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Wang C, Wang X, Hu W. Molecular and cellular regulation of thermogenic fat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1215772. [PMID: 37465124 PMCID: PMC10351381 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1215772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermogenic fat, consisting of brown and beige adipocytes, dissipates energy in the form of heat, in contrast to the characteristics of white adipocytes that store energy. Increasing energy expenditure by activating brown adipocytes or inducing beige adipocytes is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of thermogenesis provides novel therapeutic interventions for metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the molecular regulation of thermogenesis, focusing on transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, metabolites, and non-coding RNAs. We further discuss the intercellular and inter-organ crosstalk that regulate thermogenesis, considering the heterogeneity and complex tissue microenvironment of thermogenic fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Wang
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianju Wang
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiang Hu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Drexler S, Cai C, Hartmann AL, Moch D, Gaitantzi H, Ney T, Kraemer M, Chu Y, Zheng Y, Rahbari M, Treffs A, Reiser A, Lenoir B, Valous NA, Jäger D, Birgin E, Sawant TA, Li Q, Xu K, Dong L, Otto M, Itzel T, Teufel A, Gretz N, Hawinkels LJAC, Sánchez A, Herrera B, Schubert R, Moshage H, Reissfelder C, Ebert MPA, Rahbari N, Breitkopf-Heinlein K. Intestinal BMP-9 locally upregulates FGF19 and is down-regulated in obese patients with diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 570:111934. [PMID: 37085108 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9, a member of the TGFβ-family of cytokines, is believed to be mainly produced in the liver. The serum levels of BMP-9 were reported to be reduced in newly diagnosed diabetic patients and BMP-9 overexpression ameliorated steatosis in the high fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Furthermore, injection of BMP-9 in mice enhanced expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21. However, whether BMP-9 also regulates the expression of the related FGF19 is not clear. Because both FGF21 and 19 were described to protect the liver from steatosis, we have further investigated the role of BMP-9 in this context. We first analyzed BMP-9 levels in the serum of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (a model of type I diabetes) and confirmed that BMP-9 serum levels decrease during diabetes. Microarray analyses of RNA samples from hepatic and intestinal tissue from BMP-9 KO- and wild-type mice (C57/Bl6 background) pointed to basal expression of BMP-9 in both organs and revealed a down-regulation of hepatic Fgf21 and intestinal Fgf19 in the KO mice. Next, we analyzed BMP-9 levels in a cohort of obese patients with or without diabetes. Serum BMP-9 levels did not correlate with diabetes, but hepatic BMP-9 mRNA expression negatively correlated with steatosis in those patients that did not yet develop diabetes. Likewise, hepatic BMP-9 expression also negatively correlated with serum LPS levels. In situ hybridization analyses confirmed intestinal BMP-9 expression. Intestinal (but not hepatic) BMP-9 mRNA levels were decreased with diabetes and positively correlated with intestinal E-Cadherin expression. In vitro studies using organoids demonstrated that BMP-9 directly induces FGF19 in gut but not hepatocyte organoids, whereas no evidence of a direct induction of hepatic FGF21 by BMP-9 was found. Consistent with the in vitro data, a correlation between intestinal BMP-9 and FGF19 mRNA expression was seen in the patients' samples. In summary, our data confirm that BMP-9 is involved in diabetes development in humans and in the control of the FGF-axis. More importantly, our data imply that not only hepatic but also intestinal BMP-9 associates with diabetes and steatosis development and controls FGF19 expression. The data support the conclusion that increased levels of BMP-9 would most likely be beneficial under pre-steatotic conditions, making supplementation of BMP-9 an interesting new approach for future therapies aiming at prevention of the development of a metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Drexler
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chen Cai
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Denise Moch
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Haristi Gaitantzi
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Theresa Ney
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Malin Kraemer
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuan Chu
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuwei Zheng
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rahbari
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annalena Treffs
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alena Reiser
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Lenoir
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nektarios A Valous
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emrullah Birgin
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tejas A Sawant
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Keshu Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Av., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyue Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Fengtai, 100054, China
| | - Mirko Otto
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Timo Itzel
