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Moreno-Sánchez R, Robledo-Cadena DX, Pacheco-Velázquez SC, Vargas Navarro JL, Padilla-Flores JA, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Estimation of energy pathway fluxes in cancer cells - Beyond the Warburg effect. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 739:109559. [PMID: 36906097 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycolytic and respiratory fluxes were analyzed in cancer and non-cancer cells. The steady-state fluxes in energy metabolism were used to estimate the contributions of aerobic glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) pathways to the cellular ATP supply. The rate of lactate production - corrected for the fraction generated by glutaminolysis - is proposed as the appropriate way to estimate glycolytic flux. In general, the glycolytic rates estimated for cancer cells are higher than those found in non-cancer cells, as originally observed by Otto Warburg. The rate of basal or endogenous cellular O2 consumption corrected for non-ATP synthesizing O2 consumption, measured after inhibition by oligomycin (a specific, potent and permeable ATP synthase inhibitor), has been proposed as the appropriate way to estimate mitochondrial ATP synthesis-linked O2 flux or net OxPhos flux in living cells. Detecting non-negligible oligomycin-sensitive O2 consumption rates in cancer cells has revealed that the mitochondrial function is not impaired, as claimed by the Warburg effect. Furthermore, when calculating the relative contributions to cellular ATP supply, under a variety of environmental conditions and for different types of cancer cells, it was found that OxPhos pathway was the main ATP provider over glycolysis. Hence, OxPhos pathway targeting can be successfully used to block in cancer cells ATP-dependent processes such as migration. These observations may guide the re-design of novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carrera de Biología, Laboratorio de Control Metabólico, Los Reyes Ixtacala, Hab. Los Reyes Ixtacala Barrio de los Árboles/Barrio de los Héroes, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Jorge Luis Vargas Navarro
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carrera de Biología, Laboratorio de Control Metabólico, Los Reyes Ixtacala, Hab. Los Reyes Ixtacala Barrio de los Árboles/Barrio de los Héroes, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Alberto Padilla-Flores
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carrera de Biología, Laboratorio de Control Metabólico, Los Reyes Ixtacala, Hab. Los Reyes Ixtacala Barrio de los Árboles/Barrio de los Héroes, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico; Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carrera de Medicina, Laboratorio de Control Metabólico, Los Reyes Ixtacala, Hab. Los Reyes Ixtacala Barrio de los Árboles/Barrio de los Héroes, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico.
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Pacheco-Velázquez SC, Ortega-Mejía II, Vargas-Navarro JL, Padilla-Flores JA, Robledo-Cadena DX, Tapia-Martínez G, Peñalosa-Castro I, Aguilar-Ponce JL, Granados-Rivas JC, Moreno-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. 17-β Estradiol up-regulates energy metabolic pathways, cellular proliferation and tumor invasiveness in ER+ breast cancer spheroids. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1018137. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1018137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several biological processes related to cancer malignancy are regulated by 17-β estradiol (E2) in ER+-breast cancer. To establish the role of E2 on the atypical cancer energy metabolism, a systematic study analyzing transcription factors, proteins, and fluxes associated with energy metabolism was undertaken in multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) from human ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer cells. At E2 physiological concentrations (10 and 100 nM for 24 h), both ERα and ERβ receptors, and their protein target pS2, increased by 0.6-3.5 times vs. non-treated MCTS, revealing an activated E2/ER axis. E2 also increased by 30-470% the content of several transcription factors associated to mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) (p53, PGC1-α) and glycolytic pathways (HIF1-α, c-MYC). Several OxPhos and glycolytic proteins (36-257%) as well as pathway fluxes (48-156%) significantly increased being OxPhos the principal ATP cellular supplier (>75%). As result of energy metabolism stimulation by E2, cancer cell migration and invasion processes and related proteins (SNAIL, FN, MM-9) contents augmented by 24-189% vs. non-treated MCTS. Celecoxib at 10 nM blocked OxPhos (60%) as well as MCTS growth, cell migration and invasiveness (>40%); whereas the glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetate (0.5 µM) and doxorubicin (70 nM) were innocuous. Our results show for the first time using a more physiological tridimensional cancer model, resembling the initial stages of solid tumors, that anti-mitochondrial therapy may be useful to deter hormone-dependent breast carcinomas.
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Wang F, Ding Y, Lei X, Liao B, Wu FX. Identifying Gene Signatures for Cancer Drug Repositioning Based on Sample Clustering. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:953-965. [PMID: 32845842 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2020.3019781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug repositioning is an important approach for drug discovery. Computational drug repositioning approaches typically use a gene signature to represent a particular disease and connect the gene signature with drug perturbation profiles. Although disease samples, especially from cancer, may be heterogeneous, most existing methods consider them as a homogeneous set to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs)for further determining a gene signature. As a result, some genes that should be in a gene signature may be averaged off. In this study, we propose a new framework to identify gene signatures for cancer drug repositioning based on sample clustering (GS4CDRSC). GS4CDRSC first groups samples into several clusters based on their gene expression profiles. Second, an existing method is applied to the samples in each cluster for generating a list of DEGs. Then a weighting approach is used to identify an intergrated gene signature from all the lists of DEGs. The integrated gene signature is used to connect with drug perturbation profiles in the Connectivity Map (CMap)database to generate a list of drug candidates. GS4CDRSC has been tested with several cancer datasets and existing methods. The computational results show that GS4CDRSC outperforms those methods without the sample clustering and weighting approaches in terms of both number and rate of predicted known drugs for specific cancers.
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Javed Z, Worley BL, Stump C, Shimko SS, Crawford LC, Mythreye K, Hempel N. Optimization of Extracellular Flux Assay to Measure Respiration of Anchorage-independent Tumor Cell Spheroids. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4321. [PMID: 35340292 PMCID: PMC8899553 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are widely used in tumor studies to more accurately reflect cell-cell interactions and tumor growth conditions in vivo. 3D anchorage-independent spheroids derived by culturing cells in ultra-low attachment (ULA) conditions is particularly relevant to ovarian cancer, as such cell clusters are often observed in malignant ascites of late-stage ovarian cancer patients. We and others have found that cells derived from anchorage-independent spheroids vary widely in gene expression profiles, proliferative state, and metabolism compared to cells maintained under attached culture conditions. This includes changes in mitochondrial function, which is most commonly assessed in cultured live cells by measuring oxygen consumption in extracellular flux assays. To measure mitochondrial function in anchorage-independent multicellular aggregates, we have adapted the Agilent Seahorse extracellular flux assay to optimize measurements of oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification of ovarian cancer cell spheroids generated by culture in ULA plates. This protocol includes: (i) Methods for culturing tumor cells as uniform anchorage-independent spheroids; (ii) Optimization for the transfer of spheroids to the Agilent Seahorse cell culture plates; (iii) Adaptations of the mitochondrial and glycolysis stress tests for spheroid extracellular flux analysis; and (iv) Suggestions for optimization of cell numbers, spheroid size, and normalization of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) values. Using this method, we have found that ovarian cancer cells cultured as anchorage-independent spheroids display altered mitochondrial function compared to monolayer cultures attached to plastic dishes. This method allows for the assessment of mitochondrial function in a more relevant patho/physiological culture condition and can be adapted to evaluate mitochondrial function of various cell types that are able to aggregate into multicellular clusters in anchorage-independence. Graphic abstract: Workflow of the Extracellular Flux Assay to Measure Respiration of Anchorage-independent Tumor Cell Spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaineb Javed
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Beth L. Worley
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Coryn Stump
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sara S. Shimko
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - LaTaijah C. Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Nadine Hempel
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Gallardo-Pérez JC, de Guevara AAL, García-Amezcua MA, Robledo-Cadena DX, Pacheco-Velázquez SC, Belmont-Díaz JA, Vargas-Navarro JL, Moreno-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Celecoxib and dimethylcelecoxib block oxidative phosphorylation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasiveness in breast cancer stem cells. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2719-2735. [PMID: 34636290 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211005124015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance and invasiveness developed by breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) are considered the major hurdles for successful cancer treatment. <P> Objective: As these two processes are highly energy-dependent, the identification of the main ATP supplier required for stem cell viability may result advantageous in the design of new therapeutic strategies to deter malignant carcinomas. <P> Methods: The energy metabolism (glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, OxPhos) was systematically analyzed by assessing relevant protein contents, enzyme activities and pathway fluxes in BCSC. Once identified the main ATP supplier, selective energy inhibitors and canonical breast cancer drugs were used to block stem cell viability and their metastatic properties. <P> Results: OxPhos and glycolytic protein contents, as well as HK and LDH activities were several times higher in BCSC than in their parental line, MCF-7 cells. However, CS, GDH, COX activities and both energy metabolism pathway fluxes were significantly lower (38-86%) in BCSC than in MCF-7 cells. OxPhos was the main ATP provider (>85%) in BCSC. Accordingly, oligomycin (a specific and potent canonical OxPhos inhibitor) and other non-canonical drugs with inhibitory effect on OxPhos (celecoxib, dimethylcelecoxib) significantly decreased BCSC viability, levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition proteins, invasiveness, and induced ROS over-production, with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 20 µM in 24 h treatment. In contrast, glycolytic inhibitors (gossypol, iodoacetic acid, 3-bromopyruvate, 2-deoxyglucose) and canonical chemotherapeutic drugs (paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cisplatin) were much less effective against BCSC viability (IC50> 100 µM). <P> Conclusion: These results indicated that the use of some NSAIDs may be a promising alternative therapeutic strategy to target BCSC.
