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Li H, Wang M, Chen P, Zhu M, Chen L. A high-dose of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment alleviates liver inflammation by remodeling gut microbiota and bile acid profile in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116617. [PMID: 38643542 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a hydrophilic bile acid commonly used for treating cholestatic liver disease. However, its efficacy on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was controversial. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a high dosage of UDCA on a mouse model of NASH. Forty 6-week-old mice were fed a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet for 12 weeks to establish a mouse model of NASH, and then divided into four groups: two groups transitioned to a normal diet, and the other two groups maintained the HFHC diet. Each group was administered a daily dosage of 300 mg/kg of UDCA or saline for a period of 8 weeks. The 16 s ribosomal RNA genes extracted from mice fecal pellets were sequenced using next-generation sequencing techniques. Serum bile acid profiles were quantified using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method. The results showed that UDCA treatment ameliorated liver inflammation, without affecting liver fibrosis. UDCA treatment reduced the relative abundance of the genera Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Intestinimonas, whereas increased the relative abundance of the genera norank_f_Muribaculaceae and Parasutterella in the HFHC-maintaining groups. The serum levels of total bile acids and total primary bile acids increased, whereas those of endogenous primary bile acids decreased after UDCA treatment. Correlation analysis showed that primary bile acids were negatively correlated with the genera norank_f_Christensenellaceae and unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae. In conclusion, a high dosage of UDCA can alleviate liver inflammation, probably by modifying the composition of gut microbiota and serum bile acid profiles in NASH mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, China; Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People`s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, China
| | - Peizhan Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, China
| | - Mingyu Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201821, China.
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Huang X, Liu X, Li Z. Bile acids and coronavirus disease 2019. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1939-1950. [PMID: 38799626 PMCID: PMC11119507 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been significantly alleviated. However, long-term health effects and prevention strategy remain unresolved. Thus, it is essential to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms and intervention for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerging research indicates a link between COVID-19 and bile acids, traditionally known for facilitating dietary fat absorption. The bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid potentially protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection by inhibiting the farnesoid X receptor, a bile acid nuclear receptor. The activation of G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, another membrane receptor for bile acids, has also been found to regulate the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor through which the virus enters human cells. Here, we review the latest basic and clinical evidence linking bile acids to SARS-CoV-2, and reveal their complicated pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuening Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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3
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Mao Q, Lin B, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Cao Q, Xu M. Understanding the role of ursodeoxycholic acid and gut microbiome in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current evidence and perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1371574. [PMID: 38576492 PMCID: PMC10991717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1371574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, resulting in a huge medical burden worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome and bile acids play pivotal roles during the development of NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD exhibit unique signatures of the intestinal microbiome marked by the priority of Gram-negative bacteria, decreased ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), and increased Prevotella and Lachnospiraceae. The intestinal microbiota is involved in the metabolism of bile acids. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a key determinant in maintaining the dynamic communication between the host and gut microbiota. It generally shows surprising therapeutic potential in NAFLD with several mechanisms, such as improving cellular autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial functions. This action is based on its direct or indirect effect, targeting the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and various other nuclear receptors. This review aims to discuss the current studies on the involvement of the microbiome-UDCA interface in NAFLD therapy and provide prospective insights into future preventative and therapeutic approaches for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenluo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengque Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yin Y, Gong S, Han M, Wang J, Shi H, Jiang X, Guo L, Duan Y, Guo Q, Chen Q, Li F. Leucine regulates lipid metabolism in adipose tissue through adipokine-mTOR-SIRT1 signaling pathway and bile acid-microbe axis in a finishing pig model. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:158-173. [PMID: 38357569 PMCID: PMC10864217 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the regulatory mechanism of leucine (Leu) on lipid metabolism of finishing pigs. Twenty-four Duroc × Landrace × Large cross pigs with an average body weight of 68.33 ± 0.97 kg were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups with 8 replicates per group (1 pig per replicate). The dietary treatments were as follows: control group (CON), 0.25% Leu group and 0.50% Leu group. The experimental period was 42 d. The results showed as follows. (1) Compared with the CON, 0.25% and 0.50% Leu increased (P < 0.01) the average daily gain (ADG), while the average backfat thickness (ABT) and the ratio of feed intake to body weight gain (F:G ratio) were decreased (P < 0.05). (2) In the 0.25% Leu group, the relative mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), recombinant fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), chemerin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) were decreased but the level of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) were increased in backfat tissue. In the 0.25% Leu group, the protein levels of p-Rictor, p-Raptor, p-eIF4E-binding protein 1 (p-4EBP1), p-silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (p-SIRT1) and acetylation ribosome s6 protein kinase 1 (Ac-S6K1) were increased (P < 0.05). (3) Compared to the CON, the diversity of gut microbiota in the 0.25% Leu group was increased. Principal component analysis showed that the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio was higher in the 0.25% Leu group than the CON, but the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Treponema and Shigella was lower than in the CON (P < 0.05). (4) Four different metabolites were screened out from the serum of finishing pigs including allolithocholic acid (alloLCA), isolithocholic acid (isoLCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), which correlate to various degrees with the above microorganisms. In conclusion, Leu could promote adipose tissue lipolysis of finishing pigs through the mTOR-SIRT1 signaling pathway, and S6K1 is acetylated at the same time, and the interaction between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism is also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Saiming Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Modern Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingzun Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730124, China
