1
|
Wu B, Wang S, Ma Y, Yuan S, Hollmann F, Wang Y. Structure-Based Redesign of a Methanol Oxidase into an "Aryl Alcohol Oxidase" for Enzymatic Synthesis of Aromatic Flavor Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6406-6414. [PMID: 37040179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidases (AOxs) catalyze the aerobic oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl products (aldehydes or ketones), producing only H2O2 as the byproduct. The majority of known AOxs, however, have a strong preference for small, primary alcohols, limiting their broad applicability, e.g., in the food industry. To broaden the product scope of AOxs, we performed structure-guided enzyme engineering of a methanol oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcAOx). The substrate preference was extended from methanol to a broad range of benzylic alcohols by modifying the substrate binding pocket. A mutant (PcAOx-EFMH) with four substitutions exhibited improved catalytic activity toward benzyl alcohols with increased conversion and kcat toward the benzyl alcohol from 11.3 to 88.9% and from 0.5 to 2.6 s-1, respectively. The molecular basis for the change of substrate selectivity was analyzed by molecular simulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- College of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yunjian Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ali N, Aiman A, Shamsi A, Hassan I, Shahid M, Gaur NA, Islam A. Identification of Thermostable Xylose Reductase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus: A Biochemical Characterization Approach to Meet Biofuel Challenges. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44241-44250. [PMID: 36506193 PMCID: PMC9730754 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The constant rise in energy demands, costs, and concerns about global warming has created a demand for new renewable alternative fuels that can be produced sustainably. Lignocellulose biomass can act as an excellent energy source and various value-added compounds like xylitol. In this research study, we have explored the xylose reductase that was obtained from the genome of a thermophilic fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus while searching for an enzyme to convert xylose to xylitol at higher temperatures. The recombinant thermostable TtXR histidine-tagged fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and successfully purified for the first time. Further, it was characterized for its function and novel structure at varying temperatures and pH. The enzyme showed maximal activity at 7.0 pH and favored d-xylose over other pentoses and hexoses. Biophysical approaches such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible), fluorescence spectrometry, and far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were used to investigate the structural integrity of pure TtXR. This research highlights the potential application of uncharacterized xylose reductase as an alternate source for the effective utilization of lignocellulose in fermentation industries at elevated temperatures. Moreover, this research would give environment-friendly and long-term value-added products, like xylitol, from lignocellulosic feedstock for both scientific and commercial purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Ali
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi110025, India
| | - Ayesha Aiman
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi110025, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi110025, India
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi110025, India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department
of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 173, Al Kharj11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseem A. Gaur
- International
Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi110067, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi110025, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Glucose Oxidase, an Enzyme “Ferrari”: Its Structure, Function, Production and Properties in the Light of Various Industrial and Biotechnological Applications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030472. [PMID: 35327664 PMCID: PMC8946809 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOx) is an important oxidoreductase enzyme with many important roles in biological processes. It is considered an “ideal enzyme” and is often called an oxidase “Ferrari” because of its fast mechanism of action, high stability and specificity. Glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of β-d-glucose to d-glucono-δ-lactone and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of molecular oxygen. d-glucono-δ-lactone is sequentially hydrolyzed by lactonase to d-gluconic acid, and the resulting hydrogen peroxide is hydrolyzed by catalase to oxygen and water. GOx is presently known to be produced only by fungi and insects. The current main industrial producers of glucose oxidase are Aspergillus and Penicillium. An important property of GOx is its antimicrobial effect against various pathogens and its use in many industrial and medical areas. The aim of this review is to summarize the structure, function, production strains and biophysical and biochemical properties of GOx in light of its various industrial, biotechnological and medical applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jankowski N, Koschorreck K. Agar plate assay for rapid screening of aryl-alcohol oxidase mutant libraries in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2022; 346:47-51. [PMID: 35122934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution is a powerful tool for developing biocatalysts with tailor-made properties for biocatalytic applications. High-throughput activity screening of large mutant libraries generated by e.g. means of directed evolution is usually performed in 96-well microtiter plates requiring, however, time-consuming and laborious enzyme expression, cell harvesting and activity measurements. In addition, automated liquid handling systems are