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Mhango EKG, Sveinbjornsson BR, Snorradottir BS, Gizurarson S. Incompatibility of antimalarial drugs: challenges in formulating combination products for malaria. Drug Deliv 2024; 31:2299594. [PMID: 38180033 PMCID: PMC10773615 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2299594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic drugs require more advance formulation, especially if the intention is to make solutions or semisolid formulations. This also accounts for most antimalarial drugs. Although some of these antimalarial drugs are soluble in lipid vehicles, few of them, such as lumefantrine (LF), are also poorly soluble in oily vehicles. Trying to dissolve and formulate LF as a liquid formulation together with other antimalarial drugs is, therefore, a major task. When mixed in solution together with artemether (AR), precipitation occurs, sometimes with LF precipitating out on its own, and sometimes with AR precipitating out alongside LF. In this study, it was hypothesized that the use of fatty acids could lead to enhanced solubility in lipid formulation. Addition of the fatty acid solved the dissolution challenges, making LF soluble for over a year at room temperature (21-23 °C); but further research is needed to test the mechanism of action of the fatty acid. In addition, design of experiments (MODDE® 13) revealed that the amount of fatty acid in the formulation was the only significant factor for LF precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K. G. Mhango
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Bergthora S. Snorradottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sveinbjorn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
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2
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Shiri H, Fallah H, Abolhassani M, Fooladi S, Ramezani Karim Z, Danesh B, Abbasi-Jorjandi M. Relationship between types and levels of free fatty acids, peripheral insulin resistance, and oxidative stress in T2DM: A case-control study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306977. [PMID: 39133724 PMCID: PMC11318896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) are vital for energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including diabetes. For the first time, we presumed and investigated the types and levels of FFAs and their links to Insulin Resistance (IR) and Oxidative Stress (OS) in T2DM. A case-control study was conducted on 60 individuals with diabetes, 60 prediabetics with IFG, and 60 control groups. A Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was used to estimate FFAs, which were then classified based on length and saturation. Indeed, antioxidant parameters such as TAC, MDA levels, PON-1, SOD-3, and CAT activity were assessed. Higher levels of LCFFA, SFFA, USFFA, and total FFA were found in people with diabetes and prediabetes. These levels were also linked to higher levels of HOMA-IR, BMI, FBS, HbA1C, and MDA, but lower levels of antioxidants. Furthermore, adjusting the above FFAs with age, sex, and antihypertensive medication increased T2DM development. SCFFA and ω3/6 fatty acids had a negative relationship with HOMA-IR, FBS, and insulin and a positive relationship with TAC. Adjusted SCFFA reduces T2DM risk. According to our models, total FFA is utilized to diagnose diabetes (AUC = 83.98, cut-off > 919 μM) and SCFFA for prediabetes (AUC = 82.32, cut-off < 39.56 μM). Total FFA (≥ 776 μM), LCFFA (≥ 613 μM), SFFA (≥ 471 μM), and USFFA (≥ 398 μM) all increase the risk of T2DM by increasing OS, BMI, and HOMA-IR. On the other hand, SCFFAs (≥ 38.7 μM) reduce the risk of T2DM by reducing BMI, HOMA-IR, and OS. SCFFAs and total FFAs can be used for the diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Shiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallah
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moslem Abolhassani
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saba Fooladi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ramezani Karim
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behnaz Danesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Abbasi-Jorjandi
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Omachi DO, Aryee ANA, Onuh JO. Functional Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Reduction: A Concise Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:2453. [PMID: 39125334 PMCID: PMC11314407 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional lipids are dietary substances that may have an impact on human health by lowering the risk of chronic illnesses and enhancing the quality of life. Numerous functional lipids have been reported to have potential health benefits in the prevention, management, and treatment of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. However, there is still insufficient and contradictory information in the literature about their effectiveness and associated mechanisms of action. The objective of this review, therefore, is to evaluate available literature regarding these functional lipids and their health benefits. Various studies have been conducted to understand the links between functional lipids and the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Recent studies on phytosterols have reported that CLA, medium-chain triglycerides, and omega-3 and 6 fatty acids have positive effects on human health. Also, eicosanoids, which are the metabolites of these fatty acids, are produced in relation to the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and may modulate disease conditions. These functional lipids are available either in dietary or supplement forms and have been proven to be efficient, accessible, and inexpensive to be included in the diet. However, further research is required to properly elucidate the dosages, dietary intake, effectiveness, and their mechanisms of action in addition to the development of valid disease biomarkers and long-term effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah O. Omachi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee University, 1200 W. Montgomery Rd, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA;
| | - Alberta N. A. Aryee
- Food Science and Biotechnology Program, Department of Human Ecology, Delaware State University, 1200 Dupont Highway, Dover, DE 19901, USA;
| | - John O. Onuh
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee University, 1200 W. Montgomery Rd, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA;
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4
