1
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Barnaba C, Broadbent DG, Kaminsky EG, Perez GI, Schmidt JC. AMPK regulates phagophore-to-autophagosome maturation. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309145. [PMID: 38775785 PMCID: PMC11110907 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important metabolic pathway that can non-selectively recycle cellular material or lead to targeted degradation of protein aggregates or damaged organelles. Autophagosome formation starts with autophagy factors accumulating on lipid vesicles containing ATG9. These phagophores attach to donor membranes, expand via ATG2-mediated lipid transfer, capture cargo, and mature into autophagosomes, ultimately fusing with lysosomes for their degradation. Autophagy can be activated by nutrient stress, for example, by a reduction in the cellular levels of amino acids. In contrast, how autophagy is regulated by low cellular ATP levels via the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important therapeutic target, is less clear. Using live-cell imaging and an automated image analysis pipeline, we systematically dissect how nutrient starvation regulates autophagosome biogenesis. We demonstrate that glucose starvation downregulates autophagosome maturation by AMPK-mediated inhibition of phagophore tethering to donor membrane. Our results clarify AMPKs regulatory role in autophagy and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target to reduce autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Barnaba
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David G. Broadbent
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Emily G. Kaminsky
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gloria I. Perez
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jens C. Schmidt
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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2
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Pasqualotto BA, Nelson A, Deheshi S, Sheldon CA, Vogl AW, Rintoul GL. Impaired mitochondrial morphological plasticity and failure of mitophagy associated with the G11778A mutation of LHON. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 721:150119. [PMID: 38768545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics were examined in human dermal fibroblasts biopsied from a confirmed Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) patient with a homoplasmic G11778A mutation of the mitochondrial genome. Expression of the G11778A mutation did not impart any discernible difference in mitochondrial network morphology using widefield fluorescence microscopy. However, at the ultrastructural level, cells expressing this mutation exhibited an impairment of mitochondrial morphological plasticity when forced to utilize oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by transition to glucose-free, galactose-containing media. LHON fibroblasts also displayed a transient increase in mitophagy upon transition to galactose media. These results provide new insights into the consequences of the G11778A mutation of LHON and the pathological mechanisms underlying this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A Pasqualotto
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, and the Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada
| | - Alexa Nelson
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, and the Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada
| | - Samineh Deheshi
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, and the Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada
| | - Claire A Sheldon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Life Sciences Institute and the Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gordon L Rintoul
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, and the Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada.
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3
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Wang Y, Ping Z, Gao H, Liu Z, Xv Q, Jiang X, Yu W. LYC inhibits the AKT signaling pathway to activate autophagy and ameliorate TGFB-induced renal fibrosis. Autophagy 2024; 20:1114-1133. [PMID: 38037248 PMCID: PMC11135866 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2287930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a typical pathological change in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the predominant stage. Activation of macroautophagy/autophagy plays a crucial role in the process of EMT. Lycopene (LYC) is a highly antioxidant carotenoid with pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and mediation of autophagy. In this study, we demonstrated the specific mechanism of LYC in activating mitophagy and improving renal fibrosis. The enrichment analysis results of GO and KEGG showed that LYC had high enrichment values with autophagy. In this study, we showed that LYC alleviated aristolochic acid I (AAI)-induced intracellular expression of PINK1, TGFB/TGF-β, p-SMAD2, p-SMAD3, and PRKN/Parkin, recruited expression of MAP1LC3/LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ameliorated renal fibrosis in mice. When we simultaneously intervened NRK52E cells using bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1), AAI, and LYC, intracellular MAP1LC3-II and SQSTM1 expression was significantly increased. A similar result was seen in renal tissue and cells when treated in vitro and in vivo with CQ, AAI, and LYC, and the inhibitory effect of LYC on the AAI-activated SMAD2-SMAD3 signaling pathway was attenuated. Molecular docking simulation experiments showed that LYC stably bound to the AKT active site. After intervention of cells with AAI and GSK-690693, the expression of PINK1, PRKN, MAP1LC3-II, BECN1, p-SMAD2 and p-SMAD3 was increased, and the expression of SQSTM1 was decreased. However, SC79 inhibited autophagy and reversed the inhibitory effect of LYC on EMT. The results showed that LYC could inhibit the AKT signaling pathway to activate mitophagy and reduce renal fibrosis.Abbreviation: AA: aristolochic acid; ACTA2/α-SMA: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTB: actin beta; AKT/protein kinase B: thymoma viral proto-oncogene; BAF-A1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CCN2/CTGF: cellular communication network factor 2; CDH1/E-Cadherin: cadherin 1; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COL1: collagen, type I; COL3: collagen, type III; CQ: chloroquine; ECM: extracellular matrix; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; FN1: fibronectin 1; LYC: lycopene; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase ; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PPI: protein-protein interaction; SMAD2: SMAD family member 2; SMAD3: SMAD family member 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TGFB/TGFβ: transforming growth factor, beta; VIM: vimentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenlei Ping
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxin Gao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingyang Xv
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenhui Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenesis and Comparative Medicine in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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4
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Chen H, Liu Y, Zhang T, Huang T, Lang Y, Sheng Q, Liu Y, Kong Z, Gao Y, Lu S, Yang M, Li X, Wang R, Lv Z. Inhibition of the lncRNA 585189 prevents podocyte injury and mitochondria dysfunction by promoting hnRNP A1 and SIRT1 in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 578:112065. [PMID: 37690472 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte dysfunction has been identified as a crucial pathological characteristic of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the regulatory effects of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in this process have not been fully elucidated. Here, we performed an unbiased RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of renal tissues and identified a significantly upregulated long non-coding RNA, ENST00000585189.1 (lncRNA 585189), in patients with DN. Furthermore, lncRNA 585189 was positively correlated with renal insufficiency and was upregulated in both DN patients and high-glucose-induced human podocytes. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments revealed that silencing lncRNA 585189 decreased the production of ROS, rescued aberrant mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential, and alleviated podocyte damage caused by high glucose. Mechanistically, bioinformatics analysis predicted an interaction between lncRNA 585189 and hnRNP A1, which was subsequently confirmed by RIP, pull-down, and EMSA assays. Further investigation revealed that lncRNA 585189 destabilizes the hnRNP A1 protein, leading to the downregulation of its expression. Conversely, hnRNP A1 promoted the expression of lncRNA 585189. Moreover, both RIP and pull-down assays demonstrated a direct interaction between hnRNP A1 and SIRT1, which enhanced SIRT1 mRNA stability. Our findings suggest that lncRNA 585189 suppresses SIRT1 through hnRNP A1, thereby hindering the recovery from mitochondrial abnormalities and podocyte damage. In summary, targeting lncRNA 585189 is a promising strategy for reversing mitochondrial dysfunction and treating DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Tongtong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Yating Lang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Qinghao Sheng
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Yingxiao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Zhijuan Kong
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Shangwei Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Meilin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University. No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China.
| | - Zhimei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China.