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Sanchez-Lopez JM, Mandujano-Tinoco EA, Garcia-Venzor A, Lozada-Rodriguez LF, Zampedri C, Uribe-Carvajal S, Melendez-Zajgla J, Maldonado V, Lizarraga F. Integrative analysis of transcriptional profile reveals LINC00052 as a suppressor of breast cancer cell migration. Cancer Biomark 2021; 30:365-379. [PMID: 33361583 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-200337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-non-coding RNAs, a class of transcripts with lengths > 200 nt, play key roles in tumour progression. Previous reports revealed that LINC00052 (long intergenic non-coding RNA 00052) was strongly downregulated during breast cancer multicellular spheroids formation and suggested a role in cell migration and oxidative metabolism. OBJECTIVE To examine the function of LINC00052 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. METHODS Loss-of-function studies were performed to evaluate LINC00052 role on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Microarray expression assays were performed to determine genes and cellular functions modified after LINC00052 knockdown. Next, the impact of LINC00052 depletion on MCF-7 cell respiration and migration was evaluated. RESULTS 1,081 genes were differentially expressed upon LINC00052 inhibition. Gene set enrichment analysis, Gene Ontology and Key Pathway Advisor analysis showed that signalling networks related to cell migration and oxidative phosphorylation were enriched. However, whereas LINC00052 knockdown in MCF-7 cells revealed marginal difference in oxygen consumption rates when compared with control cells, LINC00052 inhibition enhanced cell migration in vitro and in vivo, as observed using a Zebrafish embryo xenotransplant model. CONCLUSION Our data show that LINC00052 modulates MCF-7 cell migration. Genome-wide microarray experiments suggest that cancer cell migration is affected by LINC00052 through cytoskeleton modulation and Notch/β-catenin/NF-κB signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Sanchez-Lopez
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edna Ayerim Mandujano-Tinoco
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luís Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Garcia-Venzor
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Cecilia Zampedri
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salvador Uribe-Carvajal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vilma Maldonado
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Floria Lizarraga
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Dhanasekaran S, Venugopal D, Al-Dayan N, Ravinayagam V, Mohammed AA. Emerging insights into mitochondria-specific targeting and drug delivering strategies: Recent milestones and therapeutic implications. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3581-3592. [PMID: 33304169 PMCID: PMC7714987 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are a major intracellular organelle for drug targeting due to its functional roles in cellular metabolism and cell signaling for proliferation and cell death. Mitochondria-targeted treatment strategy could be promising to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cancer while minimizing the adverse side effects. Over the last decades, several studies have explored and focused on mitochondrial functions, which has led to the emergence of mitochondria-specific therapies. Molecules in the mitochondria are considered to be prime targets, and a wide range of molecular strategies have been designed for targeting mitochondria compared with that of the cytosol. In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of mitochondria-specific ligand targeting and selective drug action strategies for targeting mitochondria, including those premised on mitochondrial targeting of signal peptides (MTS), cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), and use of lipophilic cations. Furthermore, most research has concentrated on specific conjugation of ligands to therapeutic molecules to enhance their effectiveness. There are several variations for the ideal design and development for mitochondrial-targeted drugs, such as selecting a suitable ligand and linker targets. However, some challenges related to drug solubility and selectivity could be resolved using the nanocarrier system. Nanoparticles yield excellent advantages for targeting and transmitting therapeutic drugs, and they offer elegant platforms for mitochondria-specific drug delivery. We explain many of the advanced and proven strategies for multifunctional mitochondria-specific targets, which should contribute to achieving better anticancer therapies in a promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugapriya Dhanasekaran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi-Al Dawaser, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Venugopal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi-Al Dawaser, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Al-Dayan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijaya Ravinayagam
- Deanship of Scientific Research & Department of Nano-Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Ahmed Mohammed
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science Building-5, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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R A V, Kumari S, Poddar P, Dhara D, Maiti S. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Polymers as Additive for Rapid Generation of Spheroid via Hanging Drop Method. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000180. [PMID: 32794360 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) mimics microenvironment for tumor formation and provides predictive insight for in vivo tests. The hanging drop (HD) method of spheroid generation is cost effective, but it is limited by a long time duration for spheroid development and a low rate of formation of larger spheroids. Toward addressing those limitations, thermoresponsive copolymers with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (p(NIPA)) backbone are developed, to be used as additives in the MCTS formation via HD method. Upon investigation it is found that in the presence of the polymer, robust and compact spheroids are formed in a short duration of 48 h. Larger spheroids (350-600 µm) can be formed by increasing the number of cells. Spheroids are characterized for their 3D shape and different cellular layers, and drug uptake study is done to prove the efficacy of the spheroids generated in drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh R A
- Chemical and Systems Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shalini Kumari
- Chemical and Systems Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Puja Poddar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Dibakar Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Souvik Maiti
- Chemical and Systems Biology Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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9
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Investigation of cancer drug resistance mechanisms by phosphoproteomics. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105091. [PMID: 32712320 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell mutations can be identified by genomic and transcriptomic techniques. However, they are not sufficient to understand the full complexity of cancer heterogeneity. Analyses of proteins expressed in cancers and their modification profiles show how these mutations could be translated at the functional level. Protein phosphorylation is a major post-translational modification critical for regulating several cellular functions. The covalent addition of phosphate groups to serine, threonine, and tyrosine is catalyzed by protein kinases. Over the past years, kinases were strongly associated with cancer, thus inhibition of protein kinases emanated as novel cancer treatment. However, cancers frequently develop drug resistance. Therefore, a better understanding of drug effects on tumors is urgently needed. In this perspective, phosphoproteomics arose as advanced tool to monitor cancer therapies and to discover novel drugs. This review highlights the role of phosphoproteomics in predicting sensitivity or resistance of cancers towards tyrosine kinase inhibitors and cytotoxic drugs. It also shows the importance of phosphoproteomics in identifying biomarkers that could be applied in clinical diagnostics to predict responses to drugs.
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10
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Steinmetz J, Senkowski W, Lengqvist J, Rubin J, Ossipova E, Herman S, Larsson R, Jakobsson PJ, Fryknäs M, Kultima K. Descriptive Proteome Analysis to Investigate Context-Dependent Treatment Responses to OXPHOS Inhibition in Colon Carcinoma Cells Grown as Monolayer and Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:17242-17254. [PMID: 32715210 PMCID: PMC7376893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified selective upregulation of the mevalonate pathway genes upon inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in quiescent cancer cells. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we here investigated whether these responses are corroborated on the protein level and whether proteomics could yield unique insights into context-dependent biology. HCT116 colon carcinoma cells were cultured as monolayer cultures, proliferative multicellular tumor spheroids (P-MCTS), or quiescent (Q-MCTS) multicellular tumor spheroids and exposed to OXPHOS inhibitors: nitazoxanide, FCCP, oligomycin, and salinomycin or the HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor simvastatin at two different doses for 6 and 24 h. Samples were processed using an in-depth bottom-up proteomics workflow resulting in a total of 9286 identified protein groups. Gene set enrichment analysis showed profound differences between the three cell systems and confirmed differential enrichment of hypoxia, OXPHOS, and cell cycle progression-related protein responses in P-MCTS and Q-MCTS. Treatment experiments showed that the observed drug-induced alterations in gene expression of metabolically challenged cells are not translated directly to the protein level, but the results reaffirmed OXPHOS as a selective vulnerability of quiescent cancer cells. This work provides rationale for the use of deep proteome profiling to identify context-dependent treatment responses and encourages further studies investigating metabolic processes that could be co-targeted together with OXPHOS to eradicate quiescent cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Steinmetz
- Division
of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Senkowski
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden
| | - Johan Lengqvist
- Department
of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rubin
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden
| | - Elena Ossipova
- Division
of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Herman
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Division
of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 05, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden
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11
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Resolving Metabolic Heterogeneity in Experimental Models of the Tumor Microenvironment from a Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics Perspective. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060249. [PMID: 32549391 PMCID: PMC7345423 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises complex interactions of multiple cell types that determines cell behavior and metabolism such as nutrient competition and immune suppression. We discuss the various types of heterogeneity that exist in solid tumors, and the complications this invokes for studies of TME. As human subjects and in vivo model systems are complex and difficult to manipulate, simpler 3D model systems that are compatible with flexible experimental control are necessary for studying metabolic regulation in TME. Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM) is a valuable tool for tracing metabolic networks in complex systems, but at present does not directly address heterogeneous metabolism at the individual cell level. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of different model systems for SIRM experiments, with a focus on lung cancer cells, their interactions with macrophages and T cells, and their response to modulators in the immune microenvironment. We describe the experimental set up, illustrate results from 3D cultures and co-cultures of lung cancer cells with human macrophages, and outline strategies to address the heterogeneous TME.