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Szekeres Z, Nagy A, Jahner K, Szabados E. Impact of Selected Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Serum Lipids, Adipose Tissue, and Muscle Metabolism-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8214. [PMID: 39125786 PMCID: PMC11311305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are novel antihyperglycemic agents. By acting through the central nervous system, they increase satiety and reduce food intake, thus lowering body weight. Furthermore, they increase the secretion of insulin while decreasing the production of glucagon. However, recent studies suggest a more complex metabolic impact through the interaction with various other tissues. In our present review, we aim to provide a summary of the effects of GLP-1 RA on serum lipids, adipose tissue, and muscle metabolism. It has been found that GLP-1 RA therapy is associated with decreased serum cholesterol levels. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness, hepatic lipid droplets, and visceral fat volume were reduced in obese patients with cardiovascular disease. GLP-1 RA therapy decreased the level of proinflammatory adipokines and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes. They have been found to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress in adipocytes, leading to better adipocyte function and metabolism. Furthermore, GLP-1 RA therapy increased microvascular blood flow in muscle tissue, resulting in increased myocyte metabolism. They inhibited muscle atrophy and increased muscle mass and function. It was also observed that the levels of muscle-derived inflammatory cytokines decreased, and insulin sensitivity increased, resulting in improved metabolism. However, some clinical trials have been conducted on a very small number of patients, which limits the strength of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Szekeres
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Andras Nagy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Kamilla Jahner
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Eszter Szabados
- 1st Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
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Maruyama T, Matsui S, Kobayashi R, Horii T, Oguri Y, Tsuzuki S, Horie T, Ono K, Hatada I, Sasaki T. Medium-chain triglyceride-specific appetite is regulated by the β-oxidation of medium-chain fatty acids in the liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E735-E746. [PMID: 38597830 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00031.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Most studies on fat appetite have focused on long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) due to their obesogenic properties. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), conversely, exhibit antiobesogenic effects; however, the regulation of MCT intake remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that mice can distinguish between MCTs and LCTs, and the specific appetite for MCTs is governed by hepatic β-oxidation. We generated liver-specific medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)-deficient (MCADL-/-) mice and analyzed their preference for MCT and LCT solutions using glyceryl trioctanoate (C8-TG), glyceryl tridecanoate (C10-TG), corn oil, and lard oil in two-bottle choice tests conducted over 8 days. In addition, we used lick microstructure analyses to evaluate the palatability and appetite for MCT and LCT solutions. Finally, we measured the expression levels of genes associated with fat ingestion (Galanin, Qrfp, and Nmu) in the hypothalamus 2 h after oral gavage of fat. Compared with control mice, MCADL-/- mice exhibited a significantly reduced preference for MCT solutions, with no alteration in the preference for LCTs. Lick analysis revealed that MCADL-/- mice displayed a significantly decreased appetite for MCT solutions only while the palatability of both MCT and LCT solutions remained unaffected. Hypothalamic Galanin expression in control mice was elevated by oral gavage of C8-TG but not by LCTs, and this response was abrogated in MCADL-/- mice. In summary, our data suggest that hepatic β-oxidation is required for MCT-specific appetite but not for LCT-specific appetite. The induction of hypothalamic galanin upon MCT ingestion, dependent on hepatic β-oxidation, could be involved in the regulation of MCT-specific appetite.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether and how medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) intake is regulated remains unknown. Here, we showed that mice can discriminate between MCTs and LCTs. Hepatic β-oxidation participates in MCT-specific appetite, and hypothalamic galanin may be one of the factors that regulate MCT intake. Because of the antiobesity effects of MCTs, studying MCT-specific appetite may help combat obesity by promoting the intake of MCTs instead of LCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsugunori Maruyama
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sho Matsui
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takuro Horii
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oguri
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koh Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Izuho Hatada
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Ravaut G, Carneiro A, Mounier C. Exploring the impacts of ketogenic diet on reversible hepatic steatosis: initial analysis in male mice. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1290540. [PMID: 38577162 PMCID: PMC10991688 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1290540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. Ketogenic diet (KD), a diet with very low intake in carbohydrates, gained popularity as a weight-loss approach. However, in mice models, it has been reported that an excess exposition of dietary fat induces hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis. However, data published is inconsistent. Herein, we investigated in a mouse model, the metabolic effects of KD and its contribution to the pathogenesis of NALFD. Mice were exposed to KD or CHOW diet for 12 weeks while a third group was exposed to KD for also 12 weeks and then switched to CHOW diet for 4 weeks to determine if we can rescue the phenotype. We evaluated the effects of diet treatments on fat distribution, glucose, and insulin homeostasis as well as hepatic steatosis. Mice fed with KD developed glucose intolerance but not insulin resistance accompanied by an increase of inflammation. KD-fed mice showed an increase of fat accumulation in white adipose tissue and liver. This effect could be explained by an increase in fat uptake by the liver with no changes of catabolism leading to MAFLD. Interestingly, we were able to rescue the phenotype by switching KD-fed mice for 4 weeks on a CHOW diet. Our studies demonstrate that even if mice develop hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance after 12 weeks of KD, they do not develop insulin resistance and more importantly, the phenotype can be reversed by switching the mice from a KD to a CHOW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine Mounier