needed to cope with the high number of colonies to be screened. Herein, we developed an agar plate-based assay for simple and fast screening of H2O2-producing aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) mutant libraries in Pichia pastoris. Buffered minimal methanol agar plates were supplemented with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the target substrate. AAO activity is visualized by formation of green zones around AAO-secreting P. pastoris colonies due to ABTS oxidation by HRP which is fueled with H2O2 by AAO in course of substrate oxidation. Colonies were screened within 24h for AAO activity using different AAO substrates like veratryl alcohol, p-anisyl alcohol or trans,trans-2,4-hexadien-1-ol and even low AAO activity towards 5-hydroxymethylfurfural could be detected within 48h. The developed agar plate-based assay can be extended to other substrates and might also be applied for fast and substrate-specific screening of other H2O2-producing oxidases in P. pastoris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jankowski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Koschorreck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Oliveira Neto M, de Freitas Fernandes A, Piiadov V, Craievich AF, de Araújo EA, Polikarpov I. SAXSMoW 3.0: New advances in the determination of the molecular weight of proteins in dilute solutions from SAXS intensity data on a relative scale. Protein Sci 2022; 31:251-258. [PMID: 34761467 PMCID: PMC8740845 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SAXSMoW (SAXS Molecular Weight) is an online platform widely used over the past few years for determination of molecular weights of proteins in dilute solutions. The scattering intensity retrieved from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) raw data is the sole input to SAXSMoW for determination of molecular weights of proteins in liquid. The current updated SAXSMoW version 3.0 determines the linear dependence of the true protein volume on their apparent protein volume, based on SAXS curves calculated for 67,000 protein structures selected from the Protein Data Bank. SAXSMoW 3.0 was tested against 43 experimental SAXS scattering curves from proteins with known molecular weights. Our results demonstrate that most of the molecular weights determined for the nonglycosylated and also for the glycosylated proteins are in good agreement with their expected molecular weights. Additionally, the average discrepancies between the calculated molecular weights and their nominal values for glycosylated proteins are similar to those for nonglycosylated ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario de Oliveira Neto
- Biophysics and Pharmacology DepartmentBioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual PaulistaBotucatuSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Vassili Piiadov
- Sao Carlos Institute of PhysicsUniversity of Sao PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Evandro Ares de Araújo
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light LaboratoryBrazilian Center for Research in Energy and MaterialsCampinasSão PauloBrazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Sao Carlos Institute of PhysicsUniversity of Sao PauloSão PauloBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lappe A, Jankowski N, Albrecht A, Koschorreck K. Characterization of a thermotolerant aryl-alcohol oxidase from Moesziomyces antarcticus oxidizing 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8313-8327. [PMID: 34643786 PMCID: PMC8557139 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of enzymatic processes for the environmentally friendly production of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a renewable precursor for bioplastics, from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has gained increasing attention over the last years. Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) catalyze the oxidation of HMF to 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) through 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and have thus been applied in enzymatic reaction cascades for the production of FDCA. AAOs are flavoproteins that oxidize a broad range of benzylic and aliphatic allylic primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes, and in some cases further to acids, while reducing molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. These promising biocatalysts can also be used for the synthesis of flavors, fragrances, and chemical building blocks, but their industrial applicability suffers from low production yield in natural and heterologous hosts. Here we report on heterologous expression of a new aryl-alcohol oxidase, MaAAO, from Moesziomyces antarcticus at high yields in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (recently reclassified as Komagataella phaffii). Fed-batch fermentation of recombinant P. pastoris yielded around 750 mg of active enzyme per liter of culture. Purified MaAAO was highly stable at pH 2-9 and exhibited high thermal stability with almost 95% residual activity after 48 h at 57.5 °C. MaAAO accepts a broad range of benzylic primary alcohols, aliphatic allylic alcohols, and furan derivatives like HMF as substrates and some oxidation products thereof like piperonal or perillaldehyde serve as building blocks for pharmaceuticals or show health-promoting effects. Besides this, MaAAO oxidized 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) to FFCA, which has not been shown for any other AAO so far. Combining MaAAO with an unspecific peroxygenase oxidizing HMFCA to FFCA in one pot resulted in complete conversion of HMF to FDCA within 144 h. MaAAO is thus a promising biocatalyst for the production of precursors for bioplastics and bioactive compounds. KEY POINTS: • MaAAO from M. antarcticus was expressed in P. pastoris at 750 mg/l. • MaAAO oxidized 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA). • Complete conversion of HMF to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid by combining MaAAO and