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5
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Harrington JS, Ryter SW, Plataki M, Price DR, Choi AMK. Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2349-2422. [PMID: 37021870 PMCID: PMC10393386 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be their most important function, mitochondria are also integral for the synthesis of metabolic precursors, calcium regulation, the production of reactive oxygen species, immune signaling, and apoptosis. Considering the breadth of their responsibilities, mitochondria are fundamental for cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Appreciating this significance, translational medicine has begun to investigate how mitochondrial dysfunction can represent a harbinger of disease. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of mitochondrial metabolism, cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns, mitochondria-mediated cell death pathways, and how mitochondrial dysfunction at any of these levels is associated with disease pathogenesis. Mitochondria-dependent pathways may thereby represent an attractive therapeutic target for ameliorating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Harrington
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Maria Plataki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - David R Price
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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6
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Barnaba C, Broadbent DG, Perez GI, Schmidt JC. AMPK Regulates Phagophore-to-Autophagosome Maturation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559981. [PMID: 37808644 PMCID: PMC10557706 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important metabolic pathway that can non-selectively recycle cellular material or lead to targeted degradation of protein aggregates or damaged organelles. Autophagosome formation starts with autophagy factors accumulating on lipid vesicles containing ATG9. These phagophores attach to donor membranes, expand via ATG2-mediated lipid transfer, capture cargo, and mature into autophagosomes, ultimately fusing with lysosomes for their degradation. Autophagy can be activated by nutrient stress, for example by a reduction in the cellular levels of amino acids. In contrast, how autophagy is regulated by low cellular ATP levels via the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important therapeutic target, is less clear. Using live-cell imaging and an automated image analysis pipeline, we systematically dissect how nutrient starvation regulates autophagosome biogenesis. We demonstrate that glucose starvation downregulates autophagosome maturation by AMPK mediated inhibition of phagophores tethering to donor membranes. Our results clarify AMPK's regulatory role in autophagy and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target to reduce autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Barnaba
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering
| | - David G. Broadbent
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering
- College of Osteopathic Medicine
- Department of Physiology
| | | | - Jens C. Schmidt
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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7
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Cheng K, Niu J, Zheng X, Qiao Y, Zhang J, Guo R, Dong G, Song Z, Huang J, Wang J, Zhang Y. Aflatoxin-B1-Exposure-Induced Hepatic Injury Could Be Alleviated by Polydatin through Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inhibiting Inflammation and Improving Mitophagy. TOXICS 2023; 11:309. [PMID: 37112536 PMCID: PMC10145279 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a toxic food/feed pollutant, exerting extensive deleterious impacts on the liver. Oxidative stress and inflammation are considered to be vital contributors to AFB1 hepatotoxicity. Polydatin (PD), a naturally occurring polyphenol, has been demonstrated to protect and/or treat liver disorders caused by various factors through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the role of PD in AFB1-induced liver injury is still elusive. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the protective effect of PD on hepatic injury in mice subjected to AFB1. Male mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, AFB1 and AFB1-PD groups. The results showed that PD protected against AFB1-induced hepatic injury demonstrated by the reduced serum transaminase activity, the restored hepatic histology and ultrastructure, which could be attributed to the enhanced glutathione level, the reduced interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations, the increased interleukin 10 expression at transcriptional level and the up-regulated mRNA expression related to mitophagy. In conclusion, PD could alleviate AFB1-induced hepatic injury by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation and improving mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cheng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingyi Niu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yining Qiao
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guorun Dong
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- School of International Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinrong Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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8
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Dong JY, Yin HL, Hao H, Liu Y. Research Progress on Autophagy Regulation by Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Acute Lung Injury. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:1671-1691. [PMID: 37092134 PMCID: PMC10120836 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s398203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that maintains cell stability in eukaryotes, participates in the turnover of intracellular substances to maintain cell function, helps to resist pathogen invasion, and improves cell tolerance to environmental changes. Autophagy has been observed in many diseases, and the symptoms of these diseases are significantly improved by regulating autophagy. Autophagy is also involved in the development of lung diseases. Studies have shown that autophagy may play a beneficial or harmful role in acute lung injury (ALI), and ALI has been treated with traditional Chinese medicine designed to promote or inhibit autophagy. In this paper, the molecular mechanism and common pathways regulating autophagy and the relationship between autophagy and ALI are introduced, and the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine that improve ALI symptoms by regulating autophagy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-yan Dong
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lin Yin
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Hao
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hao Hao; Yang Liu, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13583119291; +86-13864018185, Email ;
| | - Yang Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Elaiophylin Inhibits Tumorigenesis of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma by Inhibiting Mitophagy via Suppression of SIRT1/Nrf2 Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235812. [PMID: 36497294 PMCID: PMC9737501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC), the most common type of lung cancer, is still one of the most aggressive and rapidly fatal tumor types, even though achievements in new therapeutic approaches have been developed. Elaiophylin as a C2 symmetrically glycosylated 16 macrolides has been reported to be a late-stage autophagy inhibitor with a potent anti-tumor effect on various cancers. This study investigated the anti-tumor effect of elaiophylin on human LADC for the first time in in vitro and in vivo models. The in vitro study in LADC A549 cells showed that elaiophylin significantly inhibited cell viability and induced cell apoptosis through the suppression of mitophagy and induction of cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Proteomic analysis and molecular docking assay implicated that SIRT1 was likely the direct target of elaiophylin in A549 cells. Further mechanistic study verified that elaiophylin reduced Nrf2 deacetylation, expression, and transcriptional activity as well as cytoplasm translocation by downregulating SIRT1 expression and deacetylase activity. Additionally, SIRT1/Nrf2 activation could attenuate elaiophylin-induced mitophagy inhibition and oxidative stress. The in vivo study in the A549-xenograft mice model showed that the anti-tumor effect of elaiophylin was accompanied by the decreased expressions of SIRT1, Nrf2, Parkin, and PINK1. Thus, the present study reports that elaiophylin has potent anti-tumor properties in LADC, which effect is likely mediated through suppressing the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling. In conclusion, elaiophylin may be a novel drug candidate for LADC and SIRT1 may be a new therapeutic target for such devastating malignancy.
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10
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Cao Y, Zhang M, Li Y, Lu J, Zhou W, Li X, Shi H, Xu B, Li S. O-GlcNAcylation of SIRT1 Protects against Cold Stress-Induced Skeletal Muscle Damage via Amelioration of Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314520. [PMID: 36498847 PMCID: PMC9737900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress disturbs cellular metabolic and energy homeostasis, which is one of the causes of stress-induced illnesses. O-GlcNAcylation is a nutrient-sensing pathway involved in a myriad of cellular processes. It plays a key role in metabolic homeostasis. Nevertheless, a specific sensing mechanism linking skeletal muscle to O-GlcNAcylation in cold stress is unknown. In this study, O-GlcNAcylation of SIRT1 was targeted to explore the mechanism of skeletal muscle adaptation to cold stress. Ogt mKO aggravated skeletal muscle fibrosis induced by cold stress. At the same time, Ogt gene deletion accelerated the homeostasis imbalance and oxidative stress of skeletal muscle mitochondria induced by cold stress. In vitro results showed that inhibition of SIRT1's O-GlcNAcylation accelerated mild hypothermia induced mitochondrial homeostasis in mouse myogenic cells (C2C12 cells). However, overexpression of SIRT1's O-GlcNAcylation improved the above phenomena. Thus, these results reveal a protective role of OGT-SIRT1 in skeletal muscle's adaptation to cold stress, and our findings will provide new avenues to combat stress-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ye Li
- Sheep Disease Laboratory, Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161005, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Wanhui Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (S.L.)
| | - Shize Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (S.L.)
