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Abstract
Injury typically results in the development of neuropathic pain, but the pain normally decreases and disappears in paralleled with wound healing. The pain results from cells resident at, and recruited to, the injury site releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators leading to the development of pro-inflammatory environment and causing nociceptive neurons to develop chronic ectopic electrical activity, which underlies neuropathic pain. The pain decreases as some of the cells that induce pro-inflammation, changing their phenotype leading to the blocking the release of pro-inflammatory mediators while releasing anti-inflammatory mediators, and blocking nociceptive neuron chronic spontaneous electrical activity. Often, despite apparent wound healing, the neuropathic pain becomes chronic. This raises the question of how chronic pain can be eliminated. While many of the cells and mediators contributing to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain are known, a better understanding is required of how the injury site environment can be controlled to permanently eliminate the pro-inflammatory environment and silence the chronically electrically active nociceptive neurons. This paper examines how methods that can promote the transition of the pro-inflammatory injury site to an anti-inflammatory state, by changing the composition of local cell types, modifying the activity of pro- and anti-inflammatory receptors, inducing the release of anti-inflammatory mediators, and silencing the chronically electrically active nociceptive neurons. It also examines the hypothesis that factors released from platelet-rich plasma applied to chronic pain sites can permanently eliminate chronic inflammation and its associated chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, 201 Blvd. del Valle, San Juan, PR, 00901, USA.
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2
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Kuffler DP. Injury-Induced Effectors of Neuropathic Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:51-66. [PMID: 31701439 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Injuries typically result in the development of neuropathic pain, which decreases in parallel with wound healing. However, the pain may remain after the injury appears to have healed, which is generally associated with an ongoing underlying pro-inflammatory state. Injury induces many cells to release factors that contribute to the development of a pro-inflammatory state, which is considered an essential first step towards wound healing. However, pain elimination requires a transition of the injury site from pro- to anti-inflammatory. Therefore, developing techniques that eliminate chronic pain require an understanding of the cells resident at and recruited to injury sites, the factors they release, that promote a pro-inflammatory state, and promote the subsequent transition of that site to be anti-inflammatory. Although a relatively large number of cells, factors, and gene expression changes are involved in these processes, it may be possible to control a relatively small number of them leading to the reduction and elimination of chronic neuropathic pain. This first of two papers examines the roles of the most salient cells and mediators associated with the development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain. The following paper examines the cells and mediators involved in reducing and eliminating chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, 201 Blvd. del Valle, San Juan, PR, 00901, USA.
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3
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Antimalarial Activity of Human Group IIA Secreted Phospholipase A 2 in Relation to Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Oxidized Lipoproteins. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00556-19. [PMID: 31405958 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00556-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA sPLA2) is increased in the plasma of malaria patients, but its role is unknown. In parasite culture with normal plasma, hGIIA is inactive against Plasmodium falciparum, contrasting with hGIIF, hGV, and hGX sPLA2s, which readily hydrolyze plasma lipoproteins, release nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and inhibit parasite growth. Here, we revisited the anti-Plasmodium activity of hGIIA under conditions closer to those of malaria physiopathology where lipoproteins are oxidized. In parasite culture containing oxidized lipoproteins, hGIIA sPLA2 was inhibitory, with a 50% inhibitory concentration value of 150.0 ± 40.8 nM, in accordance with its capacity to release NEFAs from oxidized particles. With oxidized lipoproteins, hGIIF, hGV, and hGX sPLA2s were also more potent, by 4.6-, 2.1-, and 1.9-fold, respectively. Using specific immunoassays, we found that hGIIA sPLA2 is increased in plasma from 41 patients with malaria over levels for healthy donors (median [interquartile range], 1.6 [0.7 to 3.4] nM versus 0.0 [0.0 to 0.1] nM, respectively; P < 0.0001). Other sPLA2s were not detected. Malaria plasma, but not normal plasma, contains oxidized lipoproteins and was inhibitory to P. falciparum when spiked with hGIIA sPLA2 Injection of recombinant hGIIA into mice infected with P. chabaudi reduced the peak of parasitemia, and this was effective only when the level of plasma peroxidation was increased during infection. In conclusion, we propose that malaria-induced oxidation of lipoproteins converts these into a preferential substrate for hGIIA sPLA2, promoting its parasite-killing effect. This mechanism may contribute to host defense against P. falciparum in malaria where high levels of hGIIA are observed.