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12
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Inhibition of Alternative Cancer Cell Metabolism of EGFR Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Serves as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010181. [PMID: 31936895 PMCID: PMC7017237 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy is an efficient treatment for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therapeutic resistance invariably occurs in NSCLC patients. Many studies have focused on drug resistance mechanisms, but only a few have addressed the metabolic flexibility in drug-resistant NSCLC. In the present study, we found that during the developing resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), TKI-resistant NSCLC cells acquired metabolic flexibility in that they switched from dependence on glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation by substantially increasing the activity of the mitochondria. Concurrently, we found the predominant expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT-1) in the TKI-resistant NSCLC cells was strongly increased in those cells that oxidized lactate. Thus, we hypothesized that inhibiting MCT-1 could represent a novel treatment strategy. We treated cells with the MCT-1 inhibitor AZD3965. We found a significant decrease in cell proliferation and cell motility in TKI-sensitive and TKI-resistant cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells harbored higher mitochondrial bioenergetics and MCT-1 expression. These results implied that targeting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation proteins or MCT-1 could serve as potential treatments for both TKI-sensitive and -resistant non-small cell lung cancer.
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Lecarpentier Y, Schussler O, Hébert JL, Vallée A. Multiple Targets of the Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Signaling in Cancers. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1248. [PMID: 31803621 PMCID: PMC6876670 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling is involved in most of the mechanisms that lead to the formation and development of cancer cells. It plays a central role in three cyclic processes, which are the cell division cycle, the immune cycle, and circadian rhythms. When the canonical WNT pathway is upregulated as in cancers, the increase in β-catenin in the nucleus leads to activation of the expression of numerous genes, in particular CYCLIN D1 and cMYC, where the former influences the G1 phase of the cell division cycle, and the latter, the S phase. Every stage of the immune cycle is disrupted by the canonical WNT signaling. In numerous cancers, the dysfunction of the canonical WNT pathway is accompanied by alterations of the circadian genes (CLOCK, BMAL1, PER). Induction of these cyclic phenomena leads to the genesis of thermodynamic mechanisms that operate far from equilibrium, and that have been called “dissipative structures.” Moreover, upregulation of the canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling is important in the myofibroblasts of the cancer stroma. Their differentiation is controlled by the canonical WNT /TGF-β1 signaling. Myofibroblasts present ultraslow contractile properties due to the presence of the non-muscle myosin IIA. Myofibroblats also play a role in the inflammatory processes, often found in cancers and fibrosis processes. Finally, upregulated canonical WNT deviates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation toward the Warburg glycolysis metabolism, which is characteristic of cancers. Among all these cancer-generating mechanisms, the upregulated canonical WNT pathway would appear to offer the best hope as a therapeutic target, particularly in the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Olivier Schussler
- Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Hébert
- Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,DACTIM-MIS, LMA, UMR CNRS 7348, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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14
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Carneiro TJ, Araújo R, Vojtek M, Gonçalves-Monteiro S, Diniz C, Batista de Carvalho AL, Marques MPM, Gil AM. Multi-Organ NMR Metabolomics to Assess In Vivo Overall Metabolic Impact of Cisplatin in Mice. Metabolites 2019; 9:E279. [PMID: 31766161 PMCID: PMC6918135 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes, to our knowledge, the first NMR metabolomics analysis of mice kidney, liver, and breast tissue in response to cisplatin exposure, in search of early metabolic signatures of cisplatin biotoxicity. Balb/c mice were exposed to a single 3.5 mg/kg dose of cisplatin and then euthanized; organs (kidney, liver, breast tissue) were collected at 1, 12, and 48 h. Polar tissue extracts were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy, and the resulting spectra were studied by multivariate and univariate analyses. The results enabled the identification of the most significant deviant metabolite levels at each time point, and for each tissue type, and showed that the largest metabolic impact occurs for kidney, as early as 1 h post-injection. Kidney tissue showed a marked depletion in several amino acids, comprised in an overall 13-metabolites signature. The highest number of changes in all tissues was noted at 12 h, although many of those recovered to control levels at 48 h, with the exception of some persistently deviant tissue-specific metabolites, thus enabling the identification of relatively longer-term effects of cDDP. This work reports, for the first time, early (1-48 h) concomitant effects of cDDP in kidney, liver, and breast tissue metabolism, thus contributing to the understanding of multi-organ cDDP biotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana J. Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Rita Araújo
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.J.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Martin Vojtek
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4150-755 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.); (S.G.-M.); (C.D.)
| | - Salomé Gonçalves-Monteiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4150-755 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.); (S.G.-M.); (C.D.)
| | - Carmen Diniz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4150-755 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.); (S.G.-M.); (C.D.)
| | | | - Maria Paula M. Marques
- “Química-Física Molecular”, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal (M.P.M.M.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Gil
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.J.C.); (R.A.)
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15
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The extremely low frequency electromagnetic stimulation selective for cancer cells elicits growth arrest through a metabolic shift. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1389-1397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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García-Venzor A, Mandujano-Tinoco EA, Lizarraga F, Zampedri C, Krötzsch E, Salgado RM, Dávila-Borja VM, Encarnación-Guevara S, Melendez-Zajgla J, Maldonado V. Microenvironment-regulated lncRNA-HAL is able to promote stemness in breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118523. [PMID: 31401107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular Tumor Spheroids culture (MCTS) is an in vitro model mimicking the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia and acidosis, resulting in the presence of both proliferating and quiescent cell populations. lncRNA's is a novel group of regulatory molecules that participates in the acquisition of tumorigenic phenotypes. In the present work we evaluated the oncogenic association of an uncharacterized lncRNA (lncRNA-HAL) in the tumorigenic phenotype induced by the MCTS microenvironment. We measured lncRNA-HAL expression level in MCF-7-MCTS populations and under different hypoxic conditions by RT-qPCR. Afterwards, we silenced lncRNA-HAL expression by shRNAs and evaluated its effect in MCF-7 transcriptome (by RNAseq) and validated the modified cellular processes by proliferation, migration, and stem cells assays. Finally, we analyzed which proteins interacts with lncRNA-HAL by ChIRP assay, to propose a possible molecular mechanism for this lncRNA. We found that lncRNA-HAL is overexpressed in the internal quiescent populations (p27 positive populations) of MCF-7-MCTS, mainly in the quiescent stem cell population, being hypoxia one of the microenvironmental cues responsible of its overexpression. Transcriptome analysis of lncRNA-HAL knockdown MCF7 cells revealed that lncRNA-HAL effect is associated with proliferation, migration and cell survival mechanisms; moreover, lncRNA-HAL silencing increased cell proliferation and impaired cancer stem cell proportion and function, resulting in decreased tumor grafting in vivo. In addition, we found that this lncRNA was overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Analysis by ChIRP assay showed that this nuclear lncRNA binds to histones and hnRNPs suggesting a participation at the chromatin level and transcriptional regulation. The results obtained in the present work suggest that the function of lncRNA-HAL is associated with quiescent stem cell populations, which in turn is relevant due to its implications in cancer cell survival and resistance against treatment in vivo. Altogether, our data highlights a new lncRNA whose expression is regulated by the tumor microenvironment and associated to stemness in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo García-Venzor
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Edna Ayerim Mandujano-Tinoco
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Floria Lizarraga
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Zampedri
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Edgar Krötzsch
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Salgado
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Encarnación-Guevara
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariontes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Functional Genomics Laboratories, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Vilma Maldonado
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico.
