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Hanada T, Empitu MA, Mines GI, Ma Q, Omorodion IL, Link A, Schwake CJ, Krueger RM, DaRosa NS, Levin AE, Vannier E, Chishti AH. Identification of Babesia microti immunoreactive antigens by phage display cDNA screen. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0021524. [PMID: 38884473 PMCID: PMC11238553 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00215-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis is a malaria-like illness caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesia microti is responsible for most cases of human babesiosis in the United States, particularly in the Northeast and the Upper Midwest. Babesia microti is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected deer ticks but also through the transfusion of blood components, particularly red blood cells. There is a high risk of severe and even fatal disease in immunocompromised patients. To date, serology testing relies on an indirect immunofluorescence assay that uses the whole Babesia microti antigen. Here, we report the construction of phage display cDNA libraries from Babesia microti-infected erythrocytes as well as human reticulocytes obtained from donors with hereditary hemochromatosis. Plasma samples were obtained from patients who were or had been infected with Babesia microti. The non-specific antibody reactivity of these plasma samples was minimized by pre-exposure to the human reticulocyte library. Using this novel experimental strategy, immunoreactive segments were identified in three Babesia microti antigens termed BmSA1 (also called BMN1-9; BmGPI12), BMN1-20 (BMN1-17; Bm32), and BM4.12 (N1-15). Moreover, our findings indicate that the major immunoreactive segment of BmSA1 does not overlap with the segment that mediates BmSA1 binding to mature erythrocytes. When used in combination, the three immunoreactive segments form the basis of a sensitive and comprehensive diagnostic immunoassay for human babesiosis, with implications for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Hanada
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maulana A. Empitu
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory I. Mines
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qianni Ma
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iziegbe L. Omorodion
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ansel Link
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher J. Schwake
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel M. Krueger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas S. DaRosa
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Edouard Vannier
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athar H. Chishti
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zuo S, Lu J, Sun Y, Song J, Han S, Feng X, Han ET, Cheng Y. The Plasmodium vivax MSP1P-19 is involved in binding of reticulocytes through interactions with the membrane proteins band3 and CD71. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107285. [PMID: 38636656 PMCID: PMC11107369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The parasite Plasmodium vivax preferentially invades human reticulocytes. Its merozoite surface protein 1 paralog (PvMSP1P), particularly the 19-kDa C-terminal region (PvMSP1P-19), has been shown to bind to reticulocytes, and this binding can be inhibited by antisera obtained by PvMSP1P-19 immunization. The molecular mechanism of interactions between PvMSP1P-19 and reticulocytes during P. vivax invasion, however, remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the ability of MSP1P-19 to bind to different concentrations of reticulocytes and confirmed its reticulocyte preference. LC-MS analysis was used to identify two potential reticulocyte receptors, band3 and CD71, that interact with MSP1P-19. Both PvMSP1P-19 and its sister taxon Plasmodium cynomolgi MSP1P-19 were found to bind to the extracellular loop (loop 5) of band3, where the interaction of MSP1P-19 with band3 was chymotrypsin sensitive. Antibodies against band3-P5, CD71, and MSP1P-19 reduced the binding activity of PvMSP1P-19 and Plasmodium cynomolgi MSP1P-19 to reticulocytes, while MSP1P-19 proteins inhibited Plasmodium falciparum invasion in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. To sum up, identification and characterization of the reticulocyte receptor is important for understanding the binding of reticulocytes by MSP1P-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghuan Zuo
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiachen Lu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su Han
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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Sathishkumar V, Nirmolia T, Bhattacharyya DR, Patgiri SJ. Genetic polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum msp-1, msp-2 and glurp vaccine candidate genes in pre-artemisinin era clinical isolates from Lakhimpur district in Assam, Northeast India. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000350. [PMID: 35812711 PMCID: PMC9260089 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Northeast India shares its international border with Southeast Asia and has a number of malaria endemic zones. Monitoring genetic diversity of malaria parasites is important in this area as drug resistance and increasing genetic diversity form a vicious cycle in which one favours the development of the other. This retrospective study was done to evaluate the genetic diversity patterns in Plasmodium falciparum strains circulating in North Lakhimpur area of Assam in the pre-artemisinin era and compare the findings with current diversity patterns. Methods Genomic DNA extraction was done from archived blood spot samples collected in 2006 from malaria-positive cases in Lakhimpur district of Assam, Northeast India. Three antigenic markers of genetic diversity were studied – msp-1 (block-2), msp-2 (block-3) and the glurp RII region of P. falciparum using nested PCR. Results Allelic diversity was examined in 71 isolates and high polymorphism was observed. In msp-1, eight genotypes were detected; K1 (single allele), MAD20 (six different alleles) and RO33 (single allele) allelic families were noted. Among msp-2 genotypes, 22 distinct alleles were observed out of which FC27 had six alleles and IC/3D7 had 16 alleles. In RII region of glurp, nine genotypes were obtained. Expected heterozygosity (HE) values of the three antigenic markers were 0.72, 0.81 and 0.88, respectively. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) values noted were 1.28, 1.84 and 1.04 for msp-1, msp-2 and glurp, respectively. Conclusion Results suggest a high level of genetic diversity in P. falciparum msp (block-2 of msp-1 and block-3 of msp-2) and the glurp RII region in Northeast India in the pre-artemisinin era when chloroqunine was the primary drug used for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Comparison with current studies have revealed that the genetic diversity in these genes is still high in this region, complicating malaria vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagam Sathishkumar
