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Wang C, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Excipient-related impurities in liposome drug products. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124164. [PMID: 38688429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery systems to increase the efficacy and reduce the off-target toxicity of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The liposomes are more complex drug delivery systems than the traditional dosage forms, and phospholipids and cholesterol are the major structural excipients. These two excipients undergo hydrolysis and/or oxidation during liposome preparation and storage, resulting in lipids hydrolyzed products (LHPs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in the final liposomal formulations. These excipient-related impurities at elevated concentrations may affect liposome stability and exert biological functions. This review focuses on LHPs and COPs, two major categories of excipient-related impurities in the liposomal formulations, and discusses factors affecting their formation, and analytical methods to determine these excipient-related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changguang Wang
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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2
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Cerutis DR, Weston MD, Miyamoto T. Entering, Linked with the Sphinx: Lysophosphatidic Acids Everywhere, All at Once, in the Oral System and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10278. [PMID: 37373424 PMCID: PMC10299546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral health is crucial to overall health, and periodontal disease (PDD) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Over the past decade, PDD has been recognized as a significant contributor to systemic inflammation. Here, we relate our seminal work defining the role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors (LPARs) in the oral system with findings and parallels relevant to cancer. We discuss the largely unexplored fine-tuning potential of LPA species for biological control of complex immune responses and suggest approaches for the areas where we believe more research should be undertaken to advance our understanding of signaling at the level of the cellular microenvironment in biological processes where LPA is a key player so we can better treat diseases such as PDD, cancer, and emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Roselyn Cerutis
- Department of Oral Biology, Creighton University School of Dentistry, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Michael D. Weston
- Department of Oral Biology, Creighton University School of Dentistry, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Takanari Miyamoto
- Department of Periodontics, Creighton University School of Dentistry, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
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3
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Gao Y, Zhang Y. An Efficient and Facile Synthesis of Deuterium‐Labeled D‐Glycerolphosphocholine and 2,3‐Dilinoleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Institute for Innovative Drug Discovery Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Targeted Antiviral Research Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd No.1099, Fuying Road, Jiangning Dist. Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yinsheng Zhang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Discovery Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Targeted Antiviral Research Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd No.1099, Fuying Road, Jiangning Dist. Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
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4
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Chemical Diversity in the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Superfamily. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:494-512. [PMID: 29576399 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell signaling transmembrane proteins that can be modulated by a plethora of chemical compounds. Systematic cheminformatics analysis of structurally and pharmacologically characterized GPCR ligands shows that cocrystallized GPCR ligands cover a significant part of chemical ligand space, despite their limited number. Many GPCR ligands and substructures interact with multiple receptors, providing a basis for polypharmacological ligand design. Experimentally determined GPCR structures represent a variety of binding sites and receptor-ligand interactions that can be translated to chemically similar ligands for which structural data are lacking. This integration of structural, pharmacological, and chemical information on GPCR-ligand interactions enables the extension of the structural GPCR-ligand interactome and the structure-based design of novel modulators of GPCR function.
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5
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Xie M, Dunford NT. Lipid composition and emulsifying properties of canola lecithin from degumming with phospholipase A2 and its ethanolic fractions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Structural evidence of the species-dependent albumin binding of the modified cyclic phosphatidic acid with cytotoxic properties. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160089. [PMID: 27129297 PMCID: PMC5293571 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic properties of a new phosphorodithioate myristoyl derivative of cyclic phosphatidic acid as well as detailed binding mode of this ligand by human and equine serum albumins based on two crystal structures are presented. Cyclic phosphatidic acids (cPAs) are naturally occurring, very active signalling molecules, which are involved in several pathological states, such as cancer, diabetes or obesity. As molecules of highly lipidic character found in the circulatory system, cPAs are bound and transported by the main extracellular lipid binding protein–serum albumin. Here, we present the detailed interactions between human serum albumin (HSA) and equine serum albumin (ESA) with a derivative of cPA, 1-O-myristoyl-sn-glycerol-2,3-cyclic phosphorodithioate (Myr-2S-cPA). Initial selection of the ligand used for the structural study was made by the analysis of the therapeutically promising properties of the sulfur containing analogues of cPA in respect to the unmodified lysophospholipids (LPLs). Substitution of one or two non-bridging oxygen atoms in the phosphate group with one or two sulfur atoms increases the cytotoxic effect of cPAs up to 60% on the human prostate cancer (PC) cells. Myr-2S-cPA reduces cancer cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 value of 29.0 μM after 24 h incubation, which is almost 30% lower than IC50 of single substituted phosphorothioate cPA. Although, the structural homology between HSA and ESA is big, their crystal complexes with Myr-2S-cPA demonstrate significantly different mode of binding of this LPL analogue. HSA binds three molecules of Myr-2S-cPA, whereas ESA only one. Moreover, none of the identified Myr-2S-cPA binding sites overlap in both albumins.