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Turk J, White TD, Nelson AJ, Lei X, Ramanadham S. iPLA 2β and its role in male fertility, neurological disorders, metabolic disorders, and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:846-860. [PMID: 30408523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ca2+-independent phospholipases, designated as group VI iPLA2s, also referred to as PNPLAs due to their shared homology with patatin, include the β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, and η forms of the enzyme. The iPLA2s are ubiquitously expressed, share a consensus GXSXG catalytic motif, and exhibit organelle/cell-specific localization. Among the iPLA2s, iPLA2β has received wide attention as it is recognized to be involved in membrane remodeling, cell proliferation, cell death, and signal transduction. Ongoing studies implicate participation of iPLA2β in a variety of disease processes including cancer, cardiovascular abnormalities, glaucoma, and peridonditis. This review will focus on iPLA2β and its links to male fertility, neurological disorders, metabolic disorders, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Turk
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Tayleur D White
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Alexander J Nelson
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.
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5
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Aldi S, Matic LP, Hamm G, van Keulen D, Tempel D, Holmstrøm K, Szwajda A, Nielsen BS, Emilsson V, Ait-Belkacem R, Lengquist M, Paulsson-Berne G, Eriksson P, Lindeman JHN, Gool AJ, Stauber J, Hedin U, Hurt-Camejo E. Integrated Human Evaluation of the Lysophosphatidic Acid Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Atherosclerosis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 10:17-28. [PMID: 30003117 PMCID: PMC6039967 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the PLPP3 gene encoding for lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 3 have been associated with susceptibility to atherosclerosis independently of classical risk factors. PLPP3 inactivates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic product of phospholipase activity. Here we performed the first exploratory analysis of PLPP3, LPA, and LPA receptors (LPARs 1–6) in human atherosclerosis. PLPP3 transcript and protein were repressed when comparing plaques versus normal arteries and plaques from symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients, and they were negatively associated with risk of adverse cardiovascular events. PLPP3 localized to macrophages, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells (ECs) in plaques. LPAR 2, 5, and especially 6 showed increased expression in plaques, with LPAR6 localized in ECs and positively correlated to PLPP3. Utilizing in situ mass spectrometry imaging, LPA and its precursors were found in the plaque fibrous cap, co-localizing with PLPP3 and LPAR6. In vitro, PLPP3 silencing in ECs under LPA stimulation resulted in increased expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines. LPAR6 silencing inhibited LPA-induced cell activation, but not when PLPP3 was silenced simultaneously. Our results show that repression of PLPP3 plays a key role in atherosclerosis by promoting EC activation. Altogether, the PLPP3 pathway represents a suitable target for investigations into novel therapeutic approaches to ameliorate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Aldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Szwajda
- Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan H N Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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6
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Atout R, Karabina SA, Dollet S, Carreras M, Payré C, André P, Lambeau G, Lotteau V, Ninio E, Perrin-Cocon L. Human group X secreted phospholipase A2 induces dendritic cell maturation through lipoprotein-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:367-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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8
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Shridas P, Bailey WM, Talbott KR, Oslund RC, Gelb MH, Webb NR. Group X secretory phospholipase A2 enhances TLR4 signaling in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:482-9. [PMID: 21622863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A(2)s (sPLA(2)) hydrolyze glycerophospholipids to liberate lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. Although group X (GX) sPLA(2) is recognized as the most potent mammalian sPLA(2) in vitro, its precise physiological function(s) remains unclear. We recently reported that GX sPLA(2) suppresses activation of the liver X receptor in macrophages, resulting in reduced expression of liver X receptor-responsive genes including ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), and a consequent decrease in cellular cholesterol efflux and increase in cellular cholesterol content (Shridas et al. 2010. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30: 2014-2021). In this study, we provide evidence that GX sPLA(2) modulates macrophage inflammatory responses by altering cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Transgenic expression or exogenous addition of GX sPLA(2) resulted in a significantly higher induction of TNF-α, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 in J774 macrophage-like cells in response to LPS. This effect required GX sPLA(2) catalytic activity, and was abolished in macrophages that lack either TLR4 or MyD88. The hypersensitivity to LPS in cells overexpressing GX sPLA(2) was reversed when cellular free cholesterol was normalized using cyclodextrin. Consistent with results from gain-of-function studies, peritoneal macrophages from GX sPLA(2)-deficient mice exhibited a significantly dampened response to LPS. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were significantly lower in GX sPLA(2)-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice after LPS administration. Thus, GX sPLA(2) amplifies signaling through TLR4 by a mechanism that is dependent on its catalytic activity. Our data indicate this effect is mediated through alterations in plasma membrane free cholesterol and lipid raft content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Shridas
