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Kisla M, Yaman M, Zengin-Karadayi F, Korkmaz B, Bayazeid O, Kumar A, Peravali R, Gunes D, Tiryaki RS, Gelinci E, Cakan-Akdogan G, Ates-Alagoz Z, Konu O. Synthesis and Structure of Novel Phenothiazine Derivatives, and Compound Prioritization via In Silico Target Search and Screening for Cytotoxic and Cholinesterase Modulatory Activities in Liver Cancer Cells and In Vivo in Zebrafish. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:30594-30614. [PMID: 39035947 PMCID: PMC11256110 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Phenothiazines (PTZ) are antipsychotics known to modulate a variety of neurotransmitter activities that include dopaminergic and cholinergic signaling and have been identified as potential anticancer agents in vitro. However, it is important to also test whether a highly cytotoxic, repurposed, or novel PTZ has low toxicity and neuromodulatory activity in vivo using vertebrate model organisms, such as zebrafish. In this study, we synthesized novel phenothiazines and screened them in vitro in liver cancer and in vivo in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The syntheses of several intermediate PTZ 10-yl acyl chlorides were followed by elemental analysis and determination of 1H NMR and 13C NMR mass (ESI+) spectra of a large number of novel PTZ 10-carboxamides. Cytotoxicities of 28 PTZ derivatives (1-28) screened against Hep3B and SkHep1 liver cancer cell lines revealed five intermediate and five novel leads along with trifluoperazine (TFP), prochlorperazine (PCP), and perphenazine, which are relatively more cytotoxic than the basic PTZ core. Overall, the derivatives were more cytotoxic to Hep3B than SkHep1 cells. Moreover, in silico target screening identified cholinesterases as some of the commonest targets of the screened phenothiazines. Interestingly, molecular docking studies with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase proteins showed that the most cytotoxic compounds 1, 3, PCP, and TFP behaved similar to Huprin W in their amino acid interactions with the AChE protein. The highly cytotoxic intermediate PTZ derivative 1 exhibited a relatively lower toxicity profile than those of 2 and 3 during the zebrafish development. It also modulated in vivo the cholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner while significantly increasing the total cholinesterase activity and/or ACHE mRNA levels, independent of the liver cancer cell type. Our screen also identified novel phenothiazines, i.e., 8 and 10, with significant cytotoxic and cholinesterase modulatory effects in liver cancer cells; yet both compounds had low levels of toxicity in zebrafish. Moreover, they modulated the cholinesterase activity or expression of ACHE in a cancer cell line-specific manner, and compound 10 significantly inhibited the cholinesterase activity in zebrafish. Accordingly, using a successful combination of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches, we identified several lead anticancer and cholinesterase modulatory PTZ derivatives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet
Murat Kisla
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
- Graduate
School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Yaman
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Zengin-Karadayi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Busra Korkmaz
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Bayazeid
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Amrish Kumar
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ravindra Peravali
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Damla Gunes
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rafed Said Tiryaki
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Gelinci
- Izmir
Biomedicine
and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Cakan-Akdogan
- Izmir
Biomedicine
and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Izmir, Turkey
- Medical
Biology Department, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ates-Alagoz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM-Institute
of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Vaaland Holmgard IC, González-Bakker A, Poeta E, Puerta A, Fernandes MX, Monti B, Fernández-Bolaños JG, Padrón JM, López Ó, Lindbäck E. Coumarin-azasugar-benzyl conjugates as non-neurotoxic dual inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase and cancer cell growth. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3425-3438. [PMID: 38590227 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00312h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
We have applied the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction to prepare a library of ten coumarin-azasugar-benzyl conjugates and two phthalimide-azasugar-benzyl conjugates with potential anti-Alzheimer and anti-cancer properties. The compounds were evaluated as cholinesterase inhibitors, demonstrating a general preference, of up to 676-fold, for the inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) over acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Nine of the compounds behaved as stronger BuChE inhibitors than galantamine, one of the few drugs in clinical use against Alzheimer's disease. The most potent BuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 74 nM) was found to exhibit dual activities, as it also showed high activity (GI50 = 5.6 ± 1.1 μM) for inhibiting the growth of WiDr (colon cancer cells). In vitro studies on this dual-activity compound on Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGNs) demonstrated that it displays no neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Caroline Vaaland Holmgard
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Aday González-Bakker
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, c/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, La Laguna, E-38206, Spain
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, c/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, La Laguna, E-38206, Spain
| | - Miguel X Fernandes
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, c/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, La Laguna, E-38206, Spain
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Emil Lindbäck
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
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Ahmed GY, Osman AA, Mukhtar A. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme among cancer patients a potential diagnostic and prognostic indicator a multicenter case-control study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5127. [PMID: 38429330 PMCID: PMC10907625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity is impaired by a variety of inhibitors including organophosphorus pesticides, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between cancer and the blood level of the (AChE). This is a multicenter hospital-based case-control study conducted in the Radiation and Isotopes Center Khartoum, and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Biology and Oncology Gezira. One hundred and fifty participants, half of them cancer patients and half cancer free were recruited. All participants were screened for demographic, environmental, occupational, and clinical characteristics. Blood for the (AChE) activity test was drawn from participants in the two groups. The mean age of the participants was 40.6 ± 14.8 years. Geographical distribution showed the Central Region of Sudan had the highest rate of cancer, followed by North State, Khartoum State, West State, and East State. The most common tumor subtype was breast cancer, followed by leukemia, colon, esophageal, and prostate cancer. Inferential analysis revealed significantly impaired (AChE) activity among cancer patients compared to controls (53.4 ± 20.3% vs. 93.8 ± 8.8, p-value 0.001). There was a significant statistical association between impaired (AChE) activity and cancer. (AChE) activity might be applied in the future as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Further large sample and molecular studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gasmelseed Y Ahmed
- Columbia University Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, and Health Sciences, Managil University for Sciences & Technology, Managil, Sudan
| | | | - Ahlam Mukhtar
- Stack Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
- Radiation and Isotopes Center Khartoum, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
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Pérez-Aguilar B, Marquardt JU, Muñoz-Delgado E, López-Durán RM, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Gómez-Olivares JL. Changes in the Acetylcholinesterase Enzymatic Activity in Tumor Development and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4629. [PMID: 37760598 PMCID: PMC10526250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is a well-known protein because of the relevance of its enzymatic activity in the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in nerve transmission. In addition to the catalytic action, it exerts non-catalytic functions; one is associated with apoptosis, in which acetylcholinesterase could significantly impact the survival and aggressiveness observed in cancer. The participation of AChE as part of the apoptosome could explain the role in tumors, since a lower AChE content would increase cell survival due to poor apoptosome assembly. Likewise, the high Ach content caused by the reduction in enzymatic activity could induce cell survival mediated by the overactivation of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) that activate anti-apoptotic pathways. On the other hand, in tumors in which high enzymatic activity has been observed, AChE could be playing a different role in the aggressiveness of cancer; in this review, we propose that AChE could have a pro-inflammatory role, since the high enzyme content would cause a decrease in ACh, which has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, as discussed in this review. In this review, we analyze the changes that the enzyme could display in different tumors and consider the different levels of regulation that the acetylcholinesterase undergoes in the control of epigenetic changes in the mRNA expression and changes in the enzymatic activity and its molecular forms. We focused on explaining the relationship between acetylcholinesterase expression and its activity in the biology of various tumors. We present up-to-date knowledge regarding this fascinating enzyme that is positioned as a remarkable target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Pérez-Aguilar
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico; (B.P.-A.); (M.C.G.-R.)