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11
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González-Rodríguez P, Delorme-Axford E, Bernard A, Keane L, Stratoulias V, Grabert K, Engskog-Vlachos P, Füllgrabe J, Klionsky DJ, Joseph B. SETD2 transcriptional control of ATG14L/S isoforms regulates autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:953. [PMID: 36371383 PMCID: PMC9653477 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and tightly regulated catabolic process involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis whose dysregulation is implicated in several pathological processes. Autophagy begins with the formation of phagophores that engulf cytoplasmic cargo and mature into double-membrane autophagosomes; the latter fuse with lysosomes/vacuoles for cargo degradation and recycling. Here, we report that yeast Set2, a histone lysine methyltransferase, and its mammalian homolog, SETD2, both act as positive transcriptional regulators of autophagy. However, whereas Set2 regulates the expression of several autophagy-related (Atg) genes upon nitrogen starvation, SETD2 effects in mammals were found to be more restricted. In fact, SETD2 appears to primarily regulate the differential expression of protein isoforms encoded by the ATG14 gene. SETD2 promotes the expression of a long ATG14 isoform, ATG14L, that contains an N-terminal cysteine repeats domain, essential for the efficient fusion of the autophagosome with the lysosome, that is absent in the short ATG14 isoform, ATG14S. Accordingly, SETD2 loss of function decreases autophagic flux, as well as the turnover of aggregation-prone proteins such as mutant HTT (huntingtin) leading to increased cellular toxicity. Hence, our findings bring evidence to the emerging concept that the production of autophagy-related protein isoforms can differentially affect core autophagy machinery bringing an additional level of complexity to the regulation of this biological process in more complex organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia González-Rodríguez
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Delorme-Axford
- Life Sciences Institute, and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Amélie Bernard
- Life Sciences Institute, and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lily Keane
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vassilis Stratoulias
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kathleen Grabert
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pinelopi Engskog-Vlachos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Füllgrabe
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Jiang H, Chen F, Song D, Zhou X, Ren L, Zeng M. Dynamin-Related Protein 1 Is Involved in Mitochondrial Damage, Defective Mitophagy, and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Induced by MSU Crystals. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5064494. [PMID: 36338340 PMCID: PMC9627272 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5064494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has great impacts on MSU crystal-induced inflammation. Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission is closely associated with mitochondrial ROS levels. However, whether Drp1 signaling contributes to MSU crystal-induced inflammation remains unclear. Mice bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were primed with LPS and then stimulated with MSU suspensions for 12 h. The protein levels associated with mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative stress, and mitophagy were detected by Western blot. BMDMs were loaded with MitoTracker Green probe to detect mitochondrial morphology. To measure mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total ROS levels, cells were loaded, respectively, with MitoSOX and DHE probes. The effects of Mito-TEMPO, an antioxidant that targets the mitochondria or DRP1 inhibitor (Mdivi-1) on MSU crystal-induced peritonitis and arthritis mouse models, were evaluated. Our study revealed that MSU crystal stimulation resulted in elevation of mitochondrial fragmentation of BMDMs. Treatment with Mito-TEMPO or Drp1 knockdown significantly ameliorated the mitochondrial damage induced by MSU crystals. BMDMs exposure to MSU crystals increased the expression of auto/mitophagy marker proteins and promoted the fusion of mitophagosomes with lysosomes, leading to accumulation of mitolysosomes. Drp1 knockdown alleviated defective mitophagy and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in MSU crystal-treated BMDMs. This study indicates that there is crosstalk between mitochondrial ROS and Drp1 signaling in MSU crystal-induced inflammation. Drp1 signaling is involved in MSU crystal-induced mitochondrial damage, impaired mitophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, 637001 Sichuan, China
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, 637001 Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, 637001 Sichuan, China
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, 637001 Sichuan, China
| | - DianZe Song
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, 637001 Sichuan, China
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, 637001 Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhou
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, 637001 Sichuan, China
| | - Long Ren
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Nanchong City, 21# Bajiao Street, Nanchong, 637100 Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, 637001 Sichuan, China
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No. 1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, 637001 Sichuan, China
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Nanchong City, 21# Bajiao Street, Nanchong, 637100 Sichuan, China
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13
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Peng T, Xie Y, Sheng H, Wang C, Lian Y, Xie N. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles: Gatekeepers of mitochondrial response to oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:185-193. [PMID: 35750270 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanisms are a series of adaptive responses that ensure the relative stability of mitochondrial morphology, quantity, and quality to preserve cellular survival and function. While MQC mechanisms range from mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion/fission to mitophagy, mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) may represent an essential component of MQC. MDVs precede mitochondrial autophagy and serve as the first line of defense against oxidative stress by selectively transferring damaged mitochondrial substances to the lysosome for degradation. In fact, the function of MDVs is dependent on the cargo, the shuttle route, and the ultimate destination. Abnormal MDVs disrupt metabolite clearance and the immune response, predisposing to pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Therefore, MDV regulation may be a potential therapeutic for the therapy of these diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the study of MDVs and their misregulation in various diseases from the perspectives of formation, cargo selection, regulation, and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China; Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yinyin Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China; Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Hanqing Sheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China; Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yajun Lian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Nanchang Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
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14
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Lin SY, Syu JP, Lo YT, Chau YP, Don MJ, Shy HT, Lai SM, Kung HN. Mitochondrial activity is the key to the protective effect of β-Lapachone, a NAD + booster, in healthy cells against cisplatin cytotoxicity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 101:154094. [PMID: 35447421 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin (CDDP) is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug for treating various cancers. However, CDDP also damages normal cells and causes many side effects. Recently, CDDP has been demonstrated to kill cancer cells by targeting mitochondria. Protecting mitochondria might be a potential therapeutic strategy for CDDP-induced side effects. β-Lapachone (β-lap), a recognized NAD+ booster, has been reported to regulate mitochondrial activity. However, it remains unclear whether maintaining mitochondrial activity is the key factor in the protective effects of β-lap in CDDP-treated normal cells. PURPOSE In this study, the protective effects of β-lap on mitochondria against CDDP cytotoxicity in normal cells were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN In vitro cell models were used in this study, including 3T3 fibroblasts, human dermal fibroblasts, MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. METHODS Cells were treated with CDDP and β-lap, and cell survival, NAD+, mitochondrial activity, autophagy, and ATP production were measured. Various inhibitors and siRNAs were used to confirm the key signal underlying the protective effects of β-lap. RESULTS The results demonstrated that β-lap significantly decreased CDDP cytotoxicity in normal fibroblasts. With various inhibitors and siRNAs, β-lap reduced CDDP-induced damage to normal fibroblasts by maintaining mitochondrial activity and increasing autophagy through the NQO1/NAD+/SIRT1 axis. Most importantly, the protective effects of β-lap in fibroblasts did not affect the therapeutic effects of CDDP in cancer cells. This study indicated that mitochondrial activity, energy production, and NQO1 levels might be crucial responses separating normal cells from cancer cells under exposure to CDDP and β-lap. CONCLUSION β-lap could be a good synergistic drug for reducing the side effects of CDDP without affecting the anticancer drug effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Pu Syu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1-1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lo
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1-1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yat-Pang Chau
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jaw Don
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Tzer Shy
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1-1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1-1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ni Kung
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1-1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
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15
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Hepokoski M, Singh P. Mitochondria as mediators of systemic inflammation and organ cross talk in acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F589-F596. [PMID: 35379000 PMCID: PMC9054254 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00372.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a systemic inflammatory disease that contributes to remote organ failures. Multiple organ failure is the leading cause of death due to AKI, and lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved has precluded the development of novel therapies. Mitochondrial injury in AKI leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and release of damage-associated molecular patterns, which are known to active innate immune pathways and systemic inflammation. This review presents current evidence suggesting that extracellular mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns are mediators of remote organ failures during AKI that have the potential to be modifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hepokoski
- 1Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California,2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Prabhleen Singh
- 1Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California,3Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, California
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16
