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Zanotti I, Potì F, Cuchel M. HDL and reverse cholesterol transport in humans and animals: Lessons from pre-clinical models and clinical studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159065. [PMID: 34637925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accept cholesterol from cells and to promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) represents the best characterized antiatherogenic function of HDL. Studies carried out in animal models have unraveled the multiple mechanisms by which these lipoproteins drive cholesterol efflux from macrophages and cholesterol uptake to the liver. Moreover, the influence of HDL composition and the role of lipid transporters have been clarified by using suitable transgenic models or through experimental design employing pharmacological or nutritional interventions. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), an in vitro assay developed to offer a measure of the first step of RCT, has been shown to associate with cardiovascular risk in several human cohorts, supporting the atheroprotective role of RCT in humans as well. However, negative data in other cohorts have raised concerns on the validity of this biomarker. In this review we will present the most relevant data documenting the role of HDL in RCT, as assessed in classical or innovative methodological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Potì
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, Via Volturno 39/F, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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2
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Kosmas CE, Sourlas A, Guzman E, Kostara CE. Environmental Factors Modifying HDL Functionality. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1687-1701. [PMID: 34269662 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210714155422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, it has been recognized that High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) functionality plays a much more essential role in protection from atherosclerosis than circulating HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels per se. Cholesterol efflux from macrophages to HDL, cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) has been shown to be a key metric of HDL functionality. Thus, quantitative assessment of CEC may be an important tool for the evaluation of HDL functionality, as improvement of HDL function may lead to a reduction of the risk for Cardiovascular disease (CVD). INTRODUCTION Although the cardioprotective action of HDLs is exerted mainly through their involvement in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, HDLs also have important anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiaggregatory and anticoagulant properties that contribute to their favorable cardiovascular effects. Certain genetic, pathophysiologic, disease states and environmental conditions may influence the cardioprotective effects of HDL either by inducing modifications in lipidome and/or protein composition or in the enzymes responsible for HDL metabolism. On the other hand, certain healthy habits or pharmacologic interventions may actually favorably affect HDL functionality. METHOD The present review discusses the effects of environmental factors, including obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, various pharmacologic interventions, as well as aerobic exercise, on HDL functionality. RESULT Experimental and clinical studies or pharmacological interventions support the impact of these environmental factors in the modification of HDL functionality, although the mechanisms that are mediated are poorly understood. CONCLUSION Further research should be conducted to unreal the underlying mechanisms of these environmental factors and to identify new pharmacologic interventions, capable of enhancing CEC, improving HDL functionality and potentially improving cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine E Kosmas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Eliscer Guzman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Christina E Kostara
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Department, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
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3
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Schirris TJJ, Rossell S, de Haas R, Frambach SJCM, Hoogstraten CA, Renkema GH, Beyrath JD, Willems PHGM, Huynen MA, Smeitink JAM, Russel FGM, Notebaart RA. Stimulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in mitochondrial complex I-deficiency lowers reductive stress and improves motor function and survival in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166062. [PMID: 33385517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of cellular energy is produced by the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Failure of the first OXPHOS enzyme complex, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or complex I (CI), is associated with multiple signs and symptoms presenting at variable ages of onset. There is no approved drug treatment yet to slow or reverse the progression of CI-deficient disorders. Here, we present a comprehensive human metabolic network model of genetically characterized CI-deficient patient-derived fibroblasts. Model calculations predicted that increased cholesterol production, export, and utilization can counterbalance the surplus of reducing equivalents in patient-derived fibroblasts, as these pathways consume considerable amounts of NAD(P)H. We show that fibrates attenuated increased NAD(P)H levels and improved CI-deficient fibroblast growth by stimulating the production of cholesterol via enhancement of its cellular efflux. In CI-deficient (Ndufs4-/-) mice, fibrate treatment resulted in prolonged survival and improved motor function, which was accompanied by an increased cholesterol efflux from peritoneal macrophages. Our results shine a new light on the use of compensatory biological pathways in mitochondrial dysfunction, which may lead to novel therapeutic interventions for mitochondrial diseases for which currently no cure exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sergio Rossell
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ria de Haas
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne J C M Frambach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A Hoogstraten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - G Herma Renkema
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Julien D Beyrath
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H G M Willems
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Richard A Notebaart