- Department of Medicine I, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Jens U. Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | | | - Rosa María López-Durán
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico;
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico; (B.P.-A.); (M.C.G.-R.)
| | - Luis E. Gomez-Quiroz
- Area de Medicina Experimental y Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico; (B.P.-A.); (M.C.G.-R.)
| | - José Luis Gómez-Olivares
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico;
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Magnetic Nanomaterials Mediate Electromagnetic Stimulations of Nerves for Applications in Stem Cell and Cancer Treatments. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020058. [PMID: 36826857 PMCID: PMC9960824 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some progress has been made in the treatment of cancer, challenges remain. In recent years, advancements in nanotechnology and stem cell therapy have provided new approaches for use in regenerative medicine and cancer treatment. Among them, magnetic nanomaterials have attracted widespread attention in the field of regenerative medicine and cancer; this is because they have high levels of safety and low levels of invasibility, promote stem cell differentiation, and affect biological nerve signals. In contrast to pure magnetic stimulation, magnetic nanomaterials can act as amplifiers of an applied electromagnetic field in vivo, and by generating different effects (thermal, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, etc.), the corresponding ion channels are activated, thus enabling the modulation of neuronal activity with higher levels of precision and local modulation. In this review, first, we focused on the relationship between biological nerve signals and stem cell differentiation, and tumor development. In addition, the effects of magnetic nanomaterials on biological neural signals and the tumor environment were discussed. Finally, we introduced the application of magnetic-nanomaterial-mediated electromagnetic stimulation in regenerative medicine and its potential in the field of cancer therapy.
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Gurunathan S, Kim JH. Graphene Oxide Enhances Biogenesis and Release of Exosomes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5697-5731. [PMID: 36466784 PMCID: PMC9717435 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s385113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, which are nanovesicles secreted by almost all the cells, mediate intercellular communication and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. We aimed to investigate the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the biogenesis and release of exosomes in human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells. METHODS Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick and characterized by various analytical techniques. The expression levels of exosome markers were analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Graphene oxide (10-50 μg/mL), cisplatin (2-10 μg/mL), and C6-ceramide (5-25 μM) inhibited the cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. We observed that graphene oxide (GO), cisplatin (CIS), and C6-Ceramide (C6-Cer) stimulated acetylcholine esterase and neutral sphingomyelinase activity, total exosome protein concentration, and exosome counts associated with increased level of apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In contrast, GW4869 treatment inhibits biogenesis and release of exosomes. We observed that the human ovarian cancer cells secreted exosomes with typical cup-shaped morphology and surface protein biomarkers. The expression levels of TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81 were significantly higher in GO-treated cells than in control cells. Further, cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly higher in exosomes isolated from GO-treated SKOV3 cells than in those isolated from control cells. SKOV3 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine or GW4869 displayed a significant reduction in GO-induced exosome biogenesis and release. Furthermore, endocytic inhibitors decrease exosome biogenesis and release by impairing endocytic pathways. CONCLUSION This study identifies GO as a potential tool for targeting the exosome pathway and stimulating exosome biogenesis and release. We believe that the knowledge acquired in this study can be potentially extended to other exosome-dominated pathologies and model systems. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can provide a promising means to enhance exosome production in SKOV3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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7
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Calaf GM, Crispin LA, Muñoz JP, Aguayo F, Bleak TC. Muscarinic Receptors Associated with Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092322. [PMID: 35565451 PMCID: PMC9100020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recently, cancer research has described the presence of the cholinergic machinery, specifically muscarinic receptors, in a wide variety of cancers due to their activation and signaling pathways associated with tumor progression and metastasis, providing a wide overview of their contribution to different cancer formation and development for new antitumor targets. This review focused on determining the molecular signatures associated with muscarinic receptors in breast and other cancers and the need for pharmacological, molecular, biochemical, technological, and clinical approaches to improve new therapeutic targets. Abstract Cancer has been considered the pathology of the century and factors such as the environment may play an important etiological role. The ability of muscarinic agonists to stimulate growth and muscarinic receptor antagonists to inhibit tumor growth has been demonstrated for breast, melanoma, lung, gastric, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate, and brain cancer. This work aimed to study the correlation between epidermal growth factor receptors and cholinergic muscarinic receptors, the survival differences adjusted by the stage clinical factor, and the association between gene expression and immune infiltration level in breast, lung, stomach, colon, liver, prostate, and glioblastoma human cancers. Thus, targeting cholinergic muscarinic receptors appears to be an attractive therapeutic alternative due to the complex signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leodan A. Crispin
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
| | - Juan P. Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Laboratorio de Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Tammy C. Bleak
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
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Menouni A, Duca RC, Berni I, Khouchoua M, Ghosh M, El Ghazi B, Zouine N, Lhilali I, Akroute D, Pauwels S, Creta M, Poels K, Hoet P, Vanoirbeeck J, Kestemont MP, Janssen P, Attwood TS, Godderis L, El Jaafari S. The Parental Pesticide and Offspring's Epigenome Study: Towards an Integrated Use of Human Biomonitoring of Exposure and Effect Biomarkers. TOXICS 2021; 9:332. [PMID: 34941766 PMCID: PMC8703387 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Morocco, due to the lack of education and the presence of a counterfeit market, pesticides constitute a major problem to be addressed by occupational and environmental health agencies. This paper aims to introduce the PaPOE (Parental Pesticides and Offspring Epigenome) prospective study and its goals, to motivate the study rationale and design, and to examine comprehensively whether multi-residue exposure to commonly used pesticides could induce epigenetic alterations through the oxidative stress pathway. The PaPOE project includes a cross-sectional study assessing the occupational exposure among 300 farmworkers in Meknes, and initiates a birth cohort of 1000 pregnant women. Data and biological samples are collected among farmworkers, and throughout pregnancy, and at birth. Oxidative stress biomarkers include Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, and 8-OHdG. Global and gene-specific DNA methylation is assessed. The study began enrollment in 2019 and is ongoing. As of 30 June 2021, 300 farmworkers and 125 pregnant women have enrolled. The results are expected to showcase the importance of biomonitoring for understanding individual risks, and to identify a number of regions where DNA methylation status is altered in the pesticides-exposed population, paving the way for an integrated biomonitoring system in Morocco and Africa to assess environmental exposures and their long-term health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Menouni
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
- Unit of Environmental Hygiene and Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Imane Berni
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Mohamed Khouchoua
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Brahim El Ghazi
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Noura Zouine
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Ilham Lhilali
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Dina Akroute
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Sara Pauwels
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Matteo Creta
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
- Unit of Environmental Hygiene and Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Katrien Poels
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Peter Hoet