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Zhu X, Zou W, Meng X, Ji J, Wang X, Shu H, Chen Y, Pan D, Wang K, Zhou F. Elaiophylin Inhibits Tumorigenesis of Human Uveal Melanoma by Suppressing Mitophagy and Inducing Oxidative Stress via Modulating SIRT1/FoxO3a Signaling. Front Oncol 2022; 12:788496. [PMID: 35387119 PMCID: PMC8978265 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.788496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults, which is associated with poor prognosis. Up to 50% of UM patients develop metastasis. Therapeutics that have proven effective in cutaneous melanoma have little success in treating UM, possibly due to its low mutational burden. Therefore, new drug therapies are highly desired for UM. Our in vitro studies showed that Elaiophylin, a late-stage autophagy inhibitor, exhibited an outstanding anticancer activity in human UM cell lines and human UM primary cells through suppressing mitophagy, inducing oxidative stress and leading to autophagic cell death. Our mechanistic study revealed that Elaiophylin exerted its effect by down-regulating SIRT1 and thus influencing deacetylation and mitochondrial localization of FoxO3a. In our confirmatory experiments, SRT1720, a SIRT1 specific activator, could attenuate Elaiophylin-induced inhibition of mitophagy and elevation of oxidative stress, and such effects was partly reversed by FoxO3a knockdown. Our further in vivo studies showed that Elaiophylin dramatically inhibited tumor growth in the human UM xenograft mouse model, which was accompanied with a decreased SIRT1 expression. Thus, the current study is the first to demonstrate that Elaiophylin has a potent anti-cancer effect against UM, which activity is possibly mediated through regulating SIRT1-FoxO3a signaling axis. And Elaiophylin may be a new and promising drug candidate to treat human UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China.,Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinmin Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Medical College of Guangxi Medical University, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiali Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hong Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Medical College of Guangxi Medical University, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China.,Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China.,Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China.,Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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JIA Y, HAN B, WANG R. Ivermectin induces mitophagy in H9c2 cells via activation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.65621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rene WANG
- Jinan First People’s Hospital, China
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18
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Xia Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Wang Q, Zhu P, Gu Y, Yang H, Geng D. Identification and validation of ferroptosis key genes in bone mesenchymal stromal cells of primary osteoporosis based on bioinformatics analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:980867. [PMID: 36093072 PMCID: PMC9452779 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.980867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary osteoporosis has long been underdiagnosed and undertreated. Currently, ferroptosis may be a promising research direction in the prevention and treatment of primary osteoporosis. However, the specific mechanism of ferroptosis in primary osteoporosis remains a mystery. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in bone mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) of primary osteoporosis and heathy patients from the GEO databases with the help of bioinformatics analysis. Then, we intersected these DEGs with the ferroptosis dataset and obtained 80 Ferr-DEGs. Several bioinformatics algorithms (PCA, RLE, Limma, BC, MCC, etc.) were adopted to integrate the results. Additionally, we explored the potential functional roles of the Ferr-DEGs via GO and KEGG. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) were used to predict potential interactive networks. Finally, 80 Ferr-DEGs and 5 key Ferr-DEGs were calculated. The 5 key Ferr-DEGs were further verified in the OVX mouse model. In conclusion, through a variety of bioinformatics methods, our research successfully identified 5 key Ferr-DEGs associated with primary osteoporosis and ferroptosis, namely, sirtuin 1(SIRT1), heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 (HSPA5), mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (MTOR), hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1A) and beclin 1 (BECN1), which were verified in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiufei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People’s Hospital of Changshu City, Changshu, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ye Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People’s Hospital of Changshu City, Changshu, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huilin Yang, ; Dechun Geng,
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huilin Yang, ; Dechun Geng,
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19
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Roperto S. Role of BAG3 in bovine Deltapapillomavirus-mediated autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:59-64. [PMID: 34889472 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Deltapapillomavirus genus (δPV), comprises four members that are highly pathogenic and are frequently associated with bladder tumors of adult cattle and water buffaloes. In particular, bovine δPV-2 and δPV-13 are commonly found in urinary bladder tumors in adult large ruminants reared fully or partially on hilly/mountain pasturelands rich in bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) as the urinary bladder of the herbivores is the specific target for bracken genotoxins such as ptaquiloside (PT). PT is a sesquiterpenoid responsible for alkylation of adenine of codon 61 of gene H-Ras, which results in Glutamine 61 substitution that is essential for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis. Glutamine substitution at position 61 impairs the intrinsic GTPase activity. Therefore, active GTP-bound conformations (Ras-GTP) accumulate in cells, thereby causing abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation. The aim of the present study is to stress how bovine δPVs upregulate different forms of selective autophagy, of which BAG3 is a key player. BAG3 plays a central role in autophagy and acts as a multifunctional hub for an interaction network at the cytosolic and mitochondrial level. BAG3 is a functional partner of bovine δPV E5 oncoprotein and forms a complex with molecular chaperones Hsc70/Hsp70/Hsp8B and with cochaperone CHIP. BAG3 interacts with Synpo2. It is believed that this interaction has a crucial role for autophagosome (mitophagosome) formation. Furthermore, in urothelial cells infected by bovine δPVs, BAG3 interacts with parkin and some receptors such as BNIP3/FUNDC1, which suggests that BAG3 is involved in both parkin-dependent and -independent mitophagy that appear upregulate in bladder carcinogenesis of cattle induced by bovine δPVs. Surprisingly, BAG3 interacts also with ERAS, a protein encoded by the ERas gene, a novel member of the RAS family. Unlike in humans, the ERas gene is a functional gene in the cells of adult cattle, and it appears to play a role in bovine BAG3-mediated selective autophagy, including mitophagy observed in urothelial cells spontaneously infected with bovine papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
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20
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Ma N, Wei Z, Hu J, Gu W, Ci X. Farrerol Ameliorated Cisplatin-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Through Mitophagy Induction via Nrf2/PINK1 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:768700. [PMID: 34858188 PMCID: PMC8631930 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.768700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, Our study has showed that farrerol can activate Nrf2 and ameliorate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Mitophagy reportedly can prevent diabetic nephropathy, cisplatin-induced AKI and other related nephropathy. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between mitophagy and the protective effect of the Nrf2 activator farrerol on cisplatin-induced CKD by using C57BL/6 wild-type and Nrf2 knockout mice. We confirmed that Nrf2 and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy was significantly increased on the 3rd day of cisplatin stimulation but was reduced on the 38th day of cisplatin stimulation. Similar to previous results, farrerol activated Nrf2 on the 38th day of cisplatin administration, subsequently stimulating the Nrf2-targeted antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1. In addition, farrerol triggered PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy by recruiting the receptor proteins LC3 and p62/SQSTM1, thereby eliminating damaged mitochondria. Furthermore, genetic deletion of Nrf2 reduced PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy activation and led to increased renal tubular necrosis and renal fibrosis. We also found that farrerol alleviated inflammation and renal fibrosis by inhibiting p-NF-κB/NLRP3 and TGF-β/Smad signaling. These data indicated that farrerol effectively inhibited cisplatin-induced inflammation and renal fibrosis by activating Nrf2 and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which provides a potential novel therapeutic target for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhentong Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianqiang Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjing Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Extraction yield optimization of Oleaster (Olea europaea var. sylvestris) fruits using response surface methodology, LC/MS profiling and evaluation of its effects on antioxidant activity and autophagy in HFF cells. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Maintaining mitochondrial health is essential for the survival and function of eukaryotic organisms. Misfunctioning mitochondria activate stress-responsive pathways to restore mitochondrial network homeostasis, remove damaged or toxic proteins, and eliminate damaged organelles via selective autophagy of mitochondria, a process termed mitophagy. Failure of these quality control pathways is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Impairment of mitochondrial quality control has been demonstrated to activate innate immune pathways, including inflammasome-mediated signaling and the antiviral cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-regulated interferon response. Immune system malfunction is a common hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases; however, whether inflammation suppresses or exacerbates disease pathology is still unclear. The goal of this review is to provide a historical overview of the field, describe mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control, and highlight recent advances on the emerging role of mitochondria in innate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Moehlman
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Richard J Youle
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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Implications on the Therapeutic Potential of Statins via Modulation of Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9599608. [PMID: 34373771 PMCID: PMC8349293 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9599608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Statins, which are functionally known as 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) inhibitors, are lipid-lowering compounds widely prescribed in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Several biological and therapeutic functions have been attributed to statins, including neuroprotection, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anticancer effects. Pharmacological characteristics of statins have been attributed to their involvement in the modulation of several cellular signaling pathways. Over the past few years, the therapeutic role of statins has partially been attributed to the induction of autophagy, which is critical in maintaining cellular homeostasis and accounts for the removal of unfavorable cells or specific organelles within cells. Dysregulated mechanisms of the autophagy pathway have been attributed to the etiopathogenesis of various disorders, including neurodegenerative disorders, malignancies, infections, and even aging. Autophagy functions as a double-edged sword during tumor metastasis. On the one hand, it plays a role in inhibiting metastasis through restricting necrosis of tumor cells, suppressing the infiltration of the inflammatory cell to the tumor niche, and generating the release of mediators that induce potent immune responses against tumor cells. On the other hand, autophagy has also been associated with promoting tumor metastasis. Several anticancer medications which are aimed at inducing autophagy in the tumor cells are related to statins. This review article discusses the implications of statins in the induction of autophagy and, hence, the treatment of various disorders.
