1
|
Mitra S, Halder AK, Koley A, Ghosh N, Panda P, Mandal SC, Cordeiro MNDS. Unveiling structural determinants for FXR antagonism in 1,3,4-trisubstituted-Pyrazol amide derivatives: A multi-scale in silico modelling approach. Comput Biol Med 2024; 180:108991. [PMID: 39126787 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing global health concern due to its potential to progress into severe liver diseases. Targeting the bile acid receptor FXR has emerged as a promising strategy for managing NAFLD. Building upon our previous research on FXR partial agonism, the present study investigates a series of 1,3,4-trisubstituted-pyrazol amide derivatives as FXR antagonists, aiming to delineate the structural features for antagonism. By means of 2D-QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationships) modelling techniques, we elucidated the key structural elements responsible for the antagonistic properties of these derivatives. We then employed QPhAR, an open-access software, to identify key molecular features within the compounds that enhance their antagonistic activity. Additionally, 3D-QSAR modelling allowed us to analyse the steric and electrostatic fields of aligned 3D structures, further refining our understanding of structure-activity relationships. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the binding mode interactions between the compounds and FXR, with varying potencies, confirming and complementing the findings from 2D-QSAR, pharmacophore, and 3D-QSAR modelling. Particularly, our study highlighted the significance of hydrophobic interactions in conferring potent antagonism by the 1,3,4-trisubstituted-pyrazol amide derivatives against FXR. Overall, this work underscores the potential of 1,3,4-trisubstituted-pyrazol amides as FXR antagonists for NAFLD treatment. Notably, our reliance on open-access software fosters reproducibility and broadens the accessibility of our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mitra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India; Dr B C Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, 713206, India
| | - Amit Kumar Halder
- Dr B C Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, 713206, India; LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Arup Koley
- Dr B C Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, 713206, India
| | - Nilanjan Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Parthasarathi Panda
- Dr B C Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, 713206, India
| | - Subhash C Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Maria Natalia D S Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qian C, Wang Q, Qiao Y, Xu Z, Zhang L, Xiao H, Lin Z, Wu M, Xia W, Yang H, Bai J, Geng D. Arachidonic acid in aging: New roles for old players. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00180-2. [PMID: 38710468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic acid (AA), one of the most ubiquitous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), provides fluidity to mammalian cell membranes. It is derived from linoleic acid (LA) and can be transformed into various bioactive metabolites, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), lipoxins (LXs), hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), leukotrienes (LTs), and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), by different pathways. All these processes are involved in AA metabolism. Currently, in the context of an increasingly visible aging world population, several scholars have revealed the essential role of AA metabolism in osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and many other aging diseases. AIM OF REVIEW Although there are some reviews describing the role of AA in some specific diseases, there seems to be no or little information on the role of AA metabolism in aging tissues or organs. This review scrutinizes and highlights the role of AA metabolism in aging and provides a new idea for strategies for treating aging-related diseases. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW As a member of lipid metabolism, AA metabolism regulates the important lipids that interfere with the aging in several ways. We present a comprehensivereviewofthe role ofAA metabolism in aging, with the aim of relieving the extreme suffering of families and the heavy economic burden on society caused by age-related diseases. We also collected and summarized data on anti-aging therapies associated with AA metabolism, with the expectation of identifying a novel and efficient way to protect against aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Yusen Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Ze Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Haixiang Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Mingzhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Wenyu Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Bordoni M, Morretta E, Di Giorgio C, Vellecco V, Roselli R, Bellini R, Massa C, Cari L, Urbani G, Ricci P, Monti MC, Giordano A, Brancaleone V, Bucci M, Zampella A, Distrutti E, Cieri E, Cirino G, Fiorucci S. Defective Bile Acid Signaling Promotes Vascular Dysfunction, Supporting a Role for G-Protein Bile Acid Receptor 1/Farnesoid X Receptor Agonism and Statins in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e031241. [PMID: 37996988 PMCID: PMC10727350 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are at increased risk to develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. FXR and GPBAR1 are 2 bile acid-activated receptors exploited in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: whether dual GPBAR1/FXR agonists synergize with statins in the treatment of the liver and cardiovascular components of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Investigations of human aortic samples obtained from patients who underwent surgery for aortic aneurysms and Gpbar1-/-, Fxr-/-, and dual Gpbar1-/-Fxr-/- mice demonstrated that GPBAR1 and FXR are expressed in the aortic wall and regulate endothelial cell/macrophage interactions. The expression of GPBAR1 in the human endothelium correlated with the expression of inflammatory biomarkers. Mice lacking Fxr and Gpbar1-/-/Fxr-/- display hypotension and aortic inflammation, along with altered intestinal permeability that deteriorates with age, and severe dysbiosis, along with dysregulated bile acid synthesis. Vasomotor activities of aortic rings were altered by Gpbar1 and Fxr gene ablation. In apolipoprotein E-/- and wild-type mice, BAR502, a dual GPBAR1/FXR agonist, alone or in combination with atorvastatin, reduced cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein plasma levels, mitigated the development of liver steatosis and aortic plaque formation, and shifted the polarization of circulating leukocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. BAR502/atorvastatin reversed intestinal dysbiosis and dysregulated bile acid synthesis, promoting a shift of bile acid pool composition toward FXR antagonists and GPBAR1 agonists. CONCLUSIONS FXR and GPBAR1 maintain intestinal, liver, and cardiovascular homeostasis, and their therapeutic targeting with a dual GPBAR1/FXR ligand and atorvastatin holds potential in the treatment of liver and cardiovascular components of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Martina Bordoni
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Elva Morretta
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoSalernoItaly
| | | | | | | | - Rachele Bellini
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Carmen Massa
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Luigi Cari
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Ginevra Urbani
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | | | | | | | | | - Angela Zampella
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | | | - Enrico Cieri
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiang D, Yang J, Liu L, Yu H, Gong X, Liu D. The regulation of tissue-specific farnesoid X receptor on genes and diseases involved in bile acid homeostasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115606. [PMID: 37812893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids and vitamins and have also been identified as signaling molecules involved in regulating their own metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as immunity. Disturbances in BA homeostasis are associated with various enterohepatic and metabolic diseases, such as cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. As a key regulator, the nuclear orphan receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) precisely regulates BA homeostasis by transcriptional regulation of genes involved in BA synthesis, metabolism, and enterohepatic circulation. FXR is widely regarded as the most potential therapeutic target. Obeticholic acid is the only FXR agonist approved to treat patients with primary biliary cholangitis, but its non-specific activation of systemic FXR also causes high-frequency side effects. In recent years, developing tissue-specific FXR-targeting drugs has become a research highlight. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the role of tissue-specific intestine/liver FXR in regulating genes involved in BA homeostasis and briefly discusses tissue-specific FXR as a therapeutic target for treating diseases. These findings provide the basis for the development of tissue-specific FXR modulators for the treatment of enterohepatic and metabolic diseases associated with BA dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hengyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuepeng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ojeda ML, Nogales F, Carrasco López JA, Gallego-López MDC, Carreras O, Alcudia A, Pajuelo E. Microbiota-Liver-Bile Salts Axis, a Novel Mechanism Involved in the Contrasting Effects of Sodium Selenite and Selenium-Nanoparticle Supplementation on Adipose Tissue Development in Adolescent Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051123. [PMID: 37237989 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period during which body composition changes deeply. Selenium (Se) is an excellent antioxidant trace element related to cell growth and endocrine function. In adolescent rats, low Se supplementation affects adipocyte development differently depending on its form of administration (selenite or Se nanoparticles (SeNPs). Despite this effect being related to oxidative, insulin-signaling and autophagy processes, the whole mechanism is not elucidated. The microbiota-liver-bile salts secretion axis is related to lipid homeostasis and adipose tissue development. Therefore, the colonic microbiota and total bile salts homeostasis were explored in four experimental groups of male adolescent rats: control, low-sodium selenite supplementation, low SeNP supplementation and moderate SeNPs supplementation. SeNPs were obtained by reducing Se tetrachloride in the presence of ascorbic acid. Supplementation was received orally through water intake; low-Se rats received twice more Se than control animals and moderate-Se rats tenfold more. Supplementation with low doses of Se clearly affected anaerobic colonic microbiota profile and bile salts homeostasis. However, these effects were different depending on the Se administration form. Selenite supplementation primarily affected liver by decreasing farnesoid X receptor hepatic function, leading to the accumulation of hepatic bile salts together to increase in the ratio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. In contrast, low SeNP levels mainly affected microbiota, moving them towards a more prominent Gram-negative profile in which the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Muribaculaceae was clearly enhanced and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio decreased. This bacterial profile is directly related to lower adipose tissue mass. Moreover, low SeNP administration did not modify bile salts pool in serum circulation. In addition, specific gut microbiota was regulated upon administration of low levels of Se in the forms of selenite or SeNPs, which are properly discussed. On its side, moderate-SeNPs administration led to great dysbiosis and enhanced the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, being considered toxic. These results strongly correlate with the deep change in adipose mass previously found in these animals, indicating that the microbiota-liver-bile salts axis is also mechanistically involved in these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Ojeda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fátima Nogales