| | - Hanjing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xianji Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Liu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Modern Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Modern Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Meshanni JA, Lee JM, Vayas KN, Sun R, Jiang C, Guo GL, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Suppression of Lung Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis following Nitrogen Mustard Exposure by the Selective Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist Obeticholic Acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:586-595. [PMID: 37188530 PMCID: PMC10801770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause pulmonary injury that can progress to fibrosis. NM toxicity is associated with an influx of inflammatory macrophages in the lung. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in bile acid and lipid homeostasis that has anti-inflammatory activity. In these studies, we analyzed the effects of FXR activation on lung injury, oxidative stress, and fibrosis induced by NM. Male Wistar rats were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle control) or NM (0.125 mg/kg) by intratracheal Penncentury-MicroSprayer aerosolization; this was followed by treatment with the FXR synthetic agonist, obeticholic acid (OCA, 15 mg/kg), or vehicle control (0.13-0.18 g peanut butter) 2 hours later and then once per day, 5 days per week thereafter for 28 days. NM caused histopathological changes in the lung, including epithelial thickening, alveolar circularization, and pulmonary edema. Picrosirius red staining and lung hydroxyproline content were increased, indicative of fibrosis; foamy lipid-laden macrophages were also identified in the lung. This was associated with aberrations in pulmonary function, including increases in resistance and hysteresis. Following NM exposure, lung expression of HO-1 and iNOS, and the ratio of nitrates/nitrites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), markers of oxidative stress increased, along with BAL levels of inflammatory proteins, fibrinogen, and sRAGE. Administration of OCA attenuated NM-induced histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered lung function. These findings demonstrate that FXR plays a role in limiting NM-induced lung injury and chronic disease, suggesting that activating FXR may represent an effective approach to limiting NM-induced toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, the role of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) in mustard vesicant-induced pulmonary toxicity was analyzed using nitrogen mustard (NM) as a model. This study's findings that administration of obeticholic acid, an FXR agonist, to rats reduces NM-induced pulmonary injury, oxidative stress, and fibrosis provide novel mechanistic insights into vesicant toxicity, which may be useful in the development of efficacious therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclynn A Meshanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jordan M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rachel Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Chenghui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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6
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Groenen C, Nguyen TA, Paulusma C, van de Graaf S. Bile salt signaling and bile salt-based therapies in cardiometabolic disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:1-21. [PMID: 38180064 PMCID: PMC10767275 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Bile salts have an established role in the emulsification and intestinal absorption of dietary lipids, and their homeostasis is tightly controlled by various transporters and regulators in the enterohepatic circulation. Notably, emerging evidence points toward bile salts as major modulators of cardiometabolic disease (CMD), an umbrella disease of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels that is caused by systemic metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the latter encompassing also metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). The underlying mechanisms of protective effects of bile salts are their hormonal properties, enabling them to exert versatile metabolic effects by activating various bile salt-responsive signaling receptors with the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) as most extensively investigated. Activation of FXR and TGR5 is involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, and inflammation. Bile salt-based therapies directly targeting FXR and TGR5 signaling have been evaluated for their therapeutic potential in CMD. More recently, therapeutics targeting bile salt transporters thereby modulating bile salt localization, dynamics, and signaling, have been developed and evaluated in CMD. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the contribution of bile salt signaling in the pathogenesis of CMD and the potential of bile salt-based therapies for the treatment of CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C.J. Groenen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Thuc-Anh Nguyen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C. Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
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7
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Xu J, Zhang H, Chen H, Zhu X, Jia H, Xu Z, Huo D, Zhang H, Li C, Ding Y. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist-TQA3526 in healthy Chinese volunteers: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation, food effect phase I study. Ann Med 2023; 55:2264850. [PMID: 38071661 PMCID: PMC10836247 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2264850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: TQA3526 is a novel farnesoid X receptor agonist developed to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). This study aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of TQA3526 in healthy Chinese patients.Methods: Healthy subjects aged 18-55 years were enrolled in this double-blinded, first-in-human, placebo-controlled single ascending dose (1, 2, 5, and 10 mg) comprising food effect investigation (10 mg) and multiple dose study (2 mg and 0.2 + 0.5 + 1 mg). Safety was assessed on the basis of adverse events. The TQA3526 concentrations were analysed in the PK study. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19), bile acid precursor C4 (7α-hydroxy-cholest-4-ene-3-one), cholesterol, and bile acid were selected for PD analysis.Results: TQA3526 was well tolerated, and the primary adverse drug reaction was pruritus, as expected. The exposure to TQA3526 increased in a dose-dependent manner after a single dose of 1-10 mg. The exposure was higher after food intake. A steady state was reached around 5 days, and obvious plasma accumulation of TQA3526 was observed in the multiple dose study. TQA3526 increased circulating FGF-19 and decreased C4 levels in a dose-dependent manner. ALP increased only mildly in the 2 mg multiple dose cohort.Conclusions: TQA3526 (<10 mg/day) was safe and tolerable in healthy Chinese subjects. The safety profile and PK/PD characteristics of TQA3526 support further evaluation of patients with NASH or PBC. This study was registered at https://www.chictr.org.cn/ under the identifier ChiCTR1800019570.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongnan Xu
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Huo
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Cuiyun Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Bordoni M, Morretta E, Di Giorgio C, Vellecco V, Roselli R, Bellini R, Massa C, Cari L, Urbani G, Ricci P, Monti MC, Giordano A, Brancaleone V, Bucci M, Zampella A, Distrutti E, Cieri E, Cirino G, Fiorucci S. Defective Bile Acid Signaling Promotes Vascular Dysfunction, Supporting a Role for G-Protein Bile Acid Receptor 1/Farnesoid X Receptor Agonism and Statins in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e031241. [PMID: 37996988 PMCID: PMC10727350 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are at increased risk to develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. FXR and GPBAR1 are 2 bile acid-activated receptors exploited in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: whether dual GPBAR1/FXR agonists synergize with statins in the treatment of the liver and cardiovascular components of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Investigations of human aortic samples obtained from patients who underwent surgery for aortic aneurysms and Gpbar1-/-, Fxr-/-, and dual Gpbar1-/-Fxr-/- mice demonstrated that GPBAR1 and FXR are expressed in the aortic wall and regulate endothelial cell/macrophage interactions. The expression of GPBAR1 in the human endothelium correlated with the expression of inflammatory biomarkers. Mice lacking Fxr and Gpbar1-/-/Fxr-/- display hypotension and aortic inflammation, along with altered intestinal permeability that deteriorates with age, and severe dysbiosis, along with dysregulated bile acid synthesis. Vasomotor activities of aortic rings were altered by Gpbar1 and Fxr gene ablation. In apolipoprotein E-/- and wild-type mice, BAR502, a dual GPBAR1/FXR agonist, alone or in combination with atorvastatin, reduced cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein plasma levels, mitigated the development of liver steatosis and aortic plaque formation, and shifted the polarization of circulating leukocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. BAR502/atorvastatin reversed intestinal dysbiosis and dysregulated bile acid synthesis, promoting a shift of bile acid pool composition toward FXR antagonists and GPBAR1 agonists. CONCLUSIONS FXR and GPBAR1 maintain intestinal, liver, and cardiovascular homeostasis, and their therapeutic targeting with a dual GPBAR1/FXR ligand and atorvastatin holds potential in the treatment of liver and cardiovascular components of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Martina Bordoni
