Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor inhibit ferrous iron influx via divalent metal transporter 1 and iron regulatory protein 1 regulation in ventral mesencephalic neurons

Advances in research on immunocyte iron metabolism, ferroptosis, and their regulatory roles in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases

Autoimmune diseases commonly affect various systems, but their etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Currently, increasing research has highlighted the role of ferroptosis in immune regulation, with immune cells being a crucial component of the body's immune system. This review provides an overview and discusses the relationship between ferroptosis, programmed cell death in immune cells, and autoimmune diseases. Additionally, it summarizes the role of various key targets of ferroptosis, such as GPX4 and TFR, in immune cell immune responses. Furthermore, the release of multiple molecules, including damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), following cell death by ferroptosis, is examined, as these molecules further influence the differentiation and function of immune cells, thereby affecting the occurrence and progression of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, immune cells secrete immune factors or their metabolites, which also impact the occurrence of ferroptosis in target organs and tissues involved in autoimmune diseases. Iron chelators, chloroquine and its derivatives, antioxidants, chloroquine derivatives, and calreticulin have been demonstrated to be effective in animal studies for certain autoimmune diseases, exerting anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Finally, a brief summary and future perspectives on the research of autoimmune diseases are provided, aiming to guide disease treatment strategies.

Research progress in the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease and regulation by natural plant products

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system after Alzheimer's disease. The current understanding of PD focuses mainly on the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra region of the midbrain, which is attributed to factors such as oxidative stress, alpha-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These factors together contribute to the PD phenotype. Recent studies on PD pathology have introduced a new form of cell death known as ferroptosis. Pathological changes closely linked with ferroptosis have been seen in the brain tissues of PD patients, including alterations in iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Preclinical research has demonstrated the neuroprotective qualities of certain iron chelators, antioxidants, Fer-1, and conditioners in Parkinson's disease. Natural plant products have shown significant potential in balancing ferroptosis-related factors and adjusting their expression levels. Therefore, it is vital to understand the mechanisms by which natural plant products inhibit ferroptosis and relieve PD symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive look at ferroptosis, its role in PD pathology, and the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of natural plant products focused on ferroptosis. The insights from this review can serve as useful references for future research on novel ferroptosis inhibitors and lead compounds for PD treatment.

Ferroptosis-Related Immune Genes in Hematological Diagnosis of Parkinson's Diseases

Emerging evidence suggested that ferroptosis and immune activation, as well as their interactions, played a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether this interaction could serve as the basis for a hematological diagnosis of PD remained poorly understood. This study aimed to construct a novel hematological model for PD diagnosis based on the ferroptosis-related immune genes. The brain imaging of PD patients was obtained from the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. We used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) to identify the optimal signature ferroptosis-related immune genes based on six gene expression profile datasets of substantia nigra (SN) and peripheral blood of PD patients. Then we used the support vector machine (SVM) classifier to construct the hematological diagnostic model named Ferr.Sig for PD. Gene set enrichment analysis was utilized to execute gene functional annotation. The brain imaging and functional annotation analysis revealed prominent iron deposition and immune activation in the SN region of PD patients. We identified a total of 17 signature ferroptosis-related immune genes using LASSO method and imported them to SVM classifier. The Ferr.Sig model exhibited a high diagnostic accuracy, and its area under the curve (AUC) for distinguishing PD patients from healthy controls in the training and internal validation cohort reached 0.856 and 0.704, respectively. We also used the Ferr.Sig into other external validation cohorts, and a comparable AUC with the internal cohort was obtained, with the AUC of 0.727 in Scherzer's cohort, 0.745 in Roncagli's cohort, and 0.778 in Meiklejohn's cohort. Furthermore, the diagnostic performance of Ferr.Sig was not interfered by the other neurodegenerative diseases. This study revealed the value of ferroptosis-related immune genes in PD diagnosis, which may provide a novel direction and strategy for the development of novel biomarkers with less invasiveness, low cost, and high accuracy for PD screening and diagnosis.

Iron Brain Menace: The Involvement of Ferroptosis in Parkinson Disease

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease. The characteristic pathology of progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in people with PD is associated with iron accumulation and is suggested to be driven in part by the novel cell death pathway, ferroptosis. A unique modality of cell death, ferroptosis is mediated by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation. The mechanisms of ferroptosis inhibitors enhance antioxidative capacity to counter the oxidative stress from lipid peroxidation, such as through the system xc-/glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) axis and the coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)/FSP1 pathway. Another means to reduce ferroptosis is with iron chelators. To date, there is no disease-modifying therapy to cure or slow PD progression, and a recent topic of research seeks to intervene with the development of PD via regulation of ferroptosis. In this review, we provide a discussion of different cell death pathways, the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, the role of ferroptosis in blood-brain barrier damage, updates on PD studies in ferroptosis, and the latest progress of pharmacological agents targeting ferroptosis for the intervention of PD in clinical trials.