- CERMO-FC Research Center, Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Mourad S, Abdualkader AM, Li X, Jani S, Ceddia RB, Al Batran R. A high-fat diet supplemented with medium-chain triglycerides ameliorates hepatic steatosis by reducing ceramide and diacylglycerol accumulation in mice. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:350-364. [PMID: 38192209 PMCID: PMC10988743 DOI: 10.1113/ep091545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is projected to be the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is closely linked to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Currently, no pharmacological treatments are available to treat NAFLD, and lifestyle modification, including dietary interventions, is the only remedy. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine whether supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), containing a mixture of C8 and C10 (60/40), attenuates NAFLD in obese and insulin-resistant mice. To achieve that, we fed C57BL/6 male mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce obesity and hepatic steatosis, after which obese mice were assigned randomly either to remain on the HFD or to transition to an HFD supplemented with MCTs (HFD + MCTs) or a low-fat diet (LFD) for 6 weeks as another dietary intervention model. Another group of mice was kept on an LFD throughout the study and used as a lean control group. Obese mice that transitioned to HFD + MCTs exhibited improvement in glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and the latter improvement was independent of changes in adiposity when compared with HFD-fed mice. Additionally, supplementation with MCTs significantly reduced hepatic steatosis, improved liver enzymes and decreased hepatic expression of inflammation-related genes to levels similar to those observed in obese mice transitioned to an LFD. Importantly, HFD + MCTs markedly lowered hepatic ceramide and diacylglycerol content and prevented protein kinase C-ε translocation to the plasma membrane. Our study demonstrated that supplementation with MCTs formulated mainly from C8 and C10 effectively ameliorated NAFLD in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mourad
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
- Montreal Diabetes Research CenterMontréalQuebecCanada
- Cardiometabolic Health, Diabetes and Obesity Research NetworkMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Abdualrahman Mohammed Abdualkader
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
- Montreal Diabetes Research CenterMontréalQuebecCanada
- Cardiometabolic Health, Diabetes and Obesity Research NetworkMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Xiaobei Li
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
- Montreal Diabetes Research CenterMontréalQuebecCanada
- Cardiometabolic Health, Diabetes and Obesity Research NetworkMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Shailee Jani
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityNorth YorkOntarioCanada
| | - Rolando B. Ceddia
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityNorth YorkOntarioCanada
| | - Rami Al Batran
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
- Montreal Diabetes Research CenterMontréalQuebecCanada
- Cardiometabolic Health, Diabetes and Obesity Research NetworkMontréalQuebecCanada
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8
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Xia J, Wang Z, Yu P, Yan X, Zhao J, Zhang G, Gong D, Zeng Z. Effect of Different Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Glucose Metabolism in High-Fat-Diet Induced Obese Rats. Foods 2024; 13:241. [PMID: 38254542 PMCID: PMC10815142 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity can be associated with significant metabolic disorders. Our previous study found that medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) improved lipid metabolism in obese rats. However, scant attention has been given to exploring the impact of MCTs on glucose metabolism in obese rats. This study is designed to examine the effects and mechanisms of three distinct MCTs on glucose metabolism in obese rats. To induce obesity, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a high-fat diet, followed by a 12-week treatment with caprylic triglyceride (CYT), capric triglyceride (CT), and lauric triglyceride (LT). The results showed that three types of MCT intervention reduced the levels of lipids (TC, TG, LDL-c, and HDL-c), hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (insulin, OGTT, HOMA-IR, and ISI), and inflammatory markers (IL-4, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in obese rats (p < 0.01), The above parameters have been minimally improved in the high-fat restoring group (HR) group. MCTs can modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways to alleviate insulin resistance and improve glucose metabolism in obese rats. Furthermore, MCTs can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ and reduce the phosphorylation of PPARγser237 mediated by CDK5, which can improve insulin sensitivity without lipid deposition in obese rats. Among the MCT group, CT administration performed the best in the above pathways, with the lowest blood glucose level and insulin resistance. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the connection between health benefits and the specific type of MCT employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (J.X.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhixin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (J.X.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ping Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (J.X.); (Z.W.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xianghui Yan
- School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Junxin Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China;
| | - Deming Gong
- New Zealand Institute of Natural Medicine Research, 8 Ha Crescent, Auckland 2104, New Zealand;
| | - Zheling Zeng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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Li R, He Z, Yan W, Yu H, Yi X, Sha Y, Zhang Q, Cai R, Pang W. Tricaprylin, a medium-chain triglyceride, aggravates high-fat diet-induced fat deposition but improves intestinal health. Food Funct 2023; 14:8797-8813. [PMID: 37675852 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01749d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are absorbed and metabolized more rapidly than long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) and therefore are considered to have obesity-prevention potential in foods. The effect of adding tricaprylin, an MCT, to food on fat deposition and intestinal health is uncharted. In this study, mice were randomly divided into four groups and fed a normal diet (ND), ND with tricaprylin, a high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD with tricaprylin. Supplementation of 2% tricaprylin in HFD significantly increased the body weight, fat mass, liver weight, adipocyte size in adipose tissue and liver, and upregulated genes related to fat deposition. Metabolomic analysis of serum and adipose tissue revealed that tricaprylin significantly increased the contents of metabolites related to lipid metabolism, triglyceride storage, and fat deposition related signaling pathways. In vitro experiments and molecular docking analysis suggest that octanoic acid, a primary decomposition product of tricaprylin, may promote adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes by acting as a PPARγ ligand to activate the expression of lipogenesis-related genes. Although supplementation with 2% tricaprylin in HFD cannot reduce fat deposition, it has a beneficial effect on intestinal health. Tricaprylin improved intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, short-chain fatty acid concentration, and intestinal barrier function-related protein expression, while reducing inflammatory factor levels and the abundance of harmful intestinal microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Zhaozhao He
