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Reiter RJ, Sharma RN, Manucha W, Rosales-Corral S, Almieda Chuffa LGD, Loh D, Luchetti F, Balduini W, Govitrapong P. Dysfunctional mitochondria in age-related neurodegeneration: Utility of melatonin as an antioxidant treatment. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102480. [PMID: 39236857 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria functionally degrade as neurons age. Degenerative changes cause inefficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and elevated electron leakage from the electron transport chain (ETC) promoting increased intramitochondrial generation of damaging reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). The associated progressive accumulation of molecular damage causes an increasingly rapid decline in mitochondrial physiology contributing to aging. Melatonin, a multifunctional free radical scavenger and indirect antioxidant, is synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix of neurons. Melatonin reduces electron leakage from the ETC and elevates ATP production; it also detoxifies ROS/RNS and via the SIRT3/FOXO pathway it upregulates activities of superoxide dismutase 2 and glutathione peroxidase. Melatonin also influences glucose processing by neurons. In neurogenerative diseases, neurons often adopt Warburg-type metabolism which excludes pyruvate from the mitochondria causing reduced intramitochondrial acetyl coenzyme A production. Acetyl coenzyme A supports the citric acid cycle and OXPHOS. Additionally, acetyl coenzyme A is a required co-substrate for arylalkylamine-N-acetyl transferase, which rate limits melatonin synthesis; therefore, melatonin production is diminished in cells that experience Warburg-type metabolism making mitochondria more vulnerable to oxidative stress. Moreover, endogenously produced melatonin diminishes during aging, further increasing oxidative damage to mitochondrial components. More normal mitochondrial physiology is preserved in aging neurons with melatonin supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Ramaswamy N Sharma
- Applied Biomedical Sciences, University of the Incarnate Word, School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Walter Manucha
- Instituto de Medicina y Biologia Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas (CONICET), Mendoza 5500, Argentina.
| | - Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Almieda Chuffa
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Setor de Anatomia - Instituto de Biociências, IBB/UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX, USA.
| | - Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Walter Balduini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Cai Z, Luo W, Wang H, Zhu R, Yuan Y, Zhan X, Xie M, Zhuang H, Chen H, Xu Y, Li X, Liu L, Xu G. MFN2 suppresses the accumulation of lipid droplets and the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1791-1807. [PMID: 38480904 PMCID: PMC11145141 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Dissolving the lipid droplets in tissue section with alcohol during a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain causes the tumor cells to appear like clear soap bubbles under a microscope, which is a key pathological feature of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Mitochondrial dynamics have been reported to be closely associated with lipid metabolism and tumor development. However, the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and lipid metabolism reprogramming in ccRCC remains to be further explored. We conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify key genes regulating mitochondrial dynamics differentially expressed between tumor and normal tissues and immunohistochemistry and Western blot to confirm. After the target was identified, we created stable ccRCC cell lines to test the impact of the target gene on mitochondrial morphology, tumorigenesis in culture cells and xenograft models, and profiles of lipid metabolism. It was found that mitofusin 2 (MFN2) was downregulated in ccRCC tissues and associated with poor prognosis in patients with ccRCC. MFN2 suppressed mitochondrial fragmentation, proliferation, migration, and invasion of ccRCC cells and growth of xenograft tumors. Furthermore, MFN2 impacted lipid metabolism and reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in ccRCC cells. MFN2 suppressed disease progression and improved prognosis for patients with ccRCC possibly by interrupting cellular lipid metabolism and reducing accumulation of lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiduan Cai
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenjun Luo
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yaoji Yuan
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiangyu Zhan
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Haoquan Zhuang
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuyu Xu
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiezhao Li
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Leyuan Liu
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guibin Xu
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting DiagnosisTherapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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3
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Pușcaș A, Ștefănescu R, Vari CE, Ősz BE, Filip C, Bitzan JK, Buț MG, Tero-Vescan A. Biochemical Aspects That Lead to Abusive Use of Trimetazidine in Performance Athletes: A Mini-Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1605. [PMID: 38338885 PMCID: PMC10855343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trimetazidine (TMZ), used for treating stable angina pectoris, has garnered attention in the realm of sports due to its potential performance-enhancing properties, and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has classified TMZ on the S4 list of prohibited substances since 2014. The purpose of this narrative mini-review is to emphasize the biochemical aspects underlying the abusive use of TMZ among athletes as a metabolic modulator of cardiac energy metabolism. The myocardium's ability to adapt its energy substrate utilization between glucose and fatty acids is crucial for maintaining cardiac function under various conditions, such as rest, moderate exercise, and intense effort. TMZ acts as a partial inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation by inhibiting 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT), shifting energy production from long-chain fatty acids to glucose, reducing oxygen consumption, improving cardiac function, and enhancing exercise capacity. Furthermore, TMZ modulates pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, promoting glucose oxidation while lowering lactate production, and ultimately stabilizing myocardial function. TMZs role in reducing oxidative stress is notable, as it activates antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In conclusion, TMZs biochemical mechanisms make it an attractive but controversial option for athletes seeking a competitive edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Pușcaș
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of the Environmental Factors Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Ruxandra Ștefănescu
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Camil-Eugen Vari
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-E.V.); (B.-E.Ő.)