6-Hydroxydopamine Induces Abnormal Iron Sequestration in BV2 Microglia by Activating Iron Regulatory Protein 1 and Inhibiting Hepcidin Release

Disrupted iron homeostasis in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is an important pathological mechanism in Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is unclear what role microglia play in iron metabolism and selective iron deposition in the SNpc of PD brain. In this study, we observed that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced the expression of divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) and iron influx in BV2 microglia cells, which might be associated with the upregulation of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) expression. Moreover, we found that 6-OHDA had no significant effect on the expression of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and iron efflux in BV2 microglial cells, which might be the combined action of IRP1 upregulation and reduced hepcidin levels. Furthermore, 6-OHDA treatment activated BV2 microglia and enhanced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, iron overloading suppressed IRP1 expression, thus downregulating DMT1 and upregulating FPN1 levels in these microglial cells. On the contrary, iron deficiency activated IRP1, leading to increased expression of DMT1 and decreased expression of FPN1—which indicates that activated IRP1 induces iron overloading in 6-OHDA-treated microglia, but not iron overloading modulates the expression of IRP1. Taken together, our data suggest that 6-OHDA can regulate the expression of DMT1 and FPN1 by activating IRP1 and inhibiting hepcidin release, thus leading to abnormal iron sequestration in microglia. In addition, 6-OHDA can activate microglia, which leads to increased release of pro-inflammatory factors that can further induce genome damage in dopaminergic neurons.

Klotho ameliorated cognitive deficits in a temporal lobe epilepsy rat model by inhibiting ferroptosis

Cognitive deficits are among the most common comorbidities of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Ferroptosis associated with the accumulation of iron overload-dependent lipid peroxidation produces significant cognitive deficits in TLE. The anti-aging protein, klotho, has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects while enhancing cognition in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the role of klotho in TLE progression has not been established. In this study, we evaluated the effects and underlying mechanisms of klotho in a rat model of TLE induced by lithium-chloride and pilocarpine (LiCl-Pilo). The expression of klotho was found to be inhibited in the hippocampus following LiCl-Pilo induced TLE in rats. An adeno-virus (AAV), which mediated klotho overexpression (AAV-KL) was injected into the bilateral hippocampus of the rat models. After 3 weeks, rats were treated through intraperitoneal injections of LiCl-Pilo. After 9 weeks, AAV-KL was found to have significantly induced klotho overexpression in the hippocampus, effectively ameliorated cognitive deficits and exerted neuroprotective effects in LiCl-Pilo induced TLE rat models. Klotho significantly prevented ferroptosis and iron overload. Meanwhile, klotho regulated the expressions of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT 1) and ferroportin (FPN) that were associated with iron accumulation in the hippocampus. Furthermore, klotho significantly elevated glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX-4) and glutathione (GSH) levels while suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In conclusion, klotho ameliorated cognitive deficits and exerted neuroprotective effects by inhibiting ferroptosis in LiCl-Pilo induced TLE rat models.

Saponins isolated from Radix polygalae extent lifespan by modulating complement C3 and gut microbiota

With the increase in human lifespan, population aging is one of the major problems worldwide. Aging is an irreversible progressive process that affects humans via multiple factors including genetic, immunity, cellular oxidation and inflammation. Progressive neuroinflammation contributes to aging, cognitive malfunction, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, precise mechanisms or drugs targeting age-related neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment remain un-elucidated. Traditional herbal plants have been prescribed in many Asian countries for anti-aging and the modulation of aging-related symptoms. In general, herbal plants' efficacy is attributed to their safety and polypharmacological potency via the systemic manipulation of the body system. Radix polygalae (RP) is a herbal plant prescribed for anti-aging and the relief of age-related symptoms; however, its active components and biological functions remained un-elucidated. In this study, an active methanol fraction of RP containing 17 RP saponins (RPS), was identified. RPS attenuates the elevated C3 complement protein in aged mice to a level comparable to the young control mice. The active RPS also restates the aging gut microbiota by enhancing beneficial bacteria and suppressing harmful bacteria. In addition, RPS treatment improve spatial reference memory in aged mice, with the attenuation of multiple molecular markers related to neuroinflammation and aging. Finally, the RPS improves the behavior and extends the lifespan of C. elegans, confirming the herbal plant's anti-aging ability. In conclusion, through the mouse and C. elegas models, we have identified the beneficial RPS that can modulate the aging process, gut microbiota diversity and rectify several aging-related phenotypes.