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | - Tulika Nirmolia
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | | | - Saurav Jyoti Patgiri
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
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Lu J, Chu R, Yin Y, Yu H, Xu Q, Yang B, Sun Y, Song J, Wang Q, Xu J, Lu F, Cheng Y. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored micronemal antigen (GAMA) interacts with the band 3 receptor to promote erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101765. [PMID: 35202655 PMCID: PMC8931436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored micronemal antigen (GAMA) is an erythrocyte binding protein known to be involved in malarial parasite invasion. Although anti-GAMA antibodies have been shown to block GAMA attachment to the erythrocyte surface and subsequently inhibit parasite invasion, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which GAMA promotes the invasion process. In this study, LC-MS analysis was performed on the erythrocyte membrane to identify the specific receptor that interacts with GAMA. We found that ankyrin 1 and the band 3 membrane protein showed affinity for GAMA, and characterization of their binding specificity indicated that both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax GAMA bound to the same extracellular loop of band 3 (loop 5). In addition, we show the interaction between GAMA and band 3 was sensitive to chymotrypsin. Furthermore, antibodies against band 3 loop 5 were able to reduce the binding activity of GAMA to erythrocytes and inhibit the invasion of P. falciparum merozoites into human erythrocytes, whereas antibodies against P. falciparum GAMA (PfGAMA)-Tr3 only slightly reduced P. falciparum invasion. The identification and characterization of the erythrocyte GAMA receptor is a novel finding that identifies an essential mechanism of parasite invasion of host erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruilin Chu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijie Yu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinwen Xu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiubo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Badior KE, Casey JR. Large conformational dynamics in Band 3 protein: Significance for erythrocyte senescence signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183678. [PMID: 34175296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Band 3 (Anion Exchanger 1, AE1), the predominant protein of erythrocyte membranes, facilitates Cl-/HCO3- exchange and anchors the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton. The Band 3 crystal structure revealed the amino acid 812-830 region as intracellular, conflicting with protein chemical data that suggested extracellular disposition. Further, circulating senescent cell auto-antibody that cannot enter erythrocytes, binds two regions of Band 3: residues 538-554 and 812-830. To reconcile this discrepancy, we assessed localization of residues 812-830 with Band 3 expressed in HEK293 cells and human erythrocytes, using chemical labeling probes and an antibody against residues 812-830. Antibody and chemical probes revealed reorientation of 812-830 region between extracellular and intracellular. This dramatic conformational change is an intrinsic property of the Band 3 molecule, occurring when expressed in HEK293 cells and without the damage that occurs during erythrocyte circulation. Conditions used to crystallize Band 3 for structural determination did not alter conformational dynamics. Collectively, these data reveal large Band 3 conformational dynamics localized to a region previously identified as an erythrocyte senescence epitope. Surface exposure of the senescence epitope (812-830), limited by conformational dynamics, may act as the "molecular clock" in erythrocyte senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Badior
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Joseph R Casey
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Castro-Salguedo C, Mendez-Cuadro D, Moneriz C. Erythrocyte membrane proteins involved in the immune response to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infection. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1789-1797. [PMID: 33797613 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of Plasmodium into the red blood cell involves the interactions of a substantial number of proteins, with red cell membrane proteins as the most involved throughout the process from entry to exit. The objective of this work was to identify proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane capable of generating an antigenic response to P. falciparum and P. vivax infection, with the goal of searching for new molecular targets of interest with an immunological origin to prevent Plasmodium infection. To identify these proteins, an immunoproteomic technique was carried out in four stages: protein separation (electrophoresis), detection of antigenic proteins (western blotting), identification of proteins of interest (mass spectrometry), and interpretation of the data (bioinformatic analysis). Four proteins were identified from extracts of membrane proteins from erythrocytes infected with P. falciparum: Spectrin, Ankyrin-1, Band 3 and band 4.2, and a single protein was identified from erythrocytes infected with P. vivax: Band 3. These results demonstrate that modifications in the red blood cell membrane during infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax can generate an immune response, altering proteins of great structural and functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Castro-Salguedo
- Biochemistry and Diseases Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas-GIB, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena, 130010, Colombia
| | - Darío Mendez-Cuadro
- Analytical Chemistry and Biomedicine Group, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Carlos Moneriz
- Biochemistry and Diseases Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia.