| | - Bianca-Eugenia Ősz
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-E.V.); (B.-E.Ő.)
| | - Cristina Filip
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of the Environmental Factors Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Jana Karlina Bitzan
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Campus Hamburg—UMCH, 22761 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Mădălina-Georgiana Buț
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (A.T.-V.)
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (A.T.-V.)
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4
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Ju WK, Perkins GA, Kim KY, Bastola T, Choi WY, Choi SH. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy: Mitochondrial dynamics, dysfunction and protection in retinal ganglion cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 95:101136. [PMID: 36400670 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and is characterized by a slow, progressive, and multifactorial degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, resulting in vision loss. Despite its high prevalence in individuals 60 years of age and older, the causing factors contributing to glaucoma progression are currently not well characterized. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only proven treatable risk factor. However, lowering IOP is insufficient for preventing disease progression. One of the significant interests in glaucoma pathogenesis is understanding the structural and functional impairment of mitochondria in RGCs and their axons and synapses. Glaucomatous risk factors such as IOP elevation, aging, genetic variation, neuroinflammation, neurotrophic factor deprivation, and vascular dysregulation, are potential inducers for mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma. Because oxidative phosphorylation stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with structural and functional impairment of mitochondria in glaucomatous RGCs, understanding the underlying mechanisms and relationship between structural and functional alterations in mitochondria would be beneficial to developing mitochondria-related neuroprotection in RGCs and their axons and synapses against glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Here, we review the current studies focusing on mitochondrial dynamics-based structural and functional alterations in the mitochondria of glaucomatous RGCs and therapeutic strategies to protect RGCs against glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyu Ju
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Guy A Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tonking Bastola
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Woo-Young Choi
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, South Korea
| | - Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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5
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Späth MR, Hoyer-Allo KJR, Seufert L, Höhne M, Lucas C, Bock T, Isermann L, Brodesser S, Lackmann JW, Kiefer K, Koehler FC, Bohl K, Ignarski M, Schiller P, Johnsen M, Kubacki T, Grundmann F, Benzing T, Trifunovic A, Krüger M, Schermer B, Burst V, Müller RU. Organ Protection by Caloric Restriction Depends on Activation of the De Novo NAD+ Synthesis Pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:772-792. [PMID: 36758124 PMCID: PMC10125653 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT AKI is a major clinical complication leading to high mortality, but intensive research over the past decades has not led to targeted preventive or therapeutic measures. In rodent models, caloric restriction (CR) and transient hypoxia significantly prevent AKI and a recent comparative transcriptome analysis of murine kidneys identified kynureninase (KYNU) as a shared downstream target. The present work shows that KYNU strongly contributes to CR-mediated protection as a key player in the de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis pathway. Importantly, the link between CR and NAD+ biosynthesis could be recapitulated in a human cohort. BACKGROUND Clinical practice lacks strategies to treat AKI. Interestingly, preconditioning by hypoxia and caloric restriction (CR) is highly protective in rodent AKI models. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this process are unknown. METHODS Kynureninase (KYNU) knockout mice were generated by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and comparative transcriptome, proteome and metabolite analyses of murine kidneys pre- and post-ischemia-reperfusion injury in the context of CR or ad libitum diet were performed. In addition, acetyl-lysin enrichment and mass spectrometry were used to assess protein acetylation. RESULTS We identified KYNU as a downstream target of CR and show that KYNU strongly contributes to the protective effect of CR. The KYNU-dependent de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis pathway is necessary for CR-associated maintenance of NAD+ levels. This finding is associated with reduced protein acetylation in CR-treated animals, specifically affecting enzymes in energy metabolism. Importantly, the effect of CR on de novo NAD+ biosynthesis pathway metabolites can be recapitulated in humans. CONCLUSIONS CR induces the de novo NAD+ synthesis pathway in the context of IRI and is essential for its full nephroprotective potential. Differential protein acetylation may be the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship of NAD+, CR, and nephroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Späth