- Division of Hepatology, Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit "Healthy Metabolism", Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Division of Hepatology, Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit "Healthy Metabolism", Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Medical Research Center, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Health Research Institute Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rudolf Schubert
- Physiology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9712 CP, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Reissfelder
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit "Healthy Metabolism", Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P A Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit "Healthy Metabolism", Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nuh Rahbari
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katja Breitkopf-Heinlein
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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A Wrong Fate Decision in Adipose Stem Cells upon Obesity. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040662. [PMID: 36831329 PMCID: PMC9954614 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress has been made in identifying stem cell aging as a pathological manifestation of a variety of diseases, including obesity. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) play a core role in adipocyte turnover, which maintains tissue homeostasis. Given aberrant lineage determination as a feature of stem cell aging, failure in adipogenesis is a culprit of adipose hypertrophy, resulting in adiposopathy and related complications. In this review, we elucidate how ASC fails in entering adipogenic lineage, with a specific focus on extracellular signaling pathways, epigenetic drift, metabolic reprogramming, and mechanical stretch. Nonetheless, such detrimental alternations can be reversed by guiding ASCs towards adipogenesis. Considering the pathological role of ASC aging in obesity, targeting adipogenesis as an anti-obesity treatment will be a key area of future research, and a strategy to rejuvenate tissue stem cell will be capable of alleviating metabolic syndrome.
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Hao J, Wang Y, Huo L, Sun T, Zhen Y, Gao Z, Chen S, Ren L. Circulating Bone Morphogenetic Protein-9 is Decreased in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8539-8546. [PMID: 36514745 PMCID: PMC9741848 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s385513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to examine the association between bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in conjunction with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance (IR) and to identify evidence supporting the potential role of BMP-9 in the clinical prevention and treatment of T2DM in conjunction with NAFLD. Methods One hundred and twenty subjects were included in this study. We sorted all of the subjects into four groups of equal size (n=30 each). A trained expert assessed the height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the subjects and computed the body mass index (BMI). All subjects had their fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), serum BMP-9, and biochemical indices assessed. Results Significant variations were observed in BMI, SBP, DBP, ALT, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoB, FBG, FINS, HOMA-IR, and serum BMP-9 among the four groups (P<0.05). The level of serum BMP-9 was positively correlated with HDL-C, while the level of serum BMP-9 was negatively correlated with BMI, SBP, DBP, ALT, TC, TG, LDL-C, FBG, FINS, and HOMA-IR. Multiple stepwise regression analyses revealed that FINS, LDL-C, HDL-C, and BMI were independent factors impacting serum BMP-9 levels (P<0.05). Logistic regression analyses revealed that BMP-9 was a protective factor for T2DM paired with NAFLD, while HOMA-IR was a risk factor. Conclusion Serum BMP-9 levels are significantly lower in the T2DM+NAFLD group when compared to other groups, and BMP-9 is an independent risk factor for T2DM paired with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Hao
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China,Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yichao Wang
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijing Huo
- Laboratory Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Zhen
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Gao
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luping Ren
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Luping Ren, Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Factors Associated with White Fat Browning: New Regulators of Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147641. [PMID: 35886989 PMCID: PMC9325132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adipose tissue can be divided into white and brown adipose tissue based on its colour, location, and cellular structure. Certain conditions, such as sympathetic nerve excitement, can induce the white adipose adipocytes into a new type of adipocytes, known as beige adipocytes. The process, leading to the conversion of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes, is called white fat browning. The dynamic balance between white and beige adipocytes is closely related to the body’s metabolic homeostasis. Studying the signal transduction pathways of the white fat browning might provide novel ideas for the treatment of obesity and alleviation of obesity-related glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. This article aimed to provide an overview of recent advances in understanding white fat browning and the role of BAT in lipid metabolism.