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Phosphorylation of Rhoptry Protein RhopH3 Is Critical for Host Cell Invasion by the Malaria Parasite. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00166-20. [PMID: 33024030 PMCID: PMC7542355 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00166-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell invasion by the malaria parasite is critical for establishing infection in human host and is dependent on discharge of key ligands from organelles like rhoptry and microneme, and these ligands interact with host RBC receptors. In the present study, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of a key rhoptry protein, RhopH3, is critical for host invasion. Phosphorylation regulates its localization to rhoptries and discharge from the parasite. Merozoites formed after asexual division of the malaria parasite invade the host red blood cells (RBCs), which is critical for initiating malaria infection. The process of invasion involves specialized organelles like micronemes and rhoptries that discharge key proteins involved in interaction with host RBC receptors. RhopH complex comprises at least three proteins, which include RhopH3. RhopH3 is critical for the process of red blood cell (RBC) invasion as well as intraerythrocytic development of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It is phosphorylated at serine 804 (S804) in the parasite; however, it is unclear if phosphorylation regulates its function. To address this, a CRISPR-CAS9-based approach was used to mutate S804 to alanine (A) in P. falciparum. Using this phosphomutant (R3_S804A) of RhopH3, we demonstrate that the phosphorylation of S804 is critical for host RBC invasion by the parasite but not for its intraerythrocytic development. Importantly, the phosphorylation of RhopH3 regulates its localization to the rhoptries and discharge from the parasite, which is critical for RBC invasion. We also identified P. falciparum CDPK1 (PfCDPK1) as a possible candidate kinase for RhopH3-S804 phosphorylation and found that it regulates RhopH3 secretion from the parasite. These findings provide novel insights into the role of phosphorylation in rhoptry release and invasion, which is poorly understood.
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Molecular study of binding of Plasmodium ribosomal protein P2 to erythrocytes. Biochimie 2020; 176:181-191. [PMID: 32717409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ribosomal protein P2 of Plasmodium falciparum, (PfP2), performs certain unique extra-ribosomal functions. During the few hours of cell-division, PfP2 protein moves to the external surface of the infected erythrocytes (IE) as an SDS-resistant oligomer, and at that stage treatment with specific anti- PfP2 antibodies results in an arrest of the parasite cell-division. Amongst the oligomeric forms of PfP2, mainly the homo-tetramer is peripherally anchored on the external surface of the IE. To study the anchoring of PfP2 tetramer on IE-surface, we have explored the binding properties of PfP2 protein. Using NMR and erythrocyte pull-down studies, here we report that the homo-tetrameric PfP2 protein interacted specifically with erythrocytes and not leukocytes. The hydrophobic N-terminal 72 amino acid region is the major interacting domain. The binding of P2 to RBCs was neuraminidase resistant, but trypsin sensitive. The RBC binding was exclusive to the Plasmodium PfP2 protein as even the homologous protein of the closely related Apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii TgP2 protein did not interact with erythrocytes. Pull down assays, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry data showed that erythrocytic Band 3 protein is a possible interactor of Plasmodium PfP2 protein on the erythrocyte surface.
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Plasmodium falciparum Clag9-Associated PfRhopH Complex Is Involved in Merozoite Binding to Human Erythrocytes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00504-19. [PMID: 31712270 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00504-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoadherence-linked asexual gene 9 (Clag9), a conserved Plasmodium protein expressed during the asexual blood stages, is involved in the cytoadherence of infected red blood cells (RBCs) to the endothelial lining of blood vessels. Here, we show that Plasmodium falciparum Clag9 (PfClag9) is a component of the PfClag9-RhopH complex that is involved in merozoite binding to human erythrocytes. To characterize PfClag9, we expressed four fragments of PfClag9, encompassing the entire protein. Immunostaining analysis using anti-PfClag9 antibodies showed expression and localization of PfClag9 at the apical end of the merozoites. Mass spectrometric analysis of merozoite extracts after immunoprecipitation using anti-PfClag9 antibody identified P. falciparum rhoptry-associated protein 1 (PfRAP1), PfRAP2, PfRAP3, PfRhopH2, and PfRhopH3 as associated proteins. The identified rhoptry proteins were expressed, and their association with PfClag9 domains was assessed by using protein-protein interaction tools. We further showed that PfClag9 binds human RBCs by interacting with the glycophorin A-band 3 receptor-coreceptor complex. In agreement with its cellular localization, PfClag9 was strongly recognized by antibodies generated during natural infection. Mice immunized with the C-terminal domain of PfClag9 were partially protected against a subsequent challenge infection with Plasmodium berghei, further supporting a biological role of PfClag9 during natural infection. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence for the existence of a PfRhopH-Clag9 complex on the Plasmodium merozoite surface that binds to human RBCs.