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Wenyong Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - He Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xudong Yi
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Yiwen Sha
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Qiming Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Rui Cai
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Weijun Pang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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10
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Chatturong U, Palang I, To-On K, Deetud W, Chaiwong S, Sakulsak N, Sonthi P, Chanasong R, Chulikorn E, Kanprakobkit W, Wittaya-Areekul S, Kielar F, Chootip K. Reduction of lauric acid content in virgin coconut oil improved plasma lipid profile in high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4305-4315. [PMID: 37602794 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is claimed to have various health benefits, but favorable effects of its major component (∼50%), lauric acid, are controversial. Therefore, we aimed to reduce lauric acid content (∼30%) in VCO and evaluate its effect compared to VCO and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), on food intake, bodyweight (BW), lipid profiles, and hepatic histology. Female C57BL/6 mice were treated with different diets for 3 months: control (normal diet), high-fat diet (HF), HF + VCO, HF + MCT, HF + low lauric acid VCO (LLA), and normal diet + LLA (C + LLA). LLA was prepared by enzymatic interesterification of VCO with methyl octanoate (methyl caprylate) and methyl decanoate (methyl caprate). Plasma and liver lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride, were measured by colorimetric assay, and hepatic fat accumulation was examined by oil-red-O staining. HF mice exhibited high plasma and liver TC and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). VCO or MCT treatment lowered liver TC and LDL, whereas LLA increased plasma HDL and markedly improved TC:HDL ratio. The HF-induced hepatic fat accumulation was attenuated by all treatments, of which VCO was the most effective. Control mice administered with LLA demonstrated lower liver TC and LDL, but higher plasma TC and HDL compared to controls. Lowest BW gain and food intake were found in mice treated with LLA. In conclusion, VCO, MCT, and LLA ameliorated hepatic histopathology caused by HF. VCO and MCT improved liver lipid profiles, whereas LLA has more beneficial effect on plasma lipids via a better TC:HDL ratio and showed promise for BW control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usana Chatturong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Iyapa Palang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kittiwoot To-On
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Watcharakorn Deetud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Suriya Chaiwong
- Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Natthiya Sakulsak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Phattarapon Sonthi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Rachanee Chanasong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Ekarin Chulikorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Winranath Kanprakobkit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sakchai Wittaya-Areekul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Filip Kielar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Krongkarn Chootip
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Sebag SC, Qian Q, Upara C, Ding Q, Cao H, Hong L, Yang L. A Medium Chain Fatty Acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), Protects Against Obesity and Insulin Resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549684. [PMID: 37502899 PMCID: PMC10370144 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a worldwide health problem, increases the risk for developing metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and diabetes. It is well recognized that obesity-associated chronic inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of systemic metabolic dysfunction. Previously, we revealed an anti-inflammatory role for spent culture supernatants isolated from the oral commensal bacterial species Streptococcus gordonii (Sg-SCS). Here, we identified that 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), is the one of the key components of Sg-SCS . We found that treatment of 6-HHA in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) significantly reduced HFD-mediated weight gain which was largely attributed to a decrease in fat mass. Systemically, 6-HHA improves obesity-associated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, administration of 6-HHA suppressed obesity-associated systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia. At the cellular level, treatment of 6-HHA ameliorated aberrant inflammatory and metabolic transcriptomic signatures in white adipose tissue of mice with diet-induced obesity (HFD). Mechanistically, we found that 6-HHA suppressed adipocyte-proinflammatory cytokine production and lipolysis, the latter through Gαi-mediated signaling. This work provides direct evidence for the anti-obesity effects of a novel MCFA, which could be a new therapeutic treatment for combating obesity. KEY POINTS Hydroxyhexanoic medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are dietary and bacterial-derived energy sources, however, the outcomes of using MCFAs in treating metabolic disorders are diverse and complex. The MCFA 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA) is a metabolite secreted by the oral bacterial commensal species Streptococcus gordonii; here we investigated its role in modulating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysfunction. In a murine model of obesity, we found 6-HHA-mediated improvement of diet-mediated adiposity, insulin resistance and inflammation were in part due to actions on white adipose tissue (WAT).6-HHA suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production and lipolysis through Gi-mediated signaling in differentiated white adipocytes.
