1
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Zhao Y, Xu K, Shu F, Zhang F. Neurotropic virus infection and neurodegenerative diseases: Potential roles of autophagy pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14548. [PMID: 38082503 PMCID: PMC11163195 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) constitute a group of disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of nervous system functionality. Currently, the precise etiological factors responsible for NDs remain incompletely elucidated, although it is probable that a combination of aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental stressors participate in this process. Accumulating evidence indicates that viral infections, especially neurotropic viruses, can contribute to the onset and progression of NDs. In this review, emerging evidence supporting the association between viral infection and NDs is summarized, and how the autophagy pathway mediated by viral infection can cause pathological aggregation of cellular proteins associated with various NDs is discussed. Furthermore, autophagy-related genes (ARGs) involved in Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection and NDs are analyzed, and whether these genes could link HSV-1 infection to NDs is discussed. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying NDs is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches that prevent the onset and slow the progression of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐jia Zhao
- Laboratory Animal CentreZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Kai‐fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Fu‐xing Shu
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy UtilizationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Animal CentreZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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2
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Biagio P, Isabella DF, Federica C, Elena S, Ivan G. Alzheimer's disease and herpes viruses: Current events and perspectives. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2550. [PMID: 38801246 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a real and current scientific and societal challenge. Alzheimer's disease is characterised by a neurodegenerative neuroinflammatory process, but the etiopathogenetic mechanisms are still unclear. The possible infectious aetiology and potential involvement of Herpes viruses as triggers for the formation of extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide (amyloid plaques) and intraneuronal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated and misfold could be a possible explanation. In fact, the possible genetic interference of Herpes viruses with the genome of the host neuronal cell or the stimulation of the infection to a continuous immune response with a consequent chronic inflammation could constitute those mechanisms underlying the development of AD, with possible implications in the understanding and management of the disease. Herpes viruses could be significantly involved in the pathogenesis of AD and in particular, their ability to reactivate in particular conditions such as immunocompromise and immunosenescence, could explain the neurological damage characteristic of AD. Our review aims to evaluate the state of the art of knowledge and perspectives regarding the potential relationship between Herpes viruses and AD, in order to be able to identify the possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms and the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinchera Biagio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Di Filippo Isabella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Cuccurullo Federica
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Elena
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gentile Ivan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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3
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Nunes JM, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Herpesvirus Infection of Endothelial Cells as a Systemic Pathological Axis in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Viruses 2024; 16:572. [PMID: 38675914 PMCID: PMC11053605 DOI: 10.3390/v16040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is critical for advancing treatment options. This review explores the novel hypothesis that a herpesvirus infection of endothelial cells (ECs) may underlie ME/CFS symptomatology. We review evidence linking herpesviruses to persistent EC infection and the implications for endothelial dysfunction, encompassing blood flow regulation, coagulation, and cognitive impairment-symptoms consistent with ME/CFS and Long COVID. This paper provides a synthesis of current research on herpesvirus latency and reactivation, detailing the impact on ECs and subsequent systemic complications, including latent modulation and long-term maladaptation. We suggest that the chronicity of ME/CFS symptoms and the multisystemic nature of the disease may be partly attributable to herpesvirus-induced endothelial maladaptation. Our conclusions underscore the necessity for further investigation into the prevalence and load of herpesvirus infection within the ECs of ME/CFS patients. This review offers conceptual advances by proposing an endothelial infection model as a systemic mechanism contributing to ME/CFS, steering future research toward potentially unexplored avenues in understanding and treating this complex syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M. Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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4
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De Francesco MA. Herpesviridae, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases: What Is the Relationship between Them? Viruses 2024; 16:133. [PMID: 38257833 PMCID: PMC10818483 DOI: 10.3390/v16010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease represent the most common forms of cognitive impairment. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system responsible for severe disability. An aberrant immune response is the cause of myelin destruction that covers axons in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by alteration of B cell activation, while Sjögren's syndrome is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by altered immune responses. The etiology of all these diseases is very complex, including an interrelationship between genetic factors, principally immune associated genes, and environmental factors such as infectious agents. However, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases share proinflammatory signatures and a perturbation of adaptive immunity that might be influenced by herpesviruses. Therefore, they might play a critical role in the disease pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the principal findings that link herpesviruses to both neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases; moreover, briefly underlining the potential therapeutic approach of virus vaccination and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia De Francesco
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia-ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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5
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Gavilán E, Medina-Guzman R, Bahatyrevich-Kharitonik B, Ruano D. Protein Quality Control Systems and ER Stress as Key Players in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neurodegeneration. Cells 2024; 13:123. [PMID: 38247815 PMCID: PMC10814689 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the forefront the intricate relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on neurological complications, including potential links to neurodegenerative processes, characterized by a dysfunction of the protein quality control systems and ER stress. This review article explores the role of protein quality control systems, such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation (ERAD), the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS), autophagy and the molecular chaperones, in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our hypothesis suggests that SARS-CoV-2 produces ER stress and exploits the protein quality control systems, leading to a disruption in proteostasis that cannot be solved by the host cell. This disruption culminates in cell death and may represent a link between SARS-CoV-2 and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gavilán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla (US), 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (B.B.-K.); (D.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC, University of Seville (US), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Medina-Guzman
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla (US), 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (B.B.-K.); (D.R.)