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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9
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Extracellular phospholipases in atherosclerosis. Biochimie 2010; 92:594-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Girard C, Yamamoto K, Lambeau G. Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: Lessons from transgenic and knockout mice. Biochimie 2010; 92:561-82. [PMID: 20347923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the emerging phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily, the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family consists of low-molecular-mass, Ca(2+)-requiring extracellular enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. To date, more than 10 sPLA(2) enzymes have been identified in mammals. Individual sPLA(2)s exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct pathophysiological roles. Despite numerous enzymatic and cell biological studies on this enzyme family in the past two decades, their precise in vivo functions still remain largely obscure. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2) enzymes, in combination with lipidomics approaches, have opened new insights into their distinct contributions to various biological events such as food digestion, host defense, inflammation, asthma and atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview the latest understanding of the pathophysiological functions of individual sPLA(2) isoforms fueled by studies employing transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Biomembrane Signaling Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Platelet activating factor stimulates arachidonic acid release in differentiated keratinocytes via arachidonyl non-selective phospholipase A2. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 302:221-7. [PMID: 20041255 PMCID: PMC2829133 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-1017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is known to be present in excess in psoriatic skin, but its exact role is uncertain. In the present study we demonstrate for the first time the role of group VI PLA2 in PAF-induced arachidonic acid release in highly differentiated human keratinocytes. The group IVα PLA2 also participates in the release, while secretory PLA2s play a minor role. Two anti-inflammatory synthetic fatty acids, tetradecylthioacetic acid and tetradecylselenoacetic acid, are shown to interfere with signalling events upstream of group IVα PLA2 activation. In summary, our major novel finding is the involvement of the arachidonyl non-selective group VI PLA2 in PAF-induced inflammatory responses.
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Kitsiouli E, Nakos G, Lekka ME. Phospholipase A2 subclasses in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:941-53. [PMID: 19577642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) catalyse the cleavage of fatty acids esterified at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. In acute lung injury-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI-ARDS) several distinct isoenzymes appear in lung cells and fluid. Some are capable to trigger molecular events leading to enhanced inflammation and lung damage and others have a role in lung surfactant recycling preserving lung function: Secreted forms (groups sPLA2-IIA, -V, -X) can directly hydrolyze surfactant phospholipids. Cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2-IVA) requiring Ca2+ has a preference for arachidonate, the precursor of eicosanoids which participate in the inflammatory response in the lung. Ca(2+)-independent intracellular PLA2s (iPLA2) take part in surfactant phospholipids turnover within alveolar cells. Acidic Ca(2+)-independent PLA2 (aiPLA2), of lysosomal origin, has additionally antioxidant properties, (peroxiredoxin VI activity), and participates in the formation of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine in lung surfactant. PAF-AH degrades PAF, a potent mediator of inflammation, and oxidatively fragmented phospholipids but also leads to toxic metabolites. Therefore, the regulation of PLA2 isoforms could be a valuable approach for ARDS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kitsiouli
- Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, School of Sciences and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Greece
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Molecular and functional characterization of polymorphisms in the secreted phospholipase A2 group X gene: relevance to coronary artery disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:723-33. [PMID: 19495570 PMCID: PMC2700867 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Among secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s), human group X sPLA2 (hGX sPLA2) is emerging as a novel attractive therapeutic target due to its implication in inflammatory diseases. To elucidate whether hGX sPLA2 plays a causative role in coronary artery disease (CAD), we screened the human PLA2G10 gene to identify polymorphisms and possible associations with CAD end-points in a prospective study, AtheroGene. We identified eight polymorphisms, among which, one non-synonymous polymorphism R38C in the propeptide region of the sPLA2. The T-512C polymorphism located in the 5' untranslated region was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events during follow-up. The functional analysis of the R38C polymorphism showed that it leads to a profound change in expression and activity of hGX sPLA2, although there was no detectable impact on CAD risk. Due to the potential role of hGX sPLA2 in inflammatory processes, these polymorphisms should be investigated in other inflammatory diseases.