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Carrasco López
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Olimpia Carreras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Alcudia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eloísa Pajuelo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Role of Hepatocyte Transporters in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)-In Vitro Testing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010029. [PMID: 36678658 PMCID: PMC9866820 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids and bile salts (BA/BS) are substrates of both influx and efflux transporters on hepatocytes. Canalicular efflux transporters, such as BSEP and MRP2, are crucial for the removal of BA/BS to the bile. Basolateral influx transporters, such as NTCP, OATP1B1/1B3, and OSTα/β, cooperate with canalicular transporters in the transcellular vectorial flux of BA/BS from the sinusoids to the bile. The blockage of canalicular transporters not only impairs the bile flow but also causes the intracellular accumulation of BA/BS in hepatocytes that contributes to, or even triggers, liver injury. In the case of BA/BS overload, the efflux of these toxic substances back to the blood via MRP3, MRP4, and OST α/β is considered a relief function. FXR, a key regulator of defense against BA/BS toxicity suppresses de novo bile acid synthesis and bile acid uptake, and promotes bile acid removal via increased efflux. In drug development, the early testing of the inhibition of these transporters, BSEP in particular, is important to flag compounds that could potentially inflict drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In vitro test systems for efflux transporters employ membrane vesicles, whereas those for influx transporters employ whole cells. Additional in vitro pharmaceutical testing panels usually include cellular toxicity tests using hepatocytes, as well as assessments of the mitochondrial toxicity and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Primary hepatocytes are the cells of choice for toxicity testing, with HepaRG cells emerging as an alternative. Inhibition of the FXR function is also included in some testing panels. The molecular weight and hydrophobicity of the drug, as well as the steady-state total plasma levels, may positively correlate with the DILI potential. Depending on the phase of drug development, the physicochemical properties, dosing, and cut-off values of BSEP IC50 ≤ 25-50 µM or total Css,plasma/BSEP IC50 ≥ 0.1 may be an indication for further testing to minimize the risk of DILI liability.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rausch M, Samodelov SL, Visentin M, Kullak-Ublick GA. The Farnesoid X Receptor as a Master Regulator of Hepatotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213967. [PMID: 36430444 PMCID: PMC9695947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) is a bile acid (BA) sensor that links the enterohepatic circuit that regulates BA metabolism and elimination to systemic lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, FXR represents a real guardian of the hepatic function, preserving, in a multifactorial fashion, the integrity and function of hepatocytes from chronic and acute insults. This review summarizes how FXR modulates the expression of pathway-specific as well as polyspecific transporters and enzymes, thereby acting at the interface of BA, lipid and drug metabolism, and influencing the onset and progression of hepatotoxicity of varying etiopathogeneses. Furthermore, this review article provides an overview of the advances and the clinical development of FXR agonists in the treatment of liver diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Panzitt K, Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M. Recent advances on FXR-targeting therapeutics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111678. [PMID: 35605722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid receptor FXR has emerged as a bona fide drug target for chronic cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, ahead of all non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FXR is highly expressed in the liver and intestine and activation at both sites differentially contributes to its desired metabolic effects. Unrestricted FXR activation, however, also comes along with undesired effects such as a pro-atherogenic lipid profile, pruritus and hepatocellular toxicity under certain conditions. Several pre-clinical studies have confirmed the potency of FXR activation for cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, but overall it remains still open whether selective activation of intestinal FXR is advantageous over pan-FXR activation and whether restricted or modulated FXR activation can limit some of the side effects. Even more, FXR antagonist also bear the potential as intestinal-selective drugs in NAFLD models. In this review we will discuss the molecular prerequisites for FXR activation, pan-FXR activation and intestinal FXR in/activation from a therapeutic point of view, different steroidal and non-steroidal FXR agonists, ways to restrict FXR activation and finally what we have learned from pre-clinical models and clinical trials with different FXR therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stern S, Kurian R, Wang H. Clinical Relevance of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1010-1018. [PMID: 35236665 PMCID: PMC11022901 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) (NR1I3), a xenobiotic receptor, has long been considered a master mediator of drug disposition and detoxification. Accumulating evidence indicates that CAR also participates in various physiologic and pathophysiological pathways regulating the homeostasis of glucose, lipid, and bile acids, and contributing to cell proliferation, tissue regeneration and repair, as well as cancer development. The expression and activity of CAR can be regulated by various factors, including small molecular modulators, CAR interaction with other transcription factors, and naturally occurring genetic variants. Given that the influence of CAR has extended beyond the realm of drug metabolism and disposition and has expanded into a potential modulator of human diseases, growing efforts have centered on understanding its clinical relevance and impact on human pathophysiology. This review highlights the current information available regarding the contribution of CAR to various metabolic disorders and cancers and ponders the possible challenges that might arise from pursuing CAR as a potential therapeutic target for these diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The growing importance of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in glucose and lipid metabolism as well as its potential implication in cell proliferation emphasizes a need to keenly understand the biological function and clinical impact of CAR. This minireview captures the clinical relevance of CAR by highlighting its role in metabolic disorders and cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ritika Kurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Furtado A, Mineiro R, Duarte AC, Gonçalves I, Santos CR, Quintela T. The Daily Expression of ABCC4 at the BCSFB Affects the Transport of Its Substrate Methotrexate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052443. [PMID: 35269592 PMCID: PMC8909972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexuses (CPs), located in the brain ventricles, form an interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid named the blood-cerebrospinal barrier, which, by the presence of tight junctions, detoxification enzymes, and membrane transporters, limits the traffic of molecules into the central nervous system. It has already been shown that sex hormones regulate several CP functions, including the oscillations of its clock genes. However, it is less explored how the circadian rhythm regulates CP functions. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sex hormones and circadian rhythms on the function of CP membrane transporters. The 24 h transcription profiles of the membrane transporters rAbca1, rAbcb1, rAbcc1, rAbcc4, rAbcg2, rAbcg4, and rOat3 were characterized in the CPs of intact male, intact female, sham-operated female, and gonadectomized rats. We found that rAbcc1 is expressed in a circadian way in the CPs of intact male rats, rAbcg2 in the CPs of intact female rats, and both rAbcc4 and rOat3 mRNA levels were expressed in a circadian way in the CPs of intact male and female rats. Next, using an in vitro model of the human blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, we also found that methotrexate (MTX) is transported in a circadian way across this barrier. The circadian pattern of Abcc4 found in the human CP epithelial papilloma cells might be partially responsible for MTX circadian transport across the basal membrane of CP epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Furtado
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.F.); (R.M.); (A.C.D.); (I.G.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Rafael Mineiro
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.F.); (R.M.); (A.C.D.); (I.G.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Ana Catarina Duarte
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.F.); (R.M.); (A.C.D.); (I.G.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.F.); (R.M.); (A.C.D.); (I.G.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Cecília R. Santos
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.F.); (R.M.); (A.C.D.); (I.G.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.F.); (R.M.); (A.C.D.); (I.G.); (C.R.S.)