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Um JH, Park SY, Hur JH, Lee HY, Jeong KH, Cho Y, Lee SH, Yoon SM, Choe S, Choi CS. Bone morphogenic protein 9 is a novel thermogenic hepatokine secreted in response to cold exposure. Metabolism 2022; 129:155139. [PMID: 35063533 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maintaining a constant core body temperature is essential to homeothermic vertebrate survival. Adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle is the primary mechanism of adjustment to an external stimulus such as cold exposure. Recently, several reports have revealed that the liver can play a role as a metabolic hub during adaptive thermogenesis. In this study, we suggest that the liver plays a novel role in secreting thermogenic factors in adaptive thermogenesis. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is a hepatokine that regulates many biological processes, including osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis. Previously, BMP9 was suggested to affect preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. However, the conditions and mechanisms underlying hepatic expression and secretion and adipose tissue browning of BMP9 remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the physiological conditions for secretion and the regulatory mechanism of hepatic Bmp9 expression and the molecular mechanism by which BMP9 induces thermogenic gene program activation in adipose tissue. Here, we also present the pharmacological effects of BMP9 on a high-fat-induced obese mouse model. METHODS To investigate the adaptive thermogenic role of BMP9 in vivo, we challenged mice with cold temperature exposure for 3 weeks and then examined the BMP9 plasma concentration and hepatic expression level. The cellular mechanism of hepatic Bmp9 expression under cold exposure was explored through promoter analysis. To identify the role of BMP9 in the differentiation of brown and beige adipocytes, we treated pluripotent stem cells and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT)-derived stromal-vascular (SV) cells with BMP9, and brown adipogenesis was monitored by examining thermogenic gene expression and signaling pathways. Furthermore, to evaluate the effect of BMP9 on diet-induced obesity, changes in body composition and glucose tolerance were analyzed in mice administered recombinant BMP9 (rBMP9) for 8 weeks. RESULTS Hepatic Bmp9 expression and plasma levels in mice were significantly increased after 3 weeks of cold exposure. Bmp9 mRNA expression in the liver was regulated by transcriptional activation induced by cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB) and CREB-binding protein (CBP) on the Bmp9 promoter. Treatment with BMP9 promoted the differentiation of multipotent stem cells and iWAT-derived SV cells into beige adipocytes, as indicated by the increased expression of brown adipocyte and mitochondrial biogenesis markers. Notably, activation of the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 (Smad1) and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways was required for the induction of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) expression in BMP9-induced differentiation of SVs into beige adipocytes. The administration of rBMP9 in vivo also induced browning markers in white adipose tissue. In high-fat diet-induced obese mice, rBMP9 administration conferred protection against obesity and enhanced glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS BMP9 is a hepatokine regulated by cold-activated CREB and CBP and enhances glucose and fat metabolism by promoting the activation of the thermogenic gene program in adipocytes. These data implicate BMP9 as a potential pharmacological tool for protecting against obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyun Um
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Young Park
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Ho Hur
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Young Lee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonil Cho
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hae Lee
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Mi Yoon
- Laboratory of Drugs to Medicine, Joint Center for Biosciences, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Senyon Choe
- Laboratory of Drugs to Medicine, Joint Center for Biosciences, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea.
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New insights into BMP9 signaling in liver diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3591-3600. [PMID: 34019202 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is a recently discovered cytokine mainly secreted by the liver and is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that BMP9 is associated with liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and BMP9 signaling may play dual roles in liver diseases. In this review, we mainly summarized and discussed the roles and potential mechanisms of BMP9 signaling in NAFLD, liver fibrosis and HCC. Specifically, this article will provide a better understanding of BMP9 signaling and new clues for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Endocrine role of bone in the regulation of energy metabolism. Bone Res 2021; 9:25. [PMID: 34016950 PMCID: PMC8137703 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mainly functions as a supportive framework for the whole body and is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis and hematopoietic function. Recently, an increasing number of studies have characterized the significance of bone as an endocrine organ, suggesting that bone-derived factors regulate local bone metabolism and metabolic functions. In addition, these factors can regulate global energy homeostasis by altering insulin sensitivity, feeding behavior, and adipocyte commitment. These findings may provide a new pathological mechanism for related metabolic diseases or be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effect of bone and bone-derived factors on energy metabolism and discuss directions for future research.