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - K. Johanna R. Hoyer-Allo
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Seufert
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Lucas
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theresa Bock
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lea Isermann
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Wilm Lackmann
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Kiefer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix C. Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katrin Bohl
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Ignarski
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Schiller
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Johnsen
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Torsten Kubacki
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Franziska Grundmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Burst
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Wang XX, Mao GH, Li QQ, Tang J, Zhang H, Wang KL, Wang L, Ni H, Sheng R, Qin ZH. Neuroprotection of NAD+ and NBP against ischemia/reperfusion brain injury is associated with restoration of sirtuin-regulated metabolic homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1096533. [PMID: 37056986 PMCID: PMC10086243 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1096533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ischemic stroke seriously threatens human health because of high rates of morbidity, mortality and disability. This study compared the effects of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and butylphthalide (NBP) on in vitro and in vivo ischemic stroke models.Methods: Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (t-MCAO/R) model was established in mice, and the cultured primary cortical neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Cerebral infarct volume, neurobehavioral indices, antioxidant activity, ATP level and lactic acid content were determined. The neuroprotective effects of NAD+ or NBP were compared using sirtuin inhibitor niacinamide (NAM).Results: Intraperitoneal injection of NBP within 4 h or intravenous injection of NAD+ within 1 h after t-MCAO/R significantly reduced the volume of infarcts, cerebral edema, and neurological deficits. Administration of NAD+ and NBP immediately after t-MCAO/R in mice showed similar neuroprotection against acute and long-term ischemic injury. Both NAD+ and NBP significantly inhibited the accumulation of MDA and H2O2 and reduced oxidative stress. NAD+ was superior to NBP in inhibiting lipid oxidation and DNA damage. Furthermore, although both NAD+ and NBP improved the morphology of mitochondrial damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion, NAD+ more effectively reversed the decrease of ATP and increase of lactic acid after ischemia/reperfusion compared with NBP. NAD+ but not NBP treatment significantly upregulated SIRT3 in the brain, but the sirtuin inhibitor NAM could abolish the protective effect of NAD+ and NBP by inhibiting SIRT1 or SIRT3.Conclusions: These results confirmed the protective effects of NAD+ and NBP on cerebral ischemic injury. NBP and NAD+ showed similar antioxidant effects, while NAD+ had better ability in restoring energy metabolism, possibly through upregulating the activity of SIRT1 and SIRT3. The protection provided by NBP against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion may be achieved through SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hui Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi-Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Lei Wang
- Hefei Knature Bio-pharm Co., Ltd., Hefei, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Sheng, ; Zheng-Hong Qin,
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Sheng, ; Zheng-Hong Qin,
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Kang H, Kim S, Lee JY, Kim B. Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Compound K on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages by Regulating Sirtuin 1 and Histone Deacetylase 4. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071626. [PMID: 37049466 PMCID: PMC10096759 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, an innate immune response mediated by macrophages, has been a hallmark leading to the pathophysiology of diseases. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside compound K (CK) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and metabolic alteration in RAW 264.7 macrophages by regulating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). LPS suppressed SIRT1 while promoting HDAC4 expression, accompanied by increases in cellular reactive oxygen species accumulation and pro-inflammatory gene expression; however, the addition of CK elicited the opposite effects. CK ameliorated the LPS-induced increase in glycolytic genes and abrogated the LPS-altered genes engaged in the NAD+ salvage pathway. LPS decreased basal, maximal, and non-mitochondrial respiration, reducing ATP production and proton leak in macrophages, which were abolished by CK. SIRT1 inhibition augmented Hdac4 expression along with increased LPS-induced inflammatory and glycolytic gene expression, while decreasing genes that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis; however, its activation resulted in the opposite effects. Inhibition of HDAC4 enhanced Sirt1 expression and attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, CK exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with the potential to counteract the alterations of energy metabolism, including glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, through activating SIRT1 and repressing HDAC4 in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohkyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2844