- UDI-IPG—Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Roselli R, Zampella A, Di Giorgio C, Bordoni M, Bellini R, Morretta E, Monti MC, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. Atorvastatin protects against liver and vascular damage in a model of diet induced steatohepatitis by resetting FXR and GPBAR1 signaling. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22060. [PMID: 34862975 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101397r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) agonists, currently trialed in patients with non-alcoholic steatosis (NAFLD), worsen the pro-atherogenic lipid profile and might require a comedication with statin. Here we report that mice feed a high fat/high cholesterol diet (HFD) are protected from developing a pro-atherogenic lipid profile because their ability to dispose cholesterol through bile acids. This protective mechanism is mediated by suppression of FXR signaling in the liver by muricholic acids (MCAs) generated in mice from chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). In contrast to CDCA, MCAs are FXR antagonists and promote a CYP7A1-dependent increase of bile acids synthesis. In mice feed a HFD, the treatment with obeticholic acid, a clinical stage FXR agonist, failed to improve the liver histopathology while reduced Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 genes expression and bile acids synthesis and excretion. In contrast, treating mice with atorvastatin mitigated liver and vascular injury caused by the HFD while increased the bile acids synthesis and excretion. Atorvastatin increased the percentage of 7α-dehydroxylase expressing bacteria in the intestine promoting the formation of deoxycholic acid and litocholic acid, two GPBAR1 agonists, along with the expression of GPBAR1-regulated genes in the white adipose tissue and colon. In conclusion, present results highlight the central role of bile acids in regulating lipid and cholesterol metabolism in response to atorvastatin and provide explanations for limited efficacy of FXR agonists in the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Martina Bordoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rachele Bellini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fiorucci S, Biagioli M, Baldoni M, Ricci P, Sepe V, Zampella A, Distrutti E. The identification of farnesoid X receptor modulators as treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1193-1208. [PMID: 33849361 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1916465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear receptor selectively activated by primary bile acids. AREA COVERED FXR is a validated pharmacological target. Herein, the authors review preclinical and clinical data supporting the development of FXR agonists in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. EXPERT OPINION Development of systemic FXR agonists to treat the metabolic liver disease has been proven challenging because the side effects associated with these agents including increased levels of cholesterol and LDL-c and reduced HDL-c raising concerns over their long-term cardiovascular safety. Additionally, pruritus has emerged as a common, although poorly explained, dose-related side effect with all FXR ligands, but is especially common with OCA. FXR agonists that are currently undergoing phase 2/3 trials are cilofexor, tropifexor, nidufexor and MET409. Some of these agents are currently being developed as combination therapies with other agents including cenicriviroc, a CCR2/CCR5 inhibitor, or firsocostat an acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor. Additional investigations are needed to evaluate the beneficial effects of combination of these agents with statins. It is expected that in the coming years, FXR agonists will be developed as a combination therapy to minimize side effects and increase likelihood of success by targeting different metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monia Baldoni
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC Di Gastroenterologia Ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lian W, Liu X, Chen W. TNFα Induces Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 Expression through p38-E2F1-Nrf2 Signaling in Obstructive Cholestasis. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:1045-1053. [PMID: 31637886 PMCID: PMC6813138 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.11.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the molecular mechanism of the upregulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) in cholestasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mRNA and protein levels of MRP4 in liver samples from cholestatic patients were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. In human hepatoma HepG2 cells, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to determine the affinity of nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf2) binding to MRP4 promoter. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the binding of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) to the promotor of E2F1. The bile duct ligation mouse models were established using male C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of MRP4 were significantly increased in cholestatic patients. TNFα treatment induced the expression of MRP4 and Nrf2 and enhanced cell nuclear extract binding activity to MRP4 promoter, as demonstrated by EMSA. Nrf2 knockdown reduced MRP4 mRNA levels in both HepG2 and Hep-3B cells. In addition, TNFα increased Rb phosphorylation and expression of MRP4 and Nrf2 and activated E2F1 and phosphorylated p38 in HepG2 and Hep-3B cells. These effects were markedly inhibited by pretreatment with E2F1 siRNA. Dual-luciferase reporter assay validated that TNFα induces the transcription of E2F1. Furthermore, the expression of MRP4, Nrf2, E2F1, and p-p38 proteins was improved with treatment of TNFα in a mouse model of cholestasis. E2F1 siRNA lentivirus or SB 203580 (p38 inhibitor) inhibited these positive effects. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that TNFα induces hepatic MRP4 expression through activation of the p38-E2F1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in human obstructive cholestasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Honda A, Miyazaki T, Iwamoto J, Hirayama T, Morishita Y, Monma T, Ueda H, Mizuno S, Sugiyama F, Takahashi S, Ikegami T. Regulation of bile acid metabolism in mouse models with hydrophobic bile acid composition. J Lipid Res 2019; 61:54-69. [PMID: 31645370 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile acid (BA) composition in mice is substantially different from that in humans. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is an end product in the human liver; however, mouse Cyp2c70 metabolizes CDCA to hydrophilic muricholic acids (MCAs). Moreover, in humans, the gut microbiota converts the primary BAs, cholic acid and CDCA, into deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), respectively. In contrast, the mouse Cyp2a12 reverts this action and converts these secondary BAs to primary BAs. Here, we generated Cyp2a12 KO, Cyp2c70 KO, and Cyp2a12/Cyp2c70 double KO (DKO) mice using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to study the regulation of BA metabolism under hydrophobic BA composition. Cyp2a12 KO mice showed the accumulation of DCAs, whereas Cyp2c70 KO mice lacked MCAs and exhibited markedly increased hepatobiliary proportions of CDCA. In DKO mice, not only DCAs or CDCAs but also DCAs, CDCAs, and LCAs were all elevated. In Cyp2c70 KO and DKO mice, chronic liver inflammation was observed depending on the hepatic unconjugated CDCA concentrations. The BA pool was markedly reduced in Cyp2c70 KO and DKO mice, but the FXR was not activated. It was suggested that the cytokine/c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway and the pregnane X receptor-mediated pathway are the predominant mechanisms, preferred over the FXR/small heterodimer partner and FXR/fibroblast growth factor 15 pathways, for controlling BA synthesis under hydrophobic BA composition. From our results, we hypothesize that these KO mice can be novel and useful models for investigating the roles of hydrophobic BAs in various human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Honda
- Joint Research Center, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Teruo Miyazaki
- Joint Research Center, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junichi Iwamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukio Morishita