| | - Bazhena Bahatyrevich-Kharitonik
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla (US), 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (B.B.-K.); (D.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC, University of Seville (US), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diego Ruano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla (US), 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (R.M.-G.); (B.B.-K.); (D.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC, University of Seville (US), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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6
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Zhou X, Kumar P, Bhuyan DJ, Jensen SO, Roberts TL, Münch GW. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Potential Role of Nose-Picking in Pathogen Entry via the Olfactory System? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1568. [PMID: 38002250 PMCID: PMC10669446 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment. Many possible factors might contribute to the development of AD, including amyloid peptide and tau deposition, but more recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may also play an-at least partial-role in its pathogenesis. In recent years, emerging research has explored the possible involvement of external, invading pathogens in starting or accelerating the neuroinflammatory processes in AD. In this narrative review, we advance the hypothesis that neuroinflammation in AD might be partially caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens entering the brain through the nose and the olfactory system. The olfactory system represents a plausible route for pathogen entry, given its direct anatomical connection to the brain and its involvement in the early stages of AD. We discuss the potential mechanisms through which pathogens may exploit the olfactory pathway to initiate neuroinflammation, one of them being accidental exposure of the olfactory mucosa to hands contaminated with soil and feces when picking one's nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (X.Z.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Paayal Kumar
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
| | - Deep J. Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (X.Z.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Slade O. Jensen
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (S.O.J.); (T.L.R.)
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Tara L. Roberts
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (S.O.J.); (T.L.R.)
- Oncology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Gerald W. Münch
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (X.Z.); (D.J.B.)
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
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7
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Mardente S, Romeo MA, Asquino A, Po A, Gilardini Montani MS, Cirone M. HHV-6A Infection of Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells Induces Several Effects Related to Cancer Progression. Viruses 2023; 15:2122. [PMID: 37896899 PMCID: PMC10612057 DOI: 10.3390/v15102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that thyrocytes are permissive to HHV-6A infection and that the virus may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis. Thyroid autoimmune diseases increase the risk of papillary cancer, which is not surprising considering that chronic inflammation activates pathways that are also pro-oncogenic. Moreover, in this condition, cell proliferation is stimulated as an attempt to repair tissue damage caused by the inflammatory process. Interestingly, it has been reported that the well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the less aggressive form of thyroid tumor, may progress to the more aggressive follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and eventually to the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), and that to such progression contributes the presence of an inflammatory/immune suppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated whether papillary tumor cells (BCPAP) could be infected by human herpes virus-6A (HHV-6A), and if viral infection could induce effects related to cancer progression. We found that the virus dysregulated the expression of several microRNAs, such as miR-155, miR-9, and the miR-221/222 cluster, which are involved in different steps of carcinogenesis, and increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, which may also sustain thyroid tumor cell growth and promote cancer progression. Genomic instability and the expression of PTEN, reported to act as an oncogene in mutp53-carrying cells such as BCPAP, also increased following HHV-6A-infection. These findings suggest that a ubiquitous herpesvirus such as HHV-6A, which displays a marked tropism for thyrocytes, could be involved in the progression of PTC towards more aggressive forms of thyroid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mardente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.G.M.)
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.G.M.)
| | - Angela Asquino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.G.M.)
| | - Agnese Po
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.G.M.)