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Human erythrocyte band 3 is a host receptor for Plasmodium falciparum glutamic acid-rich protein. Blood 2018; 133:470-480. [PMID: 30545833 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-865451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global threat to human health and economic development. Microvascular lesions caused by Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes/red blood cells are hallmarks of severe pathogenesis contributing to high mortality, particularly in children from sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we used a phage display complementary DNA library screening strategy to identify P falciparum glutamic acid-rich protein (PfGARP) as a secreted ligand that recognizes an ectodomain of human erythrocyte anion-exchanger, band 3/AE1, as a host receptor. Domain mapping of PfGARP revealed distinct nonoverlapping repeats encoding the immune response epitopes and core erythrocyte-binding activity. Synthetic peptides derived from the erythrocyte-binding repeats of PfGARP induced erythrocyte aggregation reminiscent of the rosetting phenomenon. Using peptides derived from the immunogenic repeats, a quantitative immunoassay was developed to detect a selective immune response against PfGARP in human plasma samples obtained from patients in rural Mali, suggesting the feasibility of PfGARP as a potential biomarker of disease progression. Collectively, our results suggest that PfGARP may play a functional role in enhancing the adhesive properties of human erythrocytes by engaging band 3 as a host receptor. We propose that immunological and pharmacological inhibition of PfGARP may unveil new therapeutic options for mitigating lesions in cerebral and pregnancy-associated malaria.
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11
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Mourão LC, Baptista RDP, de Almeida ZB, Grynberg P, Pucci MM, Castro-Gomes T, Fontes CJF, Rathore S, Sharma YD, da Silva-Pereira RA, Bemquerer MP, Braga ÉM. Anti-band 3 and anti-spectrin antibodies are increased in Plasmodium vivax infection and are associated with anemia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8762. [PMID: 29884876 PMCID: PMC5993813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of non-infected red blood cells (nRBCs) is one of the main components of anemia associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria. Recently, we have shown that anemic patients with P. vivax infection had elevated levels of anti-RBCs antibodies, which could enhance in vitro phagocytosis of nRBCs and decrease their deformability. Using immunoproteomics, here we characterized erythrocytic antigens that are differentially recognized by autoantibodies from anemic and non-anemic patients with acute vivax malaria. Protein spots exclusively recognized by anemic P. vivax-infected patients were identified by mass spectrometry revealing band 3 and spectrin as the main targets. To confirm this finding, antibody responses against these specific proteins were assessed by ELISA. In addition, an inverse association between hemoglobin and anti-band 3 or anti-spectrin antibodies levels was found. Anemic patients had higher levels of IgG against both band 3 and spectrin than the non-anemic ones. To determine if these autoantibodies were elicited because of molecular mimicry, we used in silico analysis and identified P. vivax proteins that share homology with human RBC proteins such as spectrin, suggesting that infection drives autoimmune responses. These findings suggest that band 3 and spectrin are potential targets of autoantibodies that may be relevant for P. vivax malaria-associated anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Carvalho Mourão
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maíra Mazzoni Pucci
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Sumit Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Érika Martins Braga
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Awandare GA, Nyarko PB, Aniweh Y, Ayivor-Djanie R, Stoute JA. Plasmodium falciparum strains spontaneously switch invasion phenotype in suspension culture. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5782. [PMID: 29636510 PMCID: PMC5893586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive redundancy in the use of invasion ligands by Plasmodium falciparum, and its unique ability to switch between invasion pathways have hampered vaccine development. P. falciparum strains Dd2 and W2mef have been shown to change from sialic acid (SA)-dependent to SA-independent phenotypes when selected on neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes. Following an observation of increasing ability of Dd2 to invade neuraminidase-treated cells when cultured for several weeks, we systematically investigated this phenomenon by comparing invasion phenotypes of Dd2, W2mef and 3D7 strains of P. falciparum that were cultured with gentle shaking (Suspended) or under static (Static) conditions. While Static Dd2 and W2mef remained SA-dependent for the entire duration of the investigation, Suspended parasites spontaneously and progressively switched to SA-independent phenotype from week 2 onwards. Furthermore, returning Suspended cultures to Static conditions led to a gradual reversal to SA-dependent phenotype. The switch to SA-independent phenotype was accompanied by upregulation of the key invasion ligand, reticulocyte-binding homologue 4 (RH4), and the increased invasion was inhibited by antibodies to the RH4 receptor, CR1. Our data demonstrates a novel mechanism for inducing the switching of invasion pathways in P. falciparum parasites and may provide clues for understanding the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. .,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Prince B Nyarko
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Reuben Ayivor-Djanie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - José A Stoute
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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13
