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Wang Z, Yelamanchili D, Liu J, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Gillard BK, Pownall HJ. Serum opacity factor normalizes erythrocyte morphology in Scarb1 -/- mice in an HDL-free cholesterol-dependent way. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100456. [PMID: 37821077 PMCID: PMC10641538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with WT mice, HDL receptor-deficient (Scarb1-/-) mice have higher plasma levels of free cholesterol (FC)-rich HDL and exhibit multiple pathologies associated with a high mol% FC in ovaries, platelets, and erythrocytes, which are reversed by lowering HDL. Bacterial serum opacity factor (SOF) catalyzes the opacification of plasma by targeting and quantitatively converting HDL to neo HDL (HDL remnant), a cholesterol ester-rich microemulsion, and lipid-free APOA1. SOF delivery with an adeno-associated virus (AAVSOF) constitutively lowers plasma HDL-FC and reverses female infertility in Scarb1-/- mice in an HDL-dependent way. We tested whether AAVSOF delivery to Scarb1-/- mice will normalize erythrocyte morphology in an HDL-FC-dependent way. We determined erythrocyte morphology and FC content (mol%) in three groups-WT, untreated Scarb1-/- (control), and Scarb1-/- mice receiving AAVSOF-and correlated these with their respective HDL-mol% FC. Plasma-, HDL-, and tissue-lipid compositions were also determined. Plasma- and HDL-mol% FC positively correlated across all groups. Among Scarb1-/- mice, AAVSOF treatment normalized reticulocyte number, erythrocyte morphology, and erythrocyte-mol% FC. Erythrocyte-mol% FC positively correlated with HDL-mol% FC and with both the number of reticulocytes and abnormal erythrocytes. AAVSOF treatment also reduced FC of extravascular tissues to a lesser extent. HDL-FC spontaneously transfers from plasma HDL to cell membranes. AAVSOF treatment lowers erythrocyte-FC and normalizes erythrocyte morphology and lipid composition by reducing HDL-mol% FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Endocrinology and Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Liu J, Gillard BK, Yelamanchili D, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Pownall HJ. High Free Cholesterol Bioavailability Drives the Tissue Pathologies in Scarb1 -/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e453-e467. [PMID: 34380332 PMCID: PMC8458258 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Overall and atherosclerosis-associated mortality is elevated in humans with very high HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol concentrations. Mice with a deficiency of the HDL receptor, Scarb1 (scavenger receptor class B type 1), are a robust model of this phenotype and exhibit several additional pathologies. We hypothesized that the previously reported high plasma concentration of free cholesterol (FC)-rich HDL in Scarb1-/- mice produces a state of high HDL-FC bioavailability that increases whole-body FC and dysfunction in multiple tissue sites. Approach and Results: The higher mol% FC in Scarb1-/- versus WT (wild type) HDL (41.1 versus 16.0 mol%) affords greater FC bioavailability for transfer to multiple sites. Plasma clearance of autologous HDL-FC mass was faster in WT versus Scarb1-/- mice. FC influx from Scarb1-/- HDL to LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and J774 macrophages was greater ([almost equal to]4x) than that from WT HDL, whereas FC efflux capacity was similar. The higher mol% FC of ovaries, erythrocytes, heart, and macrophages of Scarb1-/- versus WT mice is associated with previously reported female infertility, impaired cell maturation, cardiac dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The FC contents of other tissues were similar in the two genotypes, and these tissues were not associated with any overt pathology. In addition to the differences between WT versus Scarb1-/- mice, there were many sex-dependent differences in tissue-lipid composition and plasma FC clearance rates. Conclusions: Higher HDL-FC bioavailability among Scarb1-/- versus WT mice drives increased FC content of multiple cell sites and is a potential biomarker that is mechanistically linked to multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Baiba K. Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dedipya Yelamanchili
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Antonio M. Gotto
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Henry J. Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Structural Stability of Streptococcal Serum Opacity Factor. Protein J 2017; 36:196-201. [PMID: 28374173 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcal serum opacity factor (SOF) is a protein that clouds the plasma of multiple mammalian species by disrupting high density lipoprotein (HDL) structure. Intravenous infusion of low dose SOF (4 µg) into mice reduces their plasma cholesterol concentrations ~ 40% in 3 h. Here we investigated the effects of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and denaturation with guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) on SOF stability and its reaction vs HDL. SOF stability was tested by pre-incubation of SOF at various temperatures, pH's, and GdmCl concentrations and measuring the SOF reaction rate at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. SOF retained activity at temperatures up to 58 °C, at pH 4 to 10, and in 8.5 M GdmCl after being returned to standard buffer conditions. The effects of GdmCl, pH, and ionic strength on the SOF reaction rates were also measured. SOF was inactive at GdmCl ≥ 1 M; SOF was most active at pH 5, near its isoelectric point and at an ionic strength of 3 (in NaCl). These data reveal that SOF is a stable protein and suggest that its activity is determined, in part, by the effects of pH and ionic strength on its overall charge relative to that of its reaction target, HDL.
