigate the effects of pemafibrate, we analysed the gene expressions and protein levels involved in lipid metabolism. We also analysed uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) expression. Pemafibrate stimulated lipid turnover and upregulated UCP3 expression in the liver. Levels of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and UCP3 protein were increased by pemafibrate significantly. Pemafibrate can improve the pathogenesis of NASH by modulation of lipid turnover and energy metabolism in the liver. Pemafibrate is a promising therapeutic agent for NAFLD/NASH.
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Abstract
The hormone estrogen is involved in both female and male reproduction, as well as numerous other biological systems including the neuroendocrine, vascular, skeletal, and immune systems. Therefore, it is also implicated in many different diseases and conditions such as infertility, obesity, osteoporosis, endometriosis, and a variety of cancers. Estrogen works through its two distinct nuclear receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). Various transcriptional regulation mechanisms have been identified as the mode of action for estrogen, mainly the classical mechanism with direct DNA binding but also a nongenomic mode of action and one using tethered or indirect binding. The expression profiles of ERα and ERβ are unique with the primary sites of ERα expression being the uterus and pituitary gland and the main site of ERβ expression being the granulosa cells of the ovary. Mouse models with knockout or mutation of Esr1 and Esr2 have furthered our understanding of the role of each individual receptor plays in physiology. From these studies, it is known that the primary roles for ERα are in the uterus and neuroendocrine system, as female mice lacking ERα are infertile due to impaired ovarian and uterine function, whereas female mice lacking ERβ are subfertile due to ovarian defects. The development of effective therapies for estrogen-related diseases has relied on an understanding of the physiological roles and mechanistic functionalities of ERα and ERβ in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Hamilton
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Sylvia C Hewitt
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Yukitomo Arao
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Wafer R, Tandon P, Minchin JEN. The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma ( PPARG) in Adipogenesis: Applying Knowledge from the Fish Aquaculture Industry to Biomedical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:102. [PMID: 28588550 PMCID: PMC5438977 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical freshwater zebrafish has recently emerged as a valuable model organism for the study of adipose tissue biology and obesity-related disease. The strengths of the zebrafish model system are its wealth of genetic mutants, transgenic tools, and amenability to high-resolution imaging of cell dynamics within live animals. However, zebrafish adipose research is at a nascent stage and many gaps exist in our understanding of zebrafish adipose physiology and metabolism. By contrast, adipose research within other, closely related, teleost species has a rich and extensive history, owing to the economic importance of these fish as a food source. Here, we compare and contrast knowledge on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG)-mediated adipogenesis derived from both biomedical and aquaculture literatures. We first concentrate on the biomedical literature to (i) briefly review PPARG-mediated adipogenesis in mammals, before (ii) reviewing Pparg-mediated adipogenesis in zebrafish. Finally, we (iii) mine the aquaculture literature to compare and contrast Pparg-mediated adipogenesis in aquaculturally relevant teleosts. Our goal is to highlight evolutionary similarities and differences in adipose biology that will inform our understanding of the role of adipose tissue in obesity and related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wafer
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Panna Tandon
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James E. N. Minchin
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- *Correspondence: James E. N. Minchin,
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Mohideen-Abdul K, Tazibt K, Bourguet M, Hazemann I, Lebars I, Takacs M, Cianférani S, Klaholz BP, Moras D, Billas IML. Importance of the Sequence-Directed DNA Shape for Specific Binding Site Recognition by the Estrogen-Related Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:140. [PMID: 28676789 PMCID: PMC5476932 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most nuclear receptors (NRs) bind DNA as dimers, either as hetero- or as homodimers on DNA sequences organized as two half-sites with specific orientation and spacing. The dimerization of NRs on their cognate response elements (REs) involves specific protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. The estrogen-related receptor (ERR) belongs to the steroid hormone nuclear receptor (SHR) family and shares strong similarity in its DNA-binding domain (DBD) with that of the estrogen receptor (ER). In vitro, ERR binds with high affinity inverted repeat REs with a 3-bps spacing (IR3), but in vivo, it preferentially binds to single half-site REs extended at the 5'-end by 3 bp [estrogen-related response element (ERREs)], thus explaining why ERR was often inferred as a purely monomeric receptor. Since its C-terminal ligand-binding domain is known to homodimerize with a strong dimer interface, we investigated the binding behavior of the isolated DBDs to different REs using electrophoretic migration, multi-angle static laser light scattering (MALLS), non-denaturing mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. In contrast to ER DBD, ERR DBD binds as a monomer to EREs (IR3), such as the tff1 ERE-IR3, but we identified a DNA sequence composed of an extended half-site embedded within an IR3 element (embedded ERRE/IR3), where stable dimer binding is observed. Using a series of chimera and mutant DNA sequences of ERREs and IR3 REs, we have found the key determinants for the binding of ERR DBD as a dimer. Our results suggest that the sequence-directed DNA shape is more important than the exact nucleotide sequence for the binding of ERR DBD to DNA as a dimer. Our work underlines the importance of the shape-driven DNA readout mechanisms based on minor groove recognition and electrostatic potential. These conclusions may apply not only to ERR but also to other members of the SHR family, such as androgen or glucocorticoid, for which a strong well-conserved half-site is followed by a weaker one with degenerated sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Mohideen-Abdul
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karima Tazibt
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxime Bourguet
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Hazemann
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Lebars
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Takacs
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno P. Klaholz
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dino Moras
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle M. L. Billas
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- *Correspondence: Isabelle M. L. Billas,
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A randomized controlled study to evaluate the effect of bexarotene on amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E metabolism in healthy subjects. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2016; 2:110-120. [PMID: 29067298 PMCID: PMC5644280 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We conducted a phase Ib proof of mechanism trial to determine whether bexarotene (Targretin) increases central nervous system (CNS) apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels and alters Aβ metabolism in normal healthy individuals with the APOE ε3/ε3 genotype. METHODS We used stable isotope labeling kinetics (SILK-ApoE and SILK-Aβ) to measure the effect of bexarotene on the turnover rate of apoE and Aβ peptides and stable isotope spike absolute quantitation (SISAQ) to quantitate their concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Normal subjects were treated for 3 days with bexarotene (n = 3 women, 3 men, average 32 years old) or placebo (n = 6 women, average 30.2 years old) before administration of C13-leucine and collection of plasma and CSF over the next 48 hours. Bexarotene concentrations in plasma and CSF were also measured. RESULTS Oral administration of bexarotene resulted in plasma levels of 1 to 2 μM; however, only low nM levels were found in CSF. Bexarotene increased CSF apoE by 25% but had no effect on metabolism of Aβ peptides. DISCUSSION Bexarotene has poor CNS penetration in normal human subjects. Drug treatment resulted in a modest increase in CSF apoE levels. The absence of an effect on Aβ metabolism is likely reflective of the low CNS levels of bexarotene achieved. This study documents the utility of SILK-ApoE technology in measuring apoE kinetics in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02061878).