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8
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Koberskaya NN, Roshchin FA. Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-6-89-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Koberskaya
- Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia; Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - F. A. Roshchin
- Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia
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9
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease are fatal neurological diseases that can be of idiopathic, genetic, or even infectious origin, as in the case of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The etiological factors that lead to neurodegeneration remain unknown but likely involve a combination of aging, genetic risk factors, and environmental stressors. Accumulating evidence hints at an association of viruses with neurodegenerative disorders and suggests that virus-induced neuroinflammation and perturbation of neuronal protein quality control can be involved in the early steps of disease development. In this review, we focus on emerging evidence for a correlation between NDs and viral infection and discuss how viral manipulations of cellular processes can affect the formation and dissemination of disease-associated protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Leblanc
- Institut NeuroMyoGène INMG-PGNM, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, Inserm U1315, Université Claude Bernard UCBL-Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (PL); (IMV)
| | - Ina Maja Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (PL); (IMV)
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10
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New Insights into the Molecular Interplay between Human Herpesviruses and Alzheimer’s Disease—A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081010. [PMID: 36009073 PMCID: PMC9406069 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) have been implicated as possible risk factors in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Persistent lifelong HHVs infections may directly or indirectly contribute to the generation of AD hallmarks: amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and synaptic loss. The present review focuses on summarizing current knowledge on the molecular mechanistic links between HHVs and AD that include processes involved in Aβ accumulation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. A PubMed search was performed to collect all the available research data regarding the above mentioned mechanistic links between HHVs and AD pathology. The vast majority of research articles referred to the different pathways exploited by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 that could lead to AD pathology, while a few studies highlighted the emerging role of HHV 6, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein–Barr Virus. The elucidation of such potential links may guide the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics to counter this devastating neurological disorder that until now remains incurable.
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11
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Benedetti R, Romeo MA, Arena A, Gilardini Montani MS, Di Renzo L, D'Orazi G, Cirone M. ATF6 prevents DNA damage and cell death in colon cancer cells undergoing ER stress. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:295. [PMID: 35752616 PMCID: PMC9233702 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer represents one of the most common and aggressive cancers in its advanced state. Among the most innovative anti-cancer approaches, the manipulation of UPR is a promising one, effective also against cancers carrying dysfunctional p53. Interestingly, it is emerging that UPR cross-talks with DDR and that targeting the interplay between these two adaptive responses may be exploited to overcome the resistance to the single DDR- and UPR-targeting treatments. Previous studies have highlighted the role of IRE1 alpha and PERK UPR sensors on DDR, while the impact of ATF6 on this process remains under-investigated. This study shows for the first time that ATF6 sustains the expression level of BRCA-1 and protects colon cancer cells from the cytotoxic effect of ER stressors DPE and Thapsigargin. At molecular level, ATF6 activates mTOR to sustain the expression of HSP90, of which BRCA-1 is a client protein. Therefore, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ATF6 promoted BRCA-1 degradation and increased DNA damage and cell death, particularly in combination with Adriamycin. All together this study suggests that targeting ATF6 may not only potentiate the cytotoxic effect of drugs triggering ER stress but may render colon cancer cells more sensitive to Adriamycin and possibly to other DNA damaging agents used to treat colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Di Renzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 33, 66100, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Research and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy. .,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Romeo MA, Montani MSG, Benedetti R, Arena A, Gaeta A, Cirone M. The dysregulation of autophagy and ER stress induced by HHV-6A infection activates pro-inflammatory pathways and promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines and cathepsin S by CNS cells. Virus Res 2022; 313:198726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Bigley TM, Xiong M, Ali M, Chen Y, Wang C, Serrano JR, Eteleeb A, Harari O, Yang L, Patel SJ, Cruchaga C, Yokoyama WM, Holtzman DM. Murine roseolovirus does not accelerate amyloid-β pathology and human roseoloviruses are not over-represented in Alzheimer disease brains. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:10. [PMID: 35033173 PMCID: PMC8760754 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of viral infection in Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathogenesis is an area of great interest in recent years. Several studies have suggested an association between the human roseoloviruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7, and AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are a hallmark neuropathological finding of AD and were recently proposed to have an antimicrobial function in response to infection. Identifying a causative and mechanistic role of human roseoloviruses in AD has been confounded by limitations in performing in vivo studies. Recent -omics based approaches have demonstrated conflicting associations between human roseoloviruses and AD. Murine roseolovirus (MRV) is a natural murine pathogen that is highly-related to the human roseoloviruses, providing an opportunity to perform well-controlled studies of the impact of roseolovirus on Aβ deposition. METHODS We utilized the 5XFAD mouse model to test whether MRV induces Aβ deposition in vivo. We also evaluated viral load and neuropathogenesis of MRV infection. To evaluate Aβ interaction with MRV, we performed electron microscopy. RNA-sequencing of a cohort of AD brains compared to control was used to investigate the association between human roseolovirus and AD. RESULTS We found that 5XFAD mice were susceptible to MRV infection and developed neuroinflammation. Moreover, we demonstrated that Aβ interacts with viral particles in vitro and, subsequent to this interaction, can disrupt infection. Despite this, neither peripheral nor brain infection with MRV increased or accelerated Aβ plaque formation. Moreover, -omics based approaches have demonstrated conflicting associations between human roseoloviruses and AD. Our RNA-sequencing analysis of a cohort of AD brains compared to controls did not show an association between roseolovirus infection and AD. CONCLUSION Although MRV does infect the brain and cause transient neuroinflammation, our data do not support a role for murine or human roseoloviruses in the development of Aβ plaque formation and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarin M. Bigley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (DBBS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Present address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (DBBS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Abdallah Eteleeb
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Swapneel J. Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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14
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Norins LC. Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease: Same infectious cause, same preventive? Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Human herpesvirus 6A U4 inhibits proteasomal degradation of amyloid precursor protein. J Virol 2021; 96:e0168821. [PMID: 34878807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01688-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) belongs to the betaherpesvirus subfamily and is divided into two distinct species, HHV-6A and HHV-6B. HHV-6 can infect nerve cells and is associated with a variety of nervous system diseases. Recently, the association of HHV-6A infection with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested. The main pathological phenomena of AD are the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation, however, the specific molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of AD is not fully clear. In this study, we focused on the effect of HHV-6A U4 gene function on Aβ expression. Co-expression of HHV-6A U4 with APP resulted in inhibition of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Consequently, accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), insoluble neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neural cells may occur. Immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry (IP-MS) showed that HHV-6A U4 protein interacts with E3 ubiquitin ligase composed of DDB1 and Cullin 4B which is also responsible for APP degradation. We hypothesize that HHV-6A U4 protein competes with APP for binding to E3 ubiquitin ligase, resulting in inhibition of APP ubiquitin modification and clearance. Finally, this is leading to the increase of APP expression and Aβ deposition, which is the hallmark of AD. These findings provide novel evidence for the etiological hypothesis of AD that can contribute to the further analysis of HHV-6A role in AD. IMPORTANCE The association of HHV-6A infection with Alzheimer's disease has attracted increasing attention, although its role and molecular mechanism remain to be established. Our results here indicate that HHV-6A U4 inhibits APP (amyloid precursor protein) degradation. U4 protein interacts with CRLs (Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases) which is also responsible for APP degradation. We propose a model that U4 competitively binds to CRLs with APP, resulting in APP accumulation and Aβ generation. Our findings provide new insights into the etiological hypothesis of HHV-6A in AD that can help further analyses.
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16
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IRE1-Mediated Unfolded Protein Response Promotes the Replication of Tick-Borne Flaviviruses in a Virus and Cell-Type Dependent Manner. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112164. [PMID: 34834970 PMCID: PMC8619205 DOI: 10.3390/v13112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV) can cause severe neurological complications in humans, but differences in tissue tropism and pathogenicity have been described for individual virus strains. Viral protein synthesis leads to the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) within infected cells. The IRE1 pathway has been hypothesized to support flavivirus replication by increasing protein and lipid biogenesis. Here, we investigated the role of the UPR in TBFV infection in human astrocytes, neuronal and intestinal cell lines that had been infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains Neudoerfl and MucAr-HB-171/11 as well as Langat virus (LGTV). Both TBEV strains replicated better than LGTV in central nervous system (CNS) cells. TBEV strain MucAr-HB-171/11, which is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, replicated best in intestinal cells. All three viruses activated the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathway via the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Interestingly, the neurotropic TBEV strain Neudoerfl induced a strong upregulation of XBP1 in all cell types, but with faster kinetics in CNS cells. In contrast, TBEV strain MucAr-HB-171/11 failed to activate the IRE1 pathway in astrocytes. The low pathogenic LGTV led to a mild induction of IRE1 signaling in astrocytes and intestinal cells. When cells were treated with IRE1 inhibitors prior to infection, TBFV replication in astrocytes was significantly reduced. This confirms a supporting role of the IRE1 pathway for TBFV infection in relevant viral target cells and suggests a correlation between viral tissue tropism and the cell-type dependent induction of the unfolded protein response.