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeeck
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Marie-Paule Kestemont
- Louvain School of Management, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Paul Janssen
- Center for Statistics, Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Tara Sabo Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Lode Godderis
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
- IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Samir El Jaafari
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
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Imidazopyridazine Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Display Potent Anti-Proliferative Effects in the Human Neuroblastoma Cell-Line, IMR-32. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175319. [PMID: 34500749 PMCID: PMC8434581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine compounds are a new class of promising lead molecules to which we have incorporated polar nitro and amino moieties to increase the scope of their biological activity. Two of these substituted 3-nitro-6-amino-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine compounds (5c and 5h) showed potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (IC50 40–50 nM), which we have previously reported. In this study, we wanted to test the biological efficacy of these compounds. Cytotoxicity assays showed that compound 5h mediated greater cell death with over 43% of cells dead at 100 μM and activation of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. On the other hand, compound 5c mediated a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation. Both compounds showed cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and reduced cellular ATP levels leading to activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress. It has to be noted that all these effects were observed at doses beyond 10 μM, 200-fold above the IC50 for AChE inhibition. Both compounds also inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide release in primary rat microglial cells. These results suggested that the substituted imidazo (1,2-b) pyridazine compounds, which have potent AChE inhibitory activity, were also capable of antiproliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-inflammatory effects at higher doses.
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Abstract
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a serine hydrolase whose primary function is to degrade acetylcholine (ACh) and terminate neurotransmission. Apart from its role in synaptic transmission, AChE has several "non-classical" functions in non-neuronal cells. AChE is involved in cellular growth, apoptosis, drug resistance pathways, response to stress signals and inflammation. The observation that the functional activity of AChE is altered in human tumors (relative to adjacent matched normal tissue) has raised several intriguing questions about its role in the pathophysiology of human cancers. Published reports show that AChE is a vital regulator of oncogenic signaling pathways involving proliferation, differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis of primary tumors. The objective of this book chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of the AChE-signaling pathway in the growth of progression of human cancers. The AChE isoforms, AChE-T, AChE-R and AChE-S are robustly expressed in human cancer cell lines as well in human tumors (isolated from patients). Traditionally, AChE-modulators have been used in the clinic for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging studies reveal that these drugs could be repurposed for the treatment of human cancers. The discovery of potent, selective AChE ligands will provide new knowledge about AChE-regulatory pathways in human cancers and foster the hope of novel therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Richbart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Justin C Merritt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Nicholas A Nolan
- West Virginia University Medical School, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Kim JH. Palladium Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Apoptosis, and Immunomodulation Enhance the Biogenesis and Release of Exosome in Human Leukemia Monocytic Cells (THP-1). Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2849-2877. [PMID: 33883895 PMCID: PMC8055296 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s305269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are endosome-derived nano-sized vesicles that have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication and play significant roles in various diseases. However, their applications are rigorously restricted by the limited secretion competence of cells. Therefore, strategies to enhance the production and functions of exosomes are warranted. Studies have shown that nanomaterials can significantly enhance the effects of cells and exosomes in intercellular communication; however, how palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) enhance exosome release in human leukemia monocytic cells (THP-1) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to address the effect of PdNPs on exosome biogenesis and release in THP-1 cells. Methods Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and ExoQuickTM and characterized by dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis system, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, EXOCETTM assay, and fluorescence polarization. The expression levels of exosome markers were analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results PdNP treatment enhanced the biogenesis and release of exosomes by inducing oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and immunomodulation. The exosomes were spherical in shape and had an average diameter of 50–80 nm. Exosome production was confirmed via total protein concentration, exosome counts, acetylcholinesterase activity, and neutral sphingomyelinase activity. The expression levels of TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81 were significantly higher in PdNP-treated cells than in control cells. Further, cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly higher in exosomes isolated from PdNP-treated THP-1 cells than in those isolated from control cells. THP-1 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine or GW4869 showed significant decreases in PdNP-induced exosome biogenesis and release. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that PdNPs stimulate exosome biogenesis and release and simultaneously increase the levels of cytokines and chemokines by modulating various physiological processes. Our findings suggest a reasonable approach to improve the production of exosomes for various therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Hudáčová M, Hamuľaková S, Konkoľová E, Jendželovský R, Vargová J, Ševc J, Fedoročko P, Soukup O, Janočková J, Ihnatova V, Kučera T, Bzonek P, Novakova N, Jun D, Junova L, Korábečný J, Kuča K, Kožurková M. Synthesis of New Biscoumarin Derivatives, In Vitro Cholinesterase Inhibition, Molecular Modelling and Antiproliferative Effect in A549 Human Lung Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083830. [PMID: 33917200 PMCID: PMC8068036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel C4-C7-tethered biscoumarin derivatives (12a–e) linked through piperazine moiety was designed, synthesized, and evaluated biological/therapeutic potential. Biscoumarin 12d was found to be the most effective inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC50 = 6.30 µM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, IC50 = 49 µM). Detailed molecular modelling studies compared the accommodation of ensaculin (well-established coumarin derivative tested in phase I of clinical trials) and 12d in the human recombinant AChE (hAChE) active site. The ability of novel compounds to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) was predicted with a positive outcome for compound 12e. The antiproliferative effects of newly synthesized biscoumarin derivatives were tested in vitro on human lung carcinoma cell line (A549) and normal colon fibroblast cell line (CCD-18Co). The effect of derivatives on cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay, quantification of cell numbers and viability, colony-forming assay, analysis of cell cycle distribution and mitotic activity. Intracellular localization of used derivatives in A549 cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Derivatives 12d and 12e showed significant antiproliferative activity in A549 cancer cells without a significant effect on normal CCD-18Co cells. The inhibition of hAChE/human recombinant BChE (hBChE), the antiproliferative activity on cancer cells, and the ability to cross the BBB suggest the high potential of biscoumarin derivatives. Beside the treatment of cancer, 12e might be applicable against disorders such as schizophrenia, and 12d could serve future development as therapeutic agents in the prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hudáčová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.H.); (E.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Slávka Hamuľaková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Eva Konkoľová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.H.); (E.K.); (M.K.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (R.J.); (J.V.); (J.Š.); (P.F.)
| | - Jana Vargová
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (R.J.); (J.V.); (J.Š.); (P.F.)
| | - Juraj Ševc
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (R.J.); (J.V.); (J.Š.); (P.F.)