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Frambach SJCM, de Haas R, Smeitink JAM, Rongen GA, Russel FGM, Schirris TJJ. Brothers in Arms: ABCA1- and ABCG1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux as Promising Targets in Cardiovascular Disease Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:152-190. [PMID: 31831519 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor. Preventive treatments mainly focus on the effective reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but their therapeutic value is limited by the inability to completely normalize atherosclerotic risk, probably due to the disease complexity and multifactorial pathogenesis. Consequently, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol gained much interest, as it appeared to be cardioprotective due to its major role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RCT facilitates removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including atherosclerotic plaques, and its subsequent hepatic clearance into bile. Therefore, RCT is expected to limit plaque formation and progression. Cellular cholesterol efflux is initiated and propagated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Their expression and function are expected to be rate-limiting for cholesterol efflux, which makes them interesting targets to stimulate RCT and lower atherosclerotic risk. This systematic review discusses the molecular mechanisms relevant for RCT and ABCA1 and ABCG1 function, followed by a critical overview of potential pharmacological strategies with small molecules to enhance cellular cholesterol efflux and RCT. These strategies include regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, degradation, and mRNA stability. Various small molecules have been demonstrated to increase RCT, but the underlying mechanisms are often not completely understood and are rather unspecific, potentially causing adverse effects. Better understanding of these mechanisms could enable the development of safer drugs to increase RCT and provide more insight into its relation with atherosclerotic risk. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor of atherosclerosis, which is a leading pathological mechanism underlying cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol is removed from atherosclerotic plaques and subsequently cleared by the liver into bile. This transport is mediated by high-density lipoprotein particles, to which cholesterol is transferred via ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Small-molecule pharmacological strategies stimulating these transporters may provide promising options for cardiovascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne J C M Frambach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ria de Haas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Rongen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Li T, Hu SM, Pang XY, Wang JF, Yin JY, Li FH, Wang J, Yang XQ, Xia B, Liu YH, Song WG, Guo SD. The marine-derived furanone reduces intracellular lipid accumulation in vitro by targeting LXRα and PPARα. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3384-3398. [PMID: 31981312 PMCID: PMC7131916 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that commercially available lipid‐lowering drugs cause various side effects; therefore, searching for anti‐hyperlipidaemic compounds with lower toxicity is a research hotspot. This study was designed to investigate whether the marine‐derived compound, 5‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐butylfuran‐2(5H)‐one, has an anti‐hyperlipidaemic activity, and the potential underlying mechanism in vitro. Results showed that the furanone had weaker cytotoxicity compared to positive control drugs. In RAW 264.7 cells, the furanone significantly lowered ox‐LDL‐induced lipid accumulation (~50%), and its triglyceride (TG)‐lowering effect was greater than that of liver X receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317. In addition, it significantly elevated the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARα) and ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which could be partially inhibited by LXR antagonists, GSK2033 and SR9243. In HepG2 cells, it significantly decreased oleic acid‐induced lipid accumulation, enhanced the protein levels of low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), ABCG5, ABCG8 and PPARα, and reduced the expression of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 2 (~32%). PPARα antagonists, GW6471 and MK886, could significantly inhibit the furanone‐induced lipid‐lowering effect. Furthermore, the furanone showed a significantly lower activity on the activation of the expression of lipogenic genes compared to T0901317. Taken together, the furanone exhibited a weak cytotoxicity but had powerful TC‐ and TG‐lowering effects most likely through targeting LXRα and PPARα, respectively. These findings indicate that the furanone has a potential application for the treatment of dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shu-Mei Hu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Pang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yu Yin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fa-Hui Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Guo Song
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Drug Research Centre, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Yang Z, Yin J, Wang Y, Wang J, Xia B, Li T, Yang X, Hu S, Ji C, Guo S. The fucoidan A3 from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum enhances RCT-related genes expression in hyperlipidemic C57BL/6J mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:759-769. [PMID: 31100394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) has been demonstrated to reduce hyperlipidemia, and fucoidans are found to possess hypolipidemic effect. This study was designed to investigate the lipid-lowering effect of the fucoidan from the brown seaweed A. nodosum and whether it improves RCT-related genes expression in C57 BL/6J mice. Our results indicated that fucoidan A3 (100 mg/kg/day) intervention significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol (~23.2%), triglyceride (~48.7%) and fat pad index. This fucoidan significantly increased the mRNA expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), scavenger receptor B type 1 (SR-B1), cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase A1 (CYP7A1), liver X receptor (LXR) β, ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1c, and decreased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, however, it had no effect on the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, PPARα, LXRα, SREBP-2, ABCG1, ABCG8 and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. These results demonstrated that this fucoidan improved lipid transfer from plasma to the liver by activating SR-B1 and LDLR, and up-regulated lipid metabolism by activating LXRβ, ABCA1 and CYP7A1. In conclusion, this fucoidan lowers lipid by enhancing RCT-related genes expression, and it can be explored as a potential candidate for prevention or treatment of lipid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixun Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Jiayu Yin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Nanjing Well Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Ting Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Shumei Hu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Chenfeng Ji
- College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.
