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Rojas MJ, Bastos RG, Navas J, Laughery JM, Lacy PA, Suarez CE. A conserved motif in the immune-subdominant RAP-1 related antigen of Babesia bovis contains a B-cell epitope recognized by antibodies from protected cattle. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380660. [PMID: 38720894 PMCID: PMC11076753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Babesia bovis, a tick-borne apicomplexan parasite causing bovine babesiosis, remains a significant threat worldwide, and improved and practical vaccines are needed. Previous studies defined the members of the rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1), and the neutralization-sensitive rhoptry associated protein-1 related antigen (RRA) superfamily in B. bovis, as strong candidates for the development of subunit vaccines. Both RAP-1 and RRA share conservation of a group of 4 cysteines and amino acids motifs at the amino terminal end (NT) of these proteins. Methods and results Sequence comparisons among the RRA sequences of several B. bovis strains and other Babesia spp parasites indicate a high level of conservation of a 15-amino acid (15-mer) motif located at the NT of the protein. BlastP searches indicate that the 15-mer motif is also present in adenylate cyclase, dynein, and other ATP binding proteins. AlphaFold2 structure predictions suggest partial exposure of the 15-mer on the surface of RRA of three distinct Babesia species. Antibodies in protected cattle recognize a synthetic peptide representing the 15-mer motif sequence in iELISA, and rabbit antibodies against the 15-mer react with the surface of free merozoites in immunofluorescence. Discussion and conclusion The presence of the 15-mer-like regions in dynein and ATP-binding proteins provides a rationale for investigating possible functional roles for RRA. The demonstrated presence of a surface exposed B-cell epitope in the 15-mer motif of the B. bovis RRA, which is recognized by sera from protected bovines, supports its inclusion in future subunit epitope-based vaccines against B. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J. Rojas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Animal Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jinna Navas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jacob M. Laughery
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Paul A. Lacy
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States
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Myagmarsuren P, Sivakumar T, Enkhtaivan B, Davaasuren B, Zoljargal M, Narantsatsral S, Davkharbayar B, Mungun-Ochir B, Battur B, Inoue N, Igarashi I, Battsetseg B, Yokoyama N. A Seroepidemiological Survey of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Horses in Mongolia. J Parasitol 2019; 105:580-586. [PMID: 31414947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi is an economically important disease with a worldwide distribution. The objective of the present study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of T. equi and B. caballi in horses reared in various Mongolian provinces. Serum samples prepared from blood collected from horses in 19 Mongolian provinces were screened for antibodies specific to T. equi and B. caballi using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on recombinant forms of T. equi merozoite antigen-2 and the B. caballi 48-kDa merozoite rhoptry protein, respectively. Of 1,282 horses analyzed, 423 (33%) and 182 (14.2%) were sero-positive for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. Additionally, 518 (40.4%) were positive for at least 1 parasite species, of which 87 (16.8%) were co-infected with both parasites. Both T. equi and B. caballi were detected in all surveyed provinces, and on a per province basis the positive rates ranged from 19.0 to 74.2% and 4.5 to 39.8%, respectively. Theileria equi- and B. caballi-positive rates were comparable between male horses (31.9 and 14.1%, respectively) and female horses (34.5 and 14.3%, respectively). However, the positive rates were higher in the >3-yr-old age group (37.7 and 15.6%, respectively) compared with the 1-3-yr-old age group (19.4 and 10.0%, respectively). These findings confirmed that T. equi and B. caballi infections are widespread among horses all over Mongolia, and that horse age is a risk factor for infection in this country. Our results will be useful for designing appropriate control measures to minimize T. equi and B. caballi infections among Mongolian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punsantsogvoo Myagmarsuren
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- 2 National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Batsaikhan Enkhtaivan
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Myagmar Zoljargal
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sandagdorj Narantsatsral
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbold Davkharbayar
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bayasgalan Mungun-Ochir
- 3 Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Banzragch Battur
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- 4 Graduate School, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Noboru Inoue
- 5 Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- 2 National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- 2 National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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3
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Onyiche TE, Suganuma K, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1736. [PMID: 31100920 PMCID: PMC6572709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- ThankGod E Onyiche
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria.
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Suarez CE, Alzan HF, Silva MG, Rathinasamy V, Poole WA, Cooke BM. Unravelling the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of bovine babesiosis: is the sky the limit? Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:183-197. [PMID: 30690089 PMCID: PMC6988112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global impact of bovine babesiosis caused by the tick-borne apicomplexan parasites Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens is vastly underappreciated. These parasites invade and multiply asexually in bovine red blood cells (RBCs), undergo sexual reproduction in their tick vectors (Rhipicephalus spp. for B. bovis and B. bigemina, and Ixodes ricinus for B. divergens) and have a trans-ovarial mode of transmission. Babesia parasites can cause acute and persistent infections to adult naïve cattle that can occur without evident clinical signs, but infections caused by B. bovis are associated with more severe disease and increased mortality, and are considered to be the most virulent agent of bovine babesiosis. In addition, babesiosis caused by B. divergens has an important zoonotic potential. The disease caused by B. bovis and B. bigemina can be controlled, at least in part, using therapeutic agents or vaccines comprising live-attenuated parasites, but these methods are limited in terms of their safety, ease of deployability and long-term efficacy, and improved control measures are urgently needed. In addition, expansion of tick habitats due to climate change and other rapidly changing environmental factors complicate efficient control of these parasites. While the ability to cause persistent infections facilitates transmission and persistence of the parasite in endemic regions, it also highlights their capacity to evade the host immune responses. Currently, the mechanisms of immune responses used by infected bovines to survive acute and chronic infections remain poorly understood, warranting further research. Similarly, molecular details on the processes leading to sexual reproduction and the development of tick-stage parasites are lacking, and such tick-specific molecules can be targets for control using alternative transmission blocking vaccines. In this review, we identify and examine key phases in the life-cycle of Babesia parasites, including dependence on a tick vector for transmission, sexual reproduction of the parasite in the midgut of the tick, parasite-dependent invasion and egression of bovine RBCs, the role of the spleen in the clearance of infected RBCs (IRBCs), and age-related disease resistance in cattle, as opportunities for developing improved control measures. The availability of integrated novel research approaches including "omics" (such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics), gene modification, cytoadhesion assays, RBC invasion assays and methods for in vitro induction of sexual-stage parasites will accelerate our understanding of parasite vulnerabilities. Further, producing new knowledge on these vulnerabilities, as well as taking full advantage of existing knowledge, by filling important research gaps should result in the development of next-generation vaccines to control acute disease and parasite transmission. Creative and effective use of current and future technical and computational resources are needed, in the face of the numerous challenges imposed by these highly evolved parasites, for improving the control of this disease. Overall, bovine babesiosis is recognised as a global disease that imposes a serious burden on livestock production and human livelihood, but it largely remains a poorly controlled disease in many areas of the world. Recently, important progress has been made in our understanding of the basic biology and host-parasite interactions of Babesia parasites, yet a good deal of basic and translational research is still needed to achieve effective control of this important disease and to improve animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, WSU, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | - Heba F Alzan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marta G Silva
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, WSU, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Vignesh Rathinasamy
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - William A Poole
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brian M Cooke
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Yi W, Bao W, Rodriguez M, Liu Y, Singh M, Ramlall V, Cursino-Santos JR, Zhong H, Elton CM, Wright GJ, Mendelson A, An X, Lobo CA, Yazdanbakhsh K. Robust adaptive immune response against Babesia microti infection marked by low parasitemia in a murine model of sickle cell disease. Blood Adv 2018; 2:3462-3478. [PMID: 30518538 PMCID: PMC6290097 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018026468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intraerythrocytic parasite Babesia microti is the number 1 cause of transfusion-transmitted infection and can induce serious, often life-threatening complications in immunocompromised individuals including transfusion-dependent patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Despite the existence of strong long-lasting immunological protection against a second infection in mouse models, little is known about the cell types or the kinetics of protective adaptive immunity mounted following Babesia infection, especially in infection-prone SCD that are thought to have an impaired immune system. Here, we show, using a mouse B microti infection model, that infected wild-type (WT) mice mount a very strong adaptive immune response, characterized by (1) coordinated induction of a robust germinal center (GC) reaction; (2) development of follicular helper T (TFH) cells that comprise ∼30% of splenic CD4+ T cells at peak expansion by 10 days postinfection; and (3) high levels of effector T-cell cytokines, including interleukin 21 and interferon γ, with an increase in the secretion of antigen (Ag)-specific antibodies (Abs). Strikingly, the Townes SCD mouse model had significantly lower levels of parasitemia. Despite a highly disorganized splenic architecture before infection, these mice elicited a surprisingly robust adaptive immune response (including comparable levels of GC B cells, TFH cells, and effector cytokines as control and sickle trait mice), but higher immunoglobulin G responses against 2 Babesia-specific proteins, which may contain potential immunogenic epitopes. Together, these studies establish the robust emergence of adaptive immunity to Babesia even in immunologically compromised SCD mice. Identification of potentially immunogenic epitopes has implications to identify long-term carriers, and aid Ag-specific vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weili Bao