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12
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Wichai U, Keawsomnuk P, Thongin S, Mukthung C, Boonthip C, Pittayakhajonwut P, Ketsawatsomkron P, Bunyapraphatsara N, Muta K. Cellular responses to 8-methyl nonanoic acid, a degradation by-product of dihydrocapsaicin, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:18. [PMID: 36681810 PMCID: PMC9862568 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03844-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsaicinoids, such as dihydrocapsaicin (DHC), exert the health-promoting effects of chili peppers on energy metabolism. The metabolic responses to capsaicinoids are primarily mediated through transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). However, the varying contributions of their metabolites to beneficial health outcomes remain unclear. 8-methyl nonanoic acid (8-MNA), a methyl-branched medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), is an in vivo degradation by-product of DHC. Since MCFAs have emerged as metabolic modulators in adipocytes, here we examined various cellular responses to 8-MNA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS The viability of 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to various concentrations of 8-MNA was assessed by the Calcein AM assay. Biochemical assays for lipid accumulation, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, lipolysis and glucose uptake were performed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with 8-MNA during 48-h nutrient starvation or 5-day maturation. RESULTS 8-MNA caused no impact on cell viability. During nutrient starvation, 8-MNA decreased lipid amounts in association with AMPK activation, a molecular event that suppresses lipogenic processes. Moreover, 3T3-L1 adipocytes that were treated with 8-MNA during 5-day maturation exhibited a reduced lipolytic response to isoproterenol and an increased glucose uptake when stimulated with insulin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 8-MNA derived from DHC modulates energy metabolism in adipocytes and also support the idea that the metabolic benefits of chili consumption are partly attributable to 8-MNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthai Wichai
- grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Ploychanok Keawsomnuk
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 111 Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540 Thailand
| | - Saowarose Thongin
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 111 Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540 Thailand
| | - Chaiyot Mukthung
- grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Boonthip
- grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pattama Pittayakhajonwut
- grid.425537.20000 0001 2191 4408National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 111 Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540 Thailand
| | - Nuntavan Bunyapraphatsara
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kenjiro Muta
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 111 Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540 Thailand
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13
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Xu K, Guo Y, Wang Y, Ren Y, Low V, Cho S, Ping L, Peng K, Li X, Qiu Y, Liu Q, Li Z, Wang Z. Decreased Enterobacteriaceae translocation due to gut microbiota remodeling mediates the alleviation of premature aging by a high-fat diet. Aging Cell 2022; 22:e13760. [PMID: 36567449 PMCID: PMC9924944 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated microbial dysbiosis exacerbates various disorders and dysfunctions, and is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly, but the underlying cause of this aging-related syndrome is confusing. SIRT6 knockout (SIRT6 KO) mice undergo premature aging and succumb to death by 4 weeks, and are therefore useful as a premature aging research model. Here, fecal microbiota transplantation from SIRT6 KO mice into wild-type (WT) mice phenocopies the gut dysbiosis and premature aging observed in SIRT6 KO mice. Conversely, an expanded lifespan was observed in SIRT6 KO mice when transplanted with microbiota from WT mice. Antibiotic cocktail treatment attenuated inflammation and cell senescence in KO mice, directly suggesting that gut dysbiosis contributes to the premature aging of SIRT6 KO mice. Increased Enterobacteriaceae translocation, driven by the overgrowth of Escherichia coli, is the likely mechanism for the premature aging effects of microbiome dysregulation, which could be reversed by a high-fat diet. Our results provide a mechanism for the causal link between gut dysbiosis and aging, and support a beneficial effect of a high-fat diet for correcting gut dysbiosis and alleviating premature aging. This study provides a rationale for the integration of microbiome-based high-fat diets into therapeutic interventions against aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yannan Guo
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yida Wang
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yu Ren
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Vivien Low
- Department of PharmacologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sungyun Cho
- Department of PharmacologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Lu Ping
- Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Kezheng Peng
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xue Li
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ying Qiu
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qingfei Liu
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhongchi Li
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Department of PharmacologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina,Lead Contract
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14
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Gao Y, Liu Y, Han X, Zhou F, Guo J, Huang W, Zhan J, You Y. Coconut oil and medium-chain fatty acids attenuate high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice through increased thermogenesis by activating brown adipose tissue. Front Nutr 2022; 9:896021. [PMID: 36386906 PMCID: PMC9650104 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.896021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coconut oil (CO) and its main ingredients, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), present many benefits. Whether MCFA and CO play an equally valuable role in anti-obesity remains unclear. This study compared the anti-obesity effects of CO and MCFA [octanoic acid (C8:0) and decanoic acid (C10:0)] to gain insight into the underlying mechanism. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (100% HFD) replaced with 2.5% MCFA (97.5% HFD + 2.5% MCFA) or 5% CO (95% HFD + 5% CO) for 17 weeks. CO and MCFA ameliorated the HFD-induced abnormal body and adipose depot weights, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure (EE), which was associated with brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Furthermore, CO enhanced the expression of thermogenesis markers in BAT, which was consistent with increased BAT activity. CO showed a better effect than MCFA in activating BAT to increase thermogenesis and energy metabolism to combat obesity, which may be attributed to the cooperation of MCFA and other substances in CO. This work provides evidence for the anti-obesity effects of CO, which could be a better alternative to lard in daily diet, rather than pure MCFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jielong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weidong Huang,
| | - Jicheng Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Jicheng Zhan,
| | - Yilin You
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Yilin You,
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15