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Protein-protein interaction studies reveal the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 region involved in a complex formation that binds to human erythrocytes. Biochem J 2018; 475:1197-1209. [PMID: 29511044 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (PfMSP) 1 has been studied extensively as a vaccine candidate antigen. PfMSP-1 undergoes proteolytic processing into four major products, such as p83, p30, p38, and p42, that are associated in the form of non-covalent complex(s) with other MSPs. To delineate MSP1 regions involved in the interaction with other MSPs, here we expressed recombinant proteins (PfMSP-165) encompassing part of p38 and p42 regions and PfMSP-119 PfMSP-165 interacted strongly with PfMSP-3, PfMSP-6, PfMSP-7, and PfMSP-9, whereas PfMSP-119 did not interact with any of these proteins. Since MSP-1 complex binds human erythrocytes, we examined the ability of these proteins to bind human erythrocyte. Among the proteins of MSP-1 complex, PfMSP-6 and PfMSP-9 bound to human erythrocytes. Serological studies showed that PfMSP-165 was frequently recognized by sera from malaria endemic regions, whereas this was not the case for PfMSP-119 In contrast, antibodies against PfMSP-119 showed much higher inhibition of merozoite invasion compared with antibodies against the larger PfMSP-165 fragment. Importantly, anti-PfMSP-119 antibodies recognized both recombinant proteins, PfMSP-119 and PfMSP-165; however, anti-PfMSP-165 antibody failed to recognize the PfMSP-119 protein. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PfMSP-1 sequences upstream of the 19 kDa C-terminal region are involved in molecular interactions with other MSPs, and these sequences may probably serve as a smoke screen to evade antibody response to the membrane-bound C-terminal 19 kDa region.
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14
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Human Cyclophilin B forms part of a multi-protein complex during erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1548. [PMID: 29146974 PMCID: PMC5691159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of human erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites involves multiple interactions between host receptors and their merozoite ligands. Here we report human Cyclophilin B as a receptor for PfRhopH3 during merozoite invasion. Localization and binding studies show that Cyclophilin B is present on the erythrocytes and binds strongly to merozoites. We demonstrate that PfRhopH3 binds to the RBCs and their treatment with Cyclosporin A prevents merozoite invasion. We also show a multi-protein complex involving Cyclophilin B and Basigin, as well as PfRhopH3 and PfRh5 that aids the invasion. Furthermore, we report identification of a de novo peptide CDP3 that binds Cyclophilin B and blocks invasion by up to 80%. Collectively, our data provide evidence of compounded interactions between host receptors and merozoite surface proteins and paves the way for developing peptide and small-molecules that inhibit the protein−protein interactions, individually or in toto, leading to abrogation of the invasion process. Invasion of red blood cells by Plasmodium falciparum is a complex process and relies on several receptor-ligand interactions. Here, the authors show that human cyclophilin B binds Plasmodium surface protein PfRhopH3 and that interruption of this interaction reduces invasion by 80%.
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15
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Acharya P, Garg M, Kumar P, Munjal A, Raja KD. Host-Parasite Interactions in Human Malaria: Clinical Implications of Basic Research. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:889. [PMID: 28572796 PMCID: PMC5435807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium, is one of the oldest parasites documented to infect humans and has proven particularly hard to eradicate. One of the major hurdles in designing an effective subunit vaccine against the malaria parasite is the insufficient understanding of host–parasite interactions within the human host during infections. The success of the parasite lies in its ability to evade the human immune system and recruit host responses as physiological cues to regulate its life cycle, leading to rapid acclimatization of the parasite to its immediate host environment. Hence understanding the environmental niche of the parasite is crucial in developing strategies to combat this deadly infectious disease. It has been increasingly recognized that interactions between parasite proteins and host factors are essential to establishing infection and virulence at every stage of the parasite life cycle. This review reassesses all of these interactions and discusses their clinical importance in designing therapeutic approaches such as design of novel vaccines. The interactions have been followed from the initial stages of introduction of the parasite under the human dermis until asexual and sexual blood stages which are essential for transmission of malaria. We further classify the interactions as “direct” or “indirect” depending upon their demonstrated ability to mediate direct physical interactions of the parasite with host factors or their indirect manipulation of the host immune system since both forms of interactions are known to have a crucial role during infections. We also discuss the many ways in which this understanding has been taken to the field and the success of these strategies in controlling human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Manika Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard UniversityNew Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - K D Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
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16