- Diagnostic Pathology Division, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadakuni Monma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hajime Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ikegami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Y, Yang H, Wu Z, Liu G, Tang Y, Li W. Prediction of Farnesoid X Receptor Disruptors with Machine Learning Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1128-1137. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fernández-Murga ML, Petrov PD, Conde I, Castell JV, Goméz-Lechón MJ, Jover R. Advances in drug-induced cholestasis: Clinical perspectives, potential mechanisms and in vitro systems. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:196-212. [PMID: 29990576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing research, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a serious issue of increasing importance to the medical community that challenges health systems, pharmaceutical industries and drug regulatory agencies. Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) represents a frequent manifestation of DILI in humans, which is characterised by an impaired canalicular bile flow resulting in a detrimental accumulation of bile constituents in blood and tissues. From a clinical point of view, cholestatic DILI generates a wide spectrum of presentations and can be a diagnostic challenge. The drug classes mostly associated with DIC are anti-infectious, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, psychotropic and cardiovascular agents, steroids, and other miscellaneous drugs. The molecular mechanisms of DIC have been investigated since the 1980s but they remain debatable. It is recognised that altered expression and/or function of hepatobiliary membrane transporters underlies some forms of cholestasis, and this and other concomitant mechanisms are very likely in DIC. Deciphering these processes may pave the ways for diagnosis, prognosis and prevention, for which currently major gaps and caveats exist. In this review, we summarise recent advances in the field of DIC, including clinical aspects, the potential mechanisms postulated so far and the in vitro systems that can be useful to investigate and identify new cholestatic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Leonor Fernández-Murga
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Petar D Petrov
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Conde
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - M José Goméz-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fiorucci S, Biagioli M, Zampella A, Distrutti E. Bile Acids Activated Receptors Regulate Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1853. [PMID: 30150987 PMCID: PMC6099188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Once known exclusively for their role in nutrients absorption, primary bile acids, chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid, and secondary bile acids, deoxycholic and lithocholic acid, are signaling molecules, generated from cholesterol breakdown by the interaction of the host and intestinal microbiota, acting on several receptors including the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1 or Takeda G-protein receptor 5) and the Farnesoid-X-Receptor (FXR). Both receptors are placed at the interface of the host immune system with the intestinal microbiota and are highly represented in cells of innate immunity such as intestinal and liver macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer T cells. Here, we review how GPBAR1 and FXR modulate the intestinal and liver innate immune system and contribute to the maintenance of a tolerogenic phenotype in entero-hepatic tissues, and how regulation of innate immunity might help to explain beneficial effects exerted by GPBAR1 and FXR ligands in immune and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Update on FXR Biology: Promising Therapeutic Target? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072069. [PMID: 30013008 PMCID: PMC6073382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a metabolic nuclear receptor, plays critical roles in the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis and the integrity of many organs, including liver and intestine. It regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, and contributes to inter-organ communication, in particular the enterohepatic signaling pathway, through bile acids and fibroblast growth factor-15/19 (FGF-15/19). The metabolic effects of FXR are also involved in gut microbiota. In addition, FXR has various functions in the kidney, adipose tissue, pancreas, cardiovascular system, and tumorigenesis. Consequently, the deregulation of FXR may lead to abnormalities of specific organs and metabolic dysfunction, allowing the protein as an attractive therapeutic target for the management of liver and/or metabolic diseases. Indeed, many FXR agonists have been being developed and are under pre-clinical and clinical investigations. Although obeticholic acid (OCA) is one of the promising candidates, significant safety issues have remained. The effects of FXR modulation might be multifaceted according to tissue specificity, disease type, and/or energy status, suggesting the careful use of FXR agonists. This review summarizes the current knowledge of systemic FXR biology in various organs and the gut–liver axis, particularly regarding the recent advancement in these fields, and also provides pharmacological aspects of FXR modulation for rational therapeutic strategies and novel drug development.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim KH, Choi JM, Li F, Arizpe A, Wooton-Kee CR, Anakk S, Jung SY, Finegold MJ, Moore DD. Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptor Signaling Determines Molecular Pathogenesis of Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2435-2446. [PMID: 29718219 PMCID: PMC7263843 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder of bile flow disruption due to abnormal canalicular transport or impaired bile acid (BA) metabolism, causing excess BA accumulation and liver failure. We previously reported an intrahepatic cholestasis mouse model based on loss of function of both farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4) and a small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) [double knockout (DKO)], which has strong similarities to human PFIC5. We compared the pathogenesis of DKO livers with that of another intrahepatic cholestasis model, Bsep-/-, which represents human PFIC2. Both models exhibit severe hepatomegaly and hepatic BA accumulation, but DKO showed greater circulating BA and liver injury, and Bsep-/- had milder phenotypes. Molecular profiling of BAs uncovered specific enrichment of cholic acid (CA)-derived BAs in DKO livers but chenodeoxycholate-derived BAs in Bsep-/- livers. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed specific activation of CA synthesis and alternative basolateral BA transport in DKO but increased chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis and canalicular transport in Bsep-/-. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)/pregnane X receptor (PXR)-CYP2B/CYP2C axis is activated in DKO livers but not in other cholestasis models. Loss of this axis in Fxr:Shp:Car:Pxr quadruple knockouts blocked Cyp2b/Cyp2c gene induction, impaired bilirubin conjugation/elimination, and increased liver injury. Differential CYP2B expression in DKO and Bsep-/- was recapitulated in human PFIC5 and PFIC2 livers. In conclusion, loss of FXR/SHP results in distinct molecular pathogenesis and CAR/PXR activation, which promotes Cyp2b/Cyp2c gene transcription and bilirubin clearance. CAR/PXR activation was not observed in Bsep-/- mice or PFIC2 patients. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the heterogeneity of intrahepatic cholestasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Armando Arizpe
- School of Natural Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Clavia Ruth Wooton-Kee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Milton J Finegold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: David D. Moore, PhD, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carino A, Biagioli M, Marchianò S, Scarpelli P, Zampella A, Limongelli V, Fiorucci S. Disruption of TFGβ-SMAD3 pathway by the nuclear receptor SHP mediates the antifibrotic activities of BAR704, a novel highly selective FXR ligand. Pharmacol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
21
|
Sepe V, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. Farnesoid X receptor modulators 2014-present: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:351-364. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1459569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gabbia D, Pozza AD, Albertoni L, Lazzari R, Zigiotto G, Carrara M, Baldo V, Baldovin T, Floreani A, Martin SD. Pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor modulate differently CYP3A-mediated metabolism in early- and late-stage cholestasis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7519-7530. [PMID: 29204052 PMCID: PMC5698245 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i42.7519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To ascertain whether cholestasis affects the expression of two CYP3A isoforms (CYP3A1 and CYP3A2) and of pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR).
METHODS Cholestasis was induced by bile duct ligation in 16 male Wistar rats; whereas 8 sham-operated rats were used as controls. Severity of cholestasis was assessed on histological examination of liver sections, and serum concentrations of albumin, AST, ALT, GGT, ALPK and bilirubin. Gene and protein expressions of PXR, CAR, CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 were assessed by means of qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Alterations in CYP3A activity were measured by calculating the kinetic parameters of 4-OH and 1’-OH-midazolam hydroxylation, marker reactions for CYP3A enzymes.
RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression of CYP3A1 increased significantly in mild cholestasis (P < 0.01). At variance, mRNA and protein expression of CYP3A2 didn’t change in mild cholestasis, whereas the expression and activity of both CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 decreased dramatically when cholestasis became severe. Consistently with these observations, the nuclear expression of both PXR and CAR, which was measured because they both translocate into the cell nucleus after their activation, virtually disappeared in the late stage of cholestatic injury, after an initial increase. These results indicate that early- and late-stage cholestasis affects CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism differently, probably as consequence of the different activation of PXR and CAR.