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Zhang Y, Yang B, Davis JM, Drake MM, Younes M, Shen Q, Zhao Z, Cao Y, Ko TC. Distinct Murine Pancreatic Transcriptomic Signatures during Chronic Pancreatitis Recovery. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5595464. [PMID: 34104113 PMCID: PMC8158417 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5595464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the pancreas can recover from chronic pancreatitis (CP) lesions in the cerulein-induced mouse model. To explore how pancreatic recovery is achieved at the molecular level, we used RNA-sequencing (seq) and profiled transcriptomes during CP transition to recovery. CP was induced by intraperitoneally injecting cerulein in C57BL/6 mice. Time-matched controls (CON) were given normal saline. Pancreata were harvested from mice 4 days after the final injections (designated as CP and CON) or 4 weeks after the final injections (designated as CP recovery (CPR) and control recovery (CONR)). Pancreatic RNAs were extracted for RNA-seq and quantitative (q) PCR validation. Using RNA-seq, we identified a total of 3,600 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CP versus CON and 166 DEGs in CPR versus CONR. There are 132 DEGs overlapped between CP and CPR and 34 DEGs unique to CPR. A number of selected pancreatic fibrosis-relevant DEGs were validated by qPCR. The top 20 gene sets enriched from DEGs shared between CP and CPR are relevant to extracellular matrix and cancer biology, whereas the top 10 gene sets enriched from DEGs specific to CPR are pertinent to DNA methylation and specific signaling pathways. In conclusion, we identified a distinct set of DEGs in association with extracellular matrix and cancer cell activities to contrast CP and CPR. Once during ongoing CP recovery, DEGs relevant to DNA methylation and specific signaling pathways were induced to express. The DEGs shared between CP and CPR and the DEGs specific to CPR may serve as the unique transcriptomic signatures and biomarkers for determining CP recovery and monitoring potential therapeutic responses at the molecular level to reflect pancreatic histological resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Baibing Yang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joy M. Davis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Madeline M. Drake
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mamoun Younes
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yanna Cao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tien C. Ko
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Natural Bioactive Compounds as Potential Browning Agents in White Adipose Tissue. Pharm Res 2021; 38:549-567. [PMID: 33783666 PMCID: PMC8082541 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of overweight and obesity underlies many common metabolic diseases. Approaches aimed to reduce energy intake and/or stimulate energy expenditure represent potential strategies to control weight gain. Adipose tissue is a major energy balancing organ. It can be classified as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). While WAT stores excess metabolic energy, BAT dissipates it as heat via adaptive thermogenesis. WAT also participates in thermogenesis by providing thermogenic fuels and by directly generating heat after browning. Browned WAT resembles BAT morphologically and metabolically and is classified as beige fat. Like BAT, beige fat can produce heat. Human adults have BAT-like or beige fat. Recruitment and activation of this fat type have the potential to increase energy expenditure, thereby countering against obesity and its metabolic complications. Given this, agents capable of inducing WAT browning have recently attracted broad attention from biomedical, nutritional and pharmaceutical societies. In this review, we summarize natural bioactive compounds that have been shown to promote beige adipocyte recruitment and activation in animals and cultured cells. We also discuss potential molecular mechanisms for each compound to induce adipose browning and metabolic benefits.