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Ren Q, Chen S, Chen X, Niu S, Yue L, Pan X, Li Z, Chen X. An Effective Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Semaglutide, Improves Sarcopenic Obesity in Obese Mice by Modulating Skeletal Muscle Metabolism. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3723-3735. [PMID: 36304787 PMCID: PMC9594960 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s381546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effect of Semaglutide on skeletal muscle and its metabolomics. Methods A total of 18 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control (NC) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group and HFD+Semaglutide group, and were given standard diet, HFD diet, HFD diet plus Semaglutide, respectively. The body weight, gastrocnemius weight, serum lipid, blood glucose and inflammatory index levels of mice in each group were observed and compared, and the morphological and structural changes of gastrocnemius were also analyzed. Meanwhile, gastrocnemius metabolite changes were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics. Results After Semaglutide treatment, the food intake and body weight of mice were evidently decreased, while the relative gastrocnemius weight ratio were conversely increased. Meanwhile, the levels of TG, CHO, LDL, HDL, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and HOMA-IR were all observed to decrease remarkably after Semaglutide intervention. Histological analysis showed that Semaglutide significantly improved the pathological changes of gastrocnemius, manifested as increased type I/type II muscle fiber ratio, total muscle fiber area, muscle fiber density, sarcomere length, mitochondrial number and mitochondrial area. Furthermore, metabolic changes of gastrocnemius after Semaglutide intervention were analyzed, and 141 kinds of differential metabolites were screened out, mainly embodied in lipids and organic acids, and enriched in 9 metabolic pathways including a variety of amino acids. Conclusion Semaglutide can significantly reduce the body weight and the accumulation of intramuscular fat, promote muscle protein synthesis, increase the relative proportion of skeletal muscle, and improve muscle function of obese mice, possibly by altering the metabolism of muscle lipids and organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjuan Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China,Department of Geriatrics, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China,Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Shuchun Chen, Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, No. 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13833166283, Email
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zelin Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Luo S, Zhou L, Jiang X, Xia Y, Huang L, Ling R, Tang S, Zou Z, Chen C, Qiu J. Asparagus cochinchinensis alleviates disturbances of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obesity mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1015005. [PMID: 36313282 PMCID: PMC9616603 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagus cochinchinensis is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine that has anti-inflammatory ability and effectively regulates the dysbiosis within the body. Obesity is usually characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation with aberrant gut microbiota. However, the role of Asparagus cochinchinensis against obesity remains unknown. Therefore, a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model with or without aqueous extract from Asparagus cochinchinensis root (ACE) treatment was established herein to determine whether ACE alleviated obesity and its involved mechanisms. Our results showed that ACE administration significantly decreased the weight gain and relieved dyslipidemia induced by HFD Treatment of ACE also improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in obese animal model, and remarkably decreased inflammation and lipogenesis in the liver and adipose. Moreover, administration of ACE significantly reshaped the gut microbiota of obese mice. These findings together suggest that ACE has beneficial effect against HFD-induced obesity and will provide valuable insights for the therapeutic potential of ACE against obesity and may aid in strategy-making for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Luo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixiao Zhou
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Center of Experimental Teaching for Public Health, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinyin Xia
- Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lishuang Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Run Ling
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shixin Tang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingfu Qiu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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A high-fat, high-fructose diet induced hepatic steatosis, renal lesions, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia in non-obese rats. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10896. [PMID: 36247176 PMCID: PMC9562237 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive consumption of fat and sugar is associated with various chronic diseases. However, the variation of fat and sugar content in the diet greatly affected the outcome. In this study, a high-fat, high-fructose diet (HFHFD) formula was made with a composition of 31.99% carbohydrate, 40.7% fat, 11.8% protein, and an additional 30% fructose drink to confirm the effects of HFHFD on metabolic health and pathological changes in organs, especially the liver, kidneys, pancreas, muscles, and spleen. A total of 24 male Wistar rats aged 8–12 weeks were divided into four groups: standard chow (SC), HFHFD, SC + carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and HFHFD + CCl4. After eight weeks of dietary intervention, body mass index, obesity index, lipid profiles, liver function tests, fasting blood glucose, serum uric acid and urea levels, and tissue histopathology were examined. HFHFD with the main unsaturated fatty acids of linoleic acid (14.57%) and palmitoleic acid (8.28%), the main saturated fatty acids of stearic acid (13.62%) and myristic acid (10.09%), and a low trans-fatty acids content, did not promote the rats to become obese. However, liver histology examination showed severe hepatic steatosis (78.33%), leading to steatohepatitis accompanied by an increase in serum ALP (p < 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.05), and uric acid (p < 0.001) levels. Other histological features showed moderate lesions (45%) of the kidney, slight vacuolization of the pancreas, and a mild increase of inflammatory cells in the spleen and muscle. So, this study found that although HFHFD did not promote obesity within 8 weeks of administration, it induced hepatic and renal lesions, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia as a metabolic consequence of excessive fatty acids and fructose.
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18
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Triglycerides of medium-chain fatty acids: a concise review. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35761969 PMCID: PMC9217113 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain triglycerides contain medium-chain fatty acid esterified to the glycerol backbone. These MCFA have a shorter chain length and are quickly metabolized in the body serving as an immediate energy source. They are known to have good physiological as well as functional characteristics which help in treating various health disorders. Naturally, they are found in coconut oil, milk fat, and palm kernel oil, and they are synthetically produced by esterification and interesterification reactions. Due to their numerous health benefits, MCT is used as a functional or nutraceutical oil in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. To increase their nutraceutical benefits and food applications MCFA can be used along with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the synthesis of structured lipids. This review aims to provide information about triglycerides of MCFA, structure, metabolism, properties, synthetic routes, intensified synthesis approaches, health benefits, application, and safety of use of MCT in the diet.