- Laboratory of Complement Biology and
| | - Marilis Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Manpreet Singh
- Laboratory of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Hui Zhong
- Laboratory of Complement Biology and
| | - Catherine M Elton
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Xiuli An
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Cheryl A Lobo
- Laboratory of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
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Moubri K, Kleuskens J, Van de Crommert J, Scholtes N, Van Kasteren T, Delbecq S, Carcy B, Précigout E, Gorenflot A, Schetters T. Discovery of a recombinant Babesia canis supernatant antigen that protects dogs against virulent challenge infection. Vet Parasitol 2017; 249:21-29. [PMID: 29279083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soluble parasite antigens (SPA) in supernatants of in vitro cultures of Babesia canis can be used to vaccinate dogs against virulent B. canis infection. The moment that immunity becomes apparent coincides with the appearance of antibodies against SPA in the serum of the vaccinated animals. This so-called vaccination-challenge serum (VC-serum) was used to precipitate antigens from B. canis culture supernatants in agarose gels. This antigen preparation was then used to analyse the reactivity of sera from vaccinated dogs on western blots. RESULTS showed that the first appearance of antibody reactivity against a protein that migrated at the 39kDa position in SDS-PAGE gels was associated with the moment vaccinated dogs started to recover from a virulent challenge infection. In addition, pulse-chase experiments revealed that a 39-40kDa doublet was released into the supernatant of B. canis cultures starting 15min after the chase. This doublet was specifically precipitated by VC-serum, thus corroborating that the 39-40kDa doublet in SPA preparations was of parasite origin. Partial amino acid sequencing allowed the discovery of the gene that encoded the 39-40kDa doublet (canine Babesia antigen; CBA). The full-length gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant CBA protein (rCBA) was recognized by VC-serum, and antibodies against rCBA precipitated the 39kDa antigen of SPA preparations and of merozoites of B. canis. In addition, anti-rCBA serum reacted with the surface of B. canis merozoites (but not with B. rossi merozoites) in immunofluorescence. Vaccination of dogs with rCBA induced antibodies against rCBA, which recognized B. canis merozoites. Vaccinated dogs were protected against virulent challenge infection by limiting parasite proliferation. As a result, the development of clinical signs was prevented and the animals self-cured. In contrast, six out of seven non-vaccinated control dogs developed relatively high parasitaemia and serious clinical signs associated with poor tissue perfusion. This antigen can be used to replace the SPA antigen in the conventional B. canis vaccines, which eliminates the need for dog blood and serum for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moubri
- EA4558 VAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - S Delbecq
- EA4558 VAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - B Carcy
- EA4558 VAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Précigout
- EA4558 VAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A Gorenflot
- EA4558 VAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Th Schetters
- EA4558 VAP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; MSD-AH, Boxmeer, The Netherlands; Department Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
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Mousa AA, Roche DB, Terkawi MA, Kameyama K, Kamyingkird K, Vudriko P, Salama A, Cao S, Orabi S, Khalifa H, Ahmed M, Attia M, Elkirdasy A, Nishikawa Y, Xuan X, Cornillot E. Human babesiosis: Indication of a molecular mimicry between thrombospondin domains from a novel Babesia microti BmP53 protein and host platelets molecules. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185372. [PMID: 29040286 PMCID: PMC5644982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis is caused by the apicomplexan parasite Babesia microti, which is of major public health concern in the United States and elsewhere, resulting in malaise and fatigue, followed by a fever and hemolytic anemia. In this paper we focus on the characterization of a novel B. microti thrombospondin domain (TSP1)-containing protein (BmP53) from the new annotation of the B. microti genome (locus 'BmR1_04g09041'). This novel protein (BmP53) had a single TSP1 and a transmembrane domain, with a short cytoplasmic tail containing a sub-terminal glutamine residue, but no signal peptide and Von Willebrand factor type A domains (VWA), which are found in classical thrombospondin-related adhesive proteins (TRAP). Co-localization assays of BmP53 and Babesia microti secreted antigen 1 (BmSA1) suggested that BmP53 might be a non-secretory membranous protein. Molecular mimicry between the TSP1 domain from BmP53 and host platelets molecules was indicated through different measures of sequence homology, phylogenetic analysis, 3D structure and shared epitopes. Indeed, hamster isolated platelets cross-reacted with mouse anti-BmP53-TSP1. Molecular mimicry are used to help parasites to escape immune defenses, resulting in immune evasion or autoimmunity. Furthermore, specific host reactivity was also detected against the TSP1-free part of BmP53 in infected hamster sera. In conclusion, the TSP1 domain mimicry might help in studying the mechanisms of parasite-induced thrombocytopenia, with the TSP1-free truncate of the protein representing a potential safe candidate for future vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelmoniem Mousa
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), LIRMM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Daniel Barry Roche
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), LIRMM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR 5237, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), LIRMM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kyohko Kameyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akram Salama
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Shinuo Cao
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sahar Orabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Hanem Khalifa
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mabrouk Attia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elkirdasy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
- * E-mail: (EC); (XX)
| | - Emmanuel Cornillot
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), LIRMM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM-INSERM U1194), Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier (ICM) and Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (EC); (XX)
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8
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Mesiha N, Whitman M, Goldsmith D, Vypritskaya E, Hasan S. False Positive HIV Result and Low CD4 in Babesiosis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2017; 47:516-517. [PMID: 28801382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Mesiha
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Capital Health Regional Medical Center, Trenton, NJ, USA
| | - Marc Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Capital Health System, Trenton, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Goldsmith
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Capital Health Regional Medical Center, Trenton, NJ, USA
| | - Ekaterina Vypritskaya
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Capital Health Regional Medical Center, Trenton, NJ, USA
| | - Saba Hasan
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Capital Health Regional Medical Center, Trenton, NJ, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesiosis, a zoonotic parasitic infection transmitted by the Ixodes tick, has become an emerging health problem in humans that is attracting attention worldwide. Most cases of human babesiosis are reported in the United States and Europe. The disease is caused by the protozoa of the genus Babesia, which invade human erythrocytes and lyse them causing a febrile hemolytic anemia. The infection is usually asymptomatic or self-limited in the immunocompetent host, or follows a persistent, relapsing, and/or life threatening course with multi-organ failure, mainly in the splenectomized or immunosuppressed patients. Hematologic manifestations of the disease are common. They can range from mild anemia, to severe pancytopenia, splenic rupture, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), or even hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). CASE PRESENTATION A 70 year old immunocompetent female patient living in New York City presented with a persistent fever, night sweats, and fatigue of 5 days duration. Full evaluation showed a febrile hemolytic anemia along with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Blood smear revealed intraerythrocytic Babesia, which was confirmed by PCR. Bone marrow biopsy was remarkable for dyserythropoiesis, suggesting possible HLH, supported by other blood workup meeting HLH-2004 trial criteria. CONCLUSION Human babesiosis is an increasing healthcare problem in the United States that is being diagnosed more often nowadays. We presented a case of HLH triggered by Babesia microti that was treated successfully. Also, we presented the hematologic manifestations of this disease along with their pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Akel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY 10305 USA
| | - Neville Mobarakai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY 10305 USA
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10