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Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a critical player in development and function of the female reproductive system. Perturbations in ERα response can affect wide-ranging aspects of health in humans as well as in livestock and wildlife. Because of its long-known and broad impact, ERα mechanisms of action continue to be the focus on cutting-edge research efforts. Consequently, novel insights have greatly advanced understanding of every aspect of estrogen signaling. In this review, we attempt to briefly outline the current understanding of ERα mediated mechanisms in the context of the female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia C Hewitt
- Receptor Biology GroupReproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USASchool of Molecular BiosciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Wipawee Winuthayanon
- Receptor Biology GroupReproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USASchool of Molecular BiosciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology GroupReproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USASchool of Molecular BiosciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Abstract
Mammals have at least 210 histologically diverse cell types (Alberts, Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science, New York, 2008) and the number would be even higher if functional differences are taken into account. The genome in each of these cell types is differentially programmed to express the specific set of genes needed to fulfill the phenotypical requirements of the cell. Furthermore, in each of these cell types, the gene program can be differentially modulated by exposure to external signals such as hormones or nutrients. The basis for the distinct gene programs relies on cell type-selective activation of transcriptional enhancers, which in turn are particularly sensitive to modulation. Until recently we had only fragmented insight into the regulation of a few of these enhancers; however, the recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have enabled the development of a large number of technologies that can be used to obtain genome-wide insight into how genomes are reprogrammed during development and in response to specific external signals. By applying such technologies, we have begun to reveal the cross-talk between metabolism and the genome, i.e., how genomes are reprogrammed in response to metabolites, and how the regulation of metabolic networks is coordinated at the genomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rauch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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Zebrafish as a Model to Study the Role of Peroxisome Proliferating-Activated Receptors in Adipogenesis and Obesity. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:358029. [PMID: 26697060 PMCID: PMC4677228 DOI: 10.1155/2015/358029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) PPARA and PPARD are regulators of lipid metabolism with important roles in energy release through lipid breakdown, while PPARG plays a key role in lipid storage and adipogenesis. The aim of this review is to describe the role of PPARs in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, and obesity and evaluate the zebrafish as an emerging vertebrate model to study the function of PPARs. Zebrafish are an appropriate model to study human diseases, including obesity and related metabolic diseases, as pathways important for adipogenesis and lipid metabolism which are conserved between mammals and fish. This review synthesizes knowledge on the role of PPARs in zebrafish and focuses on the putative function of PPARs in zebrafish adipogenesis. Using in silico analysis, we confirm the presence of five PPARs (pparaa, pparab, pparda, ppardb, and pparg) in the zebrafish genome with 67–74% identity to human and mouse PPARs. During development, pparda/b paralogs and pparg show mRNA expression around the swim bladder and pancreas, the region where adipocytes first develop, whereas pparg is detectable in adipocytes at 15 days post fertilization (dpf). This review indicates that the zebrafish is a promising model to investigate the specific functions of PPARs in adipogenesis and obesity.
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50
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Structural basis of natural promoter recognition by the retinoid X nuclear receptor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8216. [PMID: 25645674 PMCID: PMC4314640 DOI: 10.1038/srep08216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) act as homodimers or heterodimerisation partners of class II nuclear receptors. RXR homo- and heterodimers bind direct repeats of the half-site (A/G)G(G/T)TCA separated by 1 nucleotide (DR1). We present a structural characterization of RXR-DNA binding domain (DBD) homodimers on several natural DR1s and an idealized symmetric DR1. Homodimers displayed asymmetric binding, with critical high-affinity interactions accounting for the 3' positioning of RXR in heterodimers on DR1s. Differing half-site and spacer DNA sequence induce changes in RXR-DBD homodimer conformation notably in the dimerization interface such that natural DR1s are bound with higher affinity than an idealized symmetric DR1. Subtle changes in the consensus DR1 DNA sequence therefore specify binding affinity through altered RXR-DBD-DNA contacts and changes in DBD conformation suggesting a general model whereby preferential half-site recognition determines polarity of heterodimer binding to response elements.
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