CONCLUSION Early- and late-stage cholestasis affects CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism differently. PXR and CAR might be targeted therapeutically to promote CYP3A-mediated liver detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Arianna Dalla Pozza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Laura Albertoni
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Roberta Lazzari
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Giorgia Zigiotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Maria Carrara
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Tatjana Baldovin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Annarosa Floreani
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Both cholestatic and steatotic drugs trigger extensive alterations in the mRNA level of biliary transporters in rat hepatocytes: Application to develop new predictive biomarkers for early drug development. Toxicol Lett 2016; 263:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
24
|
Rudraiah S, Zhang X, Wang L. Nuclear Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Liver Disease: Are We There Yet? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 56:605-626. [PMID: 26738480 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) are ligand-modulated transcription factors that play diverse roles in cell differentiation, development, proliferation, and metabolism and are associated with numerous liver pathologies such as cancer, steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cholestasis, and xenobiotic/drug-induced liver injury. The network of target proteins associated with NRs is extremely complex, comprising coregulators, small noncoding microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs. The importance of NRs as targets of liver disease is exemplified by the number of NR ligands that are currently used in the clinics or in clinical trials with promising results. Understanding the regulation by NR during pathophysiological conditions, and identifying ligands for orphan NR, points to a potential therapeutic approach for patients with liver diseases. An overview of complex NR metabolic networks and their pharmacological implications in liver disease is presented here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and The Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and The Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and The Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269.,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang C, Wang J, Hu W, Wang C, Lu X, Tong L, Wu F, Zhang W. Identification of functional farnesoid X receptors in brain neurons. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3233-42. [PMID: 27545319 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been confirmed to sense bile acids in various tissues. However, its expression in brain neurons remains obscure. In this study, we identified FXR mRNA and protein expression in mouse brain neurons and in mouse/human brain tissues. FXR was predominantly localized in the nucleus in cultured neurons, but in neurons in vivo, it mainly appeared in the cytoplasm. In nuclear compartments, the neuronal FXR exhibited a punctate distribution. Activation of FXR increased the small heterodimer partner (SHP) mRNA and protein expression levels in cultured neurons and in brain tissues. These findings will help explore new functions of FXR in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu, Nantong, China
| | - Jili Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu, Nantong, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu, Nantong, China
| | - Chengniu Wang
- Basic Medical Research Center, Medical College, Nantong University, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu, Nantong, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu, Nantong, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China. .,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu, Nantong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yuan ZQ, Li KW. Role of farnesoid X receptor in cholestasis. J Dig Dis 2016; 17:501-509. [PMID: 27383832 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in physiological bile acid synthesis, secretion and transport. Defects of FXR regulation in these processes can cause cholestasis and subsequent pathological changes. FXR regulates the synthesis and uptake of bile acid via enzymes. It also increases bile acid solubility and elimination by promoting conjugation reactions and exports pump expression in cholestasis. The changes in bile acid transporters are involved in cholestasis, which can result from the mutations of transporter genes or acquired dysfunction of transport systems, such as inflammation-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. The modulation function of FXR in extrahepatic cholestasis is not identical to that in intrahepatic cholestasis, but the discrepancy may be reduced over time. In extrahepatic cholestasis, increasing biliary pressure can induce bile duct proliferation and bile infarcts, but the absence of FXR may ameliorate them. This review provides an update on the function of FXR in the regulation of bile acid metabolism, its role in the pathophysiological process of cholestasis and the therapeutic use of FXR agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qing Yuan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Wei Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu G, Li Y, Jiang X, Chen H. CAV1 Prevents Gallbladder Cholesterol Crystallization by Regulating Biosynthesis and Transport of Bile Salts. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2118-27. [PMID: 26875794 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; The First Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 China
| | - Yiqiao Li
- Department of Nephrology; Zhejiang Province People's Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Hongtan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; The First Affiliated Hospital; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lian W, Liu X, Yang L, Zhang L, Feng X, Chen W. WITHDRAWN: The role of TNFα in promoting hepatic MRP4 expression via the p38-Rb-E2F1 pathway in human obstructive cholestasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016:S0006-291X(16)30061-4. [PMID: 26792717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor and the authors. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liangjun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinchan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cipriani S, Renga B, D’Amore C, Simonetti M, De Tursi AA, Carino A, Monti MC, Sepe V, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Impaired Itching Perception in Murine Models of Cholestasis Is Supported by Dysregulation of GPBAR1 Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129866. [PMID: 26177448 PMCID: PMC4503431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims In cholestatic syndromes, body accumulation of bile acids is thought to cause itching. However, the mechanisms supporting this effect remain elusive. Recently, GPBAR1 (TGR5) a G-protein coupled receptor has been shown to mediate itching caused by intradermal administration of DCA and LCA. 6α-ethyl-3α, 7α-dihydroxy-24-nor-5β-cholan-23-ol (BAR502) is a non-bile acid dual ligand for FXR and GPBAR1. Methods Cholestasis was induced in wild type and GPBAR1-/- mice by administration of α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) or 17α-ethynylestradiol. Results. In naïve mice skin application of DCA, TLCA, 6-ECDCA, oleanolic and betulinic acid induces a GPBAR1 dependent pruritogenic response that could be desensitized by re-challenging the mice with the same GPBAR1 agonist. In wild type and GPBAR1-/- mice cholestasis induced by ANIT fails to induce spontaneous itching and abrogates scratching behavior caused by intradermal administration of DCA. In this model, co-treatment with BAR502 increases survival, attenuates serum alkaline phosphatase levels and robustly modulates the liver expression of canonical FXR target genes including OSTα, BSEP, SHP and MDR1, without inducing pruritus. Betulinic acid, a selective GPBAR1 ligand, failed to rescue wild type and GPBAR1-/- mice from ANIT cholestasis but did not induced itching. In the 17α-ethynylestradiol model BAR502 attenuates cholestasis and reshapes bile acid pool without inducing itching. Conclusions The itching response to intradermal injection of GPBAR1 agonists desensitizes rapidly and is deactivated in models of cholestasis, explain the lack of correlation between bile acids levels and itching severity in cholestatic syndromes. In models of non-obstructive cholestasis, BAR502 attenuates liver injury without causing itching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Renga
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio D’Amore
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Simonetti