Reduction in Nesfatin-1 Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Increased Nigrostriatal Degeneration Following Ventricular Administration of Anti-nesfatin-1 Antibody in Mice

Nesfatin-1 is one of several brain-gut peptides that have a close relationship with the central dopaminergic system. Our previous studies have shown that nesfatin-1 is capable of protecting nigral dopaminergic neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. A recent study also revealed a reduced blood level of nesfatin-1 in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The current study was designed to investigate whether reduced nesfatin-1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) induces nigrostriatal system degeneration. An intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) injection technique was used to administer anti-nesfatin-1 antibody directly into the lateral ventricle of the brain. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that ICV injection of anti-nesfatin-1 antibody into the lateral ventricle of the brain once daily for 2 weeks caused a significant reduction in nesfatin-1 levels in the CSF (93.1%). Treatment with anti-nesfatin-1 antibody resulted in a substantial loss (23%) of TH-positive (TH+) dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), as shown by immunofluorescence staining, a depletion in dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and obvious nuclear shrinkage and mitochondrial lesions in dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the results from our Western blot and ELISA experiments demonstrated that anti-nesfatin-1 antibody injection induced an upregulation of caspase-3 activation, increased the expression of p-ERK, and elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the SNpc. Taken together, these observations suggest that reduced nesfatin-1 in the brain may induce nigrostriatal dopaminergic system degeneration; this effect may be mediated via mitochondrial dysfunction-related apoptosis. Our data support a role of nesfatin-1 in maintaining the normal physiological function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.

The S-nitrosylation of parkin attenuated the ubiquitination of divalent metal transporter 1 in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells

Abnormal iron accumulation caused by elevated levels of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) contributes to progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin is a E3 ubiquitin ligase for the ubiquitination of DMT1. S-nitrosylated parkin (SNO-parkin) is commonly observed in PD. However, the effects of S-nitrosylation on the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of parkin for the ubiquitination of DMT1 in PD are largely unknown. To elucidate the role of S-nitrosylated parkin and DMT1 in PD, SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with parkin, being treated with S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺). The results showed increased levels of oxidized nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosylated parkin after the treatment of GSNO and MPP⁺ in parkin-transfected cells. Consistently, increased levels of DMT1, iron uptake and cell viability were observed. Interestingly, inhibition of S-nitrosylated parkin reduced the level of DMT1. Further, S-nitrosylation of parkin significantly inhibited the ubiquitination of DMT1. When HEK293T cells were transfected with plasmid of parkin with single site mutation (Cys241A, Cys260A, Cys323A), ubiquitination of DMT1 was also inhibited. However, the cells cotransfected with plasmids containing all three mutations, GSNO treatment did not affect the ubiquitination of DMT1. The expression of SNO-parkin and DMT1 protein in substantia nigra increased significantly gradually after 2 h, 4 h and 24 h with MPTP injection. These results indicate that the S-nitrosylation of parkin inhibits its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity for the ubiquitination of DMT1, which contributes to iron accumulation and degenerative process in PD. Targeted S-nitrosylation could provide a potential therapeutic strategy against PD.

Iron in Neurodegeneration - Cause or Consequence?

Iron dyshomeostasis can cause neuronal damage to iron-sensitive brain regions. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation reflects a group of disorders caused by iron overload in the basal ganglia. High iron levels and iron related pathogenic triggers have also been implicated in sporadic neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Iron-induced dyshomeostasis within vulnerable brain regions is still insufficiently understood. Here, we summarize the modes of action by which iron might act as primary or secondary disease trigger in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, available treatment options targeting brain iron dysregulation and the use of iron as biomarker in prodromal stages are critically discussed to address the question of cause or consequence.

Iron Pathophysiology in Parkinson Diseases

The key molecular events that provoke Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully understood. Iron deposit was found in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD patients and animal models, where dopaminergic neurons degeneration occurred selectively. The mechanisms involved in disturbed iron metabolism remain unknown, however, considerable evidence indicates that iron transporters dysregulation, activation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTCC) and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, as well as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) contribute to this process. There is emerging evidence on the structural links and functional modulations between iron and α-synuclein, and the key player in PD which aggregates in Lewy bodies. Iron is believed to modulate α-synuclein synthesis, post-translational modification, and aggregation. Furthermore, glia, especially activated astroglia and microglia, are involved in iron deposit in PD. Glial contributions were largely dependent on the factors they released, e.g., neurotrophic factors, pro-inflammatory factors, lactoferrin, and those undetermined. Therefore, iron chelation using iron chelators, the extracts from many natural foods with iron chelating properties, may be an effective therapy for prevention and treatment of the disease.