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (R.J.); (J.V.); (J.Š.); (P.F.)
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (V.I.); (T.K.); (P.B.); (D.J.); (L.J.); (J.K.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (N.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Jana Janočková
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (N.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Veronika Ihnatova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (V.I.); (T.K.); (P.B.); (D.J.); (L.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (V.I.); (T.K.); (P.B.); (D.J.); (L.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Petr Bzonek
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (V.I.); (T.K.); (P.B.); (D.J.); (L.J.); (J.K.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (N.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Nikola Novakova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (N.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (V.I.); (T.K.); (P.B.); (D.J.); (L.J.); (J.K.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (N.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Lucie Junova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (V.I.); (T.K.); (P.B.); (D.J.); (L.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Korábečný
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (V.I.); (T.K.); (P.B.); (D.J.); (L.J.); (J.K.)
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (N.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Mária Kožurková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.H.); (E.K.); (M.K.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (N.N.); (K.K.)
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Kim JH. Platinum Nanoparticles Enhance Exosome Release in Human Lung Epithelial Adenocarcinoma Cancer Cells (A549): Oxidative Stress and the Ceramide Pathway are Key Players. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:515-538. [PMID: 33519199 PMCID: PMC7837572 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s291138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have demonstrated various molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis and release of exosomes. However, how external stimuli, such as platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), induces the biogenesis and release of exosomes remains unclear. To address this, PtNPs were synthesized using lutein to examine their effect on the biogenesis and release of exosomes in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cancer cells (A549). Methods The size and concentration of isolated exosomes were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis system (NTA). Morphology and structure of exosomes were examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Quantification of exosomes were analyzed by EXOCETTM assay and fluorescence polarization (FP). The expression of typical markers of exosomes were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results A549 cells cultured with PtNPs enhance exosome secretion by altering various physiological processes. Interestingly, A549 cells treated with PtNPs increases total protein concentration, biogenesis and release of exosomes associated with PtNPs-induced oxidative stress. GW4869 inhibits PtNPs induced biogenesis and release of exosomes and also acetylcholinesterase (AChE), neutral sphingomyelinase activity (n-SMase), and exosome counts. A549 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly inhibited PtNPs induced exosome biogenesis and release. These findings confirmed that PtNPs-induced exosome release was due to the induction of oxidative stress and the ceramide pathway. These factors enhanced exosome biogenesis and release and may be useful in understanding the mechanism of exosome formation, release, and function. Conclusion PtNPs provide a promising agent to increase exosome production in A549 cells. These findings offer novel strategies for enhancing exosome release, which can be applied in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Importantly, this is the first study, to our knowledge, showing that PtNPs stimulate exosome biogenesis by inducing oxidative stress and the ceramide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Zhang C, Hu L, Liu D, Huang J, Lin W. Circumdatin D Exerts Neuroprotective Effects by Attenuating LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Responses and Downregulating Acetylcholinesterase Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:760. [PMID: 32523534 PMCID: PMC7261837 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial causes, of which systemic inflammation may play a key role to promote neurodegeneration, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a target protein to induce cholinergic transmission. Inhibitors toward inflammation and targeting AChE are regarded to promote cholinergic signaling of the central nervous system in AD therapy. During the search for neuroprotection agents from marine-derived compounds, seven circumdatin-type alkaloids from a coral-associated fungus Aspergillus ochraceus LZDX-32-15 showed potent inhibition against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and activation of NF-κB report gene along with anti-AChE activities. Among the tested compounds, circumdatin D showed the most potent inhibitory effect against AChE activity and NO production. In vivo experiments using AD-like nematode models demonstrated that circumdatin D effectively delayed paralysis of CL4176 worms upon temperature up-shift via suppression of AChE activity and inflammatory-related gene expression. Moreover, circumdatin D interfered with inflammatory response by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced BV-2 and primary microglia cells. Mechanistically, circumdatin D modulated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated NF-κB, MAPKs and JAK/STAT inflammatory pathways in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, and protected primary neurons cells from LPS-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, circumdatin D is a potential agent for neuroprotective effects by the multi-target strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Likun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
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15
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Croton campestris A. St.-Hill Methanolic Fraction in a Chlorpyrifos-Induced Toxicity Model in Drosophila melanogaster: Protective Role of Gallic Acid. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3960170. [PMID: 32273942 PMCID: PMC7121785 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3960170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Croton campestris A. St-Hill popularly known as "velame do campo" is a native species of the savannah from northeastern Brazil, being used in folk medicine due to its beneficial effects in the treatment of many diseases, inflammation, detoxification, gastritis, and syphilis; however, its potential use as an antidote against organophosphorus compound poisoning has not yet been shown. Here, the protective effect of the methanolic fraction of C. campestris A. St.-Hill (MFCC) in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to chlorpyrifos (CP) was investigated. Flies were exposed to CP and MFCC during 48 h through the diet. Following the treatments, parameters such as mortality, locomotor behavior, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. Exposure of flies to CP induced significant impairments in survival and locomotor performance. In parallel, increased reactive oxygen species and lipoperoxidation occurred. In addition, the activity of acetylcholinesterase was inhibited by CP, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activity was induced. Treatment with MFCC resulted in a blockage of all CP-induced effects, with the exception of glutathione S-transferase. Among the major compounds found in MFCC, only gallic acid (GA) showed a protective role against CP while quercetin and caffeic acid alone were ineffective. When in combination, these compounds avoided the toxicity of CP at the same level as GA. As far as we know, this is the first study reporting the protective effect of MFCC against organophosphate toxicity in vivo and highlights the biotechnological potential of this fraction attributing a major role in mediating the observed effects to GA. Therefore, MFCC may be considered a promising source for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of organophosphate intoxications.