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7
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Marrapu B, Mallampalli LK, Kaki SS, Rachapudi BNP. A novel method to synthesize 1‐acyl‐
sn
‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine and 1,2‐diacyl‐
sn
‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishna Marrapu
- Centre for Lipid ResearchCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabadIndia
| | | | - Shiva Shanker Kaki
- Centre for Lipid ResearchCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabadIndia
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8
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9
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Muinonen-Martin AJ, Susanto O, Zhang Q, Smethurst E, Faller WJ, Veltman DM, Kalna G, Lindsay C, Bennett DC, Sansom OJ, Herd R, Jones R, Machesky LM, Wakelam MJO, Knecht DA, Insall RH. Melanoma cells break down LPA to establish local gradients that drive chemotactic dispersal. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001966. [PMID: 25313567 PMCID: PMC4196730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mortality of melanoma is caused by rapid spread of cancer cells, which occurs unusually early in tumour evolution. Unlike most solid tumours, thickness rather than cytological markers or differentiation is the best guide to metastatic potential. Multiple stimuli that drive melanoma cell migration have been described, but it is not clear which are responsible for invasion, nor if chemotactic gradients exist in real tumours. In a chamber-based assay for melanoma dispersal, we find that cells migrate efficiently away from one another, even in initially homogeneous medium. This dispersal is driven by positive chemotaxis rather than chemorepulsion or contact inhibition. The principal chemoattractant, unexpectedly active across all tumour stages, is the lipid agonist lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acting through the LPA receptor LPAR1. LPA induces chemotaxis of remarkable accuracy, and is both necessary and sufficient for chemotaxis and invasion in 2-D and 3-D assays. Growth factors, often described as tumour attractants, cause negligible chemotaxis themselves, but potentiate chemotaxis to LPA. Cells rapidly break down LPA present at substantial levels in culture medium and normal skin to generate outward-facing gradients. We measure LPA gradients across the margins of melanomas in vivo, confirming the physiological importance of our results. We conclude that LPA chemotaxis provides a strong drive for melanoma cells to invade outwards. Cells create their own gradients by acting as a sink, breaking down locally present LPA, and thus forming a gradient that is low in the tumour and high in the surrounding areas. The key step is not acquisition of sensitivity to the chemoattractant, but rather the tumour growing to break down enough LPA to form a gradient. Thus the stimulus that drives cell dispersal is not the presence of LPA itself, but the self-generated, outward-directed gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Muinonen-Martin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, York, United Kingdom
- The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Qifeng Zhang
- The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Colin Lindsay
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy C. Bennett
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert Herd
- Alan Lyell Centre for Dermatology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Jones
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David A. Knecht
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
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Manigrasso MB, Juranek J, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. Unlocking the biology of RAGE in diabetic microvascular complications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:15-22. [PMID: 24011512 PMCID: PMC3877224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) set the stage for the elucidation of important mechanisms underpinning diabetic complications. RAGE transduces the signals of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), proinflammatory S100/calgranulins, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and is a one of a family of receptors for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). These ligand tales weave a theme of vascular perturbation and inflammation linked to the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes. Once deemed implausible, this concept of inflammatory cues participating in diabetic complications is now supported by a plethora of experimental evidence in the macro- and microvasculature. We review the biology of ligand-RAGE signal transduction and its roles in diabetic microvascular complications, from animal models to human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaele B Manigrasso
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Judyta Juranek
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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11
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Ren H, Panchatcharam M, Mueller P, Escalante-Alcalde D, Morris AJ, Smyth SS. Lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP3) and vascular development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1831:126-32. [PMID: 22835522 PMCID: PMC3683602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPP) are integral membrane proteins with broad substrate specificity that dephosphorylate lipid substrates including phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, ceramide 1-phosphate, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate. Although the three mammalian enzymes (LPP1-3) demonstrate overlapping catalytic activities and substrate preferences in vitro, the phenotypes of mice with targeted inactivation of the Ppap2 genes encoding the LPP enzymes reveal nonredundant functions. A specific role for LPP3 in vascular development has emerged from studies of mice lacking Ppap2b. A meta-analysis of multiple, large genome-wide association studies identified a single nucleotide polymorphism in PPAP2B as a novel predictor of coronary artery disease. In this review, we will discuss the evidence that links LPP3 to vascular development and disease and evaluate potential molecular mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ren
- The Gill Heart Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
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12