| | - Shoudong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Yin J, Wang J, Li F, Yang Z, Yang X, Sun W, Xia B, Li T, Song W, Guo S. The fucoidan from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum ameliorates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:5124-5139. [PMID: 31364648 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerosis. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is believed to attenuate hyperlipidemia and the progression of atherosclerosis. Although fucoidans are reported to have hypolipidemic effects, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Furthermore, few reports have revealed the anti-atherosclerotic effects and the underlying mechanisms of fucoidans. This study was designed to investigate the anti-atherosclerotic effect and mechanisms of the fucoidan from seaweed A. nodosum. Our results demonstrated that the fucoidan administration ameliorated atherosclerotic lesion and lipid profiles in a dose-dependent manner in the apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet. In the apoE-/- mice liver, the fucoidan treatment significantly increased the expression of scavenger receptor B type 1 (SR-B1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and β, liver X receptor (LXR) α, ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 and ABCG8; and markedly decreased the expression of PPARγ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1c, but not low-density lipoprotein receptor, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase A1, LXRβ and ABCG1. In the small intestine of the apoE-/- mice, the fucoidan treatment significantly reduced the expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) and dramatically improved ABCG8 levels. These results demonstrated for the first time that the fucoidan from A. nodosum attenuated atherosclerosis by regulating RCT-related genes and proteins expression in apoE-/- mice. In summary, this fucoidan from A. nodosum may be explored as a potential compound for prevention or treatment of hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Yin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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8
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Structural characterisation and cholesterol efflux improving capacity of the novel polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:264-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Human ApoA-I Overexpression Enhances Macrophage-Specific Reverse Cholesterol Transport but Fails to Prevent Inherited Diabesity in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030655. [PMID: 30717414 PMCID: PMC6387412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein A-I (hApoA-I) overexpression improves high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function and the metabolic complications of obesity. We used a mouse model of diabesity, the db/db mouse, to examine the effects of hApoA-I on the two main functional properties of HDL, i.e., macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport (m-RCT) in vivo and the antioxidant potential, as well as the phenotypic features of obesity. HApoA-I transgenic (hA-I) mice were bred with nonobese control (db/+) mice to generate hApoA-I-overexpressing db/+ offspring, which were subsequently bred to obtain hA-I-db/db mice. Overexpression of hApoA-I significantly increased weight gain and the incidence of fatty liver in db/db mice. Weight gain was mainly explained by the increased caloric intake of hA-I-db/db mice (>1.2-fold). Overexpression of hApoA-I also produced a mixed type of dyslipidemia in db/db mice. Despite these deleterious effects, the overexpression of hApoA-I partially restored m-RCT in db/db mice to levels similar to nonobese control mice. Moreover, HDL from hA-I-db/db mice also enhanced the protection against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation compared with HDL from db/db mice. In conclusion, overexpression of hApoA-I in db/db mice enhanced two main anti-atherogenic HDL properties while exacerbating weight gain and the fatty liver phenotype. These adverse metabolic side-effects were also observed in obese mice subjected to long-term HDL-based therapies in independent studies and might raise concerns regarding the use of hApoA-I-mediated therapy in obese humans.