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wen J, Luo J, Huang W, Tang J, Zhou H, Zhang W. The Pharmacological and Physiological Role of Multidrug-Resistant Protein 4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:358-75. [PMID: 26148856 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.225656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant protein 4 (MRP4), a member of the C subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters, is distributed in a variety of tissues and a number of cancers. As a drug transporter, MRP4 is responsible for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of numerous drugs, especially antiviral drugs, antitumor drugs, and diuretics. In this regard, the functional role of MRP4 is affected by a number of factors, such as genetic mutations; tissue-specific transcriptional regulations; post-transcriptional regulations, including miRNAs and membrane internalization; and substrate competition. Unlike other C family members, MRP4 is in a pivotal position to transport cellular signaling molecules, through which it is tightly connected to the living activity and physiologic processes of cells and bodies. In the context of several cancers in which MRP4 is overexpressed, MRP4 inhibition shows striking effects against cancer progression and drug resistance. In this review, we describe the role of MRP4 more specifically in both healthy conditions and disease states, with an emphasis on its potential as a drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiagen Wen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Jianquan Luo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, ChangSha, P.R. China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, ChangSha, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen Y, Vasilenko A, Song X, Valanejad L, Verma R, You S, Yan B, Shiffka S, Hargreaves L, Nadolny C, Deng R. Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor-α-Mediated Transrepression of Bile Salt Export Pump. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:613-26. [PMID: 25675114 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among diseases unique to pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is the most prevalent disorder with elevated serum bile acid levels. We have previously shown that estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) transrepresses bile salt export pump (BSEP) through an interaction between estrogen receptor (ER)-α and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and transrepression of BSEP by E2/ERα is an etiological contributing factor to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Currently the mechanistic insights into such transrepression are not fully understood. In this study, the dynamics of coregulator recruitment to BSEP promoter after FXR activation and E2 treatment were established with quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 was predominantly recruited to the BSEP promoter upon FXR activation, and its recruitment was decreased by E2 treatment. Meanwhile, recruitment of nuclear receptor corepressor was markedly increased upon E2 treatment. Functional evaluation of ERα and ERβ chimeras revealed that domains AC of ERα are the determinants for ERα-specific transrepression on BSEP. Further studies with various truncated ERα proteins identified the domains in ERα responsible for ligand-dependent and ligand-independent transrepression. Truncated ERα-AD exhibited potent ligand-independent transrepressive activity, whereas ERα-CF was fully capable of transrepressing BSEP ligand dependently in vitro in Huh 7 cells and in vivo in mice. Both ERα-AD and ERα-CF proteins were associated with FXR in the coimmunoprecipitation assays. In conclusion, E2 repressed BSEP expression through diminishing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 recruitment with a concurrent increase in nuclear receptor corepressor recruitment to the BSEP promoter. Domains AD and CF in ERα mediated ligand-independent and ligand-dependent transrepression on BSEP, respectively, through interacting with FXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Deciphering the roles of the constitutive androstane receptor in energy metabolism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:62-70. [PMID: 25500869 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is initially defined as a xenobiotic nuclear receptor that protects the liver from injury. Detoxification of damaging chemicals is achieved by CAR-mediated induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. More recent research has implicated CAR in energy metabolism, suggesting a therapeutic potential for CAR in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which CAR regulates energy metabolism will allow us to take advantage of its effectiveness while avoiding its side effects. This review summarizes the current progress on the regulation of CAR nuclear translocation, upstream modulators of CAR activity, and the crosstalk between CAR and other transcriptional factors, with the aim of elucidating how CAR regulates glucose and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sepe V, Renga B, Festa C, D'Amore C, Masullo D, Cipriani S, Di Leva FS, Monti MC, Novellino E, Limongelli V, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Modification on ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) scaffold. discovery of bile acid derivatives as selective agonists of cell-surface G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GP-BAR1). J Med Chem 2014; 57:7687-701. [PMID: 25162837 DOI: 10.1021/jm500889f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are signaling molecules interacting with the nuclear receptor FXR and the G-protein coupled receptor 1 (GP-BAR1/TGR5). GP-BAR1 is a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of steatohepatitis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Endogenous bile acids and currently available semisynthetic bile acids are poorly selective toward GP-BAR1 and FXR. Thus, in the present study we have investigated around the structure of UDCA, a clinically used bile acid devoid of FXR agonist activity, to develop a large family of side chain modified 3α,7β-dihydroxyl cholanoids that selectively activate GP-BAR1. In vivo and in vitro pharmacological evaluation demonstrated that administration of compound 16 selectively increases the expression of pro-glucagon 1, a GP-BAR1 target, in the small intestine, while it had no effect on FXR target genes in the liver. Further, compound 16 results in a significant reshaping of bile acid pool in a rodent model of cholestasis. These data demonstrate that UDCA is a useful scaffold to generate novel and selective steroidal ligands for GP-BAR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II" , Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Upregulation of COX-2 in the lung cancer promotes overexpression of multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) via PGE2-dependent pathway. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:189-96. [PMID: 24909729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is apparent that lung cancer is associated with inflammation, with accompanying hallmark elevations of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. However, the effects of these changes on MRP efflux transporters have not been thoroughly investigated before. Here, we report that upregulation of COX-2 can induce overexpression of MRP4 in both A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines and mouse lung cancer models. In A549 cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment induced upregulation of COX-2 and MRP4 together, but not other MRP transporters. Transient overexpression of human COX-2 cDNA also specifically increased COX-2 and MRP4. Moreover, COX inhibitor treatment and COX-2-specific siRNA significantly inhibited the upregulation of MRP4. Additionally, PMA-treatment increased extracellular PGE2 levels, likely due to increased MRP4 function. Likewise, COX-2-specific siRNA reduced extracellular PGE2 levels. Furthermore, COX-2 upregulation resulted in an increase in mPGES-1, an enzyme responsible for PGE2 production. Finally, metastasized lung cancer model mice exhibited increased expression levels of COX-2 and MRP4, as well as mPGES-1. In conclusion, the present study suggests that overexpression of MRP4 in lung cancer may be attributable to COX-2 upregulation via a PGE2-dependent pathway.
Collapse
|
35
|
Yu DD, Lin W, Forman BM, Chen T. Identification of trisubstituted-pyrazol carboxamide analogs as novel and potent antagonists of farnesoid X receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2919-38. [PMID: 24775917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NRIH4) plays a major role in the control of cholesterol metabolism. This suggests that antagonizing the transcriptional activity of FXR is a potential means to treat cholestasis and related metabolic disorders. Here we describe the synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of trisubstituted-pyrazol carboxamides as novel and potent FXR antagonists. One of these novel FXR antagonists, 4j has an IC50 of 7.5 nM in an FXR binding assay and 468.5 nM in a cell-based FXR antagonistic assay. Compound 4j has no detectable FXR agonistic activity or cytotoxicity. Notably, 4j is the most potent FXR antagonist identified to date; it has a promising in vitro profile and could serve as an excellent chemical tool to elucidate the biological function of FXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Yu
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Barry M Forman
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bovine NR1I3 gene polymorphisms and its association with feed efficiency traits in Nellore cattle. Meta Gene 2014; 2:206-17. [PMID: 25606404 PMCID: PMC4287810 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nuclear receptor 1 family I member 3 (NR1I3), also known as the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), was initially characterized as a key regulator of xenobiotic metabolism. However, recent biochemical and structural data suggest that NR1I3 is activated in response to metabolic and nutritional stress in a ligand-independent manner. Thus, we prospected the Bovine NR1I3 gene for polymorphisms and studied their association with feed efficiency traits in Nellore cattle. First, 155 purebred Nellore bulls were individually measured for Residual Feed Intake (RFI) and the 25 best (High Feed Efficiency group, HFE) and the 25 worst animals (Low Feed Efficiency group, LFE) were selected for DNA extraction. The entire Bovine NR1I3 gene was amplified and polymorphisms were identified by sequencing. Then, one SNP different between HFE and LFE groups was genotyped in all the 155 animals and in another 288 animals totalizing 443 Nellore bulls genotyped for association of NR1I3 SNPs with feed efficiency traits. We found 24 SNPs in the NR1I3 gene and choose a statistically different SNP between HFE and LFE groups for further analysis. Genotyping of the 155 animals showed a significant association within SNP and RFI (p = 0.04), Residual Intake and BW Gain (p = 0.04) and Dry Matter Intake (p = 0.01). This SNP is located in the 5′flanking promoter region of NR1I3 gene and different alleles alter the binding site for predicted transcriptional factors as HNF4alpha, CREM and c-MYB, leading us to conclude that NR1I3 expression and regulation might be important to feed efficiency.