UPO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Lappe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Jankowski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annemie Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Koschorreck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jankowski N, Urlacher VB, Koschorreck K. Two adjacent C-terminal mutations enable expression of aryl-alcohol oxidase from Pleurotus eryngii in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7743-7755. [PMID: 34545417 PMCID: PMC8502153 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungal aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) are attractive biocatalysts because they selectively oxidize a broad range of aromatic and aliphatic allylic primary alcohols while yielding hydrogen peroxide as the only by-product. However, their use is hampered by challenging and often unsuccessful heterologous expression. Production of PeAAO1 from Pleurotus eryngii ATCC 90787 in Pichia pastoris failed, while PeAAO2 from P. eryngii P34 with an amino acid identity of 99% was expressed at high yields. By successively introducing mutations in PeAAO1 to mimic the sequence of PeAAO2, the double mutant PeAAO1 ER with mutations K583E and Q584R was constructed, that was successfully expressed in P. pastoris. Functional expression was enhanced up to 155 U/l via further replacements D361N (variant NER) or V367A (variant AER). Fed-batch cultivation of recombinant P. pastoris yielded up to 116 mg/l of active variants. Glycosylated PeAAO1 variants demonstrated high stability and catalytic efficiencies similar to PeAAO2. Interestingly, P. pastoris expressing PeAAO1 variant ER contained roughly 13 gene copies but showed similar volumetric activity as NER and AER with one to two gene copies and four times lower mRNA levels. Additional H-bonds and salt bridges introduced by mutations K583E and Q584R might facilitate heterologous expression by enhanced protein folding.Key points• PeAAO1 not expressed in P. pastoris and PeAAO2 well-expressed in Pichia differ at 7 positions.• Expression of PeAAO1 in P. pastoris achieved through mutagenesis based on PeAAO2 sequence.• Combination of K583E and Q584R is essential for expression of PeAAO1 in P. pastoris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jankowski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Koschorreck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Švecová L, Østergaard LH, Skálová T, Schnorr KM, Koval’ T, Kolenko P, Stránský J, Sedlák D, Dušková J, Trundová M, Hašek J, Dohnálek J. Crystallographic fragment screening-based study of a novel FAD-dependent oxidoreductase from Chaetomium thermophilum. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:755-775. [PMID: 34076590 PMCID: PMC8171062 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321003533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAD-dependent oxidoreductase from Chaetomium thermophilum (CtFDO) is a novel thermostable glycoprotein from the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductase superfamily. However, CtFDO shows no activity toward the typical substrates of the family and high-throughput screening with around 1000 compounds did not yield any strongly reacting substrate. Therefore, protein crystallography, including crystallographic fragment screening, with 42 fragments and 37 other compounds was used to describe the ligand-binding sites of CtFDO and to characterize the nature of its substrate. The structure of CtFDO reveals an unusually wide-open solvent-accessible active-site pocket with a unique His-Ser amino-acid pair putatively involved in enzyme catalysis. A series of six crystal structures of CtFDO complexes revealed five different subsites for the binding of aryl moieties inside the active-site pocket and conformational flexibility of the interacting amino acids when adapting to a particular ligand. The protein is capable of binding complex polyaromatic substrates of molecular weight greater than 500 Da.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leona Švecová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tereza Skálová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomáš Koval’
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kolenko
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stránský
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedlák
- CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Dušková
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Trundová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Hašek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pecularities and applications of aryl-alcohol oxidases from fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4111-4126. [PMID: 33997930 PMCID: PMC8140971 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) are FAD-containing enzymes that oxidize a broad range of aromatic as well as aliphatic allylic alcohols to aldehydes. Their broad substrate spectrum accompanied by the only need for molecular oxygen as cosubstrate and production of hydrogen peroxide as sole by-product makes these enzymes very promising biocatalysts. AAOs were used in the synthesis of flavors, fragrances, and other high-value-added compounds and building blocks as well as in dye decolorization and pulp biobleaching. Furthermore, AAOs offer a huge potential as efficient suppliers of hydrogen peroxide for peroxidase- and peroxygenase-catalyzed reactions. A prerequisite for application as biocatalysts at larger scale is the production of AAOs in sufficient amounts. Heterologous expression of these predominantly fungal enzymes is, however, quite challenging. This review summarizes different approaches aiming at enhancing heterologous expression of AAOs and gives an update on substrates accepted by these promising enzymes as well as potential fields of their application. Key points • Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) supply ligninolytic peroxidases with H2O2. • AAOs accept a broad spectrum of aromatic and aliphatic allylic alcohols. • AAOs are potential biocatalysts for the production of high-value-added bio-based chemicals.
Collapse
|