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10
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Hou P, Hu S, Wang J, Yang Z, Yin J, Zhou G, Guo S. Exogenous supplement of N-acetylneuraminic acid improves macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:24. [PMID: 30678697 PMCID: PMC6346517 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) is the major form of sialic acid in mammals, and the plasma NANA level is increased in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Exogenous supplement of NANA has been demonstrated to reduce hyperlipidaemia and the formation of atherosclerotic lesions; however, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been clarified. The aim of this study is to investigate whether exogenous supplement of NANA improves reverse cholesterol transprot (RCT) in vivo. Methods Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet were used to investigate the effect of NANA on RCT by [3H]-cholesterol-loaded macrophages, and the underlying mechanism was further investigated by various molecular techniques using fenofibrate as a positive control. Results Our novel results demonstrated that exogenous supplement of NANA significantly improved [3H]-cholesterol transfer from [3H]-cholesterol-loaded macrophages to the plasma (an increase of > 42.9%), liver (an increase of 35.8%), and finally to the feces (an increase of 50.4% from 0 to 24 h) for excretion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. In addition, NANA up regulated the protein expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) G1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), but not the protein expression of ABCA1and scavenger receptor B type 1 in the liver. Therefore, the underlying mechanism of NANA in improving RCT may be partially due to the elevated protein levels of PPARα and ABCG1. Conclusion Exogenous supplement of NANA improves RCT in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet mainly by improving the protein expression of PPARα and ABCG1. These results are helpful in explaining the lipid-lowering effect of NANA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Hou
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.,Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shumei Hu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zixun Yang
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.,Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiayu Yin
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.,Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | | | - Shoudong Guo
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China. .,Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China. .,Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China.
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11
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Metabolic Alterations Associated with Atorvastatin/Fenofibric Acid Combination in Patients with Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia: A Randomized Trial for Comparison with Escalated-Dose Atorvastatin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14642. [PMID: 30279504 PMCID: PMC6168550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the metabolic effects of atorvastatin dose escalation versus atorvastatin/fenofibric acid combination were compared using metabolomics analyses. Men and women with combined hyperlipidaemia were initially prescribed atorvastatin (10 mg, ≥4 weeks). Patients who reached low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol targets, but had triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels ≥150 mg/dL and <50 mg/dL, respectively, were randomized to receive atorvastatin 20 mg or atorvastatin 10 mg/fenofibric acid 135 mg for 12 weeks. Metabolite profiling of serum was performed and changes in metabolites after drug treatment in the two groups were compared. Analysis was performed using patients' samples obtained before and after treatment. Of 89 screened patients, 37 who met the inclusion criteria were randomized, and 34 completed the study. Unlike that in the dose-escalation group, distinct clustering of both lipid and aqueous metabolites was observed in the combination group after treatment. Most lipid metabolites of acylglycerols and many of ceramides decreased, while many of sphingomyelins increased in the combination group. Atorvastatin dose escalation modestly decreased lysophosphatidylcholines; however, the effect of combination therapy was variable. Most aqueous metabolites decreased, while L-carnitine remarkably increased in the combination group. In conclusion, the atorvastatin/fenofibric acid combination induced distinct metabolite clustering. Our results provide comprehensive information regarding metabolic changes beyond conventional lipid profiles for this combination therapy.