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Oldiges DP, Laughery JM, Tagliari NJ, Leite Filho RV, Davis WC, da Silva Vaz I, Termignoni C, Knowles DP, Suarez CE. Transfected Babesia bovis Expressing a Tick GST as a Live Vector Vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005152. [PMID: 27911903 PMCID: PMC5135042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rhipicephalus microplus tick is a notorious blood-feeding ectoparasite of livestock, especially cattle, responsible for massive losses in animal production. It is the main vector for transmission of pathogenic bacteria and parasites, including Babesia bovis, an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoan parasite responsible for bovine Babesiosis. This study describes the development and testing of a live B. bovis vaccine expressing the protective tick antigen glutathione-S-transferase from Haemaphysalis longicornis (HlGST). The B. bovis S74-T3B parasites were electroporated with a plasmid containing the bidirectional Ef-1α (elongation factor 1 alpha) promoter of B. bovis controlling expression of two independent genes, the selectable marker GFP-BSD (green fluorescent protein–blasticidin deaminase), and HlGST fused to the MSA-1 (merozoite surface antigen 1) signal peptide from B. bovis. Electroporation followed by blasticidin selection resulted in the emergence of a mixed B. bovis transfected line (termed HlGST) in in vitro cultures, containing parasites with distinct patterns of insertion of both exogenous genes, either in or outside the Ef-1α locus. A B. bovis clonal line termed HlGST-Cln expressing intracellular GFP and HlGST in the surface of merozoites was then derived from the mixed parasite line HlGST using a fluorescent activated cell sorter. Two independent calf immunization trials were performed via intravenous inoculation of the HlGST-Cln and a previously described control consisting of an irrelevant transfected clonal line of B. bovis designated GFP-Cln. The control GFP-Cln line contains a copy of the GFP-BSD gene inserted into the Ef-1α locus of B. bovis in an identical fashion as the HIGST-Cln parasites. All animals inoculated with the HlGST-Cln and GFP-Cln transfected parasites developed mild babesiosis. Tick egg fertility and fully engorged female tick weight was reduced significantly in R. microplus feeding on HlGST-Cln-immunized calves. Collectively, these data show the efficacy of a transfected HlGST-Cln B. bovis parasite to induce detectable anti-glutathione-S-transferase antibodies and a reduction in tick size and fecundity of R. microplus feeding in experimentally inoculated animals. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite, responsible for the transmission of lethal parasites such as Babesia sp, limiting cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. There is an urgent emerging need for improved methods of control for these currently neglected tick and tick borne diseases. It is hypothesized that a dual attenuated-live vector vaccine containing a stably transfected tick antigen elicits protective immune responses against the parasite and the tick vector in vaccinated cattle. Live Babesia vaccines based on attenuated parasites are the only effective method available for preventing acute babesiosis. On the other hand, glutathione-S-transferase from Haemaphysalis longicornis (HlGST) is a known effective antigen against Rhipicephalus microplus, the most common vector for B. bovis. This study describes the development and testing of a transfected, B. bovis vaccine expressing HlGST against the tick R. microplus. A B. bovis clonal line designated HlGST-Cln expressing HlGST and GFP/BSD, and separately a control transfected B. bovis clonal line expressing only GFP/BSD was used to vaccinate calves in two independent experiments. All immunized calves developed mild babesiosis, and only calves immunized with the HlGST-Cln parasite line generated anti-HlGST antibodies. Tick egg fertility and fully engorged female tick weight were reduced significantly in R. microplus feeding on HlGST-Cln-vaccinated calves. Taken together, these data demonstrates the ability of transfected B. bovis to elicit antibodies against a heterologous tick antigen in cattle and to induce partial protection in the vaccinated animals against the cattle tick for the first time, representing a step toward the goal to produce a live vector anti-tick vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane P. Oldiges
- Centro de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jacob M. Laughery
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nelson Junior Tagliari
- Faculdade de Veterinária Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Viana Leite Filho
- Faculdade de Veterinária Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - William C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Faculdade de Veterinária Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Donald P. Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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Wang G, Efstratiou A, Adjou Moumouni PF, Liu M, Jirapattharasate C, Guo H, Gao Y, Cao S, Zhou M, Suzuki H, Igarashi I, Xuan X. Primary Babesia rodhaini infection followed by recovery confers protective immunity against B. rodhaini reinfection and Babesia microti challenge infection in mice. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:6-12. [PMID: 27423972 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the protective immunity against challenge infections with Babesia rodhaini and Babesia microti in the mice recovered from B. rodhaini infection. Six groups with 5 test mice in each group were used in this study, and were intraperitoneally immunized with alive and dead B. rodhaini. The challenge infections with B. rodhaini or B. microti were performed using different time courses. Our results showed that the mice recovered from primary B. rodhaini infection exhibited low parasitemia and no mortalities after the challenge infections, whereas mock mice which had received no primary infection showed a rapid increase of parasitemia and died within 7 days after the challenge with B. rodhaini. Mice immunized with dead B. rodhaini were not protected against either B. rodhaini or B. microti challenge infections, although high titers of antibody response were induced. These results indicate that only mice immunized with alive B. rodhaini could acquire protective immunity against B. rodhaini or B. microti challenge infection. Moreover, the test mice produced high levels of antibody response and low levels of cytokines (INF-γ, IL-4, IL-12, IL-10) against B. rodhaini or B. microti after challenge infection. Mock mice, however, showed rapid increases of these cytokines, which means disordered cytokines secretion occurred during the acute stage of challenge infection. The above results proved that mice immunized with alive B. rodhaini could acquire protective immunity against B. rodhaini and B. microti infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Wang
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Artemis Efstratiou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Charoonluk Jirapattharasate
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Huanping Guo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yang Gao
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shinuo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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12
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Tomasiewicz K, Chmielewska-Badora J, Zwolinski J, Murias-Brylowska E. Analysis of main T-cell subsets and activated T supressor/cytotoxic cells in patients with Borrelia burgdorferi s. lato only infection and co-infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp. and Babesia microti. Ann Agric Environ Med 2016; 23:111-115. [PMID: 27007527 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1196864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study was designed to assess the role of some important immunologic factors with regards to both laboratory results and clinical symptoms in patients with confirmed Lyme disease. Additional examinations were carried out for co-infections with a number of tick-borne pathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 54 patients with Lyme disease and a group of 21 healthy controls. Serology of co-infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp. and Babesia microti was carrieed out in all patients. Blood samples were stained using the whole-blood lysis method and analyzed concurrently on a flow cytometer FACSCalibur. Directly conjugated anti-human monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD56, HLA-DR and CD69 were used. RESULTS No significant differences were observed with respect to thepretreatment level of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. In patients with symptoms relief and symptoms persistence, lower percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells were found, but with no statistical dependence. In the study group, both in patients with and without co-infections, pretreatment values of CD16+CD56+ cells did not differ significantly. In patients who did not respond to the treatment, the baseline percentage of NK cells was higher (P<0.01) than in group with clinical improvement, and lower after the treatment, whereas in patients with symptoms relief after the treatment there was an increase in the percentage of NK cells. CONCLUSION Co-infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp. and Babesia microti had no impact on T-cell percentages in Lyme disease patients. There was a lower baseline percentage of NK cells in patients not responding to antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Zwolinski
- Department of Allergology and Environmental Hazards, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin
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13
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Köster LS, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Schoeman JP. Serum canine pancreatic-specific lipase concentrations in dogs with naturally occurring Babesia rossi infection. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2015; 86:E1-7. [PMID: 26304138 PMCID: PMC6138161 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia rossi is the cause of a highly virulent multisystemic disease with a variable outcome, which is a reliable model of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of canine pancreatic-specific lipase (cPL) in a population of dogs with naturally acquired B. rossi infection. In addition, the associations between serum cPL and death and SIRS status were examined. An observational study recruited 87 dogs diagnosed with B. rossi infection and serum cPL concentrations were measured daily until discharge or death. The median concentration of serum cPL was 124.0 µg/L (interquartile range: 51.0 µg/L - 475.5 µg/L) on admission (n = 87) and 145.5 µg/L (62.3 µg/L - 434.0 µg/L) on day two of hospitalisation (n = 40). Twenty-four dogs (28%) had a serum cPL concentration within the diagnostic range for pancreatitis (> 400 µg/L) at admission with 13 dogs (32.5%) presenting as such on the second day of hospitalisation. The median concentration of serum cPL in dogs with SIRS was 158 µg/L (interquartile range: 52.5 µg/L - 571.5 µg/L; n = 53), which was significantly higher than in those without SIRS (75 µg/L; 50.3 µg/L - 131.8 µg/L; n = 32) (P = 0.018). This study demonstrated that an unexpectedly high number of dogs diagnosed with naturally acquired canine babesiosis had a serum cPL concentration within the diagnostic range for acute pancreatitis and a significantly higher serum cPL concentration was found in dogs that were classified as having SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S Köster
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort.