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Ito D, Schureck MA, Desai SA. An essential dual-function complex mediates erythrocyte invasion and channel-mediated nutrient uptake in malaria parasites. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28221136 PMCID: PMC5349850 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites evade immune detection by growth and replication within erythrocytes. After erythrocyte invasion, the intracellular pathogen must increase host cell uptake of nutrients from plasma. Here, we report that the parasite-encoded RhopH complex contributes to both invasion and channel-mediated nutrient uptake. As rhoph2 and rhoph3 gene knockouts were not viable in the human P. falciparum pathogen, we used conditional knockdowns to determine that the encoded proteins are essential and to identify their stage-specific functions. We exclude presumed roles for RhopH2 and CLAG3 in erythrocyte invasion but implicate a RhopH3 contribution either through ligand-receptor interactions or subsequent parasite internalization. These proteins then traffic via an export translocon to the host membrane, where they form a nutrient channel. Knockdown of either RhopH2 or RhopH3 disrupts the entire complex, interfering with organellar targeting and subsequent trafficking. Therapies targeting this complex should attack the pathogen at two critical points in its cycle. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23485.001 The parasites that cause malaria in humans and other animals infect and live inside red blood cells to escape attack by their hosts’ immune systems. Malaria parasites grow and multiply in red blood cells before bursting out and invading new red blood cells. To fuel this growth, the parasite needs access to sugars and other nutrients that are found outside in the bloodstream. Malaria parasites achieve this by inserting some of their own proteins into the membrane of the red blood cell to form an unusual channel that allows the nutrients to enter the cell. A parasite protein called CLAG3 (also known as RhopH1) is involved in formation of the unusual nutrient channel. Unlike most other proteins, malaria parasites make the CLAG3 protein while they are inside one cell and release it later when they invade a new red blood cell. The CLAG3 protein also binds to two other parasite proteins, called RhopH2 and RhopH3, to form a larger protein complex. However, it was not known what roles these other proteins played, or why the complex was made in the preceding red blood cell. Ito et al. have now addressed these unknowns by editing the genes of the parasite that causes the most dangerous form of malaria in people, a parasite called Plasmodium falciparum. These experiments revealed that the parasites could still invade host cells as normal if they lost CLAG3 and RhopH2. This suggests, that contrary to what was expected, CLAG3 and RhopH2 are not needed for the invasion process. Instead, the experiments revealed that RhopH3 serves a major role in invasion, either by helping the parasite to interact with or enter the new red blood cell. After the parasite has invaded the cell, this complex of three proteins is shuttled to the red blood cell’s membrane, where it inserts to help form the nutrient channel. The findings of Ito et al. reveal that one protein complex serves two unrelated but essential roles at different locations and time points in the life cycle of a malaria parasite. Since a parasite will not survive if it cannot enter a host cell and obtain nutrients, interfering with these processes by targeting this protein complex could lead to new therapies against malaria in the future. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23485.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ito
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Marc A Schureck
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Sanjay A Desai
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Red cell receptors provide unique entry points for Plasmodium parasites to initiate blood-stage malaria infection. Parasites encode distinct ligands that bind specifically to both highly abundant and low-copy receptors. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular and structural mechanisms of these interactions provide fundamental insights into receptor-ligand biology and molecular targets for intervention. RECENT FINDINGS The review focuses on the requirements for known interactions, insight derived from complex structures, and mechanisms of receptor/ligand engagement. Further, novel roles for established red cell membrane proteins, parasite ligands and associated interacting partners have recently been established in red cell invasion. SUMMARY The new knowledge underlines the intricacies involved in invasion by a eukaryotic parasite into a eukaryotic host cell demonstrated by expanded parasite ligand families, redundancy in red cell receptor engagement, multitiered temporal binding, and the breadth of receptors engaged.
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18
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Rathore S, Dass S, Kandari D, Kaur I, Gupta M, Sharma YD. Basigin Interacts with Plasmodium vivax Tryptophan-rich Antigen PvTRAg38 as a Second Erythrocyte Receptor to Promote Parasite Growth. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:462-476. [PMID: 27881677 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the host-parasite interaction during red cell invasion by Plasmodium is important for developing newer antimalarial therapeutics. Recently, we have characterized a Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigen PvTRAg38, which is expressed by its merozoites, binds to host erythrocytes, and interferes with parasite growth. Interaction of this parasite ligand with the host erythrocyte occurs through its two regions present at amino acid positions 167-178 (P2) and 197-208 (P4). Each region recognizes its own erythrocyte receptor. Previously, we identified band 3 as the chymotrypsin-sensitive erythrocyte receptor for the P4 region, but the other receptor, binding to P2 region, remained unknown. Here, we have identified basigin as the second erythrocyte receptor for PvTRAg38, which is resistant to chymotrypsin. The specificity of interaction between PvTRAg38 and basigin was confirmed by direct interaction where basigin was specifically recognized by P2 and not by the P4 region of this parasite ligand. Interaction between P2 and basigin is stabilized through multiple amino acid residues, but Gly-171 and Leu-175 of P2 were more critical. These two amino acids were also critical for parasite growth. Synthetic peptides P2 and P4 of PvTRAg38 interfered with the parasite growth independently but had an additive effect if combined together indicating involvement of both the receptors during red cell invasion. In conclusion, PvTRAg38 binds to two erythrocyte receptors basigin and band 3 through P2 and P4 regions, respectively, to facilitate parasite growth. This advancement in our knowledge on molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interaction can be exploited to develop therapeutics against P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Rathore