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Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5253-5271. [PMID: 34275087 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and also a major cause of adult disability worldwide. Revascularization via reperfusion therapy is currently a standard clinical procedure for patients with ischemic stroke. Although the restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) is critical for the salvage of ischemic tissue, reperfusion can also, paradoxically, exacerbate neuronal damage through a series of cellular alterations. Among the various theories postulated for ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, including the burst generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of autophagy, and release of apoptotic factors, mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed to play an essential role in mediating these pathophysiological processes. Therefore, strict regulation of the quality and quantity of mitochondria via mitochondrial quality control is of great importance to avoid the pathological effects of impaired mitochondria on neurons. Furthermore, timely elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy is also crucial to maintain a healthy mitochondrial network, whereas intensive or excessive mitophagy could exacerbate cerebral I/R injury. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of mitochondrial quality control on cerebral I/R injury and introduce recent advances in the understanding of the possible signaling pathways of mitophagy and potential factors responsible for the double-edged roles of mitophagy in the pathological processes of cerebral I/R injury.
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25
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Antipsychotic drugs counteract autophagy and mitophagy in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020078118. [PMID: 34099564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020078118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease characterized by myelin damage followed by axonal and ultimately neuronal loss. The etiology and physiopathology of MS are still elusive, and no fully effective therapy is yet available. We investigated the role in MS of autophagy (physiologically, a controlled intracellular pathway regulating the degradation of cellular components) and of mitophagy (a specific form of autophagy that removes dysfunctional mitochondria). We found that the levels of autophagy and mitophagy markers are significantly increased in the biofluids of MS patients during the active phase of the disease, indicating activation of these processes. In keeping with this idea, in vitro and in vivo MS models (induced by proinflammatory cytokines, lysolecithin, and cuprizone) are associated with strongly impaired mitochondrial activity, inducing a lactic acid metabolism and prompting an increase in the autophagic flux and in mitophagy. Multiple structurally and mechanistically unrelated inhibitors of autophagy improved myelin production and normalized axonal myelination, and two such inhibitors, the widely used antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and clozapine, also significantly improved cuprizone-induced motor impairment. These data suggest that autophagy has a causal role in MS; its inhibition strongly attenuates behavioral signs in an experimental model of the disease. Therefore, haloperidol and clozapine may represent additional therapeutic tools against MS.
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26
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Doblado L, Lueck C, Rey C, Samhan-Arias AK, Prieto I, Stacchiotti A, Monsalve M. Mitophagy in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083903. [PMID: 33918863 PMCID: PMC8069949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a selective autophagic process, essential for cellular homeostasis, that eliminates dysfunctional mitochondria. Activated by inner membrane depolarization, it plays an important role during development and is fundamental in highly differentiated post-mitotic cells that are highly dependent on aerobic metabolism, such as neurons, muscle cells, and hepatocytes. Both defective and excessive mitophagy have been proposed to contribute to age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, metabolic diseases, vascular complications of diabetes, myocardial injury, muscle dystrophy, and liver disease, among others. Pharmacological or dietary interventions that restore mitophagy homeostasis and facilitate the elimination of irreversibly damaged mitochondria, thus, could serve as potential therapies in several chronic diseases. However, despite extraordinary advances in this field, mainly derived from in vitro and preclinical animal models, human applications based on the regulation of mitochondrial quality in patients have not yet been approved. In this review, we summarize the key selective mitochondrial autophagy pathways and their role in prevalent chronic human diseases and highlight the potential use of specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doblado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (C.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudia Lueck
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (C.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudia Rey
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (C.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Prieto
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Isaac Peral 42, 28015 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universita’ Degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
- U.O. Laboratorio di Morfologia Umana Applicata, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (C.L.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.M.)
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27
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Franco-Iborra S, Plaza-Zabala A, Montpeyo M, Sebastian D, Vila M, Martinez-Vicente M. Mutant HTT (huntingtin) impairs mitophagy in a cellular model of Huntington disease. Autophagy 2021; 17:672-689. [PMID: 32093570 PMCID: PMC8032238 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1728096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria by mitophagy is essential for maintaining neuronal homeostasis. HTT (huntingtin) can interact with numerous other proteins and thereby perform multiple biological functions within the cell. In this study, we investigated the role of HTT during mitophagy and analyzed the impact of the expansion of its polyglutamine (polyQ) tract. HTT is involved in different mitophagy steps, promoting the physical proximity of different protein complexes during the initiation of mitophagy and recruiting mitophagy receptors essential for promoting the interaction between damaged mitochondria and the nascent autophagosome. The presence of the polyQ tract in mutant HTT affects the formation of these protein complexes and determines the negative consequences of mutant HTT on mitophagy, leading to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and an increase in oxidative stress. These outcomes contribute to general mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Huntington disease.Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG13: autophagy related 13; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; BNIP3: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/Nix: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenyl hydrazone; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle medium; EDTA: ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; EGTA: ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl ether)tetraacetic acid; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; HD: Huntington disease; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; HTT: huntingtin; LC3-II: lipidated form of MAP1LC3/LC3; mtDNA: mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid; MTDR: MitoTracker Deep Red; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NBR1: NBR1, autophagy cargo receptor; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; OPTN: optineurin; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4/VPS15: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PLA: proximity ligation assay; PMSF: phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; polyQ: polyglutamine; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Rot: rotenone; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEM: standard error of the mean; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TMRM: tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester; UB: ubiquitin; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Franco-Iborra
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Montpeyo
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sebastian
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) - Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases Networking Biomedical Research (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Martinez-Vicente
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Shao Z, Dou S, Zhu J, Wang H, Xu D, Wang C, Cheng B, Bai B. The Role of Mitophagy in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2020; 11:608610. [PMID: 33424757 PMCID: PMC7793663 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.608610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important places for eukaryotes to carry out energy metabolism and participate in the processes of cell differentiation, cell information transmission, and cell apoptosis. Autophagy is a programmed intracellular degradation process. Mitophagy, as a selective autophagy, is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process to eliminate dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria, thereby fine-tuning the number of mitochondria and maintaining energy metabolism. Many stimuli could activate mitophagy to regulate related physiological processes, which could ultimately reduce or aggravate the damage caused by stimulation. Stroke is a common disease that seriously affects the health and lives of people around the world, and ischemic stroke, which is caused by cerebral vascular stenosis or obstruction, accounts for the vast majority of stroke. Abnormal mitophagy is closely related to the occurrence, development and pathological mechanism of ischemic stroke. However, the exact mechanism of mitophagy involved in ischemic stroke has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we discuss the process and signal pathways of mitophagy, the potential role of mitophagy in ischemic stroke and the possible signal transduction pathways. It will help deepen the understanding of mitophagy and provide new ideas for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Shao
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Dou
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Junge Zhu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Baohua Cheng
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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29