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14
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15
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Rodriguez M, Alhassan A, Ord RL, Cursino-Santos JR, Singh M, Gray J, Lobo CA. Identification and characterization of the RouenBd1987 Babesia divergens Rhopty-Associated Protein 1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107727. [PMID: 25226276 PMCID: PMC4166668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis is caused by one of several babesial species transmitted by ixodid ticks that have distinct geographical distributions based on the presence of competent animal hosts. The pathology of babesiosis, like malaria, is a consequence of the parasitaemia which develops through the cyclical replication of Babesia parasites in a patient's red blood cells, though symptoms typically are nonspecific. We have identified the gene encoding Rhoptry-Associated Protein -1 (RAP-1) from a human isolate of B. divergens, Rouen1987 and characterized its protein product at the molecular and cellular level. Consistent with other Babesia RAP-1 homologues, BdRAP-1 is expressed as a 46 kDa protein in the parasite rhoptries, suggesting a possible role in red cell invasion. Native BdRAP-1 binds to an unidentified red cell receptor(s) that appears to be non-sialylated and non-proteinacious in nature, but we do not find significant reduction in growth with anti-rRAP1 antibodies in vitro, highlighting the possibility the B. divergens is able to use alternative pathways for invasion, or there is an alternative, complementary, role for BdRAP-1 during the invasion process. As it is the parasite's ability to recognize and then invade host cells which is central to clinical disease, characterising and understanding the role of Babesia-derived proteins involved in these steps are of great interest for the development of an effective prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilis Rodriguez
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andy Alhassan
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosalynn L. Ord
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeny R. Cursino-Santos
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Gray
- University College Dublin School of Biology and Environmental Science, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Cheryl A. Lobo
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hong SH, Anu D, Jeong YI, Abmed D, Cho SH, Lee WJ, Lee SE. Molecular Detection and Seroprevalence ofBabesia microti among Stock Farmers in Khutul City, Selenge Province, Mongolia. Korean J Parasitol 2014; 52:443-7. [PMID: 25246726 PMCID: PMC4170043 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease in humans worldwide; however, little is known about the frequency of infection or prevalence of this disease in other parts of the world, excluding North America. In this study, we aimed to investigate Babesia microti infection frequency in a human population in Mongolia. One hundred blood samples were collected from stock farmers living in Khutul city of Selenge province, Mongolia. The sera and DNA from blood samples were evaluated for the presence of B. microti infection by using indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests and PCR. The positive detection rates obtained using the IFA tests and PCR assays were 7% and 3%, respectively. This study is the first to detect of B. microti infections based on antibody seroprevalence or PCR assays for the presence of B. microti DNA in a Mongolian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Hong
- Division of Malaria & Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 363-951, Korea
| | - Davaasuren Anu
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaator-210648, Mongolia
| | - Young-Il Jeong
- Division of Malaria & Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 363-951, Korea
| | - Davaajav Abmed
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaator-210648, Mongolia
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Malaria & Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 363-951, Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Malaria & Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 363-951, Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Malaria & Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 363-951, Korea
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Sunaga F, Arai S, Itoh S, Taharaguchi S. Protective efficacy of Babesia gibsoni culture-derived exoantigens against the challenge infection in dogs. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1681-6. [PMID: 24535736 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of exoantigens derived from Babesia gibsoni cultures to induce protective immunity against challenge exposure of virulent organisms. An attenuated B. gibsoni Oita strain was maintained in vitro by the microaerophilus stationary phase (MASP) method, and exoantigens-containing supernatant fluids were collected for preparation of the immunization. Two dogs received three subcutaneous immunizations with a 20-day interval of B. gibsoni exoantigens plus 0.5 mg saponin (Quil A). On day 68 after the prime immunization, the immunized dogs and control dogs were challenged intravenously with 2 × 10(8) virulent parasites of a homologous B. gibsoni strain. The results showed that exoantigens could induce a high degree of protection against virulent homologous challenge exposure. Two dogs immunized with exoantigens showed a lower parasitemia, accompanied by a slight decrease in the PCV that returned to normal values. Control dogs developed typical acute clinical signs, including severe anemia and hyperthermia. The immunization elicited humoral immune responses. In dogs immunized with exoantigens, the maximum antibody titer was 2,560 and 5,120 by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), respectively. Preliminary Western blot analysis of the immunogen revealed five dominant proteins of molecular weights of 18, 37, 43, 50, and 57 kDa. These results suggested that the culture-derived exoantigens were candidates for non-viable vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiko Sunaga
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan,
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Toye P, Handel I, Gray J, Kiara H, Thumbi S, Jennings A, van Wyk IC, Ndila M, Hanotte O, Coetzer K, Woolhouse M, Bronsvoort M. Maternal antibody uptake, duration and influence on survival and growth rate in a cohort of indigenous calves in a smallholder farming system in western Kenya. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:129-34. [PMID: 23838470 PMCID: PMC3740236 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The passive transfer of antibodies from dams to offspring via colostrum is believed to play an important role in protecting neonatal mammals from infectious disease. The study presented here investigates the uptake of colostrum by 548 calves in western Kenya maintained under smallholder farming, an important agricultural system in eastern Africa. Serum samples collected from the calves and dams at recruitment (within the first week of life) were analysed for the presence of antibodies to four tick-borne haemoparasites: Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Theileria mutans and Theileria parva. The analysis showed that at least 89.33% of dams were seropositive for at least one of the parasites, and that 93.08% of calves for which unequivocal results were available showed evidence of having received colostrum. The maternal antibody was detected up until 21 weeks of age in the calves. Surprisingly, there was no discernible difference in mortality or growth rate between calves that had taken colostrum and those that had not. The results are also important for interpretation of serosurveys of young calves following natural infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Toye
- The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Ian Handel
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Julia Gray
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Henry Kiara
- The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Samuel Thumbi
- Centre for Immunology, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Amy Jennings
- Centre for Immunology, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Ilana Conradie van Wyk
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Mary Ndila
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Koos Coetzer
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunology, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Mark Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
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Jeong YI, Hong SH, Cho SH, Lee WJ, Lee SE. Induction of IL-10-producing CD1dhighCD5+ regulatory B cells following Babesia microti-infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46553. [PMID: 23071588 PMCID: PMC3465325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the induction of immune regulatory cells upon helminth infection is important for understanding the control of autoimmunity and allergic inflammation in helminth infection. Babesia microti, an intraerythrocytic protozoan of the genus Babesia, is a major cause of the emerging human disease babesiosis, an asymptomatic malaria-like disease. We examined the influence of acute B. microti infection on the development of regulatory B cells together with regulatory T cells. Principal Findings Our data demonstrate that B cells stimulated in vitro with B. microti produce interleukin (IL)-10. This cytokine is also secreted by B cells isolated from B. microti-infected mice in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In addition, high levels of IL-10 were detected in the serum of mice after infection with B. microti. The frequency of IL-10-producing CD1dhighCD5+ regulatory B cells (Bregs) and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells increased during the course of B. microti infection. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of IL-10-producing B cells induced by B. microti infection led to increased susceptibility of recipient mice to infection with B. microti. In contrast, experiments with B cell-deficient (µMT) mice demonstrated that lack of B cells enhances susceptibility to B. microti infection. Conclusions This study is the first demonstration of the expansion of Bregs following infection by an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite. These data suggest that B. microti infection in mice provides an excellent model for studying Breg-mediated immune responses and begins to elucidate the mechanism by which helminth infection regulates autoimmunity and allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Malaria & Parasitic Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Chiou SP, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I, Kitoh K, Takashima Y. Serum of Babesia rodhaini infected mice down regulates catalase activity of healthy erythrocytes. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:327-33. [PMID: 22921498 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hemolytic activity for animals infected with various Babesia species is well reported. In this study, we confirmed that serum of Babesia rodhaini-infected mice also showed hemolytic activity. Erythrocytes from non-infected mice were lysed by co-incubation with B. rodhaini-infected serum. Catalase activity of the non-infected target erythrocytes was suppressed after this co-incubation with the hemolytic serum of B. rodhaini-infected mice. Furthermore, serum hemolytic activity was inhibited when target erythrocytes were incubated with hemolytic serum in the presence of exogenous catalase. Our study indicated that hemolytic serum can down-regulate the antioxidant capacity of non-infected healthy erythrocytes, possibly as a result of catalase activity, thereby leading to hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Pin Chiou