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Elva Morretta
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoSalernoItaly
| | | | | | | | - Rachele Bellini
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Carmen Massa
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Luigi Cari
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Ginevra Urbani
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | | | | | | | | | - Angela Zampella
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | | | - Enrico Cieri
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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9
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Hou Y, Zhai X, Wang X, Wu Y, Wang H, Qin Y, Han J, Meng Y. Research progress on the relationship between bile acid metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:235. [PMID: 37978556 PMCID: PMC10656899 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, which are steroid molecules originating from cholesterol and synthesized in the liver, play a pivotal role in regulating glucose metabolism and maintaining energy balance. Upon release into the intestine alongside bile, they activate various nuclear and membrane receptors, influencing crucial processes. These bile acids have emerged as significant contributors to managing type 2 diabetes mellitus, a complex clinical syndrome primarily driven by insulin resistance. Bile acids substantially lower blood glucose levels through multiple pathways: BA-FXR-SHP, BA-FXR-FGFR15/19, BA-TGR5-GLP-1, and BA-TGR5-cAMP. They also impact blood glucose regulation by influencing intestinal flora, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and bitter taste receptors. Collectively, these regulatory mechanisms enhance insulin sensitivity, stimulate insulin secretion, and boost energy expenditure. This review aims to comprehensively explore the interplay between bile acid metabolism and T2DM, focusing on primary regulatory pathways. By examining the latest advancements in our understanding of these interactions, we aim to illuminate potential therapeutic strategies and identify areas for future research. Additionally, this review critically assesses current research limitations to contribute to the effective management of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisen Hou
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, 710018, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhe Zhai
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Meng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, 710018, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Wang L, Yan Y, Wu L, Peng J. Natural products in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Novel lead discovery for drug development. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106925. [PMID: 37714392 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
With changing lifestyles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A substantial increase in the incidence, mortality, and associated burden of NAFLD-related advanced liver disease is expected. Currently, the initial diagnosis of NAFLD is still based on ultrasound and there is no approved treatment method. Lipid-lowering drugs, vitamin supplementation, and lifestyle improvement treatments are commonly used in clinical practice. However, most lipid-lowering drugs can produce poor patient compliance and specific adverse effects. Therefore, the exploration of bio-diagnostic markers and active lead compounds for the development of innovative drugs is urgently needed. More and more studies have reported the anti-NAFLD effects and mechanisms of natural products (NPs), which have become an important source for new drug development to treat NAFLD due to their high activity and low side effects. At present, berberine and silymarin have been approved by the US FDA to enter clinical phase IV studies, demonstrating the potential of NPs against NAFLD. Studies have found that the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation-related pathways may play important roles in the process. With the continuous updating of technical means and scientific theories, in-depth research on the targets and mechanisms of NPs against NAFLD can provide new possibilities to find bio-diagnostic markers and innovative drugs. As we know, FXR agonists, PPARα agonists, and dual CCR2/5 inhibitors are gradually coming on stage for the treatment of NAFLD. Whether NPs can exert anti-NAFLD effects by regulating these targets or some unknown targets remains to be further studied. Therefore, the study reviewed the potential anti-NAFLD NPs and their targets. Some works on the discovery of new targets and the docking of active lead compounds were also discussed. It is hoped that this review can provide some reference values for the development of non-invasive diagnostic markers and new drugs against NAFLD in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Yonghuan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Linfang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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11
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Orozco-Aguilar J, Tacchi F, Aguirre F, Valero-Breton M, Castro-Sepulveda M, Simon F, Cabello-Verrugio C. Ursodeoxycholic acid induces sarcopenia associated with decreased protein synthesis and autophagic flux. Biol Res 2023; 56:28. [PMID: 37237400 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle generates force and movements and maintains posture. Under pathological conditions, muscle fibers suffer an imbalance in protein synthesis/degradation. This event causes muscle mass loss and decreased strength and muscle function, a syndrome known as sarcopenia. Recently, our laboratory described secondary sarcopenia in a chronic cholestatic liver disease (CCLD) mouse model. Interestingly, the administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, is an effective therapy for cholestatic hepatic alterations. However, the effect of UDCA on skeletal muscle mass and functionality has never been evaluated, nor the possible involved mechanisms. METHODS We assessed the ability of UDCA to generate sarcopenia in C57BL6 mice and develop a sarcopenic-like phenotype in C2C12 myotubes and isolated muscle fibers. In mice, we measured muscle strength by a grip strength test, muscle mass by bioimpedance and mass for specific muscles, and physical function by a treadmill test. We also detected the fiber's diameter and content of sarcomeric proteins. In C2C12 myotubes and/or isolated muscle fibers, we determined the diameter and troponin I level to validate the cellular effect. Moreover, to evaluate possible mechanisms, we detected puromycin incorporation, p70S6K, and 4EBP1 to evaluate protein synthesis and ULK1, LC3 I, and II protein levels to determine autophagic flux. The mitophagosome-like structures were detected by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS UDCA induced sarcopenia in healthy mice, evidenced by decreased strength, muscle mass, and physical function, with a decline in the fiber's diameter and the troponin I protein levels. In the C2C12 myotubes, we observed that UDCA caused a reduction in the diameter and content of MHC, troponin I, puromycin incorporation, and phosphorylated forms of p70S6K and 4EBP1. Further, we detected increased levels of phosphorylated ULK1, the LC3II/LC3I ratio, and the number of mitophagosome-like structures. These data suggest that UDCA induces a sarcopenic-like phenotype with decreased protein synthesis and autophagic flux. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that UDCA induces sarcopenia in mice and sarcopenic-like features in C2C12 myotubes and/or isolated muscle fibers concomitantly with decreased protein synthesis and alterations in autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Orozco-Aguilar