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Choong CJ, Okuno T, Ikenaka K, Baba K, Hayakawa H, Koike M, Yokota M, Doi J, Kakuda K, Takeuchi T, Kuma A, Nakamura S, Nagai Y, Nagano S, Yoshimori T, Mochizuki H. Alternative mitochondrial quality control mediated by extracellular release. Autophagy 2020; 17:2962-2974. [PMID: 33218272 PMCID: PMC8525996 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1848130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control, which is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, has been considered to be achieved exclusively through mitophagy. Here we report an alternative mitochondrial quality control pathway mediated by extracellular mitochondria release. By performing time-lapse confocal imaging on a stable cell line with fluorescent-labeled mitochondria, we observed release of mitochondria from cells into the extracellular space. Correlative light-electron microscopy revealed that majority of the extracellular mitochondria are in free form and, on rare occasions, some are enclosed in membrane-surrounded vesicles. Rotenone- and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone-induced mitochondrial quality impairment promotes the extracellular release of depolarized mitochondria. Overexpression of PRKN (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase), which has a pivotal role in mitophagy regulation, suppresses the extracellular mitochondria release under basal and stress condition, whereas its knockdown exacerbates it. Correspondingly, overexpression of PRKN-independent mitophagy regulators, BNIP3 (BCL2 interacting protein 3) and BNIP3L/NIX (BCL2 interacting protein 3 like), suppress extracellular mitochondria release. Autophagy-deficient cell lines show elevated extracellular mitochondria release. These results imply that perturbation of mitophagy pathway prompts mitochondria expulsion. Presence of mitochondrial protein can also be detected in mouse sera. Sera of PRKN-deficient mice contain higher level of mitochondrial protein compared to that of wild-type mice. More importantly, fibroblasts and cerebrospinal fluid samples from Parkinson disease patients carrying loss-of-function PRKN mutations show increased extracellular mitochondria compared to control subjects, providing evidence in a clinical context. Taken together, our findings suggest that extracellular mitochondria release is a comparable yet distinct quality control pathway from conventional mitophagy. Abbreviations: ACTB: actin beta; ANXA5: annexin A5; ATP5F1A/ATP5A: ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha; ATG: autophagy related; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CM: conditioned media; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EM: electron microscopy; HSPD1/Hsp60: heat shock protein family D (Hsp60) member 1; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3A/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MT-CO1: mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I; NDUFB8: NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8; OE: overexpression; OPA1: OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PB: phosphate buffer; PD: Parkinson disease; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SDHB: succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TOMM40: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40; UQCRC2: ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 2; WT: wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jing Choong
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Okuno
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ikenaka
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kousuke Baba
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayakawa
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Yokota
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Doi
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Keita Kakuda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihide Takeuchi
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Akiko Kuma
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Seiichi Nagano
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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30
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Nassir F. Role of acetylation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a focus on SIRT1 and SIRT3. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver chronic disease worldwide. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and involves many metabolic enzymes and multiple pathways. Posttranslational modifications of proteins (PMPs) added another layer of complexity to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. PMPs change protein properties and regulate many biological functions, including cellular localization, stability, intracellular signaling, and protein function. Lysine acetylation is a common reversible PMP that consists of the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to a lysine residue on targeted proteins. The deacetylation reaction is catalyzed by deacetylases called sirtuins. This review summarizes the role of acetylation in NAFLD with a focus on sirtuins 1 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Nassir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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31
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Wang S, Deng Z, Ma Y, Jin J, Qi F, Li S, Liu C, Lyu FJ, Zheng Q. The Role of Autophagy and Mitophagy in Bone Metabolic Disorders. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2675-2691. [PMID: 32792864 PMCID: PMC7415419 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.46627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolic disorders include osteolysis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two major types of cells in bone constituting homeostasis. The imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts has been shown to have a direct contribution to the onset of these diseases. Recent evidence indicates that autophagy and mitophagy, the selective autophagy of mitochondria, may play a vital role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Several signaling pathways, including PINK1/Parkin, SIRT1, MAPK8/FOXO3, Beclin-1/BECN1, p62/SQSTM1, and mTOR pathways, have been implied in the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy in these cells. Here we review the current progress about the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy in osteoblasts and osteoclasts in these bone metabolic disorders, as well as the molecular signaling activated or deactivated during this process. Together, we hope to draw attention to the role of autophagy and mitophagy in bone metabolic disorders, and their potential as a new target for the treatment of bone metabolic diseases and the requirements of further mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China.,South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhantao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
| | - Yuanchen Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
| | - Jiewen Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China.,South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China.,South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chang Liu
- South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feng-Juan Lyu
- South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
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32
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Macrophage Immunometabolism and Inflammaging: Roles of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Cellular Senescence, CD38, and NAD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:e200026. [PMID: 32774895 PMCID: PMC7409778 DOI: 10.20900/immunometab20200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process that involves dysfunction on multiple levels, all of which seem to converge on inflammation. Macrophages are intimately involved in initiating and resolving inflammation, and their dysregulation with age is a primary contributor to inflammaging—a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation that develops during aging. Among the age-related changes that occur to macrophages are a heightened state of basal inflammation and diminished or hyperactive inflammatory responses, which seem to be driven by metabolic-dependent epigenetic changes. In this review article we provide a brief overview of mitochondrial functions and age-related changes that occur to macrophages, with an emphasis on how the inflammaging environment, senescence, and NAD decline can affect their metabolism, promote dysregulation, and contribute to inflammaging and age-related pathologies.
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33
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Ishaq M, Ojha R, Sharma AP, Singh SK. Autophagy in cancer: Recent advances and future directions. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:171-181. [PMID: 32201367 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic regimens in various malignancies. Autophagy plays a very important role in cancer pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the updates on the modulation of autophagy via dynamic interactions with different organelles and the exploitation of selective autophagy for exploring therapeutic strategies. We further discuss the role of autophagy inhibitors in cancer preclinical and clinical trials, novel autophagy inhibitors, and challenges likely to be faced by clinicians while inducting autophagy modulators in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ishaq
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, CA, USA.
| | - Rani Ojha
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, CA, USA.
| | - Aditya P Sharma
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Shrawan K Singh
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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34
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Mitophagy in Acute Kidney Injury and Kidney Repair. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020338. [PMID: 32024113 PMCID: PMC7072358 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major kidney disease characterized by rapid decline of renal function. Besides its acute consequence of high mortality, AKI has recently been recognized as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Maladaptive or incomplete repair of renal tubules after severe or episodic AKI leads to renal fibrosis and, eventually, CKD. Recent studies highlight a key role of mitochondrial pathology in AKI development and abnormal kidney repair after AKI. As such, timely elimination of damaged mitochondria in renal tubular cells represents an important quality control mechanism for cell homeostasis and survival during kidney injury and repair. Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy that selectively removes redundant or damaged mitochondria. Here, we summarize our recent understanding on the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy, discuss the role of mitophagy in AKI development and kidney repair after AKI, and present future research directions and therapeutic potential.