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Hajiasgharzadeh K, Somi MH, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mokhtarzadeh A, Shanehbandi D, Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Doustvandi MA, Baradaran B. The dual role of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in inflammation-associated gastrointestinal cancers. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03611. [PMID: 32215331 PMCID: PMC7090353 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is one of the main subtypes of nAChRs that modulates various cancer-related properties including proliferative, anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic activities in most of the cancers. It also plays a crucial role in inflammation control through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in numerous pathophysiological contexts. Such diverse physiological and pathological functions that initiate from this receptor may have significant impacts in determining the outcome of different cancers. Various tissues of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers such as gastric, colorectal, pancreatic and liver cancers have shown the up-regulated expression of α7nAChR as compared to normal adjacent tissues. According to the well-established connection between inflammation and tumorigenesis in the digestive system, there are mounting studies demonstrated either stimulatory or inhibitory effects of α7nAChR signaling in the development of GI cancers. To date, the precise underlying mechanisms related to this receptor in patients with GI cancers have not been fully elucidated. Regarding the paradoxical modulatory effects of this receptor in carcinogenesis, in this review, we aim to summarize the accumulated evidence about the involvement of α7nAChR in inflammation-associated GI cancers. It seems that the complex influences of α7nAChR may be a promising target in designing novel strategies in the treatment of such pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Hajiasgharzadeh K, Somi MH, Mansoori B, Khaze Shahgoli V, Derakhshani A, Mokhtarzadeh A, Shanehbandi D, Baradaran B. Small interfering RNA targeting alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to sorafenib. Life Sci 2020; 244:117332. [PMID: 31962133 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS It has been demonstrated that reduced expression of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) led to reduced chemotherapeutic drugs resistance in various cancer cells. However, whether small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated knockdown of α7nAChR can reduce sorafenib (SOR) resistance in HCC cells remains to be determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of α7nAChR-siRNA in combination with SOR treatment was analyzed in human (HepG2) and mouse (Hepa 1-6) HCC cell lines. The MTT, DAPI staining and flow cytometry assays were applied to measure the cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle progression of the cells. Also, the changes in the mRNA and protein levels of the α7nAChR were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. KEY FINDINGS The results revealed that SOR increased both mRNA and protein levels of α7nAChR in HCC cells. Treatment with α7nAChR-siRNA abolished these effects. Also, SOR treatment in combination with α7nAChR-siRNA significantly sensitizes HCC cells to SOR cytotoxicity. This combination therapy significantly induced HCC cells apoptosis compared to SOR alone. SIGNIFICANCE These experimental results indicate that knockdown of α7nAChR by siRNA increased the SOR antitumor activity of HCC cells and suggests that this additive combination is a promising drug candidate for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Toxicity and Antitumor Activity of a Thiophene-Acridine Hybrid. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010064. [PMID: 31878135 PMCID: PMC6983054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor effects of thiophene and acridine compounds have been described; however, the clinical usefulness of these compounds is limited due to the risk of high toxicity and drug resistance. The strategy of molecular hybridization presents the opportunity to develop new drugs which may display better target affinity and less serious side effects. Herein, 2-((6-Chloro-2-methoxy-acridin-9-yl)amino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]-thiophene-3-carbonitrile (ACS03), a hybrid thiophene–acridine compound with antileishmanial activity, was tested for toxicity and antitumor activity. The toxicity was evaluated in vitro (on HaCat and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and in vivo (zebrafish embryos and acute toxicity in mice). Antitumor activity was also assessed in vitro in HCT-116 (human colon carcinoma cell line), K562 (chronic myeloid leukemic cell line), HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia cell line), HeLa (human cervical cancer cell line), and MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line) and in vivo (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model). ACS03 exhibited selectivity toward HCT-116 cells (Half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 23.11 ± 1.03 µM). In zebrafish embryos, ACS03 induced an increase in lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase activities. The LD50 (lethal dose 50%) value in mice was estimated to be higher than 5000 mg/kg (intraperitoneally). In vivo, ACS03 (12.5 mg/kg) induced a significant reduction in tumor volume and cell viability. In vivo antitumor activity was associated with the nitric oxide cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, significant antitumor activity and weak toxicity were recorded for this hybrid compound, characterizing it as a potential anticancer compound.
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Yoon HS, Kang JI, Kim SM, Ko A, Koh YS, Hyun JW, Yoon SP, Ahn MJ, Kim YH, Kang JH, Yoo ES, Kang HK. Norgalanthamine Stimulates Proliferation of Dermal Papilla Cells via Anagen-Activating Signaling Pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:139-143. [PMID: 30606985 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Norgalanthamine has been shown to possess hair-growth promoting effects, including increase in hair-fiber length in cultured rat vibrissa follicles and increase in dermal papilla cell (DPC) proliferation. However, the intracellular mechanisms that underlie the action of norgalanthamine in DPCs have not been investigated. In this study, we addressed the ability of norgalanthamine to trigger anagen-activating signaling pathways in DPCs. Norgalanthamine significantly increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation at 0.1 µM, a concentration at which DPC proliferation was also induced. Furthermore, the increases in norgalanthamine-induced ERK 1/2 activation and subsequent DPC proliferation were suppressed by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) 1/2 inhibitor, U0126. A 0.1 µM dose of norgalanthamine also increased phosphorylation of AKT, which was followed by an increase in glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. In addition, LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, blocked the effect of norgalanthamine on DPC proliferation. These results suggest that norgalanthamine can stimulate the anagen phase of the hair cycle in DPCs via activation of the ERK 1/2, PI3K/AKT, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Seok Yoon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Jung-Il Kang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Ara Ko
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Young-Sang Koh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Jin-Won Hyun
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Sang-Pil Yoon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Mee Jung Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
| | - Ji-Hoon Kang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Eun-Sook Yoo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University