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute On Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Franco Tacchi
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute On Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguirre
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute On Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mayalen Valero-Breton
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute On Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Finis Terrae University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute On Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute On Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Combinatorial therapy with BAR502 and UDCA resets FXR and GPBAR1 signaling and reverses liver histopathology in a model of NASH. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1602. [PMID: 36709356 PMCID: PMC9884292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatosis (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are two highly prevalent human disorders for which therapy remains suboptimal. Bile acids are signaling molecules acting on two main receptors the Farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) and G protein coupled receptor GPB AR1. Clinical trials have shown that FXR agonism might result in side effects along with lack of efficacy in restoring liver histopathology. For these reasons a multi-targets therapy combined FXR agonists with agent targeting additional molecular mechanisms might have improved efficacy over selective FXR agonists. In the present study we have compared the effects of BAR502, a dual FXR/GPBAR1 ligand) alone or in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in a model of NAFLD/NASH induced by feeding mice with a Western diet for 10 weeks. The results demonstrated that while BAR502 and UDCA partially protected against liver damage caused by Western diet, the combination of the two, reversed the pro-atherogenic lipid profile and completely reversed the histopathology damage, attenuating liver steatosis, ballooning, inflammation and fibrosis. Additionally, while both agents increased insulin sensitivity and bile acid signaling, the combination of the two, modulated up top 85 genes in comparison of mice feed a Western diet, strongly reducing expression of inflammatory markers such as chemokines and cytokines. Additionally, the combination of the two agents redirected the bile acid metabolism toward bile acid species that are GPBAR1 agonist while reduced liver bile acid content and increased fecal excretion. Together, these data, highlight the potential role for a combinatorial therapy based on BAR502 and UDCA in treating of NAFLD.
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13
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Wang R, Wang L, Wu H, Zhang L, Hu X, Li C, Liu S. Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit phenolic extract supplementation ameliorates NAFLD by modulating insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver metabolism and gut microbiota. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Cai J, Rimal B, Jiang C, Chiang JYL, Patterson AD. Bile acid metabolism and signaling, the microbiota, and metabolic disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108238. [PMID: 35792223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The diversity, composition, and function of the bacterial community inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract contributes to host health through its role in producing energy or signaling molecules that regulate metabolic and immunologic functions. Bile acids are potent metabolic and immune signaling molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and then transported to the intestine where they can undergo metabolism by gut bacteria. The combination of host- and microbiota-derived enzymatic activities contribute to the composition of the bile acid pool and thus there can be great diversity in bile acid composition that depends in part on the differences in the gut bacteria species. Bile acids can profoundly impact host metabolic and immunological functions by activating different bile acid receptors to regulate signaling pathways that control a broad range of complex symbiotic metabolic networks, including glucose, lipid, steroid and xenobiotic metabolism, and modulation of energy homeostasis. Disruption of bile acid signaling due to perturbation of the gut microbiota or dysregulation of the gut microbiota-host interaction is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic disorders. The metabolic and immunological roles of bile acids in human health have led to novel therapeutic approaches to manipulate the bile acid pool size, composition, and function by targeting one or multiple components of the microbiota-bile acid-bile acid receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bipin Rimal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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15
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Lin X, Mai M, He T, Huang H, Zhang P, Xia E, Guo H. Efficiency of ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:537-545. [PMID: 35617696 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2083605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic properties, and it may reduce the degree of liver damage caused by nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the effectiveness of UDCA in improving liver function and histology in cases of NASH remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of UDCA in the treatment of NASH. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and other databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before 1 January 2022, in which UDCA was used to treat patients with NASH. RESULTS A total of 8 studies with 655 participantsmet the criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The forest plot displayed that UDCA treatment significantly reduced blood concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT). However, the pooled effect size results did not suggest any significant effect of UDCA on anthropometric characteristics or hepatic histology. CONCLUSION UDCA therapy can effectively reduce serum levels of ALT and GGT in patients with NASH but has no significant effects on physical characteristics or liver histology. Further large-scale and dose-response clinical studies are needed to evaluate the clinical potential of UDCA in treating NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuan Lin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiqing Mai
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Taiping He
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hairong Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Enqin Xia
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, China
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16
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Chiang JYL, Ferrell JM. Discovery of farnesoid X receptor and its role in bile acid metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111618. [PMID: 35283218 PMCID: PMC9038687 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 1995, the nuclear hormone orphan receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) was identified as a farnesol receptor expressed mainly in liver, kidney, and adrenal gland of rats. In 1999, bile acids were identified as endogenous FXR ligands. Subsequently, FXR target genes involved in the regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis, secretion, and intestinal re-absorption were identified. FXR signaling was proposed as a mechanism of feedback regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis, cholesterol 7⍺-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). The primary bile acids synthesized in the liver are transformed to secondary bile acids by the gut microbiota. The gut-to-liver axis plays a critical role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis, composition and circulating bile acid pool size, which in turn regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. Dysregulation of bile acid metabolism and FXR signaling in the gut-to-liver axis contributes to metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review will cover the discovery of FXR as a bile acid sensor in the regulation of bile acid metabolism and as a metabolic regulator of lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. It will also provide an update of FXR functions in the gut-to-liver axis and the drug therapies targeting bile acids and FXR for the treatment of liver metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4029 SR 44, P.O. Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, United States.