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19
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Valencia AP, Nagaraj N, Osman DH, Rabinovitch PS, Marcinek DJ. Are fat and sugar just as detrimental in old age? GeroScience 2021; 43:1615-1625. [PMID: 34101101 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and poor nutrition are independent risk factors for the development of chronic disease. When young animals are given diets high in fat or sugar, they exhibit hallmarks of aging like mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation, and also develop a greater risk for age-related disease. The same mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation that progress with aging may also further predispose older individuals to dietary insults by fat and sugar. The purpose of this work is to review the most recent studies that address the impact of fat and sugar consumption on hallmarks of aging (mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation). Findings from these studies show that obesogenic, high-fat diets can exacerbate age-related disease and hallmarks of aging in young animals, but high-fat diets that are non-obesogenic may play a beneficial role in old age. In contrast, high-sugar diets do not require an obesogenic effect to induce mitochondrial dysfunction or inflammation in young rodents. Currently, there is a lack of experimental studies addressing the impact of sugar in the context of aging, even though empirical evidence points to the detrimental effect of sugar in aging by contributing to a variety of age-related diseases. Fig. 1 Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered cellular communication (e.g. inflammation) progress with advancing age and increase the risk for age-related disease (ARD). Given the physiological changes that occur with age, the impact of high-fat (HFD) and high-sugar diets (HSD) may differ in later and earlier stages of life. HFD can promote the development of hallmarks of aging in young animals and can also exacerbate the risk for ARD when consumed at an old age. However, non-obesogenic high-fat diets may also reduce the risk for ARD in old age by acting on these hallmarks of aging. On the other hand, HSD promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation without necessarily inducing weight gain in young animals. Empirical evidence points to sugar as a major contributor to age-related disease and more experimental studies are needed to clarify whether aged individuals are more susceptible to its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Valencia
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Nitin Nagaraj
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Deena H Osman
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,University of Washington School of Medicine, Brotman 140, 850 Republican St, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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20
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Huang L, Gao L, Chen C. Role of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in Healthy Metabolism: A Clinical Perspective. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:351-366. [PMID: 33832826 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) serve not only as an energy source but also regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. The unique transport and rapid metabolism of MCFAs provide additional clinical benefits over other substrates such as long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and have prompted interest in the use of MCFAs for treating metabolic and neurological disorders. This review focuses on the metabolic role of MCFAs in modulating cellular signaling and regulating key circulating metabolites and hormones. The potential of MCFAs in treating various metabolic diseases in a clinical setting has also been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
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21
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Xia J, Yu P, Zeng Z, Ma M, Zhang G, Wan D, Gong D, Deng S, Wang J. High Dietary Intervention of Lauric Triglyceride Might be Harmful to Its Improvement of Cholesterol Metabolism in Obese Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4453-4463. [PMID: 33844520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is often considered to be a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, and medium-chain fatty acids have been found to reduce the total cholesterol (TC) level and maintain low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) stability. However, we unexpectedly found that the levels of TC and LDL-c were increased in obese rats treated with high-dose lauric triglycerides (LT). The study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of LT on cholesterol metabolism in obese rats. Our results showed that LT intervention could reduce cholesterol biosynthesis by downregulating the expression of HMG-CoA reductase in obese rats. LT increased the expression levels of PPARγ1, LXRα, ABCA1, and ABCG8 in the liver. These results indicated that LT could improve the lipid transfer and bile acid efflux. However, LT significantly increased the expression of PCSK 9, resulting in accelerated degradation of LDLR, thus reducing the transport of very LDL (VLDL) and LDL to the liver. Together with the increased expression of NPC1L1 protein, LT impaired the uptake of VLDL/LDL by the liver and increased the reabsorption of sterols, leading to an increase in the levels of TC and LDL-c in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Xia
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zheling Zeng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Maomao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Dongman Wan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, New Zealand Institute of Natural Medicine Research, 8 Ha Crescent, Auckland 2104, New Zealand
| | - Shuguang Deng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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22
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Jadhav HB, Annapure U. Process intensification for synthesis of triglycerides of capric acid using green approaches. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Li Y, Li C, Feng F, Wei W, Zhang H. Synthesis of medium and long-chain triacylglycerols by enzymatic acidolysis of algal oil and lauric acid. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Lu Z, Li Y, Syn WK, Li AJ, Ritter WS, Wank SA, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. GPR40 deficiency is associated with hepatic FAT/CD36 upregulation, steatosis, inflammation, and cell injury in C57BL/6 mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E30-E42. [PMID: 33103454 PMCID: PMC8436599 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00257.