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The Role of Acetylcholinesterase, Paraxonase, and Oxidative Stress in Breast Tumors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.83370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Heinrich P, Braunbeck T. Genetically engineered zebrafish liver (ZF-L) cells as an in vitro source for zebrafish acetylcholinesterase (zfAChE) for the use in AChE inhibition assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wan C, Wu M, Zhang S, Chen Y, Lu C. α7nAChR-mediated recruitment of PP1γ promotes TRAF6/NF-κB cascade to facilitate the progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1626-1639. [PMID: 30074282 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic signaling pathways have been recently implicated in the development of various human cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. In the present study, we reported that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), an important member of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, interacts with Protein Phosphatase-1γ (PP1γ) in human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) tissues. In addition, we found that α7nAChR facilitates the ubiquitination and activation of TRAF6 in a PP1γ-dependent manner in HCC cells. Furthermore, we showed that ligand-bounded α7nAChR induces the degradation of IκBα, leading to resultant phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of NF-κB p65. Accordingly, acetylcholine triggers the expression of critical NF-κB target genes, such as Cyclin D1 and PCNA, as well as the proliferation of HCC cells in a PP1γ- and α7nAChR-dependent manner. Furthermore, we revealed that nicotine-triggered α7nAChR activation promotes oncosphere formation and in vivo tumor growth of HCC cells. Moreover, we showed that the protein levels of both α7nAChR and PP1γ are significantly upregulated in human HCC specimens compared with adjacent non-cancerous ones, and that upregulated expression of the two proteins predict significantly worsened prognosis in HCC patients. These findings together indicate that the cholinergic receptor α7nAChR exerts a facilitating role in HCC development through PP1γ-dependent TRAF6/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shusen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cuihua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Georgiadis G, Mavridis C, Belantis C, Zisis IE, Skamagkas I, Fragkiadoulaki I, Heretis I, Tzortzis V, Psathakis K, Tsatsakis A, Mamoulakis C. Nephrotoxicity issues of organophosphates. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:129-136. [PMID: 30063941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates are a large class of chemicals, initially invented in 1850 and since then they have been applied in numerous aspects of science to serve our purposes. Their mechanism of action in living organisms involves the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, therefore they interfere with neuromuscular signal transmission. Due to the systematic and exaggerated use of these chemicals, there is massive exposure to them, hence there is great concern regarding the ramifications to all mammalian organisms. It has been widely accepted that over-exposure to organophosphates, has a deleterious impact on the renal tissue and subsequently on the renal function. Despite the significance of this global issue, limited knowledge exists, regarding the effect of these substances on our health. Therefore, new and extensive research is required to expand our knowledge and ensure proper guidance regarding the use of organophosphates as well the protection against their detrimental consequences. The aim of this review is to negotiate the effect of organophosphate exposure on renal tissue and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Georgiadis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - C Mavridis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - C Belantis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I E Zisis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I Skamagkas
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I Fragkiadoulaki
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I Heretis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - V Tzortzis
- Department of Urology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - K Psathakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - A Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - C Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Jeong S, Zheng B, Wang H, Xia Q, Chen L. Nervous system and primary liver cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:286-292. [PMID: 29660379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have found irregular activities of the nervous system-associated factors in the development and progression of primary liver cancer. These factors contributed in the regulation of migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of cancer cells, and took a role in modulating invasion, metastasis, and recurrence after curative treatment. In clinical researches, neural-related factors were found to be significant prognostic factors, suggesting that the interactions between nervous system and primary liver cancer are indispensable in understanding underlying biological mechanisms. Herein, we reviewed up-to-date achievements in this area and the future perspectives of the interactions between the nervous system and primary liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogsong Jeong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, PR China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China
| | - Bo Zheng
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China.
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, PR China.
| | - Lei Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China.
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Xu T, Xie HQ, Li Y, Xia Y, Sha R, Wang L, Chen Y, Xu L, Zhao B. Dioxin induces expression of hsa-miR-146b-5p in human neuroblastoma cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 63:260-267. [PMID: 29406108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin can cause a series of neural toxicological effects. MicroRNAs (miRs) play important roles in regulating nervous system function and mediating cellular responses to environmental pollutants, such as dioxin. Hsa-miR-146b-5p appears to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors. However, little is known about effects of dioxin on the expression of hsa-miR-146b-5p. We found that the hsa-miR-146b-5p expression and its promoter activity were significantly increased in dioxin treated SK-N-SH cells, a human-derived neuroblastoma cell line. Potential roles of hsa-miR-146b-5p in mediating neural toxicological effects of dioxin may be due to the regulation of certain target genes. We further confirmed that hsa-miR-146b-5p significantly suppressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and targeted the 3'-untranslated region of the AChE T subunit, which has been down-regulated in dioxin treated SK-N-SH cells. Functional bioinformatic analysis showed that the known and predicted target genes of hsa-miR-146b-5p were involved in some brain functions or cyto-toxicities related to known dioxin effects, including synapse transmission, in which AChE may serve as a responsive gene for mediating the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Heidi Q Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yunping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingjie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Kamarudin MNA, Sarker MMR, Kadir HA, Ming LC. Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and therapeutic applications of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 206:245-266. [PMID: 28495603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau, a widely used medicinal plant, is extensively grown in tropical Asia and Southeast Asian countries. C. nutans, with its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, has been traditionally used to treat cancer, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, insect bites, and skin problems, consumed as a vegetable, mixed with fresh juices, in concoctions, and as a whole plant. The present review analyzes the advances in the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of C. nutans. In addition, the needs and perspectives for future investigation of this plant are addressed. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to provide a comprehensive report on the ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, molecular mechanisms, and nutritional values of C. nutans. The present review will open new avenues for further in-depth pharmacological studies of C. nutans for it to be developed as a potential nutraceutical and to improve the available products in the market. MATERIAL AND METHODS All the available information on C. nutans was collected using the key words "Clinacanthus nutans" and/or "ethnomedicine" and/or "phytochemicals" and/or "anticancer" and/or "anti-inflammatory" and/or "antiviral" through an electronic search of the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials.org, SciFinder Scholar, Scopus, and Google Scholar. In addition, unpublished materials, Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations, conference papers, and ethnobotanical textbooks were used. The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) and International Plant Name Index databases were used to validate the scientific name of the plant. RESULTS The literature supported the ethnomedicinal uses of C. nutans as recorded in Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia for various purposes. Bioactivities experimentally proven for C. nutans include cytotoxic, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, and chemotherapeutic (in aquaculture) activities. Most of these activities have so far only been investigated in chemical, cell-based, and animal assays. Various groups of phytochemicals including five sulfur-containing glycosides, eight chlorophyll derivatives, nine cerebrosides, and a monoacylmonogalactosyl glycerol are present in C. nutans. The presence of two glycerolipids, four sulfur-containing compounds, six known flavones, a flavanol, four flavonols, two phytosterols, one polypeptide, and various phenolics and fatty acids largely influences its diverse bioactivities. Numerous reports justify the ethnomedicinal use of C. nutans as an antiviral agent in treating herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus infections and as part of a traditional anticancer anti-inflammatory concoction agent for various inflammatory diseases. C. nutans tea was reported to have a good percentage of carbohydrate, crude