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Kalinichenko SG, Pushchin II, Matveeva NY. Neurotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms in the ischemic neocortex. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 128:102230. [PMID: 36603664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal damage in ischemic stroke occurs due to permanent imbalance between the metabolic needs of the brain and the ability of the blood-vascular system to maintain glucose delivery and adequate gas exchange. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity trigger complex processes of neuroinflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis of both neurons and glial cells. This review summarizes data on the structural and chemical changes in the neocortex and main cytoprotective effects induced by focal ischemic stroke. We focus on the expression of neurotrophins (NT) and molecular and cellular changes in neurovascular units in ischemic brain. We also discuss how these factors affect the apoptosis of cortical cells. Ischemic damage involves close interaction of a wide range of signaling molecules, each acting as an efficient marker of cell state in both the ischemic core and penumbra. NTs play the main regulatory role in brain tissue recovery after ischemic injury. Heterogeneous distribution of the BDNF, NT-3, and GDNF immunoreactivity is concordant with the selective response of different types of cortical neurons and glia to ischemic injury and allows mapping the position of viable neurons. Astrocytes are the central link in neurovascular coupling in ischemic brain by providing other cells with a wide range of vasotropic factors. The NT expression coincides with the distribution of reactive astrocytes, marking the boundaries of the penumbra. The development of ischemic stroke is accompanied by a dramatic change in the distribution of GDNF reactivity. In early ischemic period, it is mainly observed in cortical neurons, while in late one, the bulk of GDNF-positive cells are various types of glia, in particular, astrocytes. The proportion of GDNF-positive astrocytes increases gradually throughout the ischemic period. Some factors that exert cytoprotective effects in early ischemic period may display neurotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects later on. The number of apoptotic cells in the ischemic brain tissue correlates with the BDNF levels, corroborating its protective effects. Cytoprotection and neuroplasticity are two lines of brain protection and recovery after ischemic stroke. NTs can be considered an important link in these processes. To develop efficient pharmacological therapy for ischemic brain injury, we have to deepen our understanding of neurochemical adaptation of brain tissue to acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kalinichenko
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Igor I Pushchin
- Laboratory of Physiology, A.V. Zhirmusky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
| | - Natalya Yu Matveeva
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
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9
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Su SH, Wu YF, Lin Q, Zhang L, Wang DP, Hai J. Fecal microbiota transplantation and replenishment of short-chain fatty acids protect against chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced colonic dysfunction by regulating gut microbiota, differentiation of Th17 cells, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:313. [PMID: 36567333 PMCID: PMC9791754 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the association between gut microbiota and intestinal injury under a state of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Here, the effects of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as important metabolic products, on intestinal function and potential mechanisms after CCH were investigated. METHODS Rats were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo) to induce CCH. The gut microbiota and metabolites of SCFAs were assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis of colon tissues was also conducted. Subsequently, potential molecular pathways and differentially expressed genes were verified by western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence analyses. Furthermore, the integrity of the colonic barrier was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin and mucin 2 staining and expression levels of tight junction proteins. Besides, colonic inflammation was further assessed by flow cytometry and expression levels of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, colonic mitochondrial dysfunction was analyzed via membrane potential, reactive oxygen species, electron transport chain (ETC) activities, adenosine triphosphate content, and mitochondrial ultrastructure. RESULTS CCH