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17
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New Insights into Curcumin- and Resveratrol-Mediated Anti-Cancer Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111068. [PMID: 34832850 PMCID: PMC8622305 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin and resveratrol are bioactive natural compounds displaying anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties. In this study, we compared the cytotoxic effects of these molecules and the molecular mechanisms involved against Her-2/neu-positive breast and salivary cancer cell lines. We found that both curcumin and resveratrol were efficient in reducing cancer cell survival and that they differently affected autophagy, ROS and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, we found that resveratrol and curcumin in combination exerted a stronger cytotoxic effect in correlation with the induction of a stronger ER stress and the upregulation of pro-death UPR molecule CHOP. This effect also correlated with the induction of pro-survival autophagy by curcumin and its inhibition by resveratrol. In conclusion, this study unveils new molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of resveratrol, curcumin and their combination, which can help to design new therapeutic strategies based on the use of these polyphenols.
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18
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Abstract
Background. New antiviral textiles for the protection and prevention of life-threatening viral diseases are needed. Graphene oxide derivatives are versatile substances that can be combined with fabrics by different green electrochemistry methods. Methods In this study, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were combined with textile samples to study GO antiviral potential. GO synthesized in the Chemistry laboratories at the University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy) and characterized with TEM/EDX, XRD, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR, was applied at three different concentrations to linen textiles with the hot-dip and dry method to obtain filters. The GO-treated textiles were tested to prevent infection of a human glioblastoma cell line (U373) with human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A). Green electrochemical exfoliation of graphite into the oxidized graphene nanosheets provides a final GO-based product suitable for a virus interaction, mainly depending on the double layer of nanosheets, their corresponding nanometric sizes, and Z-potential value. Results Since GO-treated filters were able to prevent infection of cells in a dose-dependent fashion, our results suggest that GO may exert antiviral properties that can be exploited for medical devices and general use fabrics.
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19
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Shi M, Li C, Tian X, Chu F, Zhu J. Can Control Infections Slow Down the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease? Talking About the Role of Infections in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:685863. [PMID: 34366826 PMCID: PMC8339924 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.685863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease as the most common age-related dementia affects more than 40 million people in the world, representing a global public health priority. However, the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is complex, and it remains unclear. Over the past decades, all efforts made in the treatments of AD, with targeting the pathogenic amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, and misfolded tau protein, were failed. Recently, many studies have hinted that infection, and chronic inflammation that caused by infection are crucial risk factors for AD development and progress. In the review, we analyzed the role of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens in the pathogenesis of AD and its animal models, and explored the therapeutic possibility with anti-infections for AD. However, based on the published data, it is still difficult to determine their causal relationship between infection and AD due to contradictory results. We think that the role of infection in the pathogenesis of AD should not be ignored, even though infection does not necessarily cause AD, it may act as an accelerator in AD at least. It is essential to conduct the longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials in humans, which can determine the role of infection in AD and clarify the links between infection and the pathological features of AD. Finding targeting infection drugs and identifying the time window for applying antibacterial or antiviral intervention may be more promising for future clinical therapeutic strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Shi
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Division of Neurogeriatrcs, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Chunrong Li
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoping Tian
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengna Chu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Division of Neurogeriatrcs, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Division of Neurogeriatrcs, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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20
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Lotz SK, Blackhurst BM, Reagin KL, Funk KE. Microbial Infections Are a Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:691136. [PMID: 34305533 PMCID: PMC8292681 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.691136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, comprise a family of disorders characterized by progressive loss of nervous system function. Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases but whether it is a cause or consequence of the disease process is unclear. Of growing interest is the role of microbial infections in inciting degenerative neuroinflammatory responses and genetic factors that may regulate those responses. Microbial infections cause inflammation within the central nervous system through activation of brain-resident immune cells and infiltration of peripheral immune cells. These responses are necessary to protect the brain from lethal infections but may also induce neuropathological changes that lead to neurodegeneration. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which microbial infections may increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. Elucidating these mechanisms is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches that prevent the onset and slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristen E. Funk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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21