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Abstract
Comparative modeling is a powerful technique to generate models of proteins from families already represented by members with experimentally characterized three-dimensional structures. The method is particularly important for modeling membrane-bound receptors in the G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family, such as many of the lipid receptors (such as the cannabinoid, prostanoid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and eicosanoid receptor family members), as these represent particularly challenging targets for experimental structural characterization methods. Although challenging modeling targets, these receptors have been linked to therapeutic indications that vary from nociception to cancer, and thus are of interest as therapeutic targets. Accurate models of lipid receptors are therefore valuable tools in the drug discovery and optimization phases of therapeutic development. This chapter describes the construction and evaluation of comparative structural models of lipid receptors beginning with the selection of template structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
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13
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Genta-Jouve G, Thomas OP. Sponge chemical diversity: from biosynthetic pathways to ecological roles. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2012; 62:183-230. [PMID: 22664123 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394283-8.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since more than 50 years, sponges have raised the interest of natural product chemists due to the presence of structurally original secondary metabolites. While the main objective were first to discover new drugs from the Sea, a large number of interrogations arose along with the isolation and structure elucidations of a wide array of original architectures and new families of natural products not found in the terrestrial environment. In this chapter, we focus on the results obtained during this period on the following questions. A preliminary but still unresolved issue to be addressed will be linked to the role of the microbiota into the biosynthesis of these low-weight compounds. Our knowledge on the biosynthetic pathways leading to plant secondary metabolites is now well established, and this background will influence our comprehension of the biosynthetic events occurring in a sponge. But is the level of similarity between both metabolisms so important? We clearly need more experimental data to better assess this issue. This question is of fundamental interest because sponges have a long evolutionary history, and this will allow a better understanding on the transfer of the genetic information corresponding to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. After the how, the why! The question of the ecological role of these metabolites is also of high importance first not only because they can serve as synapomorphic characters but also because they may represent chemical cues in the water environment. Even if most of these compounds are considered as defensive weapons for these sessile invertebrates, they may also be linked to physiological characters as the reproduction. Finally, a metabolomic approach can appear as a complementary tool to give additional information on the sponge fitness. All the new developments in molecular biology and bioanalytical tools will open the way for a better comprehension on the complex field of sponge secondary metabolites.
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14
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Mize CD, Abbott AM, Gacasan SB, Parrill AL, Baker DL. Ligand-based autotaxin pharmacophore models reflect structure-based docking results. J Mol Graph Model 2011; 31:76-86. [PMID: 21967734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The autotaxin (ATX) enzyme exhibits lysophospholipase D activity responsible for the conversion of lysophosphatidyl choline to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX and LPA have been linked to the initiation of atherosclerosis, cancer invasiveness, and neuropathic pain. ATX inhibition therefore offers currently unexploited therapeutic potential, and substantial interest in the development of ATX inhibitors is evident in the recent literature. Here we report the performance-based comparison of ligand-based pharmacophores developed on the basis of different combinations of ATX inhibitors in the training sets against an extensive database of compounds tested for ATX inhibitory activity, as well as with docking results of the actives against a recently reported ATX crystal structure. In general, pharmacophore models show better ability to select active ATX inhibitors binding in a common location when the ligand-based superposition shows a good match to the superposition of actives based on docking results. Two pharmacophore models developed on the basis of competitive inhibitors in combination with the single inhibitor crystallized to date in the active site of ATX were able to identify actives at rates over 40%, a substantial improvement over the <10% representation of active site-directed actives in the test set database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrina D Mize
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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15
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Gupte R, Patil R, Liu J, Wang Y, Lee SC, Fujiwara Y, Fells J, Bolen AL, Emmons-Thompson K, Yates CR, Siddam A, Panupinthu N, Pham TCT, Baker DL, Parrill AL, Mills GB, Tigyi G, Miller DD. Benzyl and naphthalene methylphosphonic acid inhibitors of autotaxin with anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activity. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:922-35. [PMID: 21465666 PMCID: PMC3517046 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX, NPP2) is a member of the nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme family. ATX catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by lysophospholipase D activity, which leads to generation of the growth-factor-like lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX is highly upregulated in metastatic and chemotherapy-resistant carcinomas and represents a potential target to mediate cancer invasion and metastasis. Herein we report the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of ATX inhibitors based on the 4-tetradecanoylaminobenzylphosphonic acid scaffold, which was previously found to lack sufficient stability in cellular systems. The new 4-substituted benzylphosphonic acid and 6-substituted naphthalen-2-ylmethylphosphonic acid analogues block ATX activity with K(i) values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range against FS3, LPC, and nucleotide substrates through a mixed-mode inhibition mechanism. None of the compounds tested inhibit the activity of related enzymes (NPP6 and NPP7). In addition, the compounds were evaluated as agonists or antagonists of seven LPA receptor (LPAR) subtypes. Analogues 22 and 30 b, the two most potent ATX inhibitors, inhibit the invasion of MM1 hepatoma cells across murine mesothelial and human vascular endothelial monolayers in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The average terminal half-life for compound 22 is 10±5.4 h and it causes a long-lasting decrease in plasma LPA levels. Compounds 22 and 30 b significantly decrease lung metastasis of B16-F10 syngeneic mouse melanoma in a post-inoculation treatment paradigm. The 4-substituted benzylphosphonic acids and 6-substituted naphthalen-2-ylmethylphosphonic acids described herein represent new lead compounds that effectively inhibit the ATX-LPA-LPAR axis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Gupte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Renukadevi Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Jianxiong Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Yaohong Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Sue C. Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - James Fells
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Alyssa L. Bolen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Karin Emmons-Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - C. Ryan Yates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Anjaih Siddam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 (USA)
| | | | - Daniel L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, TN 38152 (USA)
| | - Abby L. Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, TN 38152 (USA),Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, TN 38152 (USA)
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 (USA)
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
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16
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Gantayet A, Jegatheswaran J, Jayakumaran G, Topham MK, Epand RM. Endocannabinoids and diacylglycerol kinase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:1050-3. [PMID: 21194521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian diacylglycerol kinases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to produce phosphatidic acid. The extent of interaction of these enzymes with monoacylglycerols is the focus of the present study. Because of the structural relationship between mono- and diacylglycerols, one might expect the monoacylglycerols to be either substrates or inhibitors of diacylglycerol kinases. This would have some consequence to lipid metabolism. One of the lipid metabolites that would be affected is 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, which is an endogenous ligand for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. We determined if the monoglycerides 2-arachidonoyl glycerol or 2-oleoyl glycerol affected diacylglycerol kinase activity. We found that 2-arachidonoyl glycerol is a very poor substrate for either the epsilon or the zeta isoforms of diacylglycerol kinases. Moreover, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol is an inhibitor for both of these diacylglycerol kinase isoforms. 2-oleoyl glycerol is also a poor substrate for these two isoforms of diacylglycerol kinases. As an inhibitor, 2-oleoyl glycerol inhibits diacylglycerol kinase ε less than does 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, while for diacylglycerol kinase ζ, these two monoglycerides have similar inhibitory potency. These results have implications for the known role of diacylglycerol kinase ε in neuronal function and in epilepsy since the action of this enzyme will remove 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoylglycerol, the precursor of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Gantayet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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17
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Gupte R, Siddam A, Lu Y, Li W, Fujiwara Y, Panupinthu N, Truc-ChiPham, Baker DL, Parrill AL, Gotoh M, Murakami-Murofushi K, Mills GB, Tigyi G, Miller DD, Miller DD. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of the stereoisomers of 3-carba cyclic-phosphatidic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7525-8. [PMID: 21051230 PMCID: PMC3040411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic phosphatidic acid (CPA) is a naturally occurring analog of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in which the sn-2 hydroxy group forms a five-membered ring with the sn-3 phosphate. Here, we describe the synthesis of R-3-CCPA and S-3-CCPA along with their pharmacological properties as inhibitors of lysophospholipase D/autotaxin, agonists of the LPA(5) GPCR, and blockers of lung metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma cells in a C57BL/6 mouse model. S-3CCPA was significantly more efficacious in the activation of LPA(5) compared to the R-stereoisomer. In contrast, no stereoselective differences were found between the two isomers toward the inhibition of autotaxin or lung metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma cells in vivo. These results extend the potential utility of these compounds as potential lead compounds warranting evaluation as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Gupte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163,USA
| | - Anjaih Siddam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163,USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163,USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163,USA
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Department of Systems Biology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Truc-ChiPham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, TN 38152,USA
| | - Daniel L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, TN 38152,USA
| | - Abby L. Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, TN 38152,USA
| | | | | | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163,USA
,Address correspondence to: Duane D. Miller, Ph.D.