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Adaszek L, Puchalski A, Dec M, Winiarczyk S. Analysis of the culture-derived soluble Babesia canis canis antigens derived from the Polish strains of the parasites. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2012; 40:399-403. [PMID: 23242220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED OBJECTIVE, MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to analyse the protein fractions of the soluble parasitic antigen (SPA) from in vitro cultures of the native Polish strains of Babesia canis canis and to determine their immunogenicity through Western blotting using the sera of dogs vaccinated with this antigen. RESULTS Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 21 protein fractions with molecular weights from 12 to 205 kDa. The most intense reaction in Western blotting was observed between the serum antibodies of the SPA-vaccinated dogs and the fraction with the molecular weight of 52 kDa. CONCLUSION Detailed studies on the composition of SPA of Babesia canis canis and reactivity of its individual protein fractions can be a starting point for the development of subunit vaccines against babesiosis. Using a preparation with only some electrophoretic fractions of SPA in the production of vaccines would allow to avoid putting an unnecessary protein burden in the vaccine which could cause side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
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Jia H, Terkawi MA, Aboge GO, Goo YK, Zhou J, Lee EG, Nishikawa Y, Igarashi I, Fujisaki K, Xuan X. Babesia gibsoni: Identification of an immunodominant, interspersed repeat antigen. Exp Parasitol 2008; 118:146-9. [PMID: 17870070 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this report, an immunodominant antigen called BgIRA from Babesia gibsoni is identified and described. A highly repetitive antigen was screened from a cDNA library. The genomic BgIRA gene exists as single cope gene and contains 10 introns. BgIRA plays a dominant role in the immune response in dogs infected with B. gibsoni. The specificity and sensitivity of the rBgIRA in an ELISA indicated that this antigen might be useful in a diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Jia
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Berens SJ, Brayton KA, McElwain TF. Coinfection with antigenically and genetically distinct virulent strains of Babesia bovis is maintained through all phases of the parasite life cycle. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5769-76. [PMID: 17893136 PMCID: PMC2168326 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00802-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic polymorphism is a defining characteristic of the Babesia bovis variable merozoite surface antigen (VMSA) family. Sequence analysis strongly suggests that recombination between virulent strains contributes to VMSA diversity. While meiosis during the aneuploid stage of the parasite's life cycle in the tick vector Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most probable source of interstrain recombination, there is no definitive evidence that coinfection of the mammalian host or R. microplus ticks with more than one virulent strain occurs. Using allele-specific real-time quantitative PCR, we tested the hypotheses that cattle could support coinfection of two antigenically variant virulent tick-transmissible strains of B. bovis and that R. microplus ticks could acquire and transmit these two divergent strains. The results indicate that both calves and ticks can support virulent B. bovis coinfection through all phases of the hemoparasite's life cycle. Neither strain dominated in either the mammalian or invertebrate host, and larval tick progeny, which could be coinfected individually, were also able to transmit both strains, resulting in virulent babesiosis in recipients. While coinfection of the tick vector provides the context in which allelic antigenic diversity can be generated, recombination of VMSA genes could not be confirmed, suggesting that VMSA allelic changes are slow to accumulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Berens
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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Takabatake N, Okamura M, Yokoyama N, Ikehara Y, Akimitsu N, Arimitsu N, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Suzuki H, Igarashi I. Glycophorin A-knockout mice, which lost sialoglycoproteins from the red blood cell membrane, are resistant to lethal infection of Babesia rodhaini. Vet Parasitol 2007; 148:93-101. [PMID: 17651898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent in vitro-based studies using several Babesia spp. have suggested that sialic acids and/or sialoglycoproteins on host red blood cells (RBCs) play an important role in their invasion of RBCs. In the present study, we analyzed the RBC characteristics of glycophorin A (GPA)-knockout mice and studied their in vivo susceptibility to lethal infection of Babesia rodhaini for the first time. In immunoblot and lectin blot analyses, glycoproteins containing O-linked oligosaccharides terminated with alpha2-3-linked sialic acids disappeared from the RBCs of GPA homozygous ((-/-)) mice. Flow cytometric analysis showed a remarkable reduction of Maackia amurensis lectin II binding to the surface of GPA(-/-) RBCs relative to control RBCs, indicating an appreciable loss of alpha2-3-linked sialic acids on the RBC surface of GPA(-/-) mice. Importantly, while B. rodhaini caused lethal infection in wild-type mice, the infected GPA(-/-) mice showed inhibition of parasite growth and eventually survived. These results indicate that RBC sialoglycoproteins lost in GPA(-/-) mice are involved in the in vivo growth of B. rodhaini, probably functioning as essential molecule(s) for the parasite invasion of host RBCs in the blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Takabatake
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Shkap V, de Vos AJ, Zweygarth E, Jongejan F. Attenuated vaccines for tropical theileriosis, babesiosis and heartwater: the continuing necessity. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:420-6. [PMID: 17656155 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence has accumulated of the effectiveness of immunization with live attenuated vaccines to control tick-borne diseases of livestock. Despite several disadvantages, vaccination with live attenuated organisms against tropical theileriosis, babesiosis and possibly heartwater constitutes one of the most cost-effective intervention strategies. Although great advances have been made through genomics and proteomics research, this has not yet translated into effective non-living vaccines. As a result, there is a continuing necessity to use available live vaccines in tick and tick-borne disease-control strategies adapted to conditions prevailing in many parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shkap
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Abstract
An inefficient cellular immune response likely leads to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Resolution of chronic HCV infection in the absence of treatment is a rare occurrence. We report the case of a 39-year old white male with a 17-year history of chronic HCV infection, who eradicated HCV following a serious illness due to co-infection with Babesia (babesiosis), Borriela Borgdorferi (Lyme disease) and Ehrlichia (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis). We hypothesize that the cellular immune response mounted by this patient in response to his infection with all three agents but in particular Babesia was sufficient to eradicate HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Byrnes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Hossain MA, Yamato O, Kim G, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Suppressive effect of culture supernatant of erythrocytes and serum from dogs infected with Babesia gibsoni on the morphological maturation of canine reticulocytes in vitro. J Vet Sci 2007; 8:169-74. [PMID: 17519571 PMCID: PMC2872716 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2007.8.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of infected culture supernatant of erythrocytes, fractionation of culture supernatant and serum from dogs infected with Babesia gibsoni (B. gibsoni) on the maturation of canine reticulocytes in vitro. The SDS-PAGE demonstrated that significantly broader bands were generated by both the infected culture supernatant of erythrocytes and the serum from dogs chronically infected with B. gibsoni. The culture supernatant of erythrocytes infected with B. gibsoni strongly suppressed the maturation of reticulocytes. Prior studies showed that chronically infected serum had inhibitory effects on both the maturation of reticulocytes and the canine pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase subclass I and purine-specific 5'-nucleotidase activity. In addition, serum free infected culture supernatant of erythrocytes had an inhibitory effect on the morphological maturation of reticulocytes. These results suggest that infected serum and culture supernatant of erythrocytes might accumulate excess proteins and/or metabolites as a result of the inhibited maturation of reticulocytes and decreased activity of erythrocyte 5'-nucleotidase. Furthermore, the fractions observed at >150 kDa- and 150-70 kDa- in the infected culture supernatant and serum retarded the maturation of canine reticulocytes in vitro. The results obtained from the in vitro examinations, in the present study, suggested that B. gibsoni itself and/or its metabolites might release certain proteins in the infected culture supernatant and serum from infected dogs and as a result delay morphological maturation of canine reticulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alamgir Hossain
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Korea.