modified gut microbial composition and microbial metabolism of SCFAs, which may be associated with inhibition of mitochondrial ETC activities and oxidative phosphorylation, leading to dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Furthermore, CCH induced differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells, promoted the formation of complexes of interferon regulatory factor 4 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and increased the phosphorylation of STAT3. This was associated with an impairment of colonic barrier function and chronic colonic inflammation. In contrast, FMT and SCFA replenishment ameliorated CCH-induced gut microbial dysbiosis by increasing the intestinal content of Ruminococcus_sp_N15_MGS_57 and modulating microbial metabolism of SCFAs by increasing acetic acid contents associated with an improvment of the balance between Tregs and Th17 cells, mitochondrial ETC activities, and oxidative phosphorylation to prevent colonic inflammation and dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that FMT and SCFA replenishment present a promising therapeutic strategy against colonic dysfunction under a state of chronic cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Su
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Yi-Fang Wu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Qi Lin
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200003 China
| | - Da-Peng Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Jian Hai
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 China
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10
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Lee JH, Hussain M, Kim EW, Cheng SJ, Leung AKL, Fakouri NB, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Mitochondrial PARP1 regulates NAD +-dependent poly ADP-ribosylation of mitochondrial nucleoids. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:2135-2147. [PMID: 36473936 PMCID: PMC9794712 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PARPs play fundamental roles in multiple DNA damage recognition and repair pathways. Persistent nuclear PARP activation causes cellular NAD+ depletion and exacerbates cellular aging. However, very little is known about mitochondrial PARP (mtPARP) and poly ADP-ribosylation (PARylation). The existence of mtPARP is controversial, and the biological roles of mtPARP-induced mitochondrial PARylation are unclear. Here, we demonstrate the presence of PARP1 and PARylation in purified mitochondria. The addition of the PARP1 substrate NAD+ to isolated mitochondria induced PARylation, which was suppressed by treatment with the inhibitor olaparib. Mitochondrial PARylation was also evaluated by enzymatic labeling of terminal ADP-ribose (ELTA). To further confirm the presence of mtPARP1, we evaluated mitochondrial nucleoid PARylation by ADP ribose-chromatin affinity purification (ADPr-ChAP) and PARP1 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). We observed that NAD+ stimulated PARylation and TFAM occupancy on the mtDNA regulatory region D-loop, inducing mtDNA transcription. These findings suggest that PARP1 is integrally involved in mitochondrial PARylation and that NAD+-dependent mtPARP1 activity contributes to mtDNA transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyuk Lee
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, 31404, USA
| | - Mansoor Hussain
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Edward W Kim
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Shang-Jung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Departments of Oncology, Genetics Medicine, Molecular Biology & Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nima Borhan Fakouri
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Computational Biology and Genomic Core Facility, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Metabolic and Cellular Compartments of Acetyl-CoA in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710073. [PMID: 36077475 PMCID: PMC9456256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is characterised by the most diverse morphological, metabolic and functional structure among all body tissues. This is due to the existence of diverse neurons secreting various neurotransmitters and mutually modulating their own activity through thousands of pre- and postsynaptic interconnections in each neuron. Astroglial, microglial and oligodendroglial cells and neurons reciprocally regulate the metabolism of key energy substrates, thereby exerting several neuroprotective, neurotoxic and regulatory effects on neuronal viability and neurotransmitter functions. Maintenance of the pool of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA derived from glycolytic glucose metabolism is a key factor for neuronal survival. Thus, acetyl-CoA is regarded as a direct energy precursor through the TCA cycle and respiratory chain, thereby affecting brain cell viability. It is also used for hundreds of acetylation reactions, including N-acetyl aspartate synthesis in neuronal mitochondria, acetylcholine synthesis in cholinergic neurons, as well as divergent acetylations of several proteins, peptides, histones and low-molecular-weight species in all cellular compartments. Therefore, acetyl-CoA should be considered as the central point of metabolism maintaining equilibrium between anabolic and catabolic pathways in the brain. This review presents data supporting this thesis.