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12
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Cedó L, García-León A, Baila-Rueda L, Santos D, Grijalva V, Martínez-Cignoni MR, Carbó JM, Metso J, López-Vilaró L, Zorzano A, Valledor AF, Cenarro A, Jauhiainen M, Lerma E, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F. ApoA-I mimetic administration, but not increased apoA-I-containing HDL, inhibits tumour growth in a mouse model of inherited breast cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36387. [PMID: 27808249 PMCID: PMC5093413 DOI: 10.1038/srep36387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) have been associated with breast cancer risk, but several epidemiologic studies have reported contradictory results with regard to the relationship between apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and breast cancer. We aimed to determine the effects of human apoA-I overexpression and administration of specific apoA-I mimetic peptide (D-4F) on tumour progression by using mammary tumour virus-polyoma middle T-antigen transgenic (PyMT) mice as a model of inherited breast cancer. Expression of human apoA-I in the mice did not affect tumour onset and growth in PyMT transgenic mice, despite an increase in the HDLc level. In contrast, D-4F treatment significantly increased tumour latency and inhibited the development of tumours. The effects of D-4F on tumour development were independent of 27-hydroxycholesterol. However, D-4F treatment reduced the plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels in mice and prevented oxLDL-mediated proliferative response in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, our study shows that D-4F, but not apoA-I-containing HDL, hinders tumour growth in mice with inherited breast cancer in association with a higher protection against LDL oxidative modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Santos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Raquel Martínez-Cignoni
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Carbó
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jari Metso
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura López-Vilaró
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Patologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enrique Lerma
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Patologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Morfològiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Annema W, von Eckardstein A. Dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins in coronary heart disease: implications for diagnostics and therapy. Transl Res 2016; 173:30-57. [PMID: 26972566 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with increased risks of coronary heart disease. HDL mediates cholesterol efflux from macrophages for reverse transport to the liver and elicits many anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities which are potentially anti-atherogenic. Nevertheless, HDL has not been successfully targeted by drugs for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases. One potential reason is the targeting of HDL cholesterol which does not capture the structural and functional complexity of HDL particles. Hundreds of lipid species and dozens of proteins as well as several microRNAs have been identified in HDL. This physiological heterogeneity is further increased in pathologic conditions due to additional quantitative and qualitative molecular changes of HDL components which have been associated with both loss of physiological function and gain of pathologic dysfunction. This structural and functional complexity of HDL has prevented clear assignments of molecules to the functions of normal HDL and dysfunctions of pathologic HDL. Systematic analyses of structure-function relationships of HDL-associated molecules and their modifications are needed to test the different components and functions of HDL for their relative contribution in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The derived biomarkers and targets may eventually help to exploit HDL for treatment and diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijtske Annema
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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The novel selective PPARα modulator (SPPARMα) pemafibrate improves dyslipidemia, enhances reverse cholesterol transport and decreases inflammation and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 249:200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Li S, Wang C, Li K, Li L, Tian M, Xie J, Yang M, Jia Y, He J, Gao L, Boden G, Liu H, Yang G. NAMPT knockdown attenuates atherosclerosis and promotes reverse cholesterol transport in ApoE KO mice with high-fat-induced insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26746. [PMID: 27229177 PMCID: PMC4882618 DOI: 10.1038/srep26746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
NAMPT has been suggested association with atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. However, the impact of NAMPT on atherosclerosis remained unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use a NAMPT loss-of-function approach to investigate the effect of NAMPT on atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. We demonstrated that a specific NAMPT knockdown increased plasma HDL-C levels, reduced the plaque area of the total aorta en face and the cross-sectional aortic sinus, decreased macrophage number and apoptosis, and promoted RCT in HFD-fed ApoE KO mice. These changes were accompanied by increased PPARα, LXRα, ABCA1 and ABCG1 expressions in the liver. NAMPT knockdown also facilitated cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 cells. We further investigated the effect of NAMPT knockdown on the PPARα-LXRα pathway of cholesterol metabolism with MK886 (a selective inhibitor of PPARα) in RAW264.7 macrophages. MK886 abolished the ability of NAMPT knockdown to decrease intracellular cholesterol levels to enhance the rate of (3)H-cholesterol efflux and to increase ABCA1/G1 and LXRα expressions in RAW264.7 macrophages. Our observations demonstrate that NAMPT knockdown exerted antiatherogenic effects by promoting cholesterol efflux and macrophage RCT through the PPARα- LXRα- ABCA1/G1pathway in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics in the Ministry of Education and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Mengliu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Yanjun Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Junying He
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, 563003 Guizhou, China
| | - Guenther Boden
- The Division of Endocrinology/Diabetes/Metabolism and the Clinical Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400010 Chongqing, China
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16