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Pham HG, Mukherjee S, Choi MJ, Yun JW. BMP11 regulates thermogenesis in white and brown adipocytes. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:496-510. [PMID: 33527439 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-11 (BMP11), also known as growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF11), is implicated in skeletal development and joint morphogenesis in mammals. However, its functions in adipogenesis and energy homeostasis are mostly unknown. The present study investigates crucial roles of BMP11 in cultured 3T3-L1 white and HIB1B brown adipocytes, using Bmp11 gene depletion and pharmacological inhibition of BMP11. The silencing of Bmp11 markedly decreases the expression levels of brown-fat signature proteins and beige-specific genes in white adipocytes and significantly down-regulates the expression levels of brown fat-specific genes in brown adipocytes. The deficiency of Bmp11 reduces the expressions of lipolytic protein markers in white and brown adipocytes. Moreover, BMP11 induces browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes via coordination of multiple signalling pathways, including mTORC1-COX2 and p38MAPK-PGC-1α as non-canonical pathways, as well as Smad1/5/8 as a canonical pathway. We believe this study is the first to provide evidence of the potential roles of BMP11 for improvement of lipid catabolism in both cultured white and brown adipocytes, as well as the effect on browning of white adipocytes. Taken together, these results demonstrate the therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Giang Pham
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Min Ji Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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12
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Chen Y, Ma B, Wang X, Zha X, Sheng C, Yang P, Qu S. Potential Functions of the BMP Family in Bone, Obesity, and Glucose Metabolism. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:6707464. [PMID: 34258293 PMCID: PMC8249130 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6707464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Characteristic bone metabolism was observed in obesity and diabetes with controversial conclusions. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity may manifest increased bone mineral density. Also, obesity is more easily to occur in T2DM. Therefore, we infer that some factors may be linked to bone and obesity as well as glucose metabolism, which regulate all of them. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), belonging to the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) beta superfamily, regulate a diverse array of cellular functions during development and in the adult. More and more studies revealed that there exists a relationship between bone metabolism and obesity as well as glucose metabolism. BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP7, and BMP9 have been shown to affect the pathophysiological process of obesity and glucose metabolism beyond bone metabolism. They may exert functions in adipogenesis and differentiation as well as insulin resistance. In the review, we summarize the literature on these BMPs and their association with metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Bingwei Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchun Wang
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zha
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chunjun Sheng
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
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13
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Yang Z, Li P, Shang Q, Wang Y, He J, Ge S, Jia R, Fan X. CRISPR-mediated BMP9 ablation promotes liver steatosis via the down-regulation of PPARα expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabc5022. [PMID: 33246954 PMCID: PMC7695473 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity drives the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by hepatic steatosis. Several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) except BMP9 were reported related to metabolic syndrome. This study demonstrates that liver cytokine BMP9 is decreased in the liver and serum of NAFLD model mice and patients. BMP9 knockdown induces lipid accumulation in Hepa 1-6 cells. BMP9-knockout mice exhibit hepatosteatosis due to down-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) expression and reduced fatty acid oxidation. In vitro, recombinant BMP9 treatment attenuates triglyceride accumulation by enhancing PPARα promoter activity via the activation of p-smad. PPARα-specific antagonist GW6471 abolishes the effect of BMP9 knockdown. Furthermore, adeno-associated virus-mediated BMP9 overexpression in mouse liver markedly relieves liver steatosis and obesity-related metabolic syndrome. These findings indicate that BMP9 plays a critical role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism in a PPARα-dependent manner and may provide a previously unknown insight into NAFLD therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - P Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Q Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - J He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - S Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - R Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - X Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
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14
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Potential roles of bone morphogenetic protein-9 in glucose and lipid homeostasis. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:503-512. [PMID: 32808114 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) is a novel cytokine which is cloned from the fetal mouse liver cDNA library and belongs to the member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. BMP-9 is mainly secreted by the liver and exerts a variety of physiological functions. In this review, we present the latest knowledge on the biochemistry of BMP-9 and its role in glucose metabolism and lipid homeostasis. We introduced the expression site, structure, synthesis, and secretion of BMP-9, as well as BMP-9 signaling pathway. We also discuss the effects of BMP-9 on glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in different organs. BMP-9 can regulate glucose and lipid homeostasis in the body by inhibiting liver gluconeogenesis, transforming white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue, promoting muscle glycogen synthesis, increasing the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle tissue, increasing liver and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, promoting insulin synthesis and secretion, inhibiting liver lipid deposition, and playing a leptin-like role. Finally, through the results of animal intervention studies and human clinical studies in the review, we deeply understand the association of BMP-9 with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of diseases.