| | - Jessica M Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4029 SR 44, P.O. Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, United States
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17
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Fiorucci S, Rapacciuolo P, Fiorillo B, Roselli R, Marchianò S, Di Giorgio C, Bordoni M, Bellini R, Cassiano C, Conflitti P, Catalanotti B, Limongelli V, Sepe V, Biagioli M, Zampella A. Discovery of a Potent and Orally Active Dual GPBAR1/CysLT 1R Modulator for the Treatment of Metabolic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:858137. [PMID: 35559268 PMCID: PMC9085577 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.858137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are two highly prevalent human diseases caused by excessive fat deposition in the liver. Although multiple approaches have been suggested, NAFLD/NASH remains an unmet clinical need. Here, we report the discovery of a novel class of hybrid molecules designed to function as cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) antagonists and G protein bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1/TGR5) agonists for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH. The most potent of these compounds generated by harnessing the scaffold of the previously described CystLT1R antagonists showed efficacy in reversing liver histopathology features in a preclinical model of NASH, reshaping the liver transcriptome and the lipid and energy metabolism in the liver and adipose tissues. In summary, the present study described a novel orally active dual CysLT1R antagonist/GPBAR1 agonist that effectively protects against the development of NAFLD/NASH, showing promise for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Bianca Fiorillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Martina Bordoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rachele Bellini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Conflitti
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Euler Institute, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Euler Institute, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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18
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Dong Z, Zhang D, Wu X, Yin Y, Wan D. Ferrous Bisglycinate Supplementation Modulates Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity via the AMPK/FOXO Pathway and Reconstitutes Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Profiles in Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4942-4951. [PMID: 35420025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multi-omics were applied to compare the risks and benefits of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and ferrous bisglycinate (FebisGly) in pigs in the current study. The FebisGly group showed reduced triglyceride (TG) and triglyceride/total cholesterol (TG/CHOL) values in the serum and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased glutathione (GSH) levels in the duodenum. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes in the duodenum were enriched in oxidative phosphorylation, AMPK, and FOXO signaling pathways between FeSO4 and FebisGly groups. AMPK phosphorylation and FOXO3 protein expressions were significantly increased in the FebisGly group. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed significantly reduced alpha diversity in the FeSO4 group and increased Firmicutes, reduced Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria abundances in the FebisGly group. Targeted metabolome revealed notably increased lithocholic acid (LCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) in the FebisGly group. RDA analysis indicated that Fusobacteria was positively correlated with TG and TG/high-density lipoprotein in the FeSO4 group while Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 were positively correlated with UDCA and GLCA in the FebisGly group. According to the current study, FebisGly improves serum lipid metabolism, modulates intestinal antioxidant capacity via the AMPK/FOXO pathway, and reconstitutes gut microbiota and bile acid profiles in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Dan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock & Poultry Sciences, South-Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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Joyce SA, O'Malley D. Bile acids, bioactive signalling molecules in interoceptive gut-to-brain communication. J Physiol 2022; 600:2565-2578. [PMID: 35413130 PMCID: PMC9325455 DOI: 10.1113/jp281727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from facilitating solubilisation and absorption of dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, amphipathic bile acids (BAs) also act as bioactive signalling molecules. A plethora of conjugated or un-conjugated primary and bacterially-modified secondary BA moieties have been identified, with significant divergence between species. These molecules are excreted into the external environment of the intestinal lumen, yet nuclear and membrane receptors that are sensitive to BAs are expressed internally in the liver, intestinal and neural tissues, amongst others. The diversity of BAs and receptors underpins the multitude of distinct bioactive functions attributed to BAs, but also hampers elucidation of the physiological mechanisms underpinning these actions. In this topical review, we have considered the potential of BAs as cross-barrier signalling molecules that contribute to interoceptive pathways informing the central nervous system of environmental changes in the gut lumen. Activation of BAs on FGF19 -secreting enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells coupled to sensory nerves or intestinal immune cells would facilitate indirect signalling, whereas direct activation of BA receptors in the brain are likely to occur primarily under pathophysiological conditions when concentrations of BAs are elevated. Abstract figure legend The figure illustrates the microbial modification of hepatic primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. In addition to facilitating lipid digestion and absorption, bile acids act as bioactive signalling molecules by binding to bile acid receptors expressed on enterocytes, neural afferent-coupled enteroendocrine cells and immune cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Joyce
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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20
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Xu F, Wang J, Wang P, Hou T, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Liang X. Ursodesoxycholic acid is an FFA4 agonist and reduces hepatic steatosis via FFA4 signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 917:174760. [PMID: 35033554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a safe bile acid effective in reducing hepatic steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanism of action linked to this effect is poorly defined. In the present study, we identified that UDCA acted as a free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) agonist with EC50 of 10.4 ± 0.7 μM, and its activity was determined by dynamic mass redistribution, fluorometric imaging plate reader, inositol monophosphate and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. Moreover, UDCA showed FFA4 selectivity over eleven other G protein-coupled receptors. Real-Time PCR and immunocytochemistry analyses showed that FFA4 was abundantly expressed in human hepatocytes HuH-7 cells. In an in vitro model of NAFLD induced by oleic acid (OA), UDCA downregulated lipid accumulation in HuH-7 cells and suppressed sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA expression. This suppression of SREBP-1c was restored when FFA4 expression was knocked down in siRNA assay. In a mouse model of hepatic steatosis, db/db mice were exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD), and treatment of UDCA or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, an endogenous FFA4 agonist) effectively prevented body weight gain and hepatic fat deposition and reduced triglyceride (TG) levels in serum and liver. This study not only identified a new skeleton of FFA4 agonists, but also demonstrated that FFA4 signal was accounting for the protective effects of UDCA in the NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Pan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Han Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yaopeng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jixia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