Iron chelator deferiprone rescues memory deficits, hippocampal BDNF levels and antioxidant defenses in an experimental model of memory impairment

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in neural development and physiology, as well as in pathological states. Post-mortem studies demonstrate that BDNF is reduced in the brains of patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Iron accumulation has also been associated to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In rats, iron overload induces persistent memory deficits, increases oxidative stress and apoptotic markers, and decreases the expression of the synaptic marker, synaptophysin. Deferiprone (DFP) is an oral iron chelator used for the treatment of systemic iron overload disorders, and has recently been tested for Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigated the effects of iron overload on BDNF levels and on mRNA expression of genes encoding TrkB, p75^NTR, catalase (CAT) and NQO1. We also aimed at investigating the effects of DFP on iron-induced impairments. Rats received iron or vehicle at postnatal days 12-14 and when adults, received chronic DFP or water (vehicle). Recognition memory was tested 19 days after the beginning of chelation therapy. BDNF measurements and expression analyses in the hippocampus were performed 24 h after the last day of DFP treatment. DFP restored memory and increased hippocampal BDNF levels, ameliorating iron-induced effects. Iron overload in the neonatal period reduced, while treatment with DFP was able to rescue, the expression of antioxidant enzymes CAT and NQO1.

New Progress on the Role of Glia in Iron Metabolism and Iron-Induced Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons in Parkinson's Disease

It is now increasingly appreciated that glial cells play a critical role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Impairment of these properties might lead to dysfunction of iron metabolism and neurodegeneration of neurons. We have previously shown that dysfunction of glia could cause iron deposit and enhance iron-induced degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD). There also has been a substantial growth of knowledge regarding the iron metabolism of glia and their effects on iron accumulation and degeneration of DA neurons in PD in recent years. Here, we attempt to describe the role of iron metabolism of glia and the effect of glia on iron accumulation and degeneration of DA neurons in the substantia nigra of PD. This could provide evidence to reveal the mechanisms underlying nigral iron accumulation of DA neurons in PD and provide the basis for discovering new potential therapeutic targets for PD.

Astroglial and microglial contributions to iron metabolism disturbance in Parkinson's disease

Understandings of the disturbed iron metabolism in Parkinson's disease (PD) are largely from the perspectives of neurons. Neurodegenerative processes in PD trigger universal and conserved astroglial dysfunction and microglial activation. In this review, we start with astroglia and microglia in PD with an emphasis on their roles in spreading α-synuclein pathology, and then focus on their contributions in iron metabolism under normal conditions and the diseased state of PD. Elevated iron in the brain regions affects glial features, meanwhile, glial effects on neuronal iron metabolism are largely dependent on their releasing factors. These advances might be valuable for better understanding and modulating iron metabolism disturbance in PD.

CaMKII-Mediated CREB Phosphorylation Is Involved in Ca2+-Induced BDNF mRNA Transcription and Neurite Outgrowth Promoted by Electrical Stimulation

Electrical stimulation (ES)-triggered up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurite outgrowth in cultured rat postnatal dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) is calcium (Ca²⁺)-dependent. The effects of increased Ca²⁺ on BDNF up-regulation and neurite outgrowth remain unclear. We showed here that ES increased phosphorylation of the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Blockade of Ca²⁺ suppressed CREB phosphorylation and neurite outgrowth. Down-regulation of phosphorylated (p)-CREB reduced BDNF transcription and neurite outgrowth triggered by ES. Furthermore, blockade of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) using the inhibitors KN93 or KN62 reduced p-CREB, and specific knockdown of the CaMKIIα or CaMKIIβ subunit was sufficient to suppress p-CREB. Recombinant BDNF or hyperforin reversed the effects of Ca²⁺ blockade and CaMKII knockdown. Taken together, these data establish a potential signaling pathway of Ca²⁺-CaMKII-CREB in neuronal activation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the mechanisms of Ca²⁺-dependent BDNF transcription and neurite outgrowth triggered by ES. These findings might help further investigation of complex molecular signaling networks in ES-triggered nerve regeneration in vivo.