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12
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Miao L, Guo S, Wu J, Adyel TM, Liu Z, Liu S, Hou J. Polystyrene nanoplastics change the functional traits of biofilm communities in freshwater environment revealed by GeoChip 5.0. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127117. [PMID: 34534802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing concern regarding the potential effects of nanoplastics (NPs) on freshwater ecosystems. Considering the functional values of biofilms in freshwater, knowledge on whether and to what extent NPs can influence the ecosystem processes of biofilms were still limited. Herein, the freshwater biofilms cultured in lab were exposed to 100 nm polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) of different dosages (1 and 10 mg/L) for 14 days. Confocal laser scanning microscope observation indicated that biofilms were dominated by filamentous, and spiral algae species and the intensity of extracellular polymeric substances increased under PS-NPs exposure. GeoChip 5.0 analysis revealed that PS-NPs exposure triggered a significant increase in functional genes α diversity (p < 0.05) and altered biofilms' functional structure. Furthermore, the abundance of genes involved in the total carbon and nitrogen cycling were increased under PS-NPs exposure. The abundance of nitrogen fixation genes experienced the most pronounced increase (24.4%) under 1 mg/L PS-NPs treatment, consistent with the increase of ammonium in overlying water. Whereas antibiotic resistance genes and those related to photosynthetic pigments production were suppressed. These results provided direct evidence for PS-NPs' effects on the biofilm functions in terms of biogeochemical cycling, improving our understanding of the potentials of NPs on freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road 1st, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road 1st, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Tanveer M Adyel
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Zhilin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road 1st, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Songqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road 1st, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road 1st, Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China,.
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13
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Waddell J, McKenna MC, Kristian T. Brain ethanol metabolism and mitochondria. CURRENT TOPICS IN BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022; 23:1-13. [PMID: 36873619 PMCID: PMC9980429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence in humans causes an extreme shift in metabolism for which the human brain is not evolutionarily prepared. Oxidation of ethanol and acetaldehyde are not regulated, making ethanol a dominating metabolic substrate that prevents the activity of enzymes from oxidizing their usual endogenous substrates. The enzymes required to oxidize ethanol across the variety of affected tissues all produce acetaldehyde which is then converted to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). ALDHs are NAD+-dependent enzymes, and mitochondrial ALDH2 is likely the primary contributor to ethanol-derived acetaldehyde clearance in cells. Metabolism of alcohol has several adverse effects on mitochondria including increased free radical levels, hyperacetylation of mitochondrial proteins, and excessive mitochondrial fragmentation. This review discusses the role of astrocytic and neuronal mitochondria in ethanol metabolism that contributes to the acute and chronic changes in mitochondrial function and morphology, that might promote tolerance, dependence and withdrawal. We also propose potential modes of therapeutic intervention to reduce the toxicity of chronic alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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14
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Kang H, Park YK, Lee JY. Nicotinamide riboside, an NAD + precursor, attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress by activating sirtuin 1 in alcohol-stimulated macrophages. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1225-1237. [PMID: 33846538 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an essential role in alcohol-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of nicotinamide riboside (NR), a natural nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor, on alcohol-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in macrophages. NR significantly decreased ethanol-induced inflammatory gene expression, with a concomitant decrease in nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB p65 in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). In macrophages incubated with ethanol or acetaldehyde, NR abolished the accumulation of cellular reactive oxygen species. Ethanol decreased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression and activity, and cellular NAD+ level while inducing pro-inflammatory gene expression. However, NR markedly attenuated the changes. SIRT1 inhibition augmented ethanol-induced inflammatory gene expression, but its activation elicited opposing effects. Also, ethanol did not alter glycolysis but increased glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, and non-glycolytic acidification, with concomitant increases in hypoxia-induced factor 1α expression and activity, phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, and extracellular lactate levels. Interestingly, ethanol increased mitochondrial respiration and ATP production but decreased maximal respiration and spare respiration capacity. The latter was linked to decreases in mitochondrial copy numbers. NR abolished the ethanol-induced metabolic changes in the glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In conclusion, NR exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by abrogating the inhibitory effects of ethanol on the SIRT1 pathway by increasing Sirt1 expression and its activator, NAD+. Also, SIRT1 activation and normalization of ethanol-induced changes in NAD+/NADH ratios by NR are likely crucial to counteract the changes in energy phenotypes of macrophages exposed to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Kang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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15
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Silencing of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-2 Induces Mitochondrial Reactive Species Production and Mitochondrial Fragmentation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061387. [PMID: 34199944 PMCID: PMC8227884 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP2 is a DNA repair protein. The deletion of PARP2 induces mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial activity by increasing NAD+ levels and inducing SIRT1 activity. We show that the silencing of PARP2 causes mitochondrial fragmentation in myoblasts. We assessed multiple pathways that can lead to mitochondrial fragmentation and ruled out the involvement of mitophagy, the fusion-fission machinery, SIRT1, and mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Nevertheless, mitochondrial fragmentation was reversed by treatment with strong reductants, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), and a mitochondria-specific antioxidant MitoTEMPO. The effect of MitoTEMPO on mitochondrial morphology indicates the production of reactive oxygen species of mitochondrial origin. Elimination of reactive oxygen species reversed mitochondrial fragmentation in PARP2-silenced cells.