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Nakazato K, Mogushi K, Kayamori K, Tsuchiya M, Takahashi KI, Sumino J, Michi Y, Yoda T, Uzawa N. Glucose metabolism changes during the development and progression of oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1372-1380. [PMID: 31423200 PMCID: PMC6607105 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed several genes involved in the carcinogenesis of oral cancer. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Previously, we established a database cataloging the transcriptional progression profile of oral carcinogenesis and identified several candidate genes with continuously increasing or decreasing expression, which specifically promote the transition of oral premalignant lesions to invasive carcinomas. In this study, using our microarray database, we attempted to determine significant genes that may contribute to metabolic alterations during oral carcinogenesis. After performing a literature survey, we focused on 15 candidate genes associated with glucose metabolism changes, particularly the tri-carboxylic acid cycle, and investigated the mRNA-expression status of these genes with our database. Only the solute carrier family 2 member 1 gene (also known as GLUT1), showed significantly increased mRNA expression during oral tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that GLUT1 protein expression significantly increased during oral carcinogenesis. In addition, tumors with high expression of this protein significantly correlated with nodal status (P=0.002). Kaplan-Meier survival curves clearly demonstrated the adverse impact of high GLUT1 protein expression on disease-free survival (P=0.004). GLUT1 mRNA and protein expression increased in the order of normal mucosal tissues, epithelial dysplastic lesions and invasive carcinomas. Therefore, metabolic alterations, especially in glucose metabolism, occurred at the very early stage of development of oral malignancies. In addition, GLUT1 played a significant role in oral cancer, acquiring a malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Nakazato
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mogushi
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kou Kayamori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Maiko Tsuchiya
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Oral Surgery, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Jun Sumino
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Michi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoda
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Sun K, Tang S, Hou Y, Xi L, Chen Y, Yin J, Peng M, Zhao M, Cui X, Liu M. Oxidized ATM-mediated glycolysis enhancement in breast cancer-associated fibroblasts contributes to tumor invasion through lactate as metabolic coupling. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:370-383. [PMID: 30799198 PMCID: PMC6442874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the predominant residents in the breast tumor microenvironment. In our work, we found activation of DNA damage-independent ATM (oxidized ATM), enhanced glycolysis and aberrant metabolism-associated gene expressions in breast CAFs. Nevertheless, whether and how oxidized ATM regulates the glycolytic activity of CAFs keep in unveil. Recently, a reverse Warburg effect was observed in tumor tissues, in which host cells (such as CAFs, PSCs) in the tumor microenvironment have been found to "fuel" the cancer cells via metabolites transfer. However, the molecular mechanisms of the metabolites from stromal cells playing a role to the progression of cancer cells remain to be determined. METHODS Oxidized ATM activation in stromal CAFs was assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The increased glycolytic ability of CAFs was validated by measurements of OCR and ECAR and detections of glucose consumption and lactate production. Kinase assay and western blotting were performed to confirm the phosphorylation of GLUT1. The membrane location of phosphorylated GLUT1 was determined by biotin pull-down assay and immunofluorescence staining. The regulation of PKM2 through oxidized ATM was evaluated by western blots. In addition, the impact of lactate derived from hypoxic CAFs on cancer cell invasion was investigated both in vitro (transwell assays, western blots) and in vivo (orthotopic xenografts). FINDINGS Hypoxia-induced oxidized ATM promotes glycolytic activity of CAFs by phosphorylating GLUT1 at S490 and increasing PKM2 expression. Moreover, lactate derived from hypoxic CAFs, acting as a metabolic coupling between CAFs and breast cancer cells, promotes breast cancer cell invasion by activating the TGFβ1/p38 MAPK/MMP2/9 signaling axis and fueling the mitochondrial activity in cancer cells. INTERPRETATION Our work shows that oxidized ATM-mediated glycolysis enhancement in hypoxic stromal fibroblasts plays an essential role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis and may implicate oxidized ATM as a target for breast tumor treatment. FUND: This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shifu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou 545001, Guangxi, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiali Yin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meixi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Maojia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91006, USA
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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19
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Targeting Mitochondria for Treatment of Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010229. [PMID: 30626133 PMCID: PMC6337358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the Western world. This is due, in part, to the fact that despite standard treatment of surgery and platinum/paclitaxel most patients recur with ultimately chemoresistant disease. Ovarian cancer is a unique form of solid tumor that develops, metastasizes and recurs in the same space, the abdominal cavity, which becomes a unique microenvironment characterized by ascites, hypoxia and low glucose levels. It is under these conditions that cancer cells adapt and switch to mitochondrial respiration, which becomes crucial to their survival, and therefore an ideal metabolic target for chemoresistant ovarian cancer. Importantly, independent of microenvironmental factors, mitochondria spatial redistribution has been associated to both tumor metastasis and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer while specific sets of genetic mutations have been shown to cause aberrant dependence on mitochondrial pathways in the most aggressive ovarian cancer subtypes. In this review we summarize on targeting mitochondria for treatment of chemoresistant ovarian cancer and current state of understanding of the role of mitochondria respiration in ovarian cancer. We feel this is an important and timely topic given that ovarian cancer remains the deadliest of the gynecological diseases, and that the mitochondrial pathway has recently emerged as critical in sustaining solid tumor progression.
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20
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Pacheco-Velázquez SC, Robledo-Cadena DX, Hernández-Reséndiz I, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Moreno-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Energy Metabolism Drugs Block Triple Negative Breast Metastatic Cancer Cell Phenotype. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2151-2164. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, 14080 Tlalpan, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, 14080 Tlalpan, CDMX, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14080 Tlalpan, CDMX, Mexico
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Kang JH, Lee SH, Lee JS, Nam B, Seong TW, Son J, Jang H, Hong KM, Lee C, Kim SY. Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition combined with phenformin treatment reversed NSCLC through ATP depletion. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49397-49410. [PMID: 27384481 PMCID: PMC5226516 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Among ALDH isoforms, ALDH1L1 in the folate pathway showed highly increased expression in non-small-cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC). Based on the basic mechanism of ALDH converting aldehyde to carboxylic acid with by-product NADH, we suggested that ALDH1L1 may contribute to ATP production using NADH through oxidative phosphorylation. ALDH1L1 knockdown reduced ATP production by up to 60% concomitantly with decrease of NADH in NSCLC. ALDH inhibitor, gossypol, also reduced ATP production in a dose dependent manner together with decrease of NADH level in NSCLC. A combination treatment of gossypol with phenformin, mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, synergized ATP depletion, which efficiently induced cell death. Pre-clinical xenograft model using human NSCLC demonstrated a remarkable therapeutic response to the combined treatment of gossypol and phenformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hee Kang
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hyeong Lee
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Boas Nam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wha Seong
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyoung Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Man Hong
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
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22
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Bonuccelli G, Peiris-Pages M, Ozsvari B, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Targeting cancer stem cell propagation with palbociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor: Telomerase drives tumor cell heterogeneity. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9868-9884. [PMID: 28039467 PMCID: PMC5354777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we systematically examined the role of telomerase activity in lung and ovarian cancer stem cell (CSC) propagation. For this purpose, we indirectly gauged telomerase activity, by linking the hTERT-promoter to eGFP. Using lung (A549) and ovarian (SKOV3) cancer cells, transduced with the hTERT-GFP reporter, we then employed GFP-expression levels to fractionate these cell lines into GFP-high and GFP-low populations. We functionally compared the phenotype of these GFP-high and GFP-low populations. More specifically, we now show that the cancer cells with higher telomerase activity (GFP-high) are more energetically activated, with increased mitochondrial mass and function, as well as increased glycolytic activity. This was further validated and confirmed by unbiased proteomics analysis. Cells with high telomerase activity also showed an increased capacity for stem cell activity (as measured using the 3D-spheroid assay) and cell migration (as measured using a Boyden chamber approach). These enhanced biological phenotypes were effectively inhibited by classical modulators of energy metabolism, which target either i) mitochondrial metabolism (i.e., oligomycin) or ii) glycolysis (i.e., 2-deoxy-glucose), or iii) by using the FDA-approved antibiotic doxycycline, which inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis. Finally, the level of telomerase activity also determined the ability of hTERT-high cells to proliferate, as assessed by measuring DNA synthesis via EdU incorporation. Consistent with these observations, treatment with an FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitor (PD-0332991/palbociclib) specifically blocked the propagation of both lung and ovarian CSCs. Virtually identical results were obtained with breast CSCs, which were also highly sensitive to palbociclib at concentrations in the nanomolar range. In summary, CSCs with high telomerase activity are among the most energetically activated, migratory and proliferative cell sub-populations. These observations may provide a mechanistic explanation for tumor metabolic heterogeneity, based on telomerase activity. FDA-approved drugs, such as doxycycline and palbociclib, were both effective at curtailing CSC propagation. Thus, these FDA-approved drugs could be used to target telomerase-high proliferative CSCs, in multiple cancer types. Finally, our experiments also allowed us to distinguish two different cellular populations of hTERT-high cells, one that was proliferative (i.e., replicative immortality) and the other that was non-proliferative (i.e., quiescent). We speculate that the non-proliferative population of hTERT-high cells that we identified could be mechanistically involved in tumor dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Bonuccelli
- Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Peiris-Pages
- Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Bela Ozsvari
- Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
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23
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Allen EL, Ulanet DB, Pirman D, Mahoney CE, Coco J, Si Y, Chen Y, Huang L, Ren J, Choe S, Clasquin MF, Artin E, Fan ZP, Cianchetta G, Murtie J, Dorsch M, Jin S, Smolen GA. Differential Aspartate Usage Identifies a Subset of Cancer Cells Particularly Dependent on OGDH. Cell Rep 2017; 17:876-890. [PMID: 27732861 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although aberrant metabolism in tumors has been well described, the identification of cancer subsets with particular metabolic vulnerabilities has remained challenging. Here, we conducted an siRNA screen focusing on enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and uncovered a striking range of cancer cell dependencies on OGDH, the E1 subunit of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Using an integrative metabolomics approach, we identified differential aspartate utilization, via the malate-aspartate shuttle, as a predictor of whether OGDH is required for proliferation in 3D culture assays and for the growth of xenograft tumors. These findings highlight an anaplerotic role of aspartate and, more broadly, suggest that differential nutrient utilization patterns can identify subsets of cancers with distinct metabolic dependencies for potential pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Allen
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - David Pirman
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - John Coco
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yaguang Si
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co. Ltd., 998 Halei Road, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co. Ltd., 998 Halei Road, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Jinmin Ren
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co. Ltd., 998 Halei Road, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Sung Choe
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Erin Artin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zi Peng Fan
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Joshua Murtie
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marion Dorsch
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shengfang Jin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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24
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Rowland EA, Snowden CK, Cristea IM. Protein lipoylation: an evolutionarily conserved metabolic regulator of health and disease. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 42:76-85. [PMID: 29169048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoylation is a rare, but highly conserved lysine posttranslational modification. To date, it is known to occur on only four multimeric metabolic enzymes in mammals, yet these proteins are staples in the core metabolic landscape. The dysregulation of these mitochondrial proteins is linked to a range of human metabolic disorders. Perhaps most striking is that lipoylation itself, the proteins that add or remove the modification, as well as the proteins it decorates are all evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans, highlighting the importance of this essential cofactor. Here, we discuss the biological significance of protein lipoylation, the importance of understanding its regulation in health and disease states, and the advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies that can aid these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rowland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Caroline K Snowden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
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25
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Viano M, Alotto D, Aillon A, Castagnoli C, Silvagno F. A thermal gradient modulates the oxidative metabolism and growth of human keratinocytes. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1843-1853. [PMID: 29226072 PMCID: PMC5715247 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During their spatial and differentiative progression, keratinocytes face a thermal gradient, from 37 °C in the proliferating basal layer to 32 °C found in skin surface. In our study, we hypothesized that this difference in temperature must be balanced by increasing the heat produced during respiratory activity. We demonstrated that at 33 °C human primary keratinocytes and HaCaT cells raised mitochondrial energy metabolism, but not glycolytic activity. At 33 °C, the increased mitochondrial ATP synthesis was associated with a strong induction of the modulator of the respiratory chain estrogen receptor β, whereas uncoupling protein 1 expression was not changed. The enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism was accompanied by a remarkable reduction in proliferation. These results suggest that environmental temperature can modulate the energy metabolism and proliferation of human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Viano
- Dipartimento di Oncologia University of Torino Italy
| | - Daniela Alotto
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistiche Banca della Cute University of Torino Italy
| | | | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistiche Banca della Cute University of Torino Italy
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26
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Gallardo-Pérez JC, Adán-Ladrón de Guevara A, Marín-Hernández A, Moreno-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. HPI/AMF inhibition halts the development of the aggressive phenotype of breast cancer stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Mandujano-Tinoco EA, Garcia-Venzor A, Muñoz-Galindo L, Lizarraga-Sanchez F, Favela-Orozco A, Chavez-Gutierrez E, Krötzsch E, Salgado RM, Melendez-Zajgla J, Maldonado V. miRNA expression profile in multicellular breast cancer spheroids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1642-1655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Fu Y, Liu S, Yin S, Niu W, Xiong W, Tan M, Li G, Zhou M. The reverse Warburg effect is likely to be an Achilles' heel of cancer that can be exploited for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57813-57825. [PMID: 28915713 PMCID: PMC5593685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although survival outcomes of cancer patients have been improved dramatically via conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapy over the last decades, there are still some tough clinical challenges that badly needs to be overcome, such as anticancer drug resistance, inevitable recurrences, cancer progression and metastasis. Simultaneously, accumulated evidence demonstrates that aberrant glucose metabolism termed ‘the Warburg effect’ in cancer cell is closely associated with malignant phenotypes. In 2009, a novel ‘two-compartment metabolic coupling’ model, also named ‘the reverse Warburg effect’, was proposed and attracted lots of attention. Based on this new model, we consider whether this new viewpoint can be exploited for improving the existent anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. Our review focuses on the paradigm shift from ‘the Warburg effect’ to ‘the reverse Warburg effect’, the features and molecular mechanisms of ‘the reverse Warburg effect’, and then we discuss its significance in fundamental researches and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Medical School of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Medical School of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
| | - Shanghelin Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Medical School of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
| | - Ming Tan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
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29
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Xie L, Song X, Guo W, Wang X, Wei L, Li Y, Lv L, Wang W, Chen TC, Song X. Therapeutic effect of TMZ-POH on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma depends on reactive oxygen species accumulation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1651-62. [PMID: 26625208 PMCID: PMC4811487 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common head and neck malignancy without efficient chemotherapeutic agents for it. In our current study, we demonstrated the cytotoxicity effects of a newly patented compound temozolomide–perillyl alcohol (TMZ-POH) on NPC in vitro and in vivo, and the possible mechanisms involved. Human NPC cell lines CNE1, CNE2, HNE2, and SUME-α were treated with control (DMSO), TMZ, POH, TMZ plus POH, and TMZ-POH. Our data indicated that TMZ-POH could inhibit NPC cell proliferation, cause G2/M arrest and DNA damage. TMZ-POH triggered apoptosis in NPC cells via significant activation of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Importantly, TMZ-POH-induced cell death was found to be associated with (i) the loss of inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and release of mitochondrial Cytochrome c, (ii) the increase in ROS generation, and (iii) the activation of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) signaling pathway. The generation of ROS in response to TMZ-POH seems to play a crucial role in the cell death process since the blockage of ROS production using the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine or catalase reversed the TMZ-POH-induced JNK activation, DNA damage, and cancer cell apoptosis. These results provide the rationale for further research and preclinical investigation of the antitumor effect of TMZ-POH against human NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xingguo Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Ultrasound Diagnosis Department, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xingwu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liyan Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Xianrang Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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30
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Fryknäs M, Zhang X, Bremberg U, Senkowski W, Olofsson MH, Brandt P, Persson I, D'Arcy P, Gullbo J, Nygren P, Schughart LK, Linder S, Larsson R. Iron chelators target both proliferating and quiescent cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38343. [PMID: 27924826 PMCID: PMC5141479 DOI: 10.1038/srep38343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly vascularized areas of solid tumors contain quiescent cell populations that are resistant to cell cycle-active cancer drugs. The compound VLX600 was recently identified to target quiescent tumor cells and to inhibit mitochondrial respiration. We here performed gene expression analysis in order to characterize the cellular response to VLX600. The compound-specific signature of VLX600 revealed a striking similarity to signatures generated by compounds known to chelate iron. Validation experiments including addition of ferrous and ferric iron in excess, EXAFS measurements, and structure activity relationship analyses showed that VLX600 chelates iron and supported the hypothesis that the biological effects of this compound is due to iron chelation. Compounds that chelate iron possess anti-cancer activity, an effect largely attributed to inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase in proliferating cells. Here we show that iron chelators decrease mitochondrial energy production, an effect poorly tolerated by metabolically stressed tumor cells. These pleiotropic features make iron chelators an attractive option for the treatment of solid tumors containing heterogeneous populations of proliferating and quiescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden.,Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Wojciech Senkowski