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18
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North EJ, Howard AL, Wanjala IW, Pham TCT, Baker DL, Parrill AL. Pharmacophore Development and Application Toward the Identification of Novel, Small-Molecule Autotaxin Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3095-105. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901718z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Jeffrey North
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Research on Materials Institute
| | - Angela L. Howard
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Research on Materials Institute
| | - Irene W. Wanjala
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Research on Materials Institute
| | | | | | - Abby L. Parrill
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Research on Materials Institute
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19
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D'Arrigo P, Servi S. Synthesis of lysophospholipids. Molecules 2010; 15:1354-77. [PMID: 20335986 PMCID: PMC6257299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
New synthetic methods for the preparation of biologically active phospholipids and lysophospholipids (LPLs) are very important in solving problems of membrane-chemistry and biochemistry. Traditionally considered just as second-messenger molecules regulating intracellular signalling pathways, LPLs have recently shown to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, reproduction, angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, atherosclerosis and nervous system regulation. Elucidation of the mechanistic details involved in the enzymological, cell-biological and membrane-biophysical roles of LPLs relies obviously on the availability of structurally diverse compounds. A variety of chemical and enzymatic routes have been reported in the literature for the synthesis of LPLs: the enzymatic transformation of natural glycerophospholipids (GPLs) using regiospecific enzymes such as phospholipases A1 (PLA1), A2 (PLA2) phospholipase D (PLD) and different lipases, the coupling of enzymatic processes with chemical transformations, the complete chemical synthesis of LPLs starting from glycerol or derivatives. In this review, chemo-enzymatic procedures leading to 1- and 2-LPLs will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola D'Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy. paola.d'
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20
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Fells JI, Tsukahara R, Liu J, Tigyi G, Parrill AL. 2D binary QSAR modeling of LPA3 receptor antagonism. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 28:828-33. [PMID: 20356772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A structurally diverse dataset of 119 compounds was used to develop and validate a 2D binary QSAR model for the LPA(3) receptor. The binary QSAR model was generated using an activity threshold of greater than 15% inhibition at 10 microM. The overall accuracy of the model on the training set was 82%. It had accuracies of 55% for active and 91% for inactive compounds, respectively. The model was validated using an external test set of 10 compounds. The accuracy on the external test set was 60% overall, identifying three out of seven actives and all three inactive compounds. This model was combined with similarity searching to rapidly screen libraries and select 14 candidate LPA(3) antagonists. Experimental assays confirmed 13 of these (93%) met the 15% inhibition threshold defining actives. The successful application of the model to select candidates for screening demonstrates the power of this binary QSAR model to prioritize compound selection for experimental consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Fells
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
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21
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Wang FQ, Ariztia EV, Boyd LR, Horton FR, Smicun Y, Hetherington JA, Smith PJ, Fishman DA. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) effects on endometrial carcinoma in vitro proliferation, invasion, and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117:88-95. [PMID: 20056268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has potent growth-regulatory effect in many cell types and has been linked to the in vivo tumor growth and metastasis in several malignancies. The goal of this study was to assess the regulation of (EC) microenvironment by LPA through the examination of its effect on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, uPA activity, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion/activation. METHODS All experiments were performed in vitro using an EC cell line, HEC-1A. Cell proliferation was determined using the Promega MTS proliferation assay following 48 h of exposures to different concentrations of LPA (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 microM). Cell invasion was assessed using a modified Boyden chamber assay with collagen I coated on the membrane. HEC-1A motility was examined by Boyden chamber migration assay as well as the scratch wound closure assay on type I collagen. MMP secretion/activation in HEC-1A conditioned medium was detected by gelatin zymography. MMP-7 mRNA expression was determined using real-time PCR. uPA activity was measured using a coupled colorimetric assay. RESULTS LPA, at the concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 microM, significantly induced the proliferation of HEC-1A cells (p<0.01). At 10 microM, LPA- induced HEC-1A proliferation to a less extent and showed no significant effect on HEC-1A invasion and migration (p>0.05). Gelatin zymogram showed that HEC-1A cells secreted high levels of MMP-7, while MMP-2 and MMP-9 are barely detectable. In addition, LPA significantly enhanced uPA activity in HEC-1A conditioned medium in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS LPA is a potent modulator of cellular proliferation and invasion for EC cells. It also has the capacity to stimulate the secretion/activity of uPA and MMP-7. Those results suggest that LPA is a bioactive modulator of EC microenvironment and may have a distinct regulation mechanism as observed in epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-qiang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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22