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Rodriguez PJ, Gillard BK, Barosh R, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Pownall HJ. Neo High-Density Lipoprotein Produced by the Streptococcal Serum Opacity Factor Activity against Human High-Density Lipoproteins Is Hepatically Removed via Dual Mechanisms. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5845-5853. [PMID: 27662183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Injection of streptococcal serum opacity factor (SOF) into mice reduces the plasma cholesterol level by ∼40%. In vitro, SOF converts high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) into multiple products, including a small HDL, neo HDL. In vitro, neo HDL accounts for ∼60% of the protein mass of the SOF reaction products; in vivo, the accumulated mass of neo HDL is <1% of that observed in vitro. To identify the underlying cause of this difference, we determined the fate of neo HDL in plasma in vitro and in vivo. Following incubation with HDL, neo HDL-PC rapidly transfers to HDL, giving a small remnant, which fuses with HDL. An increased level of SR-B1 expression in Huh7 hepatoma cells and a reduced level of LDLR expression in CHO cells had little effect on neo HDL-[3H]CE uptake. Thus, the dominant receptors for neo HDL uptake are not LDLR or SR-B1. The in vivo metabolic fates of neo HDL-[3H]CE and HDL-[3H]CE were different. Thirty minutes after the injection of neo HDL-[3H]CE and HDL-[3H]CE into mice, plasma [3H]CE counts were 40 and 53%, respectively, of injected counts, with 10 times more [3H]CE appearing in the livers of neo HDL-[3H]CE-injected than in those of HDL-[3H]CE-injected mice. These data support a model of neo HDL-[3H]CE clearance by two parallel pathways. At early post-neo HDL-[3H]CE injection times, some neo HDL is directly removed by the liver; the remainder transfers its PC to HDL, leaving a remnant that fuses with HDL, which is also hepatically removed more slowly. Given that SR-B1 and SOF both remove CE from HDL, this novel mechanism may also underlie the metabolism of remnants released by hepatocytes following selective SR-B1-mediated uptake of HDL-CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla J Rodriguez
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Baylor College of Medicine , One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Rachel Barosh
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Corina Rosales
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Yang Y, Rosales C, Gillard BK, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Acylation of lysine residues in human plasma high density lipoprotein increases stability and plasma clearance in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1787-1795. [PMID: 27594697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although human plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) concentrations negatively correlate with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, underlying mechanisms are unknown. Thus, there is continued interest in HDL structure and functionality. Numerous plasma factors disrupt HDL structure while inducing the release of lipid free apolipoprotein (apo) AI. Given that HDL is an unstable particle residing in a kinetic trap, we tested whether HDL could be stabilized by acylation with acetyl and hexanoyl anhydrides, giving AcHDL and HexHDL respectively. Lysine analysis with fluorescamine showed that AcHDL and HexHDL respectively contained 11 acetyl and 19 hexanoyl groups. Tests with biological and physicochemical perturbants showed that HexHDL was more stable than HDL to perturbant-induced lipid free apo AI formation. Like the reaction of streptococcal serum opacity factor against HDL, the interaction of HDL with its receptor, scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SR-B1), removes CE from HDL. Thus, we tested and validated the hypothesis that selective uptake of HexHDL-[3H]CE by Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing SR-B1 is less than that of HDL-[3H]CE; thus, selective SR-B1 uptake of HDL-CE depends on HDL instability. However, in mice, plasma clearance, hepatic uptake and sterol secretion into bile were faster from HexHDL-[3H]CE than from HDL-[3H]CE. Collectively, our data show that acylation increases HDL stability and that the reaction of plasma factors with HDL and SR-B1-mediated uptake are reduced by increased HDL stability. In vivo data suggest that HexHDL promotes charge-dependent reverse cholesterol transport, by a mechanism that increases hepatic sterol uptake via non SR-B1 receptors, thereby increasing bile acid output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaliu Yang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
| | - Corina Rosales
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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