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Hägg Olofsson
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Persson
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Joachim Gullbo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leoni Kunz Schughart
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden.,Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Zhang X, De Milito A, Demiroglu-Zergeroglu A, Gullbo J, D'Arcy P, Linder S. Eradicating Quiescent Tumor Cells by Targeting Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:657-663. [PMID: 28741504 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of quiescent cell populations in solid tumors represents a major challenge for disease eradication. Such cells are generally present in poorly vascularized tumor areas, show limited sensitivity to traditional chemotherapeutical drugs, and tend to resume proliferation, resulting in tumor reseeding and growth. There is growing recognition of the importance of developing therapies that target these quiescent cell populations to achieve long-lasting remission. Recent studies have shown that the combination of hypoxia and reduced nutrient availability in poorly vascularized areas results in limited tumor metabolic plasticity coupled with an increased sensitivity to perturbations in mitochondrial flux. Targeting of mitochondrial bioenergetics in these quiescent cell tumor populations may enable tumor eradication and improve the prognosis of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Joachim Gullbo
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Marín-Hernández Á, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Hernández-Reséndiz I, Del Mazo-Monsalvo I, Robledo-Cadena DX, Moreno-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Hypoglycemia Enhances Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Invasiveness, and Restrains the Warburg Phenotype, in Hypoxic HeLa Cell Cultures and Microspheroids. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1346-1359. [PMID: 27661776 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated growth of solid tumors leads to episodes of both hypoxia and hypoglycemia (HH) affecting their intermediary metabolism, signal transduction, and transcriptional activity. A previous study showed that normoxia (20% O2 ) plus 24 h hypoglycemia (2.5 mM glucose) increased glycolytic flux whereas oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) was unchanged versus normoglycemia in HeLa cells. However, the simultaneous effect of HH on energy metabolism has not been yet examined. Therefore, the effect of hypoxia (0.1-1% O2 ) plus hypoglycemia on the energy metabolism of HeLa cells was analyzed by evaluating protein content and activity, along with fluxes of both glycolysis and OxPhos. Under hypoxia, in which cell growth ceased and OxPhos enzyme activities, ΔΨm and flux were depressed, hypoglycemia did not stimulate glycolytic flux despite increasing H-RAS, p-AMPK, GLUT1, GLUT3, and HKI levels, and further decreasing mitochondrial enzyme content. The impaired mitochondrial function in HH cells correlated with mitophagy activation. The depressed OxPhos and unchanged glycolysis pattern was also observed in quiescent cells from mature multicellular tumor spheroids, suggesting that these inner cell layers are similarly subjected to HH. The principal ATP supplier was glycolysis for HH 2D monolayer and 3D quiescent spheroid cells. Accordingly, the glycolytic inhibitors iodoacetate and gossypol were more effective than mitochondrial inhibitors in decreasing HH-cancer cell viability. Under HH, stem cell-, angiogenic-, and EMT-biomarkers, as well as glycoprotein-P content and invasiveness, were also enhanced. These observations indicate that HH cancer cells develop an attenuated Warburg and pronounced EMT- and invasive-phenotype. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1346-1359, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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33
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Theodoraki MA, Rezende CO, Chantarasriwong O, Corben AD, Theodorakis EA, Alpaugh ML. Spontaneously-forming spheroids as an in vitro cancer cell model for anticancer drug screening. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21255-67. [PMID: 26101913 PMCID: PMC4673263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited translational value in clinic of analyses performed on 2-D cell cultures has prompted a shift toward the generation of 3-dimensional (3-D) multicellular systems. Here we present a spontaneously-forming in vitro cancer spheroid model, referred to as spheroidsMARY-X, that precisely reflects the pathophysiological features commonly found in tumor tissues and the lymphovascular embolus. In addition, we have developed a rapid, inexpensive means to evaluate response following drug treatment where spheroid dissolution indices from brightfield image analyses are used to construct dose-response curves resulting in relevant IC50 values. Using the spheroidsMARY-X model, we demonstrate the unique ability of a new class of molecules, containing the caged Garcinia xanthone (CGX) motif, to induce spheroidal dissolution and apoptosis at IC50 values of 0.42 +/−0.02 μM for gambogic acid and 0.66 +/−0.02 μM for MAD28. On the other hand, treatment of spheroidsMARY-X with various currently approved chemotherapeutics of solid and blood-borne cancer types failed to induce any response as indicated by high dissolution indices and subsequent poor IC50 values, such as 7.8 +/−3.1 μM for paclitaxel. Our studies highlight the significance of the spheroidsMARY-X model in drug screening and underscore the potential of the CGX motif as a promising anticancer pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso O Rezende
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adriana D Corben
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuel A Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mary L Alpaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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34
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Cancer Stem Cells in Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Line H446: Higher Dependency on Oxidative Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Substrate-Level Phosphorylation than Non-Stem Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154576. [PMID: 27167619 PMCID: PMC4863974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) metabolism is becoming a promising therapeutic approach to improve cancer treatment outcomes. However, knowledge of the metabolic state of CSCs in small cell lung cancer is still lacking. In this study, we found that CSCs had significantly lower oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate than non-stem cancer cells. Meanwhile, this subpopulation of cells consumed less glucose, produced less lactate and maintained lower ATP levels. We also revealed that CSCs could produce more ATP through mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation during respiratory inhibition compared with non-stem cancer cells. Furthermore, they were more sensitive to suppression of oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, oligomycin (inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation) could severely impair sphere-forming and tumor-initiating abilities of CSCs. Our work suggests that CSCs represent metabolically inactive tumor subpopulations which sustain in a state showing low metabolic activity. However, mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation of CSCs may be more active than that of non-stem cancer cells. Moreover, CSCs showed preferential use of oxidative phosphorylation over glycolysis to meet their energy demand. These results extend our understanding of CSCs metabolism, potentially providing novel treatment strategies targeting metabolic pathways in small cell lung cancer.
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35
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Palma A, Grande S, Luciani AM, Mlynárik V, Guidoni L, Viti V, Rosi A. Metabolic Study of Breast MCF-7 Tumor Spheroids after Gamma Irradiation by (1)H NMR Spectroscopy and Microimaging. Front Oncol 2016; 6:105. [PMID: 27200293 PMCID: PMC4848320 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroids are an important model system to investigate the response of tumor cells to radio- and chemotherapy. They share more properties with the original tumor than cells cultured as 2D monolayers do, which helps distinguish the intrinsic properties of monolayer cells from those induced during cell aggregation in 3D spheroids. The paper investigates some metabolic aspects of small tumor spheroids of breast cancer and their originating MCF-7 cells, grown as monolayer, by means of high-resolution (HR) (1)H NMR spectroscopy and MR microimaging before and after gamma irradiation. The spectra of spheroids were characterized by higher intensity of mobile lipids, mostly neutral lipids, and glutamine (Gln) signals with respect to their monolayer cells counterpart, mainly owing to the lower oxygen supply in spheroids. Morphological changes of small spheroids after gamma-ray irradiation, such as loss of their regular shape, were observed by MR microimaging. Lipid signal intensity increased after irradiation, as evidenced in both MR localized spectra of the single spheroid and in HR NMR spectra of spheroid suspensions. Furthermore, the intense Gln signal from spectra of irradiated spheroids remained unchanged, while the low Gln signal observed in monolayer cells increased after irradiation. Similar results were observed in cells grown in hypoxic conditions. The different behavior of Gln in 2D monolayers and in 3D spheroids supports the hypothesis that a lower oxygen supply induces both an upregulation of Gln synthetase and a downregulation of glutaminases with the consequent increase in Gln content, as already observed under hypoxic conditions. The data herein indicate that (1)H NMR spectroscopy can be a useful tool for monitoring cell response to different constraints. The use of spheroid suspensions seems to be a feasible alternative to localized spectroscopy since similar effects were found after radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Palma
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sveva Grande
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Luciani
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladimír Mlynárik
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | | | | | - Antonella Rosi
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Integration of Mitochondrial Targeting for Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:283145. [PMID: 26713093 PMCID: PMC4680051 DOI: 10.1155/2015/283145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism greatly influences cancer cell survival, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to many anticancer drugs. Furthermore, molecular-targeted therapies (e.g., oncogenic kinase inhibitors) create a dependence of surviving cells on mitochondrial metabolism. For these reasons, inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism represents promising therapeutic pathways in cancer. This review provides an overview of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer and discusses the limitations of mitochondrial inhibition for cancer treatment. Finally, we present preclinical evidence that mitochondrial inhibition could be associated with oncogenic “drivers” inhibitors, which may lead to innovative drug combinations for improving the efficacy of molecular-targeted therapy.