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Matijatko V, Mrljak V, Kis I, Kucer N, Forsek J, Zivicnjak T, Romić Z, Simec Z, Ceron JJ. Evidence of an acute phase response in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis. Vet Parasitol 2007; 144:242-50. [PMID: 17116368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell count (WBC), haematocrit (HCT) and platelet number (PLT) were quantified and compared with the acute phase proteins (APPs) in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis and healthy dogs. Both groups were treated with imidocarb dipropionate on the day of admission and both groups were monitored for all parameters on the admission day and on the first, second, third, fourth and seventh days in order to determine the presence of an acute phase reaction, to assess the diagnostic value of these markers in uncomplicated canine babesiosis and to evaluate the use of APPs in treatment monitoring. It was demonstrated that an acute phase response occurs in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis, with significant increases in the concentration of major acute phase proteins. The serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) decreased daily after treatment and approached reference range values by the eighth day. PLT and haematocrit (HCT) increased daily after treatment and approached reference range values by the fourth day. WBC and haptoglobin increased after treatment and then decreased from the third and fourth days, respectively, to the eighth day. The diagnostic sensitivity of CRP, SAA and PLT was significantly higher compared to haptoglobin, ESR, HCT and the WBC count. CRP and SAA were of clinical use in monitoring the response to antibabesial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Matijatko
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Terkawi MA, Jia H, Zhou J, Lee EG, Igarashi I, Fujisaki K, Nishikawa Y, Xuan X. Babesia gibsoni ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 induces cross-protective immunity against B. microti infection in mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:2027-35. [PMID: 17229504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 (BgP0) was identified as an immunodominant cross-reactive antigen with B. microti. The BgP0 gene is a single copy with a predicted open reading frame of 942 bp and 314 amino acids. The BgP0 was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The serum raised in mice with the recombinant BgP0 showed a specific band with a 34-kDa molecular mass in the extracts of B. gibsoni and B. microti merozoites. Furthermore, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization of rBgP0 and Freund's adjuvant induced strong humoral response consisting of mixed immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2a in BALB/c mice. Following the challenge with B. microti, these mice delayed the onset of parasites and significantly reduced the peripheral parasitemia. On the other hand, passive-transfer of purified anti-BgP0 IgG into SCID mice showed partial protection against B. microti challenge infection. It was only effective in restricting the initial parasitemia but not later during its progress. Taken together, the immunological response elicited by rBgP0 protected the mice against B. microti challenge infection. These data suggest that BgP0 is a potentially universal vaccine candidate for both B. gibsoni and B. microti infections.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Babesia/genetics
- Babesia/immunology
- Babesiosis/immunology
- Babesiosis/prevention & control
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Parasitemia
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Ribosomal Proteins/genetics
- Ribosomal Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alaa Terkawi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Quiñones-Avila FJ, Ramírez-Cruz GT, Cruz D, Wagner G. [Isolation of a field strain of Babesia bigemina (Piroplasma: Babesiidae) and establishment of in vitro culture for antigen production]. REV BIOL TROP 2007; 55:127-133. [PMID: 18457120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of a field strain of Babesia bigemina (Piroplasma: Babesiidae) and establishment of in vitro culture for antigen production. Bovine b abesiosis, caused by Babesia bigemina, is a barrier for livestock development; it results in high economic loss to Mexican livestock. Control requires adequate antigens for diagnosis and vaccination programs. However, because of antigenic variation among Babesia strains, it is necessary to use antigens prepared from local strains. The purpose of the present study was to isolate a local field strain and to establish the in vitro culture of B. bigemina by the evaluation of the constituent's concentration of culture media. Thirty engorged female Boophilus microplus were collected from cattle suffering clinical babesiosis (B. bigemina) in Yucatan state, Mexico. These ticks were sent to the laboratory for detection of Babesia sp. vermicules. Eggs were kept at 83-85 % humidity and 27 degrees C until hatching. Larvae were transferred to an esplenectomized calf (B-1). The resulting nymphs were transferred to an esplenectomized calf (B-2). Twelve days later, B. bigemina (local strain) was detected in calf B-2 and its infected blood was frozen in liquid nitrogen to initiate the in vitro culture. The Microaerophilus Stationary Phase (MASP) in vitro culture method was used to reactivate the parasite. Three different concentrations of culture media (70, 60 and 50%), serum (30, 40 and 50%) and uninfected red blood cells (5, 10 and 15 %) were used in order to know the convenient concentrations to obtain the highest percentage of infected red blood cells (PEI). The cultured strain was used to prepare antigens for the Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) and several concentrations of serum and conjugate were tested. Strain isolation was successful; 30 days were needed to obtain a PEI of 1.5%. The isolated strain was frozen in liquid nitrogen and the parasites were reactivated with the in vitro culture MASP method. The concentration of culture media that produced the highest PEI (14%) (p < 0.05) was 30% serum, 70% M199 and 5%. Uninfected Red Blood cells antigens were successfully used in the IFAT and the best dilutions to differentiate between positive and negative controls were serum 1:80 and conjugate 1:80. The isolated B. bigemina local strain requires particular conditions of in vitro culture by the MASP method to reach high numbers of infected red blood cells, needed to prepare and provide high quality antigens for serological diagnosis of B. bigemina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.
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Góes TS, Góes VS, Ribeiro MFB, Gontijo CM. Bovine babesiosis: anti-erythrocyte antibodies purification from the sera of naturally infected cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 116:215-8. [PMID: 17292487 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis are intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites transmitted by ticks to cattle in which they induce babesiosis, a disease that resembles human malaria. Anemia, caused by the destruction of non-infected erythrocytes, is a critical feature of the disease. Anti-erythrocyte antibodies could be one of the explanations for such destruction. These antibodies are found in the sera of dogs and mice respectively infected with B. gibsoni and B. rodhaini. However, data concerning the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies in the sera of infected cattle are not conclusive. In the present study, we made an attempt to detect anti-erythrocyte antibodies from the sera of cattle naturally infected with B. bigemina. Erythrocytes from a non-infected calf were used in ELISA reaction for the detection of antibodies from samples. Results confirmed the presence of anti-erythrocytes antibodies in higher amounts in the serum of infected cattle. In order to correlate this increment with the parasite, anti-erythrocyte antibodies from the sera from infected calves were purified, coupled to a Sepharose-4B column and than used for anti-idiotypic antibodies purification. These antibodies were found to react with the parasites, suggesting a correlation between both anti-parasite and anti-erythrocyte antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Góes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Schetters TPM, Strydom T, Crafford D, Kleuskens JAGM, van de Crommert J, Vermeulen AN. Immunity against Babesia rossi infection in dogs vaccinated with antigens from culture supernatants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 144:10-9. [PMID: 17056181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Soluble parasite antigens (SPA) from different Babesia species have been shown earlier to induce protective immunity when used as vaccine. However, initial attempts to produce such vaccine against Babesia rossi infection using SPA from B. rossi culture supernatants were not or only partially successful. Here we show that when dogs were vaccinated with a vaccine comprising SPA from B. rossi combined with SPA from Babesia canis protective immunity against experimental challenge infection was induced. Immunity was reflected in reduced clinical signs that resolved spontaneously, and reduction of parasitaemia and SPA in the blood. Not a single infected erythrocyte could be found in blood smears of dogs that had been repeatedly boosted (three vaccinations in total). In contrast, three out of four control dogs required chemotherapeutic treatment to prevent death. The fourth control dog showed a transient parasitaemia that resolved spontaneously. Vaccination did not prevent the development of a transient anaemia. It is concluded that a vaccine containing a mixture of SPA obtained from in vitro culture supernatants of B. rossi and B. canis induces protection in dogs against heterologous challenge infection with B. canis (as shown before) or B. rossi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Th P M Schetters
- Parasitology R&D Department, Intervet International B.V., P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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Huang X, Xuan X, Verdida RA, Zhang S, Yokoyama N, Xu L, Igarashi I. Immunochromatographic test for simultaneous serodiagnosis of Babesia caballi and B. equi infections in horses. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:553-5. [PMID: 16682475 PMCID: PMC1459648 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.13.5.553-555.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An immunochromatographic test for the simultaneous detection of Babesia caballi- and B. equi-specific antibodies (BceICT) was developed using a recombinant B. caballi 48-kDa rhoptry protein (rBc48) and a recombinant truncated B. equi merozoite antigen 2 (rEMA-2t). An evaluation of the ability of the BceICT to detect antibodies in sera from uninfected horses and experimentally infected horses showed high sensitivities and specificities of 83.3% (10/12 sera) and 92.9% (52/56 sera), respectively, for the anti-B. caballi antibody and 94.1% (16/17 sera) and 88.2% (45/51 sera), respectively, for the anti-B. equi antibody. Results from the detection of antibodies in field-collected sera indicated that the BceICT results corresponded with those of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), showing 91.8% correspondence (67/73 sera) for B. caballi and 95.9% correspondence (70/73 sera) for B. equi, and that the BceICT results also corresponded with the ICT for B. caballi and for B. equi, both of which were 98.2% (55/56 sera). The comparable results of the ICT and ELISA and the simplicity and rapidity of the performance of the ICT suggest that the BceICT would be a feasible test for the simultaneous serodiagnosis of both agents of equine babesiosis in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Huang
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Fukumoto S, Tamaki Y, Okamura M, Bannai H, Yokoyama N, Suzuki T, Igarashi I, Suzuki H, Xuan X. Prime-boost immunization with DNA followed by a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing P50 induced protective immunity against Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. Vaccine 2006; 25:1334-41. [PMID: 17055131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A heterologous prime-boost immunization regime with priming DNA followed by recombinant vaccinia virus expressing relevant antigens has been shown to induce effective immune responses against several infectious pathogens. In this study, we constructed a recombinant plasmid and vaccinia virus, both of which expressed P50 of Babesia gibsoni, to investigate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a heterologous prime-boost immunization against canine babesiosis. The dogs immunized with the prime-boost regime developed a significantly high level of specific antibody against P50 when compared with the control groups, and the antibody level was strongly increased after a booster immunization with a recombinant vaccinia virus. The prime-boost immunization regime induced a specific IgG2 antibody response and IFN-gamma production in dogs. Two weeks after the booster immunization with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing P50, the dogs were challenged with B. gibsoni patasites. The dogs immunized with the prime-boost regime showed partial protection, manifested as a significantly low level of parasitemia and a 2-day delay of the peak parasitemia. These results indicated that such a heterologous prime-boost immunization approach might be useful against B. gibsoni infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fukumoto
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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37
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Abstract
Bovine babesiosis, caused by Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens, is a significant impediment to livestock production in countries with tropical/subtropical and temperate climates. Previous studies conducted on the immunoprophylaxis against the disease and diagnosis of these parasites has demonstrated the presence of similar antigens. The objective of this article was to identify and partially characterize antigens conserved among these three species. Immunochemical analysis using sera from cattle immunized individually with antigens from these three Babesia species revealed a number of antigens recognized by heterologous antisera. Cross-reactions were more evident in sera from cattle immunized with B. bovis/B. bigemina which recognized several antigens (15 kDa to >200 kDa) in B. divergens. Immunoscreening of a B. divergens cDNA library with bovine serum to B. bigemina allowed the isolation of five clones and DNA sequencing of plasmid BdJF5 showed a 680 bp cDNA insert. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence revealed 47% identity with a protein identified as alphaNAC. Serum from mice immunized with a recombinant Glutathione S-Transferase-BdJF5 fusion protein immunoprecipitated a 20 kDa B. bovis antigen. However, 30 kDa and 18 kDa antigens were immunoprecipitated from B. divergens and immunoblotting analysis revealed the recognition of a 35 kDa B. bigemina antigen. An indirect fluorescence antibody assay on merozoites showed strong reaction with B. divergens and weak recognition of B. bovis and B. bigemina. Despite the existent antigenic polymorphism among the Babesia spp., these results demonstrated that common antigens occur between European B. divergens and Mexican B. bovis/B. bigemina.