| | - Yanfang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
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21
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Zhang F, Xiao X, Li Y, Wu H, Deng X, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Ma X, Zhao Y. Therapeutic Opportunities of GPBAR1 in Cholestatic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:805269. [PMID: 35095513 PMCID: PMC8793736 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.805269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GPBAR1, a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor for bile acids, is widely expressed in multiple tissues in humans and rodents. In recent years, GPBAR1 has been thought to play an important role in bile homeostasis, metabolism and inflammation. This review specifically focuses on the function of GPBAR1 in cholestatic liver disease and summarizes the various pathways through which GPBAR1 acts in cholestatic models. GPBAR1 mainly regulates cholestasis in a holistic system of liver-gallbladder-gut formation. In the state of cholestasis, the activation of GPBAR1 could regulate liver inflammation, induce cholangiocyte regeneration to maintain the integrity of the biliary tree, control the hydrophobicity of the bile acid pool and promote the secretion of bile HCO3−. All these functions of GPBAR1 might be clear ways to protect against cholestatic diseases and liver injury. However, the characteristic of GPBAR1-mediated proliferation increases the risk of proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma in malignant transformed cholangiocytes. This dichotomous function of GPBAR1 limits its use in cholestasis. During disease treatment, simultaneous activation of GPBAR1 and FXR receptors often results in improved outcomes, and this strategy may become a crucial direction in the development of bile acid-activated receptors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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22
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Li H, Wang Q, Chen P, Zhou C, Zhang X, Chen L. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Treatment Restores Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Liver Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitic Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:788558. [PMID: 34938193 PMCID: PMC8685972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.788558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important role in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and no approved drugs are available for NAFLD treatment. In this study, we aimed to explore the dynamic changes of gut microbiota at the different stages of NAFLD and determine whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) could improve liver histopathological features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mice induced by a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet and its impact on gut microbiota. 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a HFHC or normal diet for 12, 18, and 24 weeks, respectively, to simulate the different stages of NAFLD. 16s ribosomal RNA genes from mice fecal samples at the different time points were sequenced to evaluate the dynamic changes of the gut microbiota. Then, C57BL/6 mice were fed with a HFHC diet for 24 weeks to establish the NASH model. Different doses of UDCA were administered intragastrically for additional 4 weeks. Normal diet-fed mice were taken as control. Serum samples, liver, and intestine tissues were harvested for biochemical tests and histopathological examinations. 16s ribosomal RNA genes from mice fecal samples were sequenced to assess the structural changes of gut microbiota. HFHC diet-fed mice developed simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis at 12, 18, and 24 weeks, respectively. The profile of gut microbiota dynamically changed with the different stages of NAFLD. NASH mice had significantly higher abundance of Fecalibaculum, Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002, and Enterorhabdus, and lower abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Bacteroides, and Alistipes, which were partially restored by UDCA treatment. UDCA treatment significantly attenuated hepatic inflammation of NASH mice as indicated by the sum of ballooning and lobular inflammation of the NALFD activity score (3.2 ± 0.8 vs 1.8 ± 0.8, p = 0.029), and partially restored gut microbiota dysbiosis, and increased the expression of Claudin-1 and ZO-1 in the intestine, but did not activate the suppressed Farnesoid X receptor signal pathway. Conclusions: The gut microbiota dynamically changes with the different stages of NAFLD. UDCA treatment (120 mg/kg) could partially restore gut microbiota, repair gut barrier integrity, and attenuate hepatic inflammation in the NASH mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People`s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingling Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Peizhan Chen
- Central Laboratory, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghua Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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23
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24
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Li WC, Zhao SX, Ren WG, Zhang YG, Wang RQ, Kong LB, Zhang QS, Nan YM. Co-administration of obeticholic acid and simvastatin protects against high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:830. [PMID: 34149876 PMCID: PMC8200799 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has no approved therapy. The farnesoid X nuclear receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) has shown promise as a drug for NASH, but can adversely affect plasma lipid profiles. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of OCA in combination with simvastatin (SIM) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced model of NASH. C57BL/6J mice were fed with a HFD for 16 weeks to establish the NASH model. The mice were randomly divided into the following five groups: HFD, HFD + OCA, HFD + SIM, HFD + OCA + SIM and control. After 16 weeks, the mice were sacrificed under anesthesia. The ratios of liver weight to body weight (Lw/Bw) and of abdominal adipose tissue weight to body weight were calculated. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein were measured. Liver sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The protein levels of FXR, small heterodimeric partner (SHP) and cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) in the liver were detected by western blotting, while the mRNA levels of FXR, SHP, CYP7A1, bile salt export pump, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The administration of OCA with or without SIM reduced the liver inflammation score compared with those of the HFD and HFD + SIM groups, with no significant difference between the HFD + OCA and HFD + OCA + SIM groups. The steatosis score followed similar trends to the inflammation score. In HFD-fed mice, OCA combined with SIM prevented body weight gain compared with that in HFD and HFD + OCA groups, and reduced the Lw/Bw ratio compared with that in the HFD and HFD + SIM groups. In addition to preventing HFD-induced increases of ALT and AST, the combination of OCA and SIM reduced the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, SREBP1 and FASN. On the basis of these results, it may be concluded that the strategy of combining OCA with SIM represents an effective pharmacotherapy for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Hepatic Fibrosis Mechanisms of Chronic Liver Diseases in Hebei Province, Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Su-Xian Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Hepatic Fibrosis Mechanisms of Chronic Liver Diseases in Hebei Province, Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Guang Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Hepatic Fibrosis Mechanisms of Chronic Liver Diseases in Hebei Province, Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Hepatic Fibrosis Mechanisms of Chronic Liver Diseases in Hebei Province, Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Qi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Hepatic Fibrosis Mechanisms of Chronic Liver Diseases in Hebei Province, Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Hepatic Fibrosis Mechanisms of Chronic Liver Diseases in Hebei Province, Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Shan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Hepatic Fibrosis Mechanisms of Chronic Liver Diseases in Hebei Province, Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Min Nan