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Xia X, Wang Y, Zheng J. COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease: how one crisis worsens the other. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:15. [PMID: 33941272 PMCID: PMC8090526 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has emerged as a key comorbidity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 are elevated in AD due to multiple pathological changes in AD patients such as the excessive expression of viral receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and pro-inflammatory molecules, various AD complications including diabetes, lifestyle alterations in AD, and drug-drug interactions. Meanwhile, COVID-19 has also been reported to cause various neurologic symptoms including cognitive impairment that may ultimately result in AD, probably through the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into the central nervous system, COVID-19-induced inflammation, long-term hospitalization and delirium, and post-COVID-19 syndrome. In addition, the COVID-19 crisis also worsens behavioral symptoms in uninfected AD patients and poses new challenges for AD prevention. In this review, we first introduce the symptoms and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and AD. Next, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the aggravating effects of AD on COVID-19 and the underlying mechanisms from molecular to social levels. We also highlight the influence of COVID-19 on cognitive function, and propose possible routes of viral invasion into the brain and potential mechanisms underlying the COVID-19-induced cognitive impairment. Last, we summarize the negative impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on uninfected AD patients and dementia prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
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22
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Wouk J, Rechenchoski DZ, Rodrigues BCD, Ribelato EV, Faccin-Galhardi LC. Viral infections and their relationship to neurological disorders. Arch Virol 2021; 166:733-753. [PMID: 33502593 PMCID: PMC7838016 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The chronic dysfunction of neuronal cells, both central and peripheral, a characteristic of neurological disorders, may be caused by irreversible damage and cell death. In 2016, more than 276 million cases of neurological disorders were reported worldwide. Moreover, neurological disorders are the second leading cause of death. Generally, the etiology of neurological diseases is not fully understood. Recent studies have related the onset of neurological disorders to viral infections, which may cause neurological symptoms or lead to immune responses that trigger these pathological signs. Currently, this relationship is mostly based on epidemiological data on infections and seroprevalence of patients who present with neurological disorders. The number of studies aiming to elucidate the mechanism of action by which viral infections may directly or indirectly contribute to the development of neurological disorders has been increasing over the years but these studies are still scarce. Comprehending the pathogenesis of these diseases and exploring novel theories may favor the development of new strategies for diagnosis and therapy in the future. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to review the main pieces of evidence for the relationship between viral infection and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Viruses belonging to the families Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Retroviridae have been reported to be involved in one or more of these conditions. Also, neurological symptoms and the future impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2, a member of the family Coronaviridae that is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic that started in late 2019, are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Wouk
- Post-Graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Midwest State University, CEDETEG Campus, Guarapuava, Paraná Brazil
| | | | | | - Elisa Vicente Ribelato
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Science Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná Brazil
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23
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Komaroff AL, Pellett PE, Jacobson S. Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B in Brain Diseases: Association versus Causation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34:e00143-20. [PMID: 33177186 PMCID: PMC7667666 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00143-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), collectively termed HHV-6A/B, are neurotropic viruses that permanently infect most humans from an early age. Although most people infected with these viruses appear to suffer no ill effects, the viruses are a well-established cause of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. In this review, we summarize the evidence that the viruses may also be one trigger for febrile seizures (including febrile status epilepticus) in immunocompetent infants and children, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and, possibly, Alzheimer's disease. We propose criteria for linking ubiquitous infectious agents capable of producing lifelong infection to any neurologic disease, and then we examine to what extent these criteria have been met for these viruses and these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Komaroff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip E Pellett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Virology/Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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24
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Romeo MA, Gilardini Montani MS, Benedetti R, Giambelli L, D'Aprile R, Gaeta A, Faggioni A, Cirone M. The cross-talk between STAT1/STAT3 and ROS up-regulates PD-L1 and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory/immune suppressive cytokines in primary monocytes infected by HHV-6B. Virus Res 2020; 292:198231. [PMID: 33207265 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) up-regulation on antigen presenting cells induces T cell dysfunction, strongly impairing immune response. Human Herpesviruses (HHV) 6B is a β-herpesvirus that, although displays a higher tropism for T cells, can infect other immune cells including monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) and neuronal cells. We have previously shown that HHV-6B infection of primary monocytes reduced autophagy and induced Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress/ Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), impairing their survival and differentiation into DCs. In this study, we found that PD-L1 expression was up-regulated by HHV-6B on the surface of infected monocytes and that its extracellular release also increased, effects known to lead to an impairment of anti-viral immune response. At molecular level, PD-L1 up-regulation correlated with the activation of a positive regulatory circuit between the increase of intracellular ROS and the activation of STAT1 and STAT3 induced by HHV-6B, accompanied by a high release of pro-inflammatory/immune suppressive cytokines. In conclusion, this study unveils new strategies put in place by HHV-6B to induce immune dysfunction and the underlying molecular pathways that could be targeted to counteract such immune suppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Giambelli
- UOC Immunohematology and Transfusional Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Aurelia Gaeta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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