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Favari E, Chroni A, Tietge UJF, Zanotti I, Escolà-Gil JC, Bernini F. Cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:181-206. [PMID: 25522988 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Both alterations of lipid/lipoprotein metabolism and inflammatory events contribute to the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque, characterized by the accumulation of abnormal amounts of cholesterol and macrophages in the artery wall. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) may counteract the pathogenic events leading to the formation and development of atheroma, by promoting the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated removal of cholesterol from the artery wall. Recent in vivo studies established the inverse relationship between RCT efficiency and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD), thus suggesting that the promotion of this process may represent a novel strategy to reduce atherosclerotic plaque burden and subsequent cardiovascular events. HDL plays a primary role in all stages of RCT: (1) cholesterol efflux, where these lipoproteins remove excess cholesterol from cells; (2) lipoprotein remodeling, where HDL undergo structural modifications with possible impact on their function; and (3) hepatic lipid uptake, where HDL releases cholesterol to the liver, for the final excretion into bile and feces. Although the inverse association between HDL plasma levels and CVD risk has been postulated for years, recently this concept has been challenged by studies reporting that HDL antiatherogenic functions may be independent of their plasma levels. Therefore, assessment of HDL function, evaluated as the capacity to promote cell cholesterol efflux may offer a better prediction of CVD than HDL levels alone. Consistent with this idea, it has been recently demonstrated that the evaluation of serum cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is a predictor of atherosclerosis extent in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Favari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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17
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Fournier N, Tuloup-Minguez V, Pourci ML, Thérond P, Jullian JC, Wien F, Leroy M, Dallongeville J, Paul JL, Leroy A. Fibrate treatment induced quantitative and qualitative HDL changes associated with an increase of SR-BI cholesterol efflux capacities in rabbits. Biochimie 2013; 95:1278-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Hepatic lipase- and endothelial lipase-deficiency in mice promotes macrophage-to-feces RCT and HDL antioxidant properties. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:691-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Younis NN, Durrington PN. HDL functionality in diabetes mellitus: potential importance of glycation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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Regulation of reverse cholesterol transport - a comprehensive appraisal of available animal studies. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:25. [PMID: 22458435 PMCID: PMC3366910 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are strongly inversely correlated to the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A major recognized functional property of HDL particles is to elicit cholesterol efflux and consequently mediate reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). The recent introduction of a surrogate method aiming at determining specifically RCT from the macrophage compartment has facilitated research on the different components and pathways relevant for RCT. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of studies carried out on macrophage-specific RCT including a quick reference guide of available data. Knowledge and insights gained on the regulation of the RCT pathway are summarized. A discussion of methodological issues as well as of the respective relevance of specific pathways for RCT is also included.
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21
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Marchesi M, Parolini C, Caligari S, Gilio D, Manzini S, Busnelli M, Cinquanta P, Camera M, Brambilla M, Sirtori CR, Chiesa G. Rosuvastatin does not affect human apolipoprotein A-I expression in genetically modified mice: a clue to the disputed effect of statins on HDL. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1460-8. [PMID: 21486287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Besides a significant reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, statins moderately increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. In vitro studies have indicated that this effect may be the result of an increased expression of apolipoprotein (apo)A-I, the main protein component of HDL. The aim of the present study was to investigate in vivo the effect of rosuvastatin on apoA-I expression and secretion in a transgenic mouse model for human apoA-I. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human apoA-I transgenic mice were treated for 28 days with 5, 10 or 20 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) of rosuvastatin, the most effective statin in raising HDL levels. Possible changes of apoA-I expression by treatment were investigated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR on RNA extracted from mouse livers. The human apoA-I secretion rate was determined in primary hepatocytes isolated from transgenic mice from each group after treatment. KEY RESULTS Rosuvastatin treatment with 5 and 10 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) did not affect apoA-I plasma levels, whereas a significant decrease was observed in mice treated with 20 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) of rosuvastatin (-16%, P < 0.01). Neither relative hepatic mRNA concentrations of apoA-I nor apoA-I secretion rates from primary hepatocytes were influenced by rosuvastatin treatment at each tested dose. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In human apoA-I transgenic mice, rosuvastatin treatment does not increase either apoA-I transcription and hepatic secretion, or apoA-I plasma levels. These results support the hypothesis that other mechanisms may account for the observed HDL increase induced by statin therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marchesi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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22
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Escolà-Gil JC, Llaverias G, Julve J, Jauhiainen M, Méndez-González J, Blanco-Vaca F. The Cholesterol Content of Western Diets Plays a Major Role in the Paradoxical Increase in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Upregulates the Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2493-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.236075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
A high–saturated fatty acid– and cholesterol-containing (HFHC) diet is considered to be a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to determine the effects of this Western-type diet on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from macrophages to feces.