Collapse
|
37
|
Cuperus FJC, Claudel T, Gautherot J, Halilbasic E, Trauner M. The role of canalicular ABC transporters in cholestasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:546-60. [PMID: 24474736 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis, a hallmark feature of hepatobiliary disease, is characterized by the retention of biliary constituents. Some of these constituents, such as bile acids, inflict damage to hepatocytes and bile duct cells. This damage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually carcinogenesis, sequelae that aggravate the underlying disease and deteriorate clinical outcome. Canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which mediate the excretion of individual bile constituents, play a key role in bile formation and cholestasis. The study of these transporters and their regulatory nuclear receptors has revolutionized our understanding of cholestatic disease. This knowledge has served as a template to develop novel treatment strategies, some of which are currently already undergoing phase III clinical trials. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the structure, function, and regulation of canalicular ABC transporters. In addition, we will focus on the role of these transporters in the pathogenesis and treatment of cholestatic bile duct and liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frans J C Cuperus
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang C, Li Q, Li Y. Targeting nuclear receptors with marine natural products. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:601-35. [PMID: 24473166 PMCID: PMC3944506 DOI: 10.3390/md12020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are important pharmaceutical targets because they are key regulators of many metabolic and inflammatory diseases, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, cirrhosis, and fibrosis. As ligands play a pivotal role in modulating nuclear receptor activity, the discovery of novel ligands for nuclear receptors represents an interesting and promising therapeutic approach. The search for novel NR agonists and antagonists with enhanced selectivities prompted the exploration of the extraordinary chemical diversity associated with natural products. Recent studies involving nuclear receptors have disclosed a number of natural products as nuclear receptor ligands, serving to re-emphasize the translational possibilities of natural products in drug discovery. In this review, the natural ligands of nuclear receptors will be described with an emphasis on their mechanisms of action and their therapeutic potentials, as well as on strategies to determine potential marine natural products as nuclear receptor modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center of Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Qianrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center of Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center of Cell Biology Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The intracellular nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor and the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 respond to bile acids by activating transcriptional networks and/or signalling cascades. These cascades affect the expression of a great number of target genes relevant for bile acid, cholesterol, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as genes involved in inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Pregnane X receptor, vitamin D receptor and constitutive androstane receptor are additional nuclear receptors that respond to bile acids, albeit to a more restricted set of species of bile acids. Recognition of dedicated bile acid receptors prompted the development of semi-synthetic bile acid analogues and nonsteroidal compounds that target these receptors. These agents hold promise to become a new class of drugs for the treatment of chronic liver disease, hepatocellular cancer and extrahepatic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. This Review discusses the relevant bile acid receptors, the new drugs that target bile acid signalling and their possible applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter L M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xu S, Sun AQ, Suchy FJ. A novel RARα/CAR-mediated mechanism for regulation of human organic solute transporter-β gene expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G154-62. [PMID: 24264050 PMCID: PMC3920074 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00138.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The organic solute transporter-α/β (OSTα/β) is a heteromeric transporter that is essential for bile acid and sterol disposition and for the enterohepatic circulation. To better understand the mechanism underlying OST gene regulation, the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on OSTα/β gene expression were investigated. The results show a dose-dependent induction of OSTβ but not OSTα expression in both Huh7 and HepG2 cells by RA treatment. A novel functional RA receptor response element (RARE; so-called DR5) in the promoter of OSTβ gene was identified. The interaction of RARα/RXRα with the RARE was verified by electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and its functional importance by hOSTβ promoter activation in luciferase reporter assays. The studies demonstrated that the RARE is also a constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) binding site for OSTβ gene regulation. These results suggest that OSTβ is a target of both FXR-mediated (by binding to IR-1 element) and RARα- and CAR-mediated (by binding to DR5 element) gene regulation pathways. In summary, this study has uncovered a novel RARE (DR5) element in the promoter of OSTβ that binds RARα or CAR heterodimerized with RXRα and appears to function synergistically with the IR-1 element to provide maximal induction of OSTβ in response to RA. These findings demonstrate a role for RARα and CAR in controlling OSTβ expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Xu
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Univ. of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave., B065 Aurora, CO 80045.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Renga B, D’Amore C, Cipriani S, Mencarelli A, Carino A, Sepe V, Zampella A, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. FXR mediates a chromatin looping in the GR promoter thus promoting the resolution of colitis in rodents. Pharmacol Res 2013; 77:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
42
|
Rodrigues AD, Lai Y, Cvijic ME, Elkin LL, Zvyaga T, Soars MG. Drug-induced perturbations of the bile acid pool, cholestasis, and hepatotoxicity: mechanistic considerations beyond the direct inhibition of the bile salt export pump. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:566-74. [PMID: 24115749 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is located on the canalicular plasma membrane of hepatocytes and plays an important role in the biliary clearance of bile acids (BAs). Therefore, any drug or new chemical entity that inhibits BSEP has the potential to cause cholestasis and possibly liver injury. In reality, however, one must consider the complexity of the BA pool, BA enterohepatic recirculation (EHR), extrahepatic (renal) BA clearance, and the interplay of multiple participant transporters and enzymes (e.g., sulfotransferase 2A1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, 3, and 4). Moreover, BAs undergo extensive enzyme-catalyzed amidation and are subjected to metabolism by enterobacteria during EHR. Expression of the various enzymes and transporters described above is governed by nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) that mount an adaptive response when intracellular levels of BAs are increased. The intracellular trafficking of transporters, and their ability to mediate the vectorial transport of BAs, is governed by specific kinases also. Finally, bile flow, micelle formation, canalicular membrane integrity, and BA clearance can be influenced by the inhibition of multidrug resistant protein 3- or ATPase-aminophospholipid transporter-mediated phospholipid flux. Consequently, when screening compounds in a discovery setting or conducting mechanistic studies to address clinical findings, one has to consider the direct (inhibitory) effect of the parent drug and metabolites on multiple BA transporters, as well as inhibition of BA sulfation and amidation and NHR function. Vectorial BA transport, in addition to BA EHR and homoeostasis, could also be impacted by drug-dependent modulation of kinases and enterobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A David Rodrigues
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (A.D.R., Y.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (M.E.C.); and Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (L.E., T.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
YANG KYUNGHEE, KÖCK KATHLEEN, SEDYKH ALEXANDER, TROPSHA ALEXANDER, BROUWER KIML. An updated review on drug-induced cholestasis: mechanisms and investigation of physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3037-57. [PMID: 23653385 PMCID: PMC4369767 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis is an important form of acquired liver disease and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Bile acids are key signaling molecules, but they can exert toxic responses when they accumulate in hepatocytes. This review focuses on the physiological mechanisms of drug-induced cholestasis associated with altered bile acid homeostasis due to direct (e.g., bile acid transporter inhibition) or indirect (e.g., activation of nuclear receptors, altered function/expression of bile acid transporters) processes. Mechanistic information about the effects of a drug on bile acid homeostasis is important when evaluating the cholestatic potential of a compound, but experimental data often are not available. The relationship between physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic parameters, and inhibition of the bile salt export pump among 77 cholestatic drugs with different pathophysiological mechanisms of cholestasis (i.e., impaired formation of bile vs. physical obstruction of bile flow) was investigated. The utility of in silico models to obtain mechanistic information about the impact of compounds on bile acid homeostasis to aid in predicting the cholestatic potential of drugs is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KYUNGHEE YANG