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Goff WL, Molloy JB, Johnson WC, Suarez CE, Pino I, Rhalem A, Sahibi H, Ceci L, Carelli G, Adams DS, McGuire TC, Knowles DP, McElwain TF. Validation of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Babesia bovis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:1212-6. [PMID: 16957062 PMCID: PMC1656553 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00196-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A previously developed competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) based on a species-specific, broadly conserved, and tandemly repeated B-cell epitope within the C terminus of rhoptry-associated protein 1 of Babesia bovis was refined and validated for use internationally. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an assay with a specificity and positive predictive value of 100% and a sensitivity of 91.1%, with various negative predictive values depending on the level of disease prevalence. The cELISA was distributed to four different laboratories, along with a reference set of 100 defined bovine sera, including known-positive, known-negative, and field samples. Pairwise concordances among the four laboratories ranged from 94% to 88%. Analysis of variance of the resulting optical densities and a test of homogeneity indicated no significant difference among the laboratories. Overall, the cELISA appears to have the attributes necessary for international application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will L Goff
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630, USA.
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39
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Oyamada M, Davoust B, Boni M, Dereure J, Bucheton B, Hammad A, Itamoto K, Okuda M, Inokuma H. Detection of Babesia canis rossi, B. canis vogeli, and Hepatozoon canis in dogs in a village of eastern Sudan by using a screening PCR and sequencing methodologies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2006; 12:1343-6. [PMID: 16275954 PMCID: PMC1287771 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.11.1343-1346.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Babesia and Hepatozoon infections of dogs in a village of eastern Sudan were analyzed by using a single PCR and sequencing. Among 78 dogs, 5 were infected with Babesia canis rossi and 2 others were infected with B. canis vogeli. Thirty-three dogs were positive for Hepatozoon. Hepatozoon canis was detected by sequence analysis.
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40
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Okuthe OS, Buyu GE. Prevalence and incidence of tick-borne diseases in smallholder farming systems in the western-Kenya highlands. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:307-12. [PMID: 16824685 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and incidences of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) infections in cattle were studied in the western-Kenya highlands. Serological tests, thick-blood and lymph-node smears were used to quantify TBDs during cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Four hundred and eight and 192 (wet season) and 114 and 46 (dry season) cattle were bled for serology in the rural and peri-urban areas, respectively. Seroprevalences differed significantly between the two areas (p<0.05). The cattle were monitored for 23 months (259,923 and 126,273 cattle days in the rural and peri-urban areas, respectively) from September 1996 to August 1998. The incidences of babesiosis, anaplasmosis and theileriosis were 0.42%, 4.64% and 4.92% and 1.45%, 32.11% and 39.05% in the rural and peri-urban areas, respectively. The difference in the incidence were significantly different for anaplasmosis and theileriosis (p<0.05). The difference in disease frequencies in two areas in close proximity shows the importance of monitoring disease events in order to understand and advice farmers in different production and farming systems appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Okuthe
- National Veterinary Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (NVRC-KARI), PO Box 32, Kikuyu, Kenya.
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41
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Abstract
Babesial parasites infect cattle in tropical and temperate regions of the world and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Discovery of protective antigens that could be used in a killed vaccine has been slow and to date there are few promising vaccine candidates for cattle Babesia. This review describes mechanisms of protective innate and adaptive immune responses to babesial parasites and different strategies to identify potentially protective protein antigens of B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens. Successful parasites often cause persistent infection, and this paper also discusses how B. bovis evades and regulates the immune response to promote survival of parasite and host. Development of successful non-living recombinant vaccines will depend on increased understanding of protective immune mechanisms and availability of parasite genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Brown
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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Goff WL, Storset AK, Johnson WC, Brown WC. Bovine splenic NK cells synthesize IFN-gamma in response to IL-12-containing supernatants from Babesia bovis-exposed monocyte cultures. Parasite Immunol 2006; 28:221-8. [PMID: 16629708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is a critical effector organ functioning, in haemoparasitic diseases like babesiosis, to destroy the pathogen and clear the host of infected erythrocytes. It has an important role in both innate responses and adaptive immune responses. Young calves demonstrate a strong spleen-dependent innate response to an initial infection with Babesia bovis involving the type-1 regulating cytokines IL-12 and IFN-gamma. However, the specific splenic cell types that produce IFN-gamma in response to infection and the cellular factors that regulate the induction have not been fully determined. Splenic NKp46(+) NK cells were identified and purified. They consisted of CD3(-), CD2(+/-), and CD8(+/-) populations. NK cells responded to exogenous IL-12 and IL-18 with the production of IFN-gamma. Functionally, IL-18 served as a potent co-stimulant with IL-12 for IFN-gamma production. Finally, innate IFN-gamma production was induced in splenic NK cells in the presence of supernatants from B. bovis merozoite-exposed monocytes in an IL-12 pathway-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will L Goff
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington, USA.
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Zhou J, Yang J, Zhang G, Nishikawa Y, Fujisaki K, Xuan X. Babesia gibsoni: An apical membrane antigen-1 homologue and its antibody response in the infected dogs. Exp Parasitol 2006; 114:329-33. [PMID: 16777097 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding the apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) homologue was obtained by immunoscreening a cDNA expression library prepared from Babesia gibsoni merozoite mRNA. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene was 2062bp. Computer analysis suggested that the sequence contains an open reading frame of 1794bp with a coding capacity of approximately 66kDa. Based on the homology analysis, this putative protein was designated as B. gibsoni AMA-1 (BgAMA-1). The BgAMA-1 gene was expressed in the Escherichia coli BL21 strain and used as the antigen in Western blotting and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicated that BgAMA-1 was recognized as an immunodominant antigen by the host immune system and that it induced a strong antibody response only in chronic B. gibsoni infection in dogs; however, the antibody response could not be detected in the early infection stage (within 15 days). This phenomenon might be explained by the limited stimulation with the low-abundance protein in the early infection stage. This result shows that BgAMA-1 is a new member of the AMA-1 family and that its immune response is characteristic of canine B. gibsoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Zhou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Hornok S, Edelhofer R, Farkas R. Seroprevalence of canine babesiosis in Hungary suggesting breed predisposition. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:638-42. [PMID: 16715235 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Six hundred fifty-one blood samples were collected from urban and rural dogs in various parts of Hungary to measure antibody levels to Babesia canis with indirect fluorescent antibody test. Thirty-seven (5.7%) of the sera showed positivity with titers between 1:80 and 1:10,240. Seroconverted dogs were found in 13 locations of the country. It is concluded that canine babesiosis is becoming more prevalent in Eastern Hungary. Seropositivity increased then declined with age, reaching a maximum in case of 3.1- to 5-year-old dogs. Prevalence of antibodies to B. canis was significantly higher among german shepherds and komondors. This suggests a genetic predisposition of german shepherd dogs to chronic babesiosis (carrier status) with long-term maintenance of their seropositivity. On the other hand, heavy-coated komondors are phenotypically more suitable for repeated exposure to ticks, potentially infected with B. canis. This is the first report on the seroprevalence of canine babesiosis in Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Szent István University, István u. 2., Budapest 1078, Hungary.