protein, minerals, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids, and essential fatty acids. Acute, subacute, and subchronic toxicity studies demonstrated that oral administration of ethanol and methanol extracts of C. nutans to male Swiss albino mice and male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, respectively, did not lead to any toxicity or adverse effects on the animal behavior and organs when used in amounts as high as 2g/kg. CONCLUSION The collected literatures demonstrated that, as an important traditional medicine, C. nutans is a promising ethnomedicinal plant with various extracts and bioactive compounds exhibiting multifarious bioactivities. However, it is important for future studies to conduct further in vitro and in vivo bioactivity evaluations systematically, following the standard pharmacology guidelines. It is crucial to elucidate in-depth molecular mechanisms, structure-activity relationships, and potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of multi-component extracts and bioactive constituents derived from C. nutans. Further studies should also focus on comprehensive toxicity that includes long-term effects and adverse effects on target organs of C. nutans and bioactive compounds in correlation with the specific pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Noor Alfarizal Kamarudin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lincoln University College, Jalan Stadium SS 7/15, Kelana Jaya, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lincoln University College, Jalan Stadium SS 7/15, Kelana Jaya, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Habsah Abdul Kadir
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, 7001 Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Study of acetylcholinesterase activity and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells and mice exposed to ethanol. Toxicology 2017; 384:33-39. [PMID: 28427893 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is one of the most commonly abused psychotropic substances with deleterious effects on the central nervous system. Ethanol exposure during development results in the loss of neurons in brain regions and when exposed to ethanol cultured cells undergo apoptosis. To date no information is available on whether abnormally high AChE activity is characteristic of apoptosis in animals exposed to ethanol. The aims of the present study were to determine whether induction of AChE activity is associated with ethanol-induced apoptosis and to explore the mechanism of enhanced AChE activity induced by ethanol. For this purpose, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. AChE activity was quantified by spectrophotometry and apoptosis by flow cytometer in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to ethanol. The results showed that cells treated with 500mM ethanol for 24h had a 9-fold increase in apoptotic cells and a 6-fold increase in AChE activity compared with controls. Mice exposed acutely to 200μl of 20% ethanol daily on days 1-4 had elevated AChE activity in plasma on days 3-7. On day 4, plasma AChE activity was 2.4-fold higher than pretreatment activity. More apoptotic cells were found in the brains of treated mice compared to controls. Cells in brain sections that were positive in the TUNEL assay stained for AChE activity. In conclusion, AChE activity and apoptosis were induced in SH-SY5Y cells and mice treated with ethanol, which may indicate that increased AChE may related to apoptosis induced by ethanol. Unusually high AChE activity may be an effect marker of exposure to ethanol. The relationship between AChE and apoptosis might represent a novel mechanism of ethanol-associated neuronal injury.
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Kaizer RR, Spanevello RM, Costa E, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Effect of high fat diets on the NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the central nervous system. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 64:54-58. [PMID: 28257945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High fat diets are associated with the promotion of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD). This study aim investigate the high fat diets role to promotion of AD using as biochemistry parameter of status of central nervous system through the NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in brain of young rats. The intake of high fat diets promotes an inhibition of purinergic and cholinergic functions, mainly in the long-term exposure to saturated and saturated/unsaturated diets. The AChE activity was decreased to supernatant and synaptosomes tissues preparations obtained from cerebral cortex in average of 20%, to both groups exposed to saturated and saturated/unsaturated diets, when compared to the control group. Very similar results were found in hippocampus and cerebellum brain areas. At same time, the adenine nucleotides hydrolysis in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex were decreased to ATP, ADP and AMP after the long-term exposure to high fat diets, as saturated and saturated/unsaturated. The inhibition of ATP hydrolysis was of 26% and 39% to saturated and saturated/unsaturated diets, respectively. ADP hydrolysis was decreased in 20% to saturated diet, and AMP hydrolysis was decreased in 25% and 33% to saturated and saturated/unsaturated diets, respectively, all in comparison to the control. Thus, we can suggest that the effects of high diets on the purinergic and cholinergic nervous system may contribute to accelerate the progressive memory loss, to decline in language and other cognitive disruptions, such as AD patients presents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosilene Rodrigues Kaizer
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão, Rodovia ERS 135 km 25, Distrito Engenheiro Luiz Englert, 99170-000, Sertão, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Erechim, Rodovia ERS 135 km 72, n° 200, 99700-970, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rosélia Maria Spanevello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900. Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900. Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900. Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900. Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Kulkarni A, Khan Y, Ray K. Heterotrimeric kinesin-2, together with kinesin-1, steers vesicular acetylcholinesterase movements toward the synapse. FASEB J 2016; 31:965-974. [PMID: 27920150 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600759rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is implicated in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, is distributed along the axon and enriched at the presynaptic basal lamina. It hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which inhibits synaptic transmission. Aberrant AChE activity and ectopic axonal accumulation of the enzyme are associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. The molecular mechanism that underlies AChE transport is still unclear. Here, we show that expression of Drosophila AChE tagged with photoactivatable green fluorescent protein and m-Cherry (GPAC) in cholinergic neurons compensates for the RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous AChE activity. GPAC-AChE, which is enriched in the neuropil region of the brain, moves in the apparently vesicular form in axons with an anterograde bias in Drosophila larvae. Two anterograde motors, kinesin-1 and -2, propel distinct aspects of GPAC-AChE movements. Total loss of kinesin-2 reduces the density of anterograde traffic and increases bidirectional movements of GPAC-AChE vesicles without altering their speed. A partial loss of kinesin-1 reduces both the density and speed of anterograde GPAC-AChE traffic and enhances the pool of stationary vesicles. Together, these results suggest that combining activity of a relatively weak kinesin-2 with that of a stronger kinesin-1 motor could steer AChE-containing vesicles toward synapse, and provides a molecular basis for the observed subcellular distribution of the enzyme.-Kulkarni, A., Khan, Y., Ray, K. Heterotrimeric kinesin-2, together with kinesin-1, steers vesicular acetylcholinesterase movements toward the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuttama Kulkarni
- Sophia College, Mumbai, India.,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Krishanu Ray
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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Altıntop MD, Temel HE, Sever B, Akalın Çiftçi G, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis and Evaluation of New Benzodioxole- Based Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111598. [PMID: 27879683 PMCID: PMC6273715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