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029 and
| | - Sheena Dass
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029 and
| | - Divya Kandari
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029 and
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Mayank Gupta
- the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029 and
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19
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Alam MS, Zeeshan M, Rathore S, Sharma YD. Multiple Plasmodium vivax proteins of Pv-fam-a family interact with human erythrocyte receptor Band 3 and have a role in red cell invasion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1211-6. [PMID: 27545606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of molecular mechanisms of receptor-ligand biology during host-parasite interaction helps in developing therapeutic targets. Several Pv-fam-a family proteins of Plasmodium vivax bind to host erythrocytes but their erythrocyte receptors remains to be explored. Here, we show that three merozoite proteins (PvTRAg36, PvATRAg74, and PvTRAg38) of this family interact with Band 3 on human erythrocytes through its three exofacial loops (loop 1, loop 3, and loop 6). These parasite proteins also interfered with the parasite growth in in-vitro, and the inhibition rate seems to be associated with their binding affinity to Band 3. This redundancy in receptor-ligand interaction could be one of the probable mechanism parasite utilizes to invade the host erythrocyte more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shoeb Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sumit Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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20
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Alam MS, Zeeshan M, Mittra P, Choudhary V, Sharma YD. Receptor specific binding regions of Plasmodium vivax tryptophan rich antigens and parasite growth inhibition activity of PvTRAg35.2. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:550-8. [PMID: 27235199 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium tryptophan rich proteins play important role in host-parasite interaction. Earlier, we have described that one of the merozoite expressed Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigen PvTRAg35.2 binds to the host erythrocytes, have conserved sequences in parasite population, and generates humoral as well as cellular immune responses in humans during this parasitic infection. Here, we show that PvTRAg35.2 interferes with the parasite growth in a heterologous Plasmodium falciparum culture system. This probably suggests the recognition of the common erythrocyte receptor(s) by certain merozoite ligands of these two parasite species. We have mapped the erythrocyte binding activity of PvTRAg35.2 to its two different regions positioned at amino acid residues 155-190 and 263-283. Binding of these peptide domains to the erythrocytes was inhibited by anti-PvTRAg35.2 antibodies either raised in rabbit or produced by the P. vivax patients. The cross-competition between peptides of PvTRAg35.2 and PvTRAg33.5 or PvTRAg38 during erythrocyte binding assay suggested sharing of host cell receptors by these PvTRAgs. Further studies on these receptor-ligand interactions may lead to the development of therapeutic agents for P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shoeb Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Pooja Mittra
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Vandana Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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21
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Satchwell TJ. Erythrocyte invasion receptors for Plasmodium falciparum: new and old. Transfus Med 2016; 26:77-88. [PMID: 26862042 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex process by which the invasive form of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, the merozoite, attaches to and invades erythrocytes as part of its blood stage life cycle represents a key area of research in the battle to combat malaria. Central to this are efforts to determine the identity of receptors on the host cell surface, their corresponding merozoite-binding proteins and the functional relevance of these binding events as part of the invasion process. This review will provide an updated summary of studies identifying receptor interactions essential for or implicated in P. falciparum merozoite invasion of human erythrocytes, highlighting the recent identification of new receptors using groundbreaking high throughput approaches and with particular focus on the properties and putative involvement of the erythrocyte proteins targeted by these invasion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Satchwell
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Malaria is caused by the infection and proliferation of parasites from the genus Plasmodium in red blood cells (RBCs). A free Plasmodium parasite, or merozoite, released from an infected RBC must invade another RBC host cell to sustain a blood-stage infection. Here, we review recent advances on RBC invasion by Plasmodium merozoites, focusing on specific molecular interactions between host and parasite. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work highlights the central role of host-parasite interactions at virtually every stage of RBC invasion by merozoites. Biophysical experiments have for the first time measured the strength of merozoite-RBC attachment during invasion. For P. falciparum, there have been many key insights regarding the invasion ligand PfRh5 in particular, including its influence on host species tropism, a co-crystal structure with its RBC receptor basigin, and its suitability as a vaccine target. For P. vivax, researchers identified the origin and emergence of the parasite from Africa, demonstrating a natural link to the Duffy-negative RBC variant in African populations. For the simian parasite P. knowlesi, zoonotic invasion into human cells is linked to RBC age, which has implications for parasitemia during an infection and thus malaria. SUMMARY New studies of the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing RBC invasion by Plasmodium parasites have shed light on various aspects of parasite biology and host cell tropism, and indicate opportunities for malaria control.