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Rytczak P, Koziołkiewicz M, Okruszek A. The chemical synthesis of phosphorothioate and phosphorodithioate analogues of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and cyclic phosphatidic acid (CPA). NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00704k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Fells JI, Tsukahara R, Liu J, Tigyi G, Parrill AL. Structure-based drug design identifies novel LPA3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7457-64. [PMID: 19800804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compound 5 ([5-(3-nitrophenoxy)-1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2-isoindol-2-yl]acetic acid) was identified as a weak selective LPA(3) antagonist (IC(50)=4504 nM) in a virtual screening effort to optimize a dual LPA(2 and 3) antagonist. Structure-based drug design techniques were used to prioritize similarity search matches of compound 5. This strategy rapidly identified 10 novel antagonists. The two most efficacious compounds identified inhibit activation of the LPA(3) receptor by 200 nM LPA with IC(50) values of 752 nM and 2992 nM. These compounds additionally define changes to our previously reported pharmacophore that will improve its ability to identify more potent and selective LPA(3) receptor antagonists. The results of the combined computational and experimental screening are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Fells
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
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24
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Bollinger JG, Ii H, Sadilek M, Gelb MH. Improved method for the quantification of lysophospholipids including enol ether species by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:440-7. [PMID: 19717841 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LC/ESI-MS/MS has been previously demonstrated to be a powerful method to detect and quantify molecular species of glycerophospholipids including lysophospholipids. In this study, we provide an improved pre-mass spectrometry lipid extraction procedure that avoids the acid-catalyzed decomposition of plasmenyl phospholipids that is problematic with previously reported methods. We show that the use of lysophospholipid internal standards with perdeuterated fatty acyl chains avoids isobar problems associated with the use of internal standards containing odd carbon number fatty acyl chains. We also show that LC prior to MS is required to avoid numerous problems associated with isobars and with MS in-source decomposition of lysophosphatidylserine. The reported method of using normal phase chromatography/ESI-MS is used to quantify lysophospholipids in serum and to quantify lysophospholipids produced in mammalian cells by human group X secreted phospholipase A(2). The latter shows that group X phospholipase A(2) added exogenously to cells generates a different set of lysophospholipids compared with enzyme produced endogenously in cells, which supports earlier studies showing that this phospholipase A(2) can act on cell membranes prior to externalization from cells.
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25
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Coupled calcium and zinc dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria of rats with chronic aldosteronism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 53:414-23. [PMID: 19333130 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181a15e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A dyshomeostasis of extra- and intracellular Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) occurs in rats receiving chronic aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST). Herein, we hypothesized that the dyshomeostasis of intracellular Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) is intrinsically coupled that alters the redox state of cardiac myocytes and mitochondria, with Ca(2+) serving as a pro-oxidant and Zn(2+) as an antioxidant. Toward this end, we harvested hearts from rats receiving 4 weeks of ALDOST alone or cotreatment with either spironolactone (Spiro), an aldosterone receptor antagonist, or amlodipine (Amlod), an L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, and from age/sex-matched untreated controls. In each group, we monitored cardiomyocyte [Ca(2+)]i and [Zn(2+)]i and mitochondrial [Ca(2+)]m and [Zn(2+)]m; biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses; expression of Zn transporters, Zip1 and ZnT-1; metallothionein-1, a Zn(2+)-binding protein; and metal response element transcription factor-1, a [Zn(2+)]i sensor and regulator of antioxidant defenses. Compared with controls, at 4-week ALDOST, we found the following: (a) increased [Ca(2+)]i and [Zn(2+)]i, together with increased [Ca(2+)]m and [Zn(2+)]m, each of which could be prevented by Spiro and attenuated with Amlod; (b) increased levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in cardiomyocytes, together with increased H(2)O(2) production, malondialdehyde, and oxidized glutathione in mitochondria that were coincident with increased activities of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase; and (c) increased expression of metallothionein-1, Zip1 and ZnT-1, and metal response element transcription factor-1, attenuated by Spiro. Thus, an intrinsically coupled dyshomeostasis of intracellular Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) occurs in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria in rats receiving ALDOST, where it serves to alter their redox state through a respective induction of oxidative stress and generation of antioxidant defenses. The importance of therapeutic strategies that can uncouple these two divalent cations and modulate their ratio in favor of sustained antioxidant defenses is therefore suggested.