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15
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Li Q, Liu B, Breitkopf-Heinlein K, Weng H, Jiang Q, Dong P, Dooley S, Xu K, Ding H. Adenovirus‑mediated overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein‑9 promotes methionine choline deficiency‑induced non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis in non‑obese mice. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2743-2753. [PMID: 31322255 PMCID: PMC6691271 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver inflammation and macrophage infiltration are critical steps in the progression of non‑alcoholic fatty liver to the development of non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis. Bone morphogenetic protein‑9 is a cytokine involved in the regulation of chemokines and lipogenesis. However, the function of bone morphogenetic protein‑9 in non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis is still unknown. The present study hypothesized that bone morphogenetic protein‑9 may contribute to steatohepatitis in mice fed a methionine choline deficiency diet (MCD). C57BL/6 mice overexpressing bone morphogenetic protein‑9 and control mice were fed the MCD diet for 4 weeks. Liver tissue and serum samples were obtained for subsequent measurements. Bone morphogenetic protein‑9 overexpression exacerbated steatohepatitis in mice on the MCD diet, as indicated by liver histopathology, increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity, aspartate transaminase activity, hepatic inflammatory gene expression and M1 macrophage recruitment. Although bone morphogenetic protein‑9 overexpression did not affect the expression of pro‑fibrogenic genes, including Collagen I (α)1 or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, it did upregulate the expression of transforming growth factor‑β and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and downregulated the expression of MMP2. The above results indicate that bone morphogenetic protein‑9 exerts a pro‑inflammatory role in MCD diet‑induced non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Katja Breitkopf-Heinlein
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D‑68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Honglei Weng
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D‑68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Peiling Dong
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D‑68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Keshu Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Huiguo Ding
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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16
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Zoico E, Rubele S, De Caro A, Nori N, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Zamboni M. Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue and Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:368. [PMID: 31281288 PMCID: PMC6595248 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Across aging, adipose tissue (AT) changes its quantity and distribution: AT becomes dysfunctional with an increase in production of inflammatory peptides, a decline of those with anti-inflammatory activity and infiltration of macrophages. Adipose organ dysfunction may lead to age-related metabolic alterations. Aging is characterized by an increase in adiposity and a decline in brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots and activity, and UCP1 expression. There are many possible links to age-associated involution of BAT, including the loss of mitochondrial function, impairment of the sympathetic nervous system, age-induced alteration of brown adipogenic stem/progenitor cell function and changes in endocrine signals. Aging is also associated with a reduction in beige adipocyte formation. Beige adipocytes are known to differentiate from a sub-population of progenitors resident in white adipose tissue (WAT); a defective ability of progenitor cells to proliferate and differentiate has been hypothesized with aging. The loss of beige adipocytes with age may be caused by changes in trophic factors in the adipose tissue microenvironment, which regulate progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. This review focuses on possible mechanisms involved in the reduction of BAT and beige activity with aging, along with possible targets for age-related metabolic disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zoico
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elena Zoico
| | - Sofia Rubele
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Caro
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicole Nori
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzali
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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17
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Thyagarajan B, Foster MT. Beiging of white adipose tissue as a therapeutic strategy for weight loss in humans. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0016/hmbci-2017-0016.xml. [PMID: 28672737 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between energy intake and expenditure leads to obesity. Adiposity associated with obesity progressively causes inflammation, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Excessive dietary intake of fat results in its accumulation and storage in the white adipose tissue (WAT), whereas energy expenditure by fat utilization and oxidation predominately occurs in the brown adipose tissue (BAT). Recently, the presence of a third type of fat, referred to as beige or brite (brown in white), has been recognized in certain kinds of WAT depots. It has been suggested that WAT can undergo the process of browning in response to stimuli that induce and enhance the expression of thermogenes characteristic of those typically associated with brown fat. The resultant beige or brite cells enhance energy expenditure by reducing lipids stored within adipose tissue. This has created significant excitement towards the development of a promising strategy to induce browning/beiging in WAT to combat the growing epidemic of obesity. This review systematically describes differential locations and functions of WAT and BAT, mechanisms of beiging of WAT and a concise analysis of drug molecules and natural products that activate the browning phenomenon in vitro and in vivo. This review also discusses potential approaches for targeting WAT with compounds for site-specific beiging induction. Overall, there are numerous mechanisms that govern browning of WAT. There are a variety of newly identified targets whereby potential molecules can promote beiging of WAT and thereby combat obesity.
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