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Targeting Mitochondrial Function to Treat Quiescent Tumor Cells in Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27313-26. [PMID: 26580606 PMCID: PMC4661878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disorganized nature of tumor vasculature results in the generation of microenvironments characterized by nutrient starvation, hypoxia and accumulation of acidic metabolites. Tumor cell populations in such areas are often slowly proliferating and thus refractory to chemotherapeutical drugs that are dependent on an active cell cycle. There is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic interventions that circumvent growth dependency. The screening of drug libraries using multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) or glucose-starved tumor cells has led to the identification of several compounds with promising therapeutic potential and that display activity on quiescent tumor cells. Interestingly, a common theme of these drug screens is the recurrent identification of agents that affect mitochondrial function. Such data suggest that, contrary to the classical Warburg view, tumor cells in nutritionally-compromised microenvironments are dependent on mitochondrial function for energy metabolism and survival. These findings suggest that mitochondria may represent an “Achilles heel” for the survival of slowly-proliferating tumor cells and suggest strategies for the development of therapy to target these cell populations.
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Agarwal R, Jurney P, Raythatha M, Singh V, Sreenivasan SV, Shi L, Roy K. Effect of shape, size, and aspect ratio on nanoparticle penetration and distribution inside solid tissues using 3D spheroid models. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2269-80. [PMID: 26376024 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Efficient penetration and uniform distribution of nanoparticles (NPs) inside solid tissues and tumors is paramount to their therapeutic and diagnostic success. While many studies have reported the effect of NP size and charge on intratissue distribution, role of shape, and aspect ratio on NP transport inside solid tissues remain unclear. Here experimental and theoretical studies are reported on how nanoscale geometry of Jet and Flash Imprint Lithography-fabricated, polyethylene-glycol-based anionic nanohydrogels affect their penetration and distribution inside 3D spheroids, a model representing the intervascular region of solid, tumor-like tissues. Unexpectedly, low aspect ratio cylindrical NPs (H/D ≈0.3; disk-like particles, 100 nm height, and 325 nm diameter) show maximal intratissue delivery (>50% increase in total cargo delivered) and more uniform penetration compared to nanorods or smaller NPs of the same shape. This is in contrast to spherical NPs where smaller NP size resulted in deeper, more uniform penetration. Our results provide fundamental new knowledge on NP transport inside solid tissues and further establish shape and aspect ratio as important design parameters in developing more efficient, better penetrating, nanocarriers for drug, or contrast-agent delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Agarwal
- The Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Patrick Jurney
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Mansi Raythatha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Vikramjit Singh
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | | | - Li Shi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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Moreno-Sánchez R, Saavedra E, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Rumjanek FD, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Understanding the cancer cell phenotype beyond the limitations of current omics analyses. FEBS J 2015; 283:54-73. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; Tlalpan Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; Tlalpan Mexico
| | | | | | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; Tlalpan Mexico
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Dual regulation of energy metabolism by p53 in human cervix and breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3266-78. [PMID: 26434996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of p53 as modulator of OxPhos and glycolysis was analyzed in HeLa-L (cells containing negligible p53 protein levels) and HeLa-H (p53-overexpressing) human cervix cancer cells under normoxia and hypoxia. In normoxia, functional p53, mitochondrial enzyme contents, mitochondrial electrical potential (ΔΨm) and OxPhos flux increased in HeLa-H vs. HeLa-L cells; whereas their glycolytic enzyme contents and glycolysis flux were unchanged. OxPhos provided more than 70% of the cellular ATP and proliferation was abolished by anti-mitochondrial drugs in HeLa-H cells. In hypoxia, both cell proliferations were suppressed, but HeLa-H cells exhibited a significant decrease in OxPhos protein contents, ΔΨm and OxPhos flux. Although glycolytic function was also diminished vs. HeLa-L cells in hypoxia, glycolysis provided more than 60% of cellular ATP in HeLa-H cells. The energy metabolism phenotype of HeLa-H cells was reverted to that of HeLa-L cells by incubating with pifithrin-α, a p53-inhibitor. In normoxia, the energy metabolism phenotype of breast cancer MCF-7 cells was similar to that of HeLa-H cells, whereas p53shRNAMCF-7 cells resembled the HeLa-L cell phenotype. In hypoxia, autophagy proteins and lysosomes contents increased 2-5 times in HeLa-H cells suggesting mitophagy activation. These results indicated that under normoxia p53 up-regulated OxPhos without affecting glycolysis, whereas under hypoxia, p53 down-regulated both OxPhos (severely) and glycolysis (weakly). These p53 effects appeared mediated by the formation of p53-HIF-1α complexes. Therefore, p53 exerts a dual and contrasting regulatory role on cancer energy metabolism, depending on the O₂level.
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Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) interacts with CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) in mitochondria to repress oxidative phosphorylation. BMC Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26210498 PMCID: PMC4515320 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cancer cells exhibit reduced mitochondrial respiration as part of metabolic reprogramming to support tumor growth. Mitochondrial localization of several protein tyrosine kinases is linked to this characteristic metabolic shift in solid tumors, but remains largely unknown in blood cancer. Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) is a key T-cell kinase and widely implicated in blood malignancies. The purpose of our study is to determine whether and how Lck contributes to metabolic shift in T-cell leukemia through mitochondrial localization. METHODS We compared the human leukemic T-cell line Jurkat with its Lck-deficient derivative Jcam cell line. Differences in mitochondrial respiration were measured by the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial superoxide. Detailed mitochondrial structure was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Lck localization was evaluated by subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins co-precipitated with Lck in leukemic T-cells. Protein interaction was validated by biochemical co-precipitation and confocal microscopy, followed by in situ proximity ligation assay microscopy to confirm close-range (<16 nm) interaction. RESULTS Jurkat cells have abnormal mitochondrial structure and reduced levels of mitochondrial respiration, which is associated with the presence of mitochondrial Lck and lower levels of mitochondrion-encoded electron transport chain proteins. Proteomics identified CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) as the novel Lck-interacting protein. Lck association with CRIF1 in Jurkat mitochondria was confirmed biochemically and by microscopy, but did not lead to CRIF1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Consistent with the role of CRIF1 in functional mitoribosome, shRNA-mediated silencing of CRIF1 in Jcam resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction similar to that observed in Jurkat. Reduced interaction between CRIF1 and Tid1, another key component of intramitochondrial translational machinery, in Jurkat further supports the role of mitochondrial Lck as a negative regulator of CRIF1 through competitive binding. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report demonstrating the role of mitochondrial Lck in metabolic reprogramming of leukemic cells. Mechanistically, it is distinct from other reported mitochondrial protein tyrosine kinases. In a kinase-independent manner, mitochondrial Lck interferes with mitochondrial translational machinery through competitive binding to CRIF1. These findings may reveal novel approaches in cancer therapy by targeting cancer cell metabolism.
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Xu XD, Shao SX, Jiang HP, Cao YW, Wang YH, Yang XC, Wang YL, Wang XS, Niu HT. Warburg effect or reverse Warburg effect? A review of cancer metabolism. Oncol Res Treat 2015; 38:117-22. [PMID: 25792083 DOI: 10.1159/000375435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human health. A considerable amount of research has focused on elucidating the nature of cancer from its pathogenesis to treatment and prevention. Tumor cell metabolism has been considered a hallmark of cancer. Cancer cells differ from normal cells through unlimited cell division, and show a greater need for energy for their rapid growth and duplication. Research on glycometabolism, as the key point of energy metabolism, has played a unique role. In the 1920s, Warburg found that cancer cells prefer to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by glycolysis, which is a less efficient pathway compared to oxidative phosphorylation. This striking discovery, called 'the Warburg effect', has influenced and guided the study of the mechanism and treatment of tumors for generations, but its causal relationship with cancer progression is still unclear. Some studies have now shown contradicting evidence and a new hypothesis, the reverse Warburg effect, has been put forward, in which cancer cells produce most of their ATP via glycolysis, even under aerobic conditions. In this review we discuss the new points concerning the energy metabolism of a tumor, as well as the current facts and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Dong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Application of metabolomics in drug resistant breast cancer research. Metabolites 2015; 5:100-18. [PMID: 25693144 PMCID: PMC4381292 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic profiles of breast cancer cells are different from normal mammary epithelial cells. Breast cancer cells that gain resistance to therapeutic interventions can reprogram their endogenous metabolism in order to adapt and proliferate despite high oxidative stress and hypoxic conditions. Drug resistance in breast cancer, regardless of subgroups, is a major clinical setback. Although recent advances in genomics and proteomics research has given us a glimpse into the heterogeneity that exists even within subgroups, the ability to precisely predict a tumor’s response to therapy remains elusive. Metabolomics as a quantitative, high through put technology offers promise towards devising new strategies to establish predictive, diagnostic and prognostic markers of breast cancer. Along with other “omics” technologies that include genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, metabolomics fits into the puzzle of a comprehensive systems biology approach to understand drug resistance in breast cancer. In this review, we highlight the challenges facing successful therapeutic treatment of breast cancer and the innovative approaches that metabolomics offers to better understand drug resistance in cancer.