New benzodioxole-based thiosemicarbazone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, C6 rat glioma and NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. In order to examine the correlation between anticancer activity and cholinesterases, the compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on AChE and BuChE. The most effective anticancer agents were investigated for their effects on DNA synthesis, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential. 4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-ylmethylene)thiosemicarbazide (5) was identified as the most promising anticancer agent against C6 and A549 cell lines due to its inhibitory effects on C6 and A549 cells and low toxicity to NIH/3T3 cells. Compound 5 increased early and late apoptosis in A549 and C6 cells. Compound 5 also caused disturbance on mitochondrial membrane potential and showed DNA synthesis inhibitory activity in A549 and C6 cells. Compound 5 was investigated for SIRT1 inhibitory activity to provide mechanistic insight and for that purpose docking studies were also performed for this compound on SIRT1. On the other hand, compound 5 did not show any inhibitory activity against AChE and BuChE. This outcome pointed out that there is no relationship between anticancer activity of compound 5 and cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika Dilek Altıntop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Halide Edip Temel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Gülşen Akalın Çiftçi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
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Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ. AChE and the amyloid precursor protein (APP) – Cross-talk in Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:301-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Montenegro MF, Cabezas-Herrera J, Campoy FJ, Muñoz-Delgado E, Vidal CJ. Lipid rafts of mouse liver contain nonextended and extended acetylcholinesterase variants along with M3 muscarinic receptors. FASEB J 2016; 31:544-555. [PMID: 28148778 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600609r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The observation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) type H (AChEH), which is the predominant AChE variant in visceral organs and immune cells, in lipid rafts of muscle supports functional reasons for the raft targeting of glypiated AChEH The search for these reasons revealed that liver AChE activity is mostly confined to rafts and that the liver is able to make N-extended AChE variants and target them to rafts. These results prompted us to test whether AChE and muscarinic receptors existed in the same raft. Isolation of flotillin-2-rich raft fractions by their buoyancy in sucrose gradients, followed by immunoadsorption and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry application, gave the following results: 1) most hepatic AChE activity emanates from AChE-H mRNA, and its product, glypiated AChEH, accumulates in rafts; 2) N-extended N-AChE readthrough variant, nonglypiated N-AChEH, and N-AChE tailed variant were all identified in liver rafts; and 3) M3 AChRs were observed in rafts, and coprecipitation of raft-confined N-AChE and M3 receptors by using anti-M3 antibodies showed that enzyme and receptor reside in the same raft unit. A raft domain that harbors tightly packed muscarinic receptor and AChE may represent a molecular device that, by means of which, the intensity and duration of cholinergic inputs are regulated.-Montenegro, M. F., Cabezas-Herrera, J., Campoy, F. J., Muñoz-Delgado, E., Vidal, C. J. Lipid rafts of mouse liver contain nonextended and extended acetylcholinesterase variants along with M3 muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Montenegro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Javier Campoy
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Encarnación Muñoz-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Cecilio J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
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Turan-Zitouni G, Altıntop MD, Özdemir A, Kaplancıklı ZA, Çiftçi GA, Temel HE. Synthesis and evaluation of bis-thiazole derivatives as new anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 107:288-94. [PMID: 26599534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New bis-thiazole derivatives (1-10) were synthesized via the ring closure of 1,1'-(3,3'-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)bis(thiourea) with phenacyl bromides and evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, C6 rat glioma, 5RP7 H-ras oncogene transformed rat embryonic fibroblast and NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines using MTT assay. DNA synthesis inhibitory effects of these compounds were investigated. Each derivative was also evaluated for its ability to inhibit AChE and BuChE using a modification of Ellman's spectrophotometric method. Among these compounds, 3,3'-dimethoxy-N(4),N(4)'-bis(4-(4-bromophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (5) can be identified as the most promising anticancer agent due to its notable inhibitory effects on A549 and C6 cell lines and low toxicity to NIH/3T3 cell lines. Compound 5 exhibited anticancer activity against A549 and C6 cell lines with IC50 values of 37.3 ± 6.8 μg/mL and 11.3 ± 1.2 μg/mL, whereas mitoxantrone showed anticancer activity against A549 and C6 cell lines with IC50 values of 15.7 ± 4.0 μg/mL and 11.0 ± 1.7 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, compound 5 showed DNA synthesis inhibitory activity against A549 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülhan Turan-Zitouni
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mehlika Dilek Altıntop
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Özdemir
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gülşen Akalın Çiftçi
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Halide Edip Temel
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
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Suriyo T, Tachachartvanich P, Visitnonthachai D, Watcharasit P, Satayavivad J. Chlorpyrifos promotes colorectal adenocarcinoma H508 cell growth through the activation of EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway but not cholinergic pathway. Toxicology 2015; 338:117-29. [PMID: 26514924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aside from the effects on neuronal cholinergic system, epidemiological studies suggest an association between chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure and cancer risk. This in vitro study examined the effects of CPF and its toxic metabolite, chlorpyrifos oxon (CPF-O), on the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma H508, colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29, normal colon epithelial CCD841, liver hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, and normal liver hepatocyte THLE-3 cells. The results showed that CPF (5-100 μM) concentration-dependently increased viability of H508 and CCD841 cells in serum-free conditions. This increasing trend was not found in HT-29, HepG2 and THLE-3 cells. In contrast, CPF-O (50-100 μM) reduced the viability of all cell lines. Cell cycle analysis showed the induction of cells in the S phase, and EdU incorporation assay revealed the induction of DNA synthesis in CPF-treated H508 cells indicating that CPF promotes cell cycle progression. Despite the observation of acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, atropine (a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) and N-acetylcysteine (a potent antioxidant) failed to inhibit the growth-promoting effect of CPF. CPF increased the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream effector, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), in H508 cells. AG-1478 (a specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and U0126 (a specific MEK inhibitor) completely mitigated the growth promoting effect of CPF. Altogether, these results suggest that EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway but not cholinergic pathway involves in CPF-induced colorectal adenocarcinoma H508 cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Phum Tachachartvanich
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Piyajit Watcharasit
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Sfera A, Cummings M, Osorio C. Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine: The Missing Link Between Sepsis, Cancer, and Delirium? Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:56. [PMID: 26347869 PMCID: PMC4543923 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between living organisms and the environment requires a balancing act between genomic and epigenomic forces. Inflammation and cellular proliferation are kept in check by the genes, which code for their components and the microRNAs, which are capable of silencing the transcription of these genes. Acetylcholine (ACh) may play a unique role in the maintenance of this equilibrium, as the epigenomic inhibition of the gene coding for nicotinic receptors, and disinhibits the gene causing anergia in immune cells. We hypothesize that age-induced ACh deficiency is the result of an epigenomic dysfunction of microRNA-6775 (miR-6775), which silences the transcription of CHRNA7 gene [coding for alpha 7 nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs)]. When silenced, this gene induces decreased expression of alpha 7 nAChRs, which may predispose elderly individuals to inflammation, neuroinflammation, and delirium. We hypothesize further that miR-6775-induced hypocholinergia augments the expression of RNF 128, the gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL). This gene favors regulatory T cells (Tregs), promoters of immunologic tolerance, which may predispose to both cancer and sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital , Patton, CA , USA
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