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26
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George J, Headen KV, Ogunleye AO, Perry GA, Wilwerding TM, Parrish LC, McVaney TP, Mattson JS, Cerutis DR. Lysophosphatidic Acid signals through specific lysophosphatidic Acid receptor subtypes to control key regenerative responses of human gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1338-47. [PMID: 19656035 PMCID: PMC11037860 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We showed that the pluripotent platelet growth factor and mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) controls key regenerative responses of human gingival fibroblasts (GFs) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) and positively modulates their responses to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). This study determined which LPA receptor (LPAR) subtype(s) LPA signals through to stimulate mitogenic extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signaling and chemotaxis and to elicit intracellular Ca(2+) increases in GFs and PDLFs because many healing responses are calcium-dependent. METHODS Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was determined using Western blotting with an antibody to phosphorylated ERK1/2. Migration responses were measured using a microchemotaxis chamber. GF and PDLF intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization responses to multiple LPA species and LPAR subtype-specific agonists were measured by using a cell-permeable fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator dye. RESULTS LPA stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation via LPA(1)(-3). For GFs, LPA(1) preferentially elicited chemotaxis, and LPA(1-3) for PDLFs, as confirmed using subtype-specific agonists. Elevation of intracellular calcium seems to be mediated through LPA(1) and LPA(3), with little, if any, contribution from LPA(2). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that LPA signals through specific LPAR subtypes to stimulate human oral fibroblast regenerative responses. These data, in conjunction with our previous findings showing that LPA modulates GF and PDLF responses to PDGF, suggest that LPA is a factor of emerging importance to oral wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoJu George
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Karmel V. Headen
- Department of Oral Biology, Creighton University School of Dentistry, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Greg A. Perry
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - John S. Mattson
- Department of Periodontics, Creighton University School of Dentistry
| | - D. Roselyn Cerutis
- Department of Oral Biology, Creighton University School of Dentistry, Omaha, NE
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27
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Williams JR, Khandoga AL, Goyal P, Fells JI, Perygin DH, Siess W, Parrill AL, Tigyi G, Fujiwara Y. Unique ligand selectivity of the GPR92/LPA5 lysophosphatidate receptor indicates role in human platelet activation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17304-17319. [PMID: 19366702 PMCID: PMC2719366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a ligand for LPA(1-3) of the endothelial differentiation gene family G-protein-coupled receptors, and LPA(4-8) is related to the purinergic family G-protein-coupled receptor. Because the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of GPR92/LPA(5) is limited and whether LPA is its preferred endogenous ligand has been questioned in the literature, in this study we applied a combination of computational and experimental site-directed mutagenesis of LPA(5) residues predicted to interact with the headgroup of LPA. Four residues involved in ligand recognition in LPA(5) were identified as follows: R2.60N mutant abolished receptor activation, whereas H4.64E, R6.62A, and R7.32A greatly reduced receptor activation. We also investigated the SAR of LPA(5) using LPA analogs and other non-lysophospholipid ligands. SAR revealed that the rank order of agonists is alkyl glycerol phosphate > LPA > farnesyl phosphates >> N-arachidonoylglycine. These results confirm LPA(5) to be a bona fide lysophospholipid receptor. We also evaluated several compounds with previously established selectivity for the endothelial differentiation gene receptors and found several that are LPA(5) agonists. A pharmacophore model of LPA(5) binding requirements was developed for in silico screening, which identified two non-lipid LPA(5) antagonists. Because LPA(5) transcripts are abundant in human platelets, we tested its antagonists on platelet activation and found that these non-lipid LPA(5) antagonists inhibit platelet activation. The present results suggest that selective inhibition of LPA(5) may provide a basis for future anti-thrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica R Williams
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Anna L Khandoga
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Pankaj Goyal
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - James I Fells
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Donna H Perygin
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Wolfgang Siess
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Abby L Parrill
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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28