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Shang H, Xia Z, Bai S, Zhang HE, Gu B, Wang R. Downhill Running Acutely Elicits Mitophagy in Rat Soleus Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:1396-1403. [PMID: 30649103 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of downhill treadmill running on mitochondrial structure/function and expression levels of mitophagy-related proteins in rat skeletal muscle. METHODS A total of 48 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (C, n = 8) and an exercise group (E, n = 40). Rats in the E group were exercised on a treadmill down a 16° decline at 16 m·min for 90 min and were further divided into 0 h (E0), 12 h (E12), 24 h (E24), 48 h (E48), and 72 h (E72) postexercise subgroups (n = 8 each). At each time point, the soleus muscle was collected under full anesthesia. Mitochondrial ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle were observed by a transmission electron microscope. The content of quantitative enzyme citrate synthase and the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II and complex IV were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein expressions of skeletal muscle cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), and mitochondrial Parkin microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) were determined by Western blot. Mitochondrial colocalizations with Parkin, ubiquitin (Ub), p62/sequestosome 1 (p62), and LC3 were measured by the immunofluorescence double labeling technique. RESULTS After downhill treadmill running, the skeletal muscle mitochondrial structure changed dramatically, and a large amount of mitophagosomes were observed; the citrate synthase content and complex II activity were significantly lower (P < 0.05), whereas complex IV activity and COX1 protein level remained unchanged; the expression levels of PINK1, Parkin, Ub, p62, and LC3 were significantly higher than those in the C group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION A session of downhill treadmill running activated the PINK1/Parkin pathway and facilitated mitochondrial colocalizations with Ub, p62, and LC3, causing mitophagy and mitochondrial damage within the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Shang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport Institute, Chengdu, CHINA.,College of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Zhi Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, CHINA
| | - Shengchao Bai
- College of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA.,Department of Physical Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - H E Zhang
- College of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Boya Gu
- College of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Ruiyuan Wang
- College of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
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Huang YF, Gu CJ, Wang Q, Xu L, Chen J, Zhou W, Zhou Z, Zhao SJ, Li LW, Kong FQ, Qian DF, Zhao X, Fan J, Li QQ, Yin GY. The protective effort of GPCR kinase 2-interacting protein-1 in neurons via promoting Beclin1-Parkin induced mitophagy at the early stage of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2019; 34:2055-2074. [PMID: 31908016 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902047r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, large amounts of reactive oxygen species can cause mitochondrial damage. Therefore, mitophagy acts as the main mechanism for removing damaged mitochondria and protects nerve cells. This study aimed to illustrate the important role of GPCR kinase 2-interacting protein-1 (GIT1) in mitophagy in vivo and in vitro. The level of mitophagy in the neurons of Git1 knockout mice was significantly reduced after ischemia-reperfusion. However, the overexpression of adeno-associated virus with Git1 promoted mitophagy and inhibited the apoptosis of neurons. GIT1 regulated the phosphorylation of Beclin-1 in Thr119, which could promote the translocation of Parkin to the mitochondrial outer membrane. This process was independent of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), but it could not rescue the role in the absence of PINK1. Overall, GIT1 enhanced mitophagy and protected neurons against ischemia-reperfusion injury and, hence, might serve as a new research site for the protection of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Jiang Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Wei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Qi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Fei Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yong Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Cao Z, Wang Y, Long Z, He G. Interaction between autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:1087-1095. [PMID: 31609412 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a metabolic pathway that plays an important role in maintaining the dynamic balance of cells, has two types, i.e. non-selective autophagy and selective autophagy. The role of non-selective autophagy is primarily to allow cells to circulate nutrients in an energy-limited environment, while selective autophagy primarily cleans up the organelles inside the cells to maintain the cell structure. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an innate immune response produced by the organism that can promote the secretion of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 through caspase-1 activation and resist the damage of some pathogens. However, when the NLRP3 inflammasome is overactivated, it can cause various inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Many previous studies have shown that autophagy can inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, while in recent years, new studies have found that autophagy can also promote the NLRP3 inflammasome in some cases, and the NLRP3 inflammasome can, in turn, affect autophagy. In this review, the interaction between autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome is explored, and then the application of this interaction in disease treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanhao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhimin Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guiqiong He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Valdinocci D, Simões RF, Kovarova J, Cunha-Oliveira T, Neuzil J, Pountney DL. Intracellular and Intercellular Mitochondrial Dynamics in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:930. [PMID: 31619944 PMCID: PMC6760022 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of alpha-synuclein-positive inclusion bodies (Lewy bodies) and the loss of catecholaminergic neurons are the primary pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the dysfunction of mitochondria has long been recognized as a key component in the progression of the disease. Dysfunctional mitochondria can in turn lead to dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and, especially in dopaminergic neurons, raised mean intracellular calcium concentration. As calcium binding to alpha-synuclein is one of the important triggers of alpha-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction will promote inclusion body formation and disease progression. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from inefficiencies in the electron transport chain also contribute to the formation of alpha-synuclein aggregates and neuronal loss. Recent studies have also highlighted defects in mitochondrial clearance that lead to the accumulation of depolarized mitochondria. Transaxonal and intracytoplasmic translocation of mitochondria along the microtubule cytoskeleton may also be affected in diseased neurons. Furthermore, nanotube-mediated intercellular transfer of mitochondria has recently been reported between different cell types and may have relevance to the spread of PD pathology between adjacent brain regions. In the current review, the contributions of both intracellular and intercellular mitochondrial dynamics to the etiology of PD will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Valdinocci
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Rui F. Simões
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Jaromira Kovarova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czechia
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czechia
| | - Dean L. Pountney
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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Zachari M, Gudmundsson SR, Li Z, Manifava M, Cugliandolo F, Shah R, Smith M, Stronge J, Karanasios E, Piunti C, Kishi-Itakura C, Vihinen H, Jokitalo E, Guan JL, Buss F, Smith AM, Walker SA, Eskelinen EL, Ktistakis NT. Selective Autophagy of Mitochondria on a Ubiquitin-Endoplasmic-Reticulum Platform. Dev Cell 2019; 50:627-643.e5. [PMID: 31353311 PMCID: PMC6739445 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics and coordination between autophagy machinery and selective receptors during mitophagy are unknown. Also unknown is whether mitophagy depends on pre-existing membranes or is triggered on the surface of damaged mitochondria. Using a ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy inducer, the lactone ivermectin, we have combined genetic and imaging experiments to address these questions. Ubiquitination of mitochondrial fragments is required the earliest, followed by auto-phosphorylation of TBK1. Next, early essential autophagy proteins FIP200 and ATG13 act at different steps, whereas ULK1 and ULK2 are dispensable. Receptors act temporally and mechanistically upstream of ATG13 but downstream of FIP200. The VPS34 complex functions at the omegasome step. ATG13 and optineurin target mitochondria in a discontinuous oscillatory way, suggesting multiple initiation events. Targeted ubiquitinated mitochondria are cradled by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) strands even without functional autophagy machinery and mitophagy adaptors. We propose that damaged mitochondria are ubiquitinated and dynamically encased in ER strands, providing platforms for formation of the mitophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zachari
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ziyue Li
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Ronak Shah
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Smith
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Stronge
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Chieko Kishi-Itakura
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Folma Buss
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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mTOR hyperactivation in Down Syndrome underlies deficits in autophagy induction, autophagosome formation, and mitophagy. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:563. [PMID: 31332166 PMCID: PMC6646359 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), a complex genetic disorder caused by chromosome 21 trisomy, is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. Here we report that mitophagy, a form of selective autophagy activated to clear damaged mitochondria is deficient in primary human fibroblasts derived from individuals with DS leading to accumulation of damaged mitochondria with consequent increases in oxidative stress. We identified two molecular bases for this mitophagy deficiency: PINK1/PARKIN impairment and abnormal suppression of macroautophagy. First, strongly downregulated PARKIN and the mitophagic adaptor protein SQSTM1/p62 delays PINK1 activation to impair mitophagy induction after mitochondrial depolarization by CCCP or antimycin A plus oligomycin. Secondly, mTOR is strongly hyper-activated, which globally suppresses macroautophagy induction and the transcriptional expression of proteins critical for autophagosome formation such as ATG7, ATG3 and FOXO1. Notably, inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and complex 2 (mTORC2) using AZD8055 (AZD) restores autophagy flux, PARKIN/PINK initiation of mitophagy, and the clearance of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. These results recommend mTORC1-mTORC2 inhibition as a promising candidate therapeutic strategy for Down Syndrome.