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - KATHLEEN KÖCK
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - ALEXANDER SEDYKH
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - ALEXANDER TROPSHA
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - KIM L.R. BROUWER
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Staudinger JL, Woody S, Sun M, Cui W. Nuclear-receptor-mediated regulation of drug- and bile-acid-transporter proteins in gut and liver. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:48-59. [PMID: 23330541 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.748793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality and are classically thought to result, in part, from variation in expression and activity of hepatic enzymes of drug metabolism. It is now known that alterations in the expression of genes that encode drug- and bile-acid-transporter proteins in both the gut and liver play a previously unrecognized role in determining patient drug response and eventual clinical outcome. Four nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily members, including pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), constitutive androstane receptor (NR1I3), farnesoid X receptor (NR1H4), and vitamin D receptor (NR1I1), play pivotal roles in drug- and bile-acid-activated programs of gene expression to coordinately regulate drug- and bile-acid transport activity in the intestine and liver. This review focuses on the NR-mediated gene activation of drug and bile-acid transporters in these tissues as well as the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Staudinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Di Leva FS, Festa C, D'Amore C, De Marino S, Renga B, D'Auria MV, Novellino E, Limongelli V, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Binding mechanism of the farnesoid X receptor marine antagonist suvanine reveals a strategy to forestall drug modulation on nuclear receptors. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4701-17. [PMID: 23656455 DOI: 10.1021/jm400419e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report suvanine, a marine sponge sesterterpene, as an antagonist of the mammalian bile acid sensor farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR). Using suvanine as a template, we shed light on the molecular bases of FXR antagonism, identifying the essential conformational changes responsible for the transition from the agonist to the antagonist form. Molecular characterization of the nuclear corepressor NCoR and coactivator Src-1 revealed that receptor conformational changes are associated with a specific dynamic of recruitment of these cofactors to the promoter of OSTα, a FXR regulated gene. Using suvanine as a novel hit, a library of semisynthetic derivatives has been designed and prepared, leading to pharmacological profiles ranging from agonism to antagonism toward FXR. Deep pharmacological evaluation demonstrated that derivative 19 represents a new chemotype of FXR modulator, whereas alcohol 6, with a simplified molecular scaffold, exhibits excellent antagonistic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases encompass a wide spectrum of disorders with different causes, resulting in impaired bile flow and accumulation of bile acids and other potentially hepatotoxic cholephils. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of bile formation and cholestasis has recently improved significantly through new insights into nuclear receptor (patho)biology. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors, which act as central players in the regulation of genes responsible for elimination and detoxification of biliary constituents accumulating in cholestasis. They also control other pathophysiologic processes such as inflammation, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis involved in the pathogenesis and disease progression of cholestasis liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emina Halilbasic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Baghdasaryan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Honda A, Ikegami T, Nakamuta M, Miyazaki T, Iwamoto J, Hirayama T, Saito Y, Takikawa H, Imawari M, Matsuzaki Y. Anticholestatic effects of bezafibrate in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology 2013; 57:1931-41. [PMID: 22911624 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bezafibrate is a widely used hypolipidemic agent and is known as a ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Recently this agent has come to be recognized as a potential anticholestatic medicine for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) that does not respond sufficiently to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) monotherapy. The aim of this study was to explore the anticholestatic mechanisms of bezafibrate by analyzing serum lipid biomarkers in PBC patients and by cell-based enzymatic and gene expression assays. Nineteen patients with early-stage PBC and an incomplete biochemical response to UDCA (600 mg/day) monotherapy were treated with the same dose of UDCA plus bezafibrate (400 mg/day) for 3 months. In addition to the significant improvement of serum biliary enzymes, immunoglobulin M (IgM), cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in patients treated with bezafibrate, reduction of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), a marker of bile acid synthesis, and increase of 4β-hydroxycholesterol, a marker of CYP3A4/5 activity, were observed. In vitro experiments using human hepatoma cell lines demonstrated that bezafibrate controlled the target genes of PPARα, as well as those of the pregnane X receptor (PXR); down-regulating CYP7A1, CYP27A1, and sinusoidal Na(+) /taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), and up-regulating CYP3A4, canalicular multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3), MDR1, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2). CONCLUSION Bezafibrate is a dual PPARs/PXR agonist with potent anticholestatic efficacy in early-stage PBC patients with an incomplete biochemical response to UDCA monotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Renga B, Mencarelli A, Cipriani S, D'Amore C, Carino A, Bruno A, Francisci D, Zampella A, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. The bile acid sensor FXR is required for immune-regulatory activities of TLR-9 in intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54472. [PMID: 23372731 PMCID: PMC3555871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll like receptors (TLRs) sense the intestinal microbiota and regulate the innate immune response. A dysregulation of TLRs function participates into intestinal inflammation. Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor and bile acid sensor highly expressed in entero-hepatic tissues. FXR regulates lipid metabolism and innate immunity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study we have investigated whether FXR gene expression/function in the intestine is modulated by TLRs. We found that in human monocytes activation of membrane TLRs (i.e. TLR2, 4, 5 and 6) downregulates, while activation of intracellular TLRs (i.e. TLR3, 7, 8 and 9) upregulates the expression of FXR and its target gene SHP, small heterodimer partner. This effect was TLR9-dependent and TNFα independent. Intestinal inflammation induced in mice by TNBS downregulates the intestinal expression of FXR in a TLR9-dependent manner. Protection against TNBS colitis by CpG, a TLR-9 ligand, was lost in FXR(-/-) mice. In contrast, activation of FXR rescued TLR9(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice from colitis. A putative IRF7 response element was detected in the FXR promoter and its functional characterization revealed that IRF7 is recruited on the FXR promoter under TLR9 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Intestinal expression of FXR is selectively modulated by TLR9. In addition to its role in regulating type-I interferons and innate antiviral immunity, IRF-7 a TLR9-dependent factor, regulates the expression of FXR, linking microbiota-sensing receptors to host's immune and metabolic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Renga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mencarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Amore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li W, Fu J, Cheng F, Zheng M, Zhang J, Liu G, Tang Y. Unbinding pathways of GW4064 from human farnesoid X receptor as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:3043-52. [PMID: 23101941 DOI: 10.1021/ci300459k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) is a member of a nuclear receptor superfamily, which plays important roles in bile acid homeostasis, lipoprotein and glucose metabolism, and hepatic regeneration. GW4064 is a potent and selective FXR agonist and has become a tool compound to probe the physiological functions of FXR. Until now, the mechanism of GW4064 entering and leaving the FXR pocket is still poorly understood. Here, we report a computational study of GW4064 unbinding pathways from FXR by using several molecular dynamics (MD) simulation techniques. Based on the crystal structure of FXR in complex with GW4064, conventional MD was first used to refine the binding and check the stability of GW4064 in the FXR pocket. Random acceleration MD simulations were then performed to explore the possible unbinding pathways of GW4064 from FXR. Four main pathway clusters were found, among which three subpathways, namely Paths 2A, 2B, and 1B, were observed most frequently. Multiple steered MD simulations were further employed to estimate the maximum rupture force and the sum of the forces and to characterize the intermediate states of the ligand unbinding process. By comparing the average force profiles and structural changes, Paths 2A and 2B were identified to be the most favorable unbinding pathways. The former is located between the H1-H2 loop and the H5-H6 loop, and the latter is located in the cleft formed by the H5-H6 loop, H6, and H7. Moreover, the residues lining the pathways were analyzed for their roles in ligand unbinding. Based on our results, the possible structural modification strategies on GW4064 were also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Discovery of new non-steroidal FXR ligands via a virtual screening workflow based on Phase shape and induced fit docking. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6848-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|