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Schetters TPM, Kleuskens JAGM, Scholtes NC, van de Crommert J, Krijnen E, Moubri K, Gorenflot A, Vermeulen AN. Onset and duration of immunity against Babesia canis infection in dogs vaccinated with antigens from culture supernatants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 138:140-6. [PMID: 16504401 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that dogs can be vaccinated against heterologous Babesia canis infection using a vaccine containing soluble parasite antigens (SPA) from in vitro cultures of B. canis and B. rossi that are adjuvanted with saponin. In the present study the onset and duration of immunity of vaccinated dogs were studied. Results showed that 3-26 weeks after initial vaccination, dogs effectively limit the level of SPA in plasma upon challenge infection, which was reflected in limited duration and extent of clinical manifestations. There was no statistically significant effect of vaccination on the parasite load in the circulation, which was determined from blood smears. It was further shown that the level of immunity of primary vaccinated dogs (priming and booster vaccination with a 6-week interval) and that of repeatedly vaccinated dogs (a single additional vaccination 6 months after primary vaccination) is comparable. From this study it is concluded that vaccination with this preparation induces protective immunity against clinical babesiosis from 3 weeks after booster vaccination onwards, and remains effective for a period of at least another 6 months. A single booster vaccination is sufficient to maintain immunity for at least another 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P M Schetters
- Parasitology R&D Department, Intervet International B.V., P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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Cunha CW, McGuire TC, Kappmeyer LS, Hines SA, Lopez AM, Dellagostin OA, Knowles DP. Development of specific immunoglobulin Ga (IgGa) and IgGb antibodies correlates with control of parasitemia in Babesia equi Infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:297-300. [PMID: 16467341 PMCID: PMC1391941 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.13.2.297-300.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the kinetics of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes were characterized in Babesia equi (Theileria equi)-infected horses. IgGa and IgGb developed during acute infection, whereas IgG(T) was detected only after resolution of acute parasitemia. The same IgG isotype profile induced during acute infection was obtained by equi merozoite antigen 1/saponin immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina W Cunha
- Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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47
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Abstract
Babesia bovis and its bovine host interact in many ways, resulting in a range of disease and infection phenotypes. Host responses to the parasite elicit or select for a variety of responses on the part of the parasite, the full range of which is not yet known. One well-established phenomenon, thought to aid parasite survival by evasion of host adaptive immune responses, is the sequential expansion of antigenically variant populations during an infection, a phenomenon referred to as "antigenic variation". Antigenic variation in B. bovis, like that in the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is intimately linked to a second survival mechanism, cytoadhesion. In cytoadhesion, mature parasite-containing erythrocytes bind to the capillary and post-capillary venous endothelium through parasite-derived ligands. The reliance of these parasites on both functions, and on their linkage, may provide opportunities to develop anti-babesial and, perhaps, anti-malarial protection strategies. The development of inhibitors of DNA metabolism in B. bovis may be used to abrogate the process of antigenic variation, whereas small molecular mimics may provide the means to vaccinate against a wide range of variants or to prevent the surface export of variant antigen ligands. In this article, aspects of antigenic variation and cytoadhesion in bovine babesiosis are explored, with a discussion of opportunities for prophylactic or therapeutic intervention in these intertwined processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Allred
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
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Barnard CJ, Collins SA, Daisley JN, Behnke JM. Odour learning and immunity costs in mice. Behav Processes 2006; 72:74-83. [PMID: 16442748 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that learning is metabolically costly. One way in which this may manifest itself is in trade-offs between learning effort and immune function, with learning increasing susceptibility to infection. We tested this idea in the context of odour learning using outbred (BKW) male laboratory mice. Mice were exposed to three experimental treatments in which they were required to learn different numbers of urinary odours. While treatment affected the extent to which mice habituated to test odours during training, differences were not a simple function of the number of odours. The fact that there was also no significant effect of treatment on the degree of preference for novel over familiar odours in subsequent tests suggests mice retained learned odour profiles equally well regardless of the number of odours. That subsequent infection with Babesia microti increased with the number of odours mice had to learn is then consistent with an increased cost to learning effort when more odours were presented. Analysis within treatments, and relationships with the change in corticosterone concentration over the period of the experiment, suggested that it was a failure to learn, rather than maintaining learning performance, in more difficult learning tasks that led to greater infection. As in a previous study of maze learning in the strain, there was no direct relationship between infection and measures of peripheral antibody (total IgG) titre. The results are discussed in relation to studies in other learning contexts and reported relationships between glucocorticoid hormones and learning outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Barnard
- Animal Behaviour Research Group, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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49
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Abstract
Babesia bovis causes an acute and often fatal infection in adult cattle, which if resolved, leads to a state of persistent infection in otherwise clinically healthy cattle. Persistently infected cattle are generally resistant to reinfection with related parasite strains, and this resistance in the face of infection is termed concomitant immunity. Young animals are generally more resistant than adults to B. bovis infection, which is dependent on the spleen. Despite the discovery of B. bovis over a century ago, there are still no safe and effective vaccines that protect cattle against this most virulent of babesial pathogens. Immunodominant antigens identified by serological reactivity and dominant T-cell antigens have failed to protect cattle against challenge. This review describes the innate and acquired immune mechanisms that define resistance in young calves and correlate with the development of concomitant immunity in older cattle following recovery from clinical disease. The first sections will discuss the innate immune responses by peripheral blood- and spleen-derived macrophages in cattle induced by B. bovis merozoites and their products that limit parasite replication, and comparison of natural killer cell responses in the spleens of young (resistant) and adult (susceptible) cattle. Later sections will describe a proteomic approach to discover novel antigens, especially those recognized by immune CD4+ T lymphocytes. Because immunodominant antigens have failed to stimulate protective immunity, identification of subdominant antigens may prove to be important for effective vaccines. Identification of CD4+ T-cell immunogenic proteins and their epitopes, together with the MHC class II restricting elements, now makes possible the development of MHC class II tetramers and application of this technology to both quantify antigen-specific lymphocytes during infection and discover novel antigenic epitopes. Finally, with the imminent completion of the B. bovis genome-sequencing project, strategies using combined genomic and proteomic approaches to identify novel vaccine candidates will be reviewed. The availability of an annotated B. bovis genome will, for the first time, enable identification of non-immunodominant proteins that may stimulate protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Brown
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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50
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Norimine J, Ruef BJ, Palmer GH, Knowles DP, Herndon DR, Rice-Ficht AC, Brown WC. A novel 78-kDa fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS1) of Babesia bovis stimulates memory CD4+ T lymphocyte responses in B. bovis-immune cattle. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 147:20-9. [PMID: 16469396 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD4+ T lymphocyte responses contribute to protective immunity against Babesia bovis, however the antigens that induce these responses remain largely unknown. A proteomic approach was used to identify novel B. bovis antigens recognized by memory CD4+ T cells from immune cattle. Fractions obtained from merozoites separated by continuous-flow electrophoresis (CFE) that contained proteins ranging from 20 to 83 kDa were previously shown to stimulate memory CD4+ lymphocyte responses in B. bovis-immune cattle. Expression library screening with rabbit antiserum raised against an immunostimulatory CFE fraction identified a clone encoding a predicted 78 kDa protein. BLAST analysis revealed sequence identity of this B. bovis protein with Plasmodium falciparum fatty acyl coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) family members (PfACS1-PfACS11), and the protein was designated B. bovis acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACS1). Southern blot analysis indicated that B. bovis ACS1 is encoded by a single gene, although BLAST analysis of the preliminary B. bovis genome sequence identified two additional family members, ACS2 and ACS3. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and CD4+ T cell lines from B. bovis-immune cattle proliferated significantly against recombinant ACS1 protein, consistent with its predicted involvement in protective immunity. However, immune sera from cattle recovered from B. bovis infection did not react with ACS1, indicating that epitopes may be conformationally dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzo Norimine
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
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