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is highly expressed in pancreatic islets, and its activation increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreas. Therefore, GPR40 is considered as a target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with T2DM and GPR40 is also expressed by hepatocytes and macrophages, it is important to understand the role of GPR40 in NAFLD. However, the role of GPR40 in NAFLD in animal models has not been well defined. In this study, we fed wild-type or GPR40 knockout C57BL/6 mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 wk and then assessed the effect of GPR40 deficiency on HFD-induced NAFLD. Assays on metabolic parameters showed that an HFD increased body weight, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, cholesterol, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and GPR40 deficiency did not mitigate the HFD-induced metabolic abnormalities. In contrast, we found that GPR40 deficiency was associated with increased body weight, insulin, insulin resistance, cholesterol, and ALT in control mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD). Surprisingly, histology and Oil Red O staining showed that GPR40 deficiency in LFD-fed mice was associated with steatosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that GPR40 deficiency also increased F4/80, a macrophage biomarker, in LFD-fed mice. Furthermore, results showed that GPR40 deficiency led to a robust upregulation of hepatic fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 expression. Finally, our in vitro studies showed that GPR40 knockdown by siRNA or a GPR40 antagonist increased palmitic acid-induced FAT/CD36 mRNA in hepatocytes. Taken together, this study indicates that GPR40 plays an important role in homeostasis of hepatic metabolism and inflammation and inhibits nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by possible modulation of FAT/CD36 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Lu
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yanchun Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea/Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ai-Jun Li
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - W Sue Ritter
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Stephen A Wank
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria F Lopes-Virella
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yan Huang
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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López-Méndez I, Méndez-Maldonado K, Manzo-Francisco LA, Juárez-Hernández E, Uribe M, Barbero-Becerra VJ. G protein-coupled receptors: Key molecules in metabolic associated fatty liver disease development. Nutr Res 2020; 87:70-79. [PMID: 33601216 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a range of hepatic disorders with progression to steatohepatitis with risk of development of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. MAFLD is strongly related to metabolic disorders of active fatty acids, which seem to be selective according to their specific ligand of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) located in immune response cells. An approach to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of MAFLD could be through the expression of active fatty acids ligands. The expression of GPRs is associated with obesity, microbiota environment, and dietary characteristics in patients with MAFLD. More specifically, GPR41, GPR43, GPR20, and GPR120 have been associated with alteration of lipid metabolism in hepatic and intestinal cells, and consequently they have a key role in metabolic diseases. We observed that GPR120 is not expressed in nonoverweight/obese patients, regardless of the presence of MAFLD; meanwhile the expression of GPR41 is increased in patients with lean MAFLD. GPRs role in liver disease is intriguing and a field of research opportunity. More studies are necessary to define the role of active fatty acids in the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván López-Méndez
- Transplants and Hepatology Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Cellular Physiology Institute, Neurosciences Division & Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Veterinary and Zootechnics Faculty, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eva Juárez-Hernández
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Uribe
- Gastrointestinal and Obesity Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Lauric Acid versus Palmitic Acid: Effects on Adipose Tissue Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obesity. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110346. [PMID: 33105887 PMCID: PMC7690582 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to compare the effect of palmitic acid (PA), a long-chain fatty acid, and lauric acid (LA), a medium-chain fatty acid, on obesity-related metabolic disorders. We used a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and fed them a modified high fat diet supplemented with 3% PA or LA for 12 wk. An LA diet led to an increase in visceral fat mass with a reduction in inflammation compared to the PA diet. We also noted that PA significantly increased systemic insulin resistance whereas LA showed only a trend towards an increase compared to lean control mice. The expression of a protein involved in muscle glucose uptake was higher in LA-treated mice compared to the PA-treated group, indicating improved muscle glucose uptake in LA-fed mice. Analysis of liver samples showed that hepatic steatosis was higher in both PA and LA-fed mice compared to lean controls. Markers of liver inflammation were not altered significantly in mice receiving PA or LA. Our data suggest that compared to PA, LA exerts less adverse effects on metabolic disorders and this could be due to the differential effects of these fatty acids in fat and muscle. Abstract Coconut oil, rich in medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MCSFA), in particular, lauric acid (LA), is known to exert beneficial metabolic effects. Although LA is the most abundant saturated fatty acid in coconut oil, the specific role of LA in altering obesity-related metabolic disorders remains unknown. Here, we examined the effects of supplementing a high fat (HF) diet with purified LA on obesity-associated metabolic derangements in comparison with palmitic acid (PA), a long-chain saturated fatty acid. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control chow diet (CD) or an HF diet supplemented with 3% LA (HF + LA) or PA (HF + PA) for 12 wk. Markers of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, systemic insulin resistance (IR), and hepatic steatosis, were assessed. The body weight and total fat mass were significantly higher in both HF + LA and HF + PA diet-fed groups compared to CD controls. However, the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in HF + LA-fed mice compared to both CD as well as HF + PA-fed mice. Interestingly, markers of AT inflammation were promoted to a lesser extent in HF + LA-fed mice compared to HF + PA-fed mice. Thus, immunohistochemical analysis of VAT showed an increase in MCP-1 and IL-6 staining in HF + PA-fed mice but not in HF + LA-fed mice compared to CD controls. Further, the mRNA levels of macrophage and inflammatory markers were significantly higher in HF + PA-fed mice (p < 0.001) whereas these markers were increased to a lesser extent in HF + LA-fed group. Of note, the insulin tolerance test revealed that IR was significantly increased only in HF + PA-fed mice but not in HF + LA-fed group compared to CD controls. While liver triglycerides were increased significantly in both HF + PA and HF + LA-fed mice, liver weight and plasma markers of liver injury such as alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were increased significantly only in HF + PA-fed mice but not in HF + LA-fed mice. Taken together, our data suggest that although both LA and PA increased AT inflammation, systemic IR, and liver injury, the extent of metabolic derangements caused by LA was less compared to PA in the setting of high fat feeding.
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