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16
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Klimova N, Fearnow A, Kristian T. Role of NAD +-Modulated Mitochondrial Free Radical Generation in Mechanisms of Acute Brain Injury. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070449. [PMID: 32674501 PMCID: PMC7408119 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that mitochondria represent a major source of free radicals following acute brain injury or during the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells are determined by two opposing mechanisms—the one that produces free radicals and the cellular antioxidant system that eliminates ROS. Thus, the balance between the rate of ROS production and the efficiency of the cellular detoxification process determines the levels of harmful reactive oxygen species. Consequently, increase in free radical levels can be a result of higher rates of ROS production or due to the inhibition of the enzymes that participate in the antioxidant mechanisms. The enzymes’ activity can be modulated by post-translational modifications that are commonly altered under pathologic conditions. In this review we will discuss the mechanisms of mitochondrial free radical production following ischemic insult, mechanisms that protect mitochondria against free radical damage, and the impact of post-ischemic nicotinamide adenine mononucleotide (NAD+) catabolism on mitochondrial protein acetylation that affects ROS generation and mitochondrial dynamics. We propose a mechanism of mitochondrial free radical generation due to a compromised mitochondrial antioxidant system caused by intra-mitochondrial NAD+ depletion. Finally, the interplay between different mechanisms of mitochondrial ROS generation and potential therapeutic approaches are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Klimova
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.K.); (A.F.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adam Fearnow
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.K.); (A.F.)
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.K.); (A.F.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Duan Y, Wang Y, Xiong D, Zhang J. RNA-seq revealed the signatures of immunity and metabolism in the Litopenaeus vannamei intestine in response to dietary succinate. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:16-24. [PMID: 31585243 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is important for nutrition, metabolism and immunity. Succinate (SA) plays a vital role in the physiological homeostasis of animal intestines. However, the effects of dietary SA on the intestinal immunity and metabolism in shrimp are not clear. In this study, we investigated the immune and metabolic responses in the intestine of Litopenaeus vannamei that were fed diets consisting of different levels of SA: 0 g/kg (Con) and 10 g/kg (SA) for 56 days. The results from a RNA-seq analysis identified 6005 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 2728 upregulated genes and 3277 downregulated genes, which were grouped into 312 pathways. The DEGs were most enriched in pathways related to protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism, including "ribosome", "aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis", "pyrimidine metabolism", and "arginine and proline metabolism"; additionally, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism pathways were also activated. A large number of immune-related genes were associated with mucus barrier modification, antimicrobial activity, pathogen attachment and recognition, antioxidant activity, and apoptosis. The expression patterns of several candidate genes involved in the immune response and nutrition metabolism were detected by qPCR. This study provides insight into the transcriptomic modulating mechanisms associated with intestinal immunity and the metabolism of L. vannamei in response to the intake of dietary SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Dalin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Jiasong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, PR China.
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18
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Correia SC, Carvalho C, Cardoso S, Moreira PI. Post-translational modifications in brain health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1947-1948. [PMID: 31102788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia C Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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