- The Key Laboratory of Hepatic Fibrosis Mechanisms of Chronic Liver Diseases in Hebei Province, Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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25
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Sun R, Xu C, Feng B, Gao X, Liu Z. Critical roles of bile acids in regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211018098. [PMID: 34104213 PMCID: PMC8165529 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211018098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are a class of cholesterol derivatives that have been known for a long time for their critical roles in facilitating the digestion and absorption of lipid from the daily diet. The transformation of primary bile acids produced by the liver to secondary bile acids appears under the action of microbiota in the intestine, greatly expanding the molecular diversity of the intestinal environment. With the discovery of several new receptors of bile acids and signaling pathways, bile acids are considered as a family of important metabolites that play pleiotropic roles in regulating many aspects of human overall health, especially in the maintenance of the microbiota homeostasis and the balance of the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Accordingly, disruption of the process involved in the metabolism or circulation of bile acids is implicated in many disorders that mainly affect the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. In this review, we discuss the different metabolism profiles in diseases associated with the intestinal mucosa and the diverse roles of bile acids in regulating the intestinal immune system. Furthermore, we also summarize recent advances in the field of new drugs that target bile acid signaling and highlight the importance of bile acids as a new target for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Winston JA, Rivera A, Cai J, Patterson AD, Theriot CM. Secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid alters weight, the gut microbiota, and the bile acid pool in conventional mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246161. [PMID: 33600468 PMCID: PMC7891722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (commercially available as ursodiol) is a naturally occurring bile acid that is used to treat a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Ursodiol can modulate bile acid pools, which have the potential to alter the gut microbiota community structure. In turn, the gut microbial community can modulate bile acid pools, thus highlighting the interconnectedness of the gut microbiota-bile acid-host axis. Despite these interactions, it remains unclear if and how exogenously administered ursodiol shapes the gut microbial community structure and bile acid pool in conventional mice. This study aims to characterize how ursodiol alters the gastrointestinal ecosystem in conventional mice. C57BL/6J wildtype mice were given one of three doses of ursodiol (50, 150, or 450 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 21 days. Alterations in the gut microbiota and bile acids were examined including stool, ileal, and cecal content. Bile acids were also measured in serum. Significant weight loss was seen in mice treated with the low and high dose of ursodiol. Alterations in the microbial community structure and bile acid pool were seen in ileal and cecal content compared to pretreatment, and longitudinally in feces following the 21-day ursodiol treatment. In both ileal and cecal content, members of the Lachnospiraceae Family significantly contributed to the changes observed. This study is the first to provide a comprehensive view of how exogenously administered ursodiol shapes the healthy gastrointestinal ecosystem in conventional mice. Further studies to investigate how these changes in turn modify the host physiologic response are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa A. Winston
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Alissa Rivera
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Casey M. Theriot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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27
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Yin Y, Wang M, Gu W, Chen L. Intestine-specific FXR agonists as potential therapeutic agents for colorectal cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114430. [PMID: 33556338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most malignant cancers in the world. A major cause of death in CRC patients is the limited therapeutic options in its advanced stages. The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear superfamily, which is effective in slowing the progression of colorectal cancer in addition to its extraordinary role in regulating metabolic disorders. Due to the systemic side-effects caused by non-selective agonists, the intestine-restricted FXR agonists can induce a whole-body benefit without activating the hepatic FXR, suggesting intestinal FXR activation as a potentially safer therapy in the treatment of CRC. This review highlights the effects of FXR on the disturbed bile acid circulation and the carcinogenesis of CRC and with a specific emphasis on listing the functions of several intestinal-restricted FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjie Gu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China.
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28
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Abstract
Bile acids are a group of chemically different steroids generated at the host/microbial interface. Indeed, while primary bile acids are the end-product of cholesterol breakdown in the host liver, secondary bile acids are the products of microbial metabolism. Primary and secondary bile acids along with their oxo derivatives have been identified as signaling molecules acting on a family of cell membrane and nuclear receptors collectively known as "bile acid-activated receptors." Members of this group of receptors are highly expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and mediate the bilateral communications of the intestinal microbiota with the host immune system. The expression and function of bile acid-activated receptors FXR, GPBAR1, PXR, VDR, and RORγt are highly dependent on the structure of the intestinal microbiota and negatively regulated by intestinal inflammation. Studies from gene ablated mice have demonstrated that FXR and GPBAR1 are essential to maintain a tolerogenic phenotype in the intestine, and their ablation promotes the polarization of intestinal T cells and macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. RORγt inhibition by oxo-bile acids is essential to constrain Th17 polarization of intestinal lymphocytes. Gene-wide association studies and functional characterizations suggest a potential role for impaired bile acid signaling in development inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In this review, we will focus on how bile acids and their receptors mediate communications of intestinal microbiota with the intestinal immune system, describing dynamic changes of bile acid metabolism in IBD and the potential therapeutic application of targeting bile acid signaling in these disorders.