Methods and Results—
Experiments were carried out in mice fed a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet, an HFHC diet, or an HFHC diet without added cholesterol (high–saturated fatty acid and low-cholesterol [HFLC]). The HFHC diet caused a significant increase in plasma cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and liver cholesterol and enhanced macrophage-derived [
3
H]cholesterol flux to feces by 3- to 4-fold. These effects were greatly reduced in mice fed the HFLC diet. This HFHC diet–mediated induction of RCT was sex independent and was not associated with obesity or insulin resistance. The HFHC diet caused 1.4- and 3-fold increases in [
3
H]cholesterol efflux to plasma and HDL-derived [
3
H]tracer fecal excretion, respectively. Unlike a low-fat, low-cholesterol and HFLC diets, the HFHC diet increased liver ABCG5/G8 expression. The effect of the HFHC diet on fecal macrophage-derived [
3
H]cholesterol excretion was totally blunted in ABCG5/G8-deficient mice.
Conclusion—
Despite its deleterious effects on atherosclerosis, the HFHC diet promoted a sustained compensatory macrophage-to-feces RCT. Our data provide direct evidence of the crucial role of dietary cholesterol signaling through liver ABCG5/G8 upregulation in the HFHC diet–mediated induction of macrophage-specific RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., J.M.-G., F.B.V.); Centro de Investigación en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., F.B.V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.); Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-G., F.B.V.)
| | - Gemma Llaverias
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., J.M.-G., F.B.V.); Centro de Investigación en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., F.B.V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.); Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-G., F.B.V.)
| | - Josep Julve
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., J.M.-G., F.B.V.); Centro de Investigación en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., F.B.V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.); Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-G., F.B.V.)
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., J.M.-G., F.B.V.); Centro de Investigación en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., F.B.V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.); Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-G., F.B.V.)
| | - Jesús Méndez-González
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., J.M.-G., F.B.V.); Centro de Investigación en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., F.B.V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.); Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-G., F.B.V.)
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., J.M.-G., F.B.V.); Centro de Investigación en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain (J.C.E.-G., G.L., J.J., F.B.V.); National Institute for Health and Welfare and FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.); Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-G., F.B.V.)
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Nakaya K, Tohyama J, Naik SU, Tanigawa H, MacPhee C, Billheimer JT, Rader DJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport through a liver X receptor-dependent pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1276-82. [PMID: 21441141 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.225383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) activation has been shown in vitro to increase macrophage cholesterol efflux, the initial step in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). However, it remains unclear whether PPARα activation promotes macrophage RCT in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrated that a specific potent PPARα agonist GW7647 inhibited atherosclerosis and promoted macrophage RCT in hypercholesterolemic mice expressing the human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) gene. We compared the effect of GW7647 on RCT in human apoA-I transgenic (hA-ITg) mice with wild-type mice and showed that the PPARα agonist promoted RCT in hA-ITg mice to a much greater extent than in wild-type mice, indicating that human apoA-I expression is important for PPARα-induced RCT. We further investigated the dependence of the macrophage PPARα-liver X receptor (LXR) pathway on the promotion of RCT by GW7647. Primary murine macrophages lacking PPARα or LXR abolished the ability of GW7647 to promote RCT in hA-ITg mice. In concert, the PPARα agonist promoted cholesterol efflux and ATP binding cassette transporter A1/G1 expression in primary macrophages, and this was also by the PPARα-LXR pathway. CONCLUSION Our observations demonstrate that a potent PPARα agonist promotes macrophage RCT in vivo in a manner that is enhanced by human apoA-I expression and dependent on both macrophage PPARα and LXR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakaya
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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