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Cedars A, Jenkins CM, Mancuso DJ, Gross RW. Calcium-independent phospholipases in the heart: mediators of cellular signaling, bioenergetics, and ischemia-induced electrophysiologic dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 53:277-289. [PMID: 19390346 PMCID: PMC2684941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial function is intimately dependent on the precise spatiotemporal regulation of membrane-bound proteins and ion channels. Phospholipases play critical roles in the maintenance of membrane structure and function, thereby fundamentally integrating dynamic alterations in myocardial performance with membrane composition and dynamics. The major phospholipases in myocardium belong to a family of proteins known as calcium-independent phospholipases (iPLA2s). In addition to their role in maintaining normal membrane structure and function, iPLA2 catalytic activity results in the generation of a variety of lipid second messengers that facilitate cellular signaling. Through its multiple effects on cardiac myocyte bioenergetics, cellular signaling, and membrane function, the iPLA2 family of enzymes is of primary importance in modulating the pathologic sequelae of myocardial ischemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and remodeling during hemodynamic stress. This review will provide a brief overview of myocardial iPLA2s and their significance in cardiac pathology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Cedars
- Divisions of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Christopher M. Jenkins
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David J. Mancuso
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Richard W. Gross
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis 63130
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29
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North EJ, Osborne DA, Bridson PK, Baker DL, Parrill AL. Autotaxin structure-activity relationships revealed through lysophosphatidylcholine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3433-42. [PMID: 19345587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to form the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA stimulates cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell migration and is involved in obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, neuropathic pain, atherosclerosis and various cancers, suggesting that ATX inhibitors have broad therapeutic potential. Product feedback inhibition of ATX by LPA has stimulated structure-activity studies focused on LPA analogs. However, LPA displays mixed mode inhibition, indicating that it can bind to both the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex. This suggests that LPA may not interact solely with the catalytic site. In this report we have prepared LPC analogs to help map out substrate structure-activity relationships. The structural variances include length and unsaturation of the fatty tail, choline and polar linker presence, acyl versus ether linkage of the hydrocarbon chain, and methylene and nitrogen replacement of the choline oxygen. All LPC analogs were assayed in competition with the synthetic substrate, FS-3, to show the preference ATX has for each alteration. Choline presence and methylene replacement of the choline oxygen were detrimental to ATX recognition. These findings provide insights into the structure of the enzyme in the vicinity of the catalytic site as well as suggesting that ATX produces rate enhancement, at least in part, by substrate destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jeffrey North
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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30
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E S, Lai YJ, Tsukahara R, Chen CS, Fujiwara Y, Yue J, Yu JH, Guo H, Kihara A, Tigyi G, Lin FT. Lysophosphatidic acid 2 receptor-mediated supramolecular complex formation regulates its antiapoptotic effect. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14558-71. [PMID: 19293149 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900185200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid 2 (LPA(2)) receptor elicits prosurvival responses to prevent and rescue cells from apoptosis. However, G protein-coupled signals are not sufficient for the full protective effect of LPA(2). LPA(2) differs from other LPA receptor subtypes in the C-terminal tail, where it contains a zinc finger-binding motif for the interactions with LIM domain-containing TRIP6 and proapoptotic Siva-1, and a PDZ-binding motif through which it complexes with the NHERF2 scaffold protein. In this report, we identify a unique CXXC motif of LPA(2) responsible for the binding to TRIP6 and Siva-1, and demonstrate that disruption of these macromolecular complexes or knockdown of TRIP6 or NHERF2 expression attenuates LPA(2)-mediated protection from chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of Siva-1 expression enhances this effect. Furthermore, a PDZ-mediated direct interaction between TRIP6 and NHERF2 facilitates their interaction with LPA(2). Together, these results suggest that in addition to G protein-activated signals, the cooperation embedded in the LPA(2)-TRIP6-NHERF2 ternary complex provides a novel ligand-dependent signal amplification mechanism that is required for LPA(2)-mediated full activation of antiapoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu E
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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