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23
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Alam MS, Rathore S, Tyagi RK, Sharma YD. Host-parasite interaction: multiple sites in the Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigen PvTRAg38 interact with the erythrocyte receptor band 3. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:232-41. [PMID: 26823170 PMCID: PMC7163959 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan‐rich antigens of malarial parasites interact with host molecules and play an important role in parasite survival. Merozoite expressed Plasmodium vivax tryptophan‐rich antigen PvTRAg38 binds to human erythrocytes and facilitates parasite growth in a heterlologous Plasmodium falciparum culture system. Recently, we identified band 3 in human erythrocytes as one of its receptors, although the receptor‐ligand binding mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, using synthetic mutated peptides of PvTRAg38, we show that multiple amino acid residues of its 12 amino acid domain (KWVQWKNDKIRS) at position 197–208 interact with three different ectodomains of band 3 receptor on human erythrocytes. Our findings may help in the design of new therapeutic approaches for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd S Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh K Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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24
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Lelliott PM, McMorran BJ, Foote SJ, Burgio G. The influence of host genetics on erythrocytes and malaria infection: is there therapeutic potential? Malar J 2015. [PMID: 26215182 PMCID: PMC4517643 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As parasites, Plasmodium species depend upon their host for survival. During the blood stage of their life-cycle parasites invade and reside within erythrocytes, commandeering host proteins and resources towards their own ends, and dramatically transforming the host cell. Parasites aptly avoid immune detection by minimizing the exposure of parasite proteins and removing themselves from circulation through cytoadherence. Erythrocytic disorders brought on by host genetic mutations can interfere with one or more of these processes, thereby providing a measure of protection against malaria to the host. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the mechanistic aspects of this protection, as mediated through the parasites interaction with abnormal erythrocytes. These novel findings include the reliance of the parasite on the host enzyme ferrochelatase, and the discovery of basigin and CD55 as obligate erythrocyte receptors for parasite invasion. The elucidation of these naturally occurring malaria resistance mechanisms is increasing the understanding of the host-parasite interaction, and as discussed below, is providing new insights into the development of therapies to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Lelliott
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Simon J Foote
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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25
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Alam MS, Choudhary V, Zeeshan M, Tyagi RK, Rathore S, Sharma YD. Interaction of Plasmodium vivax Tryptophan-rich Antigen PvTRAg38 with Band 3 on Human Erythrocyte Surface Facilitates Parasite Growth. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20257-72. [PMID: 26149684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.644906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium tryptophan-rich proteins are involved in host-parasite interaction and thus potential drug/vaccine targets. Recently, we have described several P. vivax tryptophan-rich antigens (PvTRAgs), including merozoite expressed PvTRAg38, from this noncultivable human malaria parasite. PvTRAg38 is highly immunogenic in humans and binds to host erythrocytes, and this binding is inhibited by the patient sera. This binding is also affected if host erythrocytes were pretreated with chymotrypsin. Here, Band 3 has been identified as the chymotrypsin-sensitive erythrocyte receptor for this parasite protein. Interaction of PvTRAg38 with Band 3 has been mapped to its three different ectodomains (loops 1, 3, and 6) exposed at the surface of the erythrocyte. The binding region of PvTRAg38 to Band3 has been mapped to its sequence, KWVQWKNDKIRSWLSSEW, present at amino acid positions 197-214. The recombinant PvTRAg38 was able to inhibit the parasite growth in in vitro Plasmodium falciparum culture probably by competing with the ligand(s) of this heterologous parasite for the erythrocyte Band 3 receptor. In conclusion, the host-parasite interaction at the molecular level is much more complicated than known so far and should be considered during the development of anti-malarial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shoeb Alam
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Vandana Choudhary
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Rupesh K Tyagi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Sumit Rathore
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
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26
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Merozoite surface protein 1 recognition of host glycophorin A mediates malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells. Blood 2015; 125:2704-11. [PMID: 25778531 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-611707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum invasion of human red blood cells (RBCs) is an intricate process requiring a number of distinct ligand-receptor interactions at the merozoite-erythrocyte interface. Merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), a highly abundant ligand coating the merozoite surface in all species of malaria parasites, is essential for RBC invasion and considered a leading candidate for inclusion in a multiple-subunit vaccine against malaria. Our previous studies identified an interaction between the carboxyl-terminus of MSP1 and RBC band 3. Here, by employing phage display technology, we report a novel interaction between the amino-terminus of MSP1 and RBC glycophorin A (GPA). Mapping of the binding domains established a direct interaction between malaria MSP1 and human GPA within a region of MSP1 known to potently inhibit P falciparum invasion of human RBCs. Furthermore, a genetically modified mouse model lacking the GPA- band 3 complex in RBCs is completely resistant to malaria infection in vivo. These findings suggest an essential role of the MSP1-GPA-band 3 complex during the initial adhesion phase of malaria parasite invasion of RBCs.
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