Lentivirus-mediated Persephin over-expression in Parkinson's disease rats

Persephin, together with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin, has a neurotrophic effect and promotes the survival of motor neurons cultured in vitro. In this study, dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of rats were transfected with the Persephin gene. One week later 6-hydroxydopamine was injected into the anterior medial bundle to establish a Parkinson's disease model in the rats. Results found that the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra increased, tyrosine hydroxylase expression was upregulated and concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites in corpus striatum were increased after pretreatment with Persephin gene. In addition, the rotating effect of the induced Parkinson's disease rats was much less in the group pretreated with the Persephin gene. Persephin has a neuroprotective effect on the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's disease through protecting dopaminergic neurons.

Alterations of Bio-elements, Oxidative, and Inflammatory Status in the Zinc Deficiency Model in Rats

Our previous study showed that dietary zinc restriction induces depression-like behavior with concomitant up-regulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Because metal ions, oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in depression/NMDAR function, in the present study, bio-elements (zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, and calcium), oxidative (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; protein carbonyl content), and inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β) factors were measured in serum, hippocampus (Hp), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a zinc-adequate (ZnA) (50 mg Zn/kg) or a zinc-deficient (ZnD) (3 mg Zn/kg) diet for 4 or 6 weeks. Both periods of dietary zinc restriction reduced serum zinc and increased serum iron levels. At 4 weeks, lowered zinc level in the PFC and Hp as well as lowered iron level in the PFC of the ZnD rats was observed. At 6 weeks, however, iron level was increased in the PFC of these rats. Although at 6 weeks zinc level in the PFC did not differ between the ZnA and ZnD rats, extracellular zinc concentration after 100 mM KCl stimulation was reduced in the PFC of the ZnD rats and was accompanied by increased extracellular iron and glutamate levels (as measured by the in vivo microdialysis). The examined oxidative and inflammatory parameters were generally enhanced in the tissue of the ZnD animals. The obtained data suggest dynamic redistribution of bio-elements and enhancement of oxidative/inflammatory parameters after dietary zinc restriction, which may have a link with depression-like behavior/NMDAR function/neurodegeneration.

Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) in the brain: implications for a role in iron transport at the blood-brain barrier, and neuronal and glial pathology

Iron is required in a variety of essential processes in the body. In this review, we focus on iron transport in the brain and the role of the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) vital for iron uptake in most cells. DMT1 locates to cellular membranes and endosomal membranes, where it is a key player in non-transferrin bound iron uptake and transferrin-bound iron uptake, respectively. Four isoforms of DMT1 exist, and their respective characteristics involve a complex cell-specific regulatory machinery all controlling iron transport across these membranes. This complexity reflects the fine balance required in iron homeostasis, as this metal is indispensable in many cell functions but highly toxic when appearing in excess. DMT1 expression in the brain is prominent in neurons. Of serious dispute is the expression of DMT1 in non-neuronal cells. Recent studies imply that DMT1 does exist in endosomes of brain capillary endothelial cells denoting the blood-brain barrier. This supports existing evidence that iron uptake at the BBB occurs by means of transferrin-receptor mediated endocytosis followed by detachment of iron from transferrin inside the acidic compartment of the endosome and DMT1-mediated pumping iron into the cytosol. The subsequent iron transport across the abluminal membrane into the brain likely occurs by ferroportin. The virtual absent expression of transferrin receptors and DMT1 in glial cells, i.e., astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes, suggest that the steady state uptake of iron in glia is much lower than in neurons and/or other mechanisms for iron uptake in these cell types prevail.

Visual detection of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor based on a molecular translator and isothermal strand-displacement polymerization reaction

Background

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a small protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of neurons. Detection of GDNF is vital to monitoring the survival of sympathetic and sensory neurons. However, the specific method for GDNF detection is also un-discovered. The purpose of this study is to explore the method for protein detection of GDNF.

Methods

A novel visual detection method based on a molecular translator and isothermal strand-displacement polymerization reaction (ISDPR) has been proposed for the detection of GDNF. In this study, a molecular translator was employed to convert the input protein to output deoxyribonucleic acid signal, which was further amplified by ISDPR. The product of ISDPR was detected by a lateral flow biosensor within 30 minutes.

Results

This novel visual detection method based on a molecular translator and ISDPR has very high sensitivity and selectivity, with a dynamic response ranging from 1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 1 pg/mL of GDNF.

Conclusion

This novel visual detection method exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity, which is very simple and universal for GDNF detection to help disease therapy in clinical practice.