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Grimm M, Cetindis M, Lehmann M, Biegner T, Munz A, Teriete P, Kraut W, Reinert S. Association of cancer metabolism-related proteins with oral carcinogenesis - indications for chemoprevention and metabolic sensitizing of oral squamous cell carcinoma? J Transl Med 2014; 12:208. [PMID: 25048361 PMCID: PMC4110933 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor metabolism is a crucial factor for the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods Expression of IGF-R1, glycolysis-related proteins (GLUT-1, HK 2, PFK-1, LDHA, TKTL1), mitochondrial enzymes (SDHA, SDHB, ATP synthase) were analyzed in normal oral mucosa (n = 5), oral precursor lesions (simple hyperplasia, n = 11; squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, SIN I-III, n = 35), and OSCC specimen (n = 42) by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis in OSCC cell lines. Metabolism-related proteins were correlated with proliferation activity (Ki-67) and apoptotic properties (TUNEL assay) in OSCC. Specificity of antibodies was confirmed by western blotting in cancer cell lines. Results Expression of IGF-R1, glycolysis-related proteins (GLUT-1, HK 2, LDHA, TKTL1), and mitochondrial enzymes (SDHA, SDHB, ATP synthase) were significantly increased in the carcinogenesis of OSCC. Metabolic active regions of OSCC were strongly correlated with proliferating cancer (Ki-67+) cells without detection of apoptosis (TUNEL assay). Conclusions This study provides the first evidence of the expression of IGF-R1, glycolysis-related proteins GLUT-1, HK 2, PFK-1, LDHA, and TKTL1, as well as mitochondrial enzymes SDHA, SDHB, and ATP synthase in the multi-step carcinogenesis of OSCC. Both, hypoxia-related glucose metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation characteristics are associated with the carcinogenesis of OSCC. Acidosis and OXPHOS may drive a metabolic shift towards the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Therefore, inhibition of the PPP, glycolysis, and targeted anti-mitochondrial therapies (ROS generation) by natural compounds or synthetic vitamin derivatives may act as sensitizer for apoptosis in cancer cells mediated by adjuvant therapies in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grimm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
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Canonical and new generation anticancer drugs also target energy metabolism. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1327-50. [PMID: 24792321 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made for the development of new anticancer drugs (protein kinase or proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal humanized antibodies) with presumably low or negligible side effects and high specificity. However, an in-depth analysis of the side effects of several currently used canonical (platin-based drugs, taxanes, anthracyclines, etoposides, antimetabolites) and new generation anticancer drugs as the first line of clinical treatment reveals significant perturbation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Canonical and new generation drug side effects include decreased (1) intracellular ATP levels, (2) glycolytic/mitochondrial enzyme/transporter activities and/or (3) mitochondrial electrical membrane potentials. Furthermore, the anti-proliferative effects of these drugs are markedly attenuated in tumor rho (0) cells, in which functional mitochondria are absent; in addition, several anticancer drugs directly interact with isolated mitochondria affecting their functions. Therefore, several anticancer drugs also target the energy metabolism, and hence, the documented inhibitory effect of anticancer drugs on cancer growth should also be linked to the blocking of ATP supply pathways. These often overlooked effects of canonical and new generation anticancer drugs emphasize the role of energy metabolism in maintaining cancer cells viable and its targeting as a complementary and successful strategy for cancer treatment.
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Moreno-Sánchez R, Marín-Hernández A, Saavedra E, Pardo JP, Ralph SJ, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Who controls the ATP supply in cancer cells? Biochemistry lessons to understand cancer energy metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 50:10-23. [PMID: 24513530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Applying basic biochemical principles, this review analyzes data that contrasts with the Warburg hypothesis that glycolysis is the exclusive ATP provider in cancer cells. Although disregarded for many years, there is increasing experimental evidence demonstrating that oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) makes a significant contribution to ATP supply in many cancer cell types and under a variety of conditions. Substrates oxidized by normal mitochondria such as amino acids and fatty acids are also avidly consumed by cancer cells. In this regard, the proposal that cancer cells metabolize glutamine for anabolic purposes without the need for a functional respiratory chain and OxPhos is analyzed considering thermodynamic and kinetic aspects for the reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. In addition, metabolic control analysis (MCA) studies applied to energy metabolism of cancer cells are reevaluated. Regardless of the experimental/environmental conditions and the rate of lactate production, the flux-control of cancer glycolysis is robust in the sense that it involves the same steps: glucose transport, hexokinase, hexosephosphate isomerase and glycogen degradation, all at the beginning of the pathway; these steps together with phosphofructokinase 1 also control glycolysis in normal cells. The respiratory chain complexes exert significantly higher flux-control on OxPhos in cancer cells than in normal cells. Thus, determination of the contribution of each pathway to ATP supply and/or the flux-control distribution of both pathways in cancer cells is necessary in order to identify differences from normal cells which may lead to the design of rational alternative therapies that selectively target cancer energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alvaro Marín-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Juan P Pardo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Stephen J Ralph
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Qld, Australia
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico; Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Laboratorio de Medicina Translacional, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico
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Kasinskas RW, Venkatasubramanian R, Forbes NS. Rapid uptake of glucose and lactate, and not hypoxia, induces apoptosis in three-dimensional tumor tissue culture. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:399-410. [PMID: 24503640 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The spatial arrangement of cellular metabolism in tumor tissue critically affects the treatment of cancer. However, little is known about how diffusion and cellular uptake relate to intracellular metabolism and cell death in three dimensions. To quantify these mechanisms, fluorescent microscopy and multicellular tumor cylindroids were used to measure pH and oxygen profiles, and quantify the distribution of viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells. Spheroid dissociation, enzymatic analysis, and mass spectrometry were used to measure concentration profiles of glucose, lactate and glutamine. A mathematical model was used to integrate these measurements and calculate metabolic rate parameters. It was found that large cylindroids, >500 μm in diameter, contained apoptotic and necrotic cells, whereas small cylindroids contained apoptotic but not necrotic cells. The center of cylindroids was found to be acidic but not hypoxic. From the edge to the center, concentrations of glucose, lactate and glutamine decreased rapidly. Throughout the cell masses lactate was consumed and not produced. These measurements indicate that apoptosis was the primary mechanism of cell death; acidity was not caused by lactic acid; and cell death was caused by depletion of carbon sources and not hypoxia. The mathematical model showed that the transporter enzymes for glucose and lactate were not saturated; oxygen uptake was limited by intracellular metabolism; and oxygen uptake was not limited by membrane-transport or diffusion. Unsaturated transmembrane uptake may be the cause of both proliferative and apoptotic regimes in cancer. These results suggest that transporter enzymes are excellent targets for treating well oxygenated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Kasinskas
- N525 Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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GPI/AMF inhibition blocks the development of the metastatic phenotype of mature multi-cellular tumor spheroids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1043-53. [PMID: 24440856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cellular invasiveness are two pivotal processes for the development of metastatic tumor phenotypes. The metastatic profile of non-metastatic MCF-7 cells growing as multi-cellular tumor microspheroids (MCTSs) was analyzed by determining the contents of the EMT, invasive and migratory proteins, as well as their migration and invasiveness potential and capacity to secrete active cytokines such as the glucose phosphate isomerase/AMF (GPI/AMF). As for the control, the same analysis was also performed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (highly metastatic, MDA) monolayer cells, and in stage IIIB and IV human metastatic breast biopsies. The proliferative cell layers (PRL) of mature MCF-7 MCTSs, MDA monolayer cells and metastatic biopsies exhibited increased cellular contents (2-15 times) of EMT (β-catenin, SNAIL), migratory (vimentin, cytokeratin, and fibronectin) and invasive (MMP-1, VEGF) proteins versus MCF-7 monolayer cells, quiescent cell layers of mature MCF-7 MCTS and non-metastatic breast biopsies. The increase in metastatic proteins correlated with substantially elevated cellular abilities for migration (18-times) and invasiveness (13-times) and with the higher level (6-times) of the cytokine GPI/AMF in the extracellular medium of PRL, as compared to MCF-7 monolayer cells. Interestingly, the addition of the GPI/AMF inhibitors erythrose-4-phosphate or 6-phosphogluconate at micromolar doses significantly decreased its extracellular activity (>80%), with a concomitant diminution in the metastatic protein content and migratory tumor cell capacity, and with no inhibitory effect on tumor lactate production or toxicity on 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. The present findings provide new insights into the discovery of metabolic inhibitors to be used as complementary therapy against metastatic and aggressive tumors.
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Marín-Hernández A, López-Ramírez SY, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Moreno-Sánchez R, Saavedra E. Systems Biology Approaches to Cancer Energy Metabolism. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY OF METABOLIC AND SIGNALING NETWORKS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38505-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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