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29
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Carino A, Moraca F, Fiorillo B, Marchianò S, Sepe V, Biagioli M, Finamore C, Bozza S, Francisci D, Distrutti E, Catalanotti B, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Hijacking SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 Receptor Interaction by Natural and Semi-synthetic Steroidal Agents Acting on Functional Pockets on the Receptor Binding Domain. Front Chem 2020; 8:572885. [PMID: 33195060 PMCID: PMC7645072 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.572885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS)-CoV-2. In light of the urgent need to identify novel approaches to be used in the emergency phase, we have embarked on an exploratory campaign aimed at repurposing natural substances and clinically available drugs as potential anti-SARS-CoV2-2 agents by targeting viral proteins. Here we report on a strategy based on the virtual screening of druggable pockets located in the central β-sheet core of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike's protein receptor binding domain (RBD). By combining an in silico approach and molecular in vitro testing we have been able to identify several triterpenoid/steroidal agents that inhibit interaction of the Spike RBD with the carboxypeptidase domain of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE2). In detail, we provide evidence that potential binding sites exist in the RBD of the SARS CoV-2 Spike protein and that occupancy of these pockets reduces the ability of the RBD to bind to the ACE2 consensus in vitro. Naturally occurring and clinically available triterpenoids such as glycyrrhetinic and oleanolic acids, as well as primary and secondary bile acids and their amidated derivatives such as glyco-ursodeoxycholic acid and semi-synthetic derivatives such as obeticholic acid reduces the RBD/ACE2 binding. In aggregate, these results might help to define novel approaches to COVID-19 based on SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Net4Science S.r.l., University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S. Venuta”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Bianca Fiorillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Finamore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Bozza
- Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Fiorucci S, Baldoni M, Ricci P, Zampella A, Distrutti E, Biagioli M. Bile acid-activated receptors and the regulation of macrophages function in metabolic disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wu P, Zhao J, Guo Y, Yu Y, Wu X, Xiao H. Ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting apoptosis and improving autophagy via activating AMPK. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:834-838. [PMID: 32595039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), first identified in bear bile, was widely used in cholestatic liver diseases. Our previous studies have suggested UDCA may exert favorable influence on hepatic steatosis. However, the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Given the role of autophagy and apoptosis dysregulation in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and pharmacological effects of UDCA on modulating autophagy, apoptosis. we sought to investigate whether UDCA had therapeutic effect on NAFLD and its mechanism of modulating autophagy, apoptosis. Our finding revealed that UDCA exerted obviously favorable influence on hepatic steatosis in NAFLD rats by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Mechanistic studies indicated UDCA inhibited apoptosis and improved autophagy by influencing Bcl-2/Beclin-1 and Bcl-2/Bax complex interaction. Importantly, above-mentioned influence of UDCA on autophagy, apoptosis and Bcl-2/Beclin-1, Bcl-2/Bax complex interaction in NAFLD were partly counteracted by AMPK inhibitor compound C(CC). In conclusion, UDCA exerts favorable influence on hepatic steatosis in NAFLD rats, which is attributable to apoptosis inhibition and autophagy induction by influencing Bcl-2/Beclin-1 complex and Bcl-2/Bax complex interaction via activating AMPK, indicating that UDCA may be a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430061, China
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei Province, 445000, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430061, China
| | - Yuanjie Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430061, China
| | - Xiaoman Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430061, China
| | - Hongmiao Xiao
- Medical examination center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430061, China.
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Fiorucci S, Biagioli M, Sepe V, Zampella A, Distrutti E. Bile acid modulators for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:623-632. [PMID: 32552182 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1763302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) for which therapy is suboptimal. The farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) and the G protein bile acid receptor (GPBAR)1 are two bile acid-activated receptors that exert regulatory effects on lipid, glucose, energy, and immune homeostasis. GPBAR1 and FXR ligands have shown efficacy in reversing steatohepatitis and fibrosis in preclinical models of NASH. AREA COVERED This article evaluates the efficacy and pitfalls of GPBAR1 and FXR-based therapies in the treatment of NASH. While there are no GPBAR1 agonist in clinical development, several FXR ligands have completed phase 2 and phase 3 trials in NASH. EDP305, tropifexor, cilofexor, nidufexor, TERN.101, Px-104, EYP001, MET409. Individual FXR agonists have shown variable efficacy in reversing liver steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Class-related, dose-dependent side effects: pruritus, increased plasma levels of cholesterol and LDLc, and reduction of HDL have been reported. EXPERT OPINION Efficacy of FXR agonists as stand-alone therapy is limited by dose-related side effects. Efficacy of combining an FXR agonist with statins, CCR2, and ACC inhibitors is currently investigated. Identification of patient subsets would allow development of patients tailored therapy using a combination of drugs acting on different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche E Chirurgiche, Università Di Perugia , Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche E Chirurgiche, Università Di Perugia , Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Dipartimento Di Farmacia, Università Di Napoli ' Federico II' , Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Dipartimento Di Farmacia, Università Di Napoli ' Federico II' , Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC Di Gastroenterologia Ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Di Perugia , Perugia, Italy
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Thounaojam MC, Jadeja RN, Rajpurohit S, Gutsaeva DR, Stansfield BK, Martin PM, Bartoli M. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Halts Pathological Neovascularization in a Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1921. [PMID: 32575487 PMCID: PMC7356323 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of blindness in infants. We have investigated the efficacy of the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its taurine and glycine conjugated derivatives tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) in preventing retinal neovascularization (RNV) in an experimental model of ROP. Seven-day-old mice pups (P7) were subjected to oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and were treated with bile acids for various durations. Analysis of retinal vascular growth and distribution revealed that UDCA treatment (50 mg/kg, P7-P17) of OIR mice decreased the extension of neovascular and avascular areas, whereas treatments with TUDCA and GUDCA showed no changes. UDCA also prevented reactive gliosis, preserved ganglion cell survival, and ameliorated OIR-induced blood retinal barrier dysfunction. These effects were associated with decreased levels of oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, and normalization of the VEGF-STAT3 signaling axis. Furthermore, in vitro tube formation and permeability assays confirmed UDCA inhibitory activity toward VEGF-induced pro-angiogenic and pro-permeability effects on human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Collectively, our results suggest that UDCA could represent a new effective therapy for ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menaka C. Thounaojam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.R.); (D.R.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (R.N.J.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Shubhra Rajpurohit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.R.); (D.R.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Diana R. Gutsaeva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.R.); (D.R.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Brian K. Stansfield
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Pamela M. Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (R.N.J.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Manuela Bartoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (S.R.); (D.R.G.); (M.B.)
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Meadows V, Kennedy L, Kundu D, Alpini G, Francis H. Bile Acid Receptor Therapeutics Effects on Chronic Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:15. [PMID: 32064266 PMCID: PMC7000431 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past ten years, our understanding of the importance of bile acids has expanded from fat absorption and glucose/lipid/energy homeostasis into potential therapeutic targets for amelioration of chronic cholestatic liver diseases. The discovery of important bile acid signaling mechanisms, as well as their role in metabolism, has increased the interest in bile acid/bile acid receptor research development. Bile acid levels and speciation are dysregulated during liver injury/damage resulting in cytotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis. An increasing focus to target bile acid receptors, responsible for bile acid synthesis and circulation, such as Farnesoid X receptor and apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter to reduce bile acid synthesis have resulted in clinical trials for treatment of previously untreatable chronic liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. This review focuses on current bile acid receptor mediators and their effects on parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. Attention will also be brought to the gut/liver axis during chronic liver damage and its treatment with bile acid receptor modulators. Overall, these studies lend evidence to the importance of bile acids and their receptors on liver disease establishment and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vik Meadows
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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