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Jönsson-Rylander AC, Lundin S, Rosengren B, Pettersson C, Hurt-Camejo E. Role of secretory phospholipases in atherogenesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2008; 10:252-9. [PMID: 18489854 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-008-0039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Elevated circulating levels of secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. sPLA(2) can contribute to atherogenesis by hydrolyzing phospholipids of circulating lipoproteins and lipoproteins entrapped in the arterial wall and/or in cells that reside in the intima and that participate in the inflammatory response to lipoprotein deposition. This article reviews differences and similarities between sPLA(2)-IIA, sPLA(2)-V, and sPLA(2)-X, all of which are members of this family of enzymes with reported potential proatherogenic features. Published data suggest that each of the enzymes has a distinct profile characterized by differences in tissue expression and localization, capacity to act on phospholipids of cell membranes and lipoproteins, and their interaction with arterial proteoglycans. In addition, the article discusses results from the authors' laboratory showing that diet-induced or gene-induced hyperlipidemia in mice enhances the expression of sPLA(2)-V in different tissues, but not sPLA(2)-IIA. Such differences indicate that these enzymes may have different roles in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through their distinct profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrine Jönsson-Rylander
- AstraZeneca, R&D, Bioscience, Mölndal S-431 83, Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gotheburg, Sweden
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15
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Multiple roles of phospholipase A2 during lung infection and inflammation. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2259-72. [PMID: 18411286 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00059-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Mohler ER, Ballantyne CM, Davidson MH, Hanefeld M, Ruilope LM, Johnson JL, Zalewski A. The Effect of Darapladib on Plasma Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Activity and Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease or Coronary Heart Disease Risk Equivalent. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:1632-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Ko HM, Kang JH, Jung B, Kim HA, Park SJ, Kim KJ, Kang YR, Lee HK, Im SY. Critical role for matrix metalloproteinase-9 in platelet-activating factor-induced experimental tumor metastasis. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1277-83. [PMID: 17187368 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the roles of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced experimental pulmonary metastasis of the murine melanoma cell, B16F10, were investigated. An injection of PAF resulted in increases in mRNA expression, protein levels and the activities of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the lungs. The overall expression of MMP-9 was stronger than that of MMP-2. The increased MMP-9 expression was inhibited by both NF-kappaB and AP-1 inhibitors, whereas the increased MMP-2 expression was inhibited by only AP-1 inhibitors. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that MMP-9 was expressed in bronchial epithelial cells as well as in the walls of blood vessels, whereas MMP-2 expression was observed only in bronchial epithelial cells. PAF significantly enhanced the pulmonary metastasis of B16F10, which was inhibited by both NF-kappaB and c-jun inhibitors. MMP-9 inhibitor, but not that of MMP-2, completely inhibited PAF-induced B16F10 metastasis. These data indicate that MMP-9, the expression of which was regulated by NF-kappaB and AP-1, plays a critical role in PAF-induced enhancement of pulmonary melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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