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Thangaraj A, Periyasamy P, Guo ML, Chivero ET, Callen S, Buch S. Mitigation of cocaine-mediated mitochondrial damage, defective mitophagy and microglial activation by superoxide dismutase mimetics. Autophagy 2019; 16:289-312. [PMID: 30990365 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1607686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cocaine exposure has been shown to potentiate neuroinflammation by upregulating glial activation in the brain, the role of mitophagy in this process remains an enigma. In the present study, we sought to examine the role of impaired mitophagy in cocaine-mediated activation of microglia and to determine the ameliorative potential of superoxide dismutase mimetics in this context. Our findings demonstrated that exposure of mouse primary microglial cells (mPMs) to cocaine resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, that was accompanied by increased expression of mitophagy markers, PINK1 and PRKN. Exposure of microglia to cocaine also resulted in increased expression of DNM1L and OPTN with a concomitant decrease in the rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption as well as impaired mitochondrial functioning. Additionally, in the presence of cocaine, microglia also exhibited upregulated expression of autophagosome markers, BECN1, MAP1LC3B-II, and SQSTM1. Taken together, these findings suggested diminished mitophagy flux and accumulation of mitophagosomes in the presence of cocaine. These findings were further confirmed by imaging techniques such as transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Cocaine-mediated activation of microglia was further monitored by assessing the expression of the microglial marker (ITGAM) and the inflammatory cytokine (Tnf, Il1b, and Il6) mRNAs. Pharmacological, as well as gene-silencing approaches aimed at blocking both the autophagy/mitophagy and SIGMAR1 expression, underscored the role of impaired mitophagy in cocaine-mediated activation of microglia. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase mimetics such as TEMPOL and MitoTEMPO were shown to alleviate cocaine-mediated impaired mitophagy as well as microglial activation.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; Δψm: mitochondrial membrane potential; ACTB: actin, beta; AIF1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CNS: central nervous system; DNM1L: dynamin 1 like; DMEM: Dulbecco modified Eagle medium; DAPI: 4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole; DRD2: dopamine receptor D2; ECAR: extracellular acidification rate; FBS: fetal bovine serum; FCCP: Trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL1B: interleukin 1, beta; IL6: interleukin 6; ITGAM: integrin subunit alpha M; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mPMs: mouse primary microglial cells; MRC: maximal respiratory capacity; NFKB: nuclear factor kappa B; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NTRK2: neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; OPTN: optineurin; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shannon Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Abstract
Mitophagy is a vital form of autophagy for selective removal of dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria. Accumulating evidence implicates elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria as a powerful means employed by autophagy to keep the immune system in check. The process of mitophagy may restrict inflammatory cytokine secretion and directly regulate mitochondrial antigen presentation and immune cell homeostasis. In this review, we describe distinctive pathways of mammalian mitophagy and highlight recent advances relevant to its function in immunity. In addition, we further discuss the direct and indirect evidence linking mitophagy to inflammation and autoimmunity underlying the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).Abbreviations: AICD: activation induced cell death; AIM2: absent in melanoma 2; ALPL/HOPS: alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization associated; AMA: anti-mitochondrial antibodies; AMFR: autocrine motility factor receptor; ATG: autophagy-related; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CARD: caspase recruitment domain containing; CASP1: caspase 1; CD: Crohn disease; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CXCL1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; DEN: diethylnitrosamine; DLAT/PDC-E2: dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase; DNM1L/Drp1: dynamin 1 like; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FUNDC1: Fun14 domain containing 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HPIV3: human parainfluenza virus type 3; IBD: inflammatory bowel diseases; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; IFN: interferon; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; iNK: invariant natural killer; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MARCH5: membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 5; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MDV: mitochondria-derived vesicle; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; mtAP: mitochondrial antigen presentation; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; mtROS: mitochondrial ROS; MUL1: mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NFKB/NF-ĸB: nuclear factor kappa B subunit; NK: natural killer; NLR: NOD-like receptor; NLRC4: NLR family CARD domain containing 4; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; OGDH: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN: optineurin; ox: oxidized; PARK7: Parkinsonism associated deglycase; PBC: primary biliary cirrhosis; PEX13: peroxisomal biogenesis factor 13; PHB/PHB1: prohibitin; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PLEKHM1: pleckstrin homology and RUN domain containing M1; PRKN/PARK2: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RAB: member RAS oncogene family; RHEB: Ras homolog: mTORC1 binding; RIPK2: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2; RLR: DDX58/RIG-I like receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SBD: small bile ducts; SLC2A1/GLUT1: solute carrier family 2 member 1; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SMURF1: SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TCR: T cell receptor; TFAM: transcription factor A: mitochondrial; Th17: T helper 17; TLR9: toll like receptor 9; TMEM173/STING: transmembrane protein 173; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; Ub: ubiquitin; UC: ulcerative colitis; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WIPI: WD repeat domain: phosphoinositide interacting; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Ran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China.,Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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Thai PN, Seidlmayer LK, Miller C, Ferrero M, Dorn GW, Schaefer S, Bers DM, Dedkova EN. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Aging and Heart Failure: Influence of Ketone Bodies and Mitofusin-Stabilizing Peptides. Front Physiol 2019; 10:382. [PMID: 31024341 PMCID: PMC6467974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Aging and heart failure (HF) are each characterized by increased mitochondrial damage, which may contribute to further cardiac dysfunction. Mitophagy in response to mitochondrial damage can improve cardiovascular health. HF is also characterized by increased formation and consumption of ketone bodies (KBs), which may activate mitophagy and provide an endogenous mechanism to limit the adverse effects of mitochondrial damage. However, the role of KBs in activation of mitophagy in aging and HF has not been evaluated. Methods: We assessed mitophagy by measuring mitochondrial Parkin accumulation and LC3-mediated autophagosome formation in cardiomyocytes from young (2.5 months), aged (2.5 years), and aged rabbits with HF (2.5 years) induced by aortic insufficiency and stenosis. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and redox balance were monitored using genetically encoded sensors ORP1-roGFP2 and GRX1-roGFP2, targeted to mitochondrial or cytosolic compartments, respectively. Results: Young rabbits exhibited limited mitochondrial Parkin accumulation with small (~1 μm2) puncta. Those small Parkin puncta increased four-fold in aged rabbit hearts, accompanied by elevated LC3-mediated autophagosome formation. HF hearts exhibited fewer small puncta, but many very large Parkin-rich regions (4-5 μm2) with completely depolarized mitochondria. Parkin protein expression was barely detectable in young animals and was much higher in aged and maximal in HF hearts. Expression of mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) was reduced by almost 50% in HF, consistent with improper fusion-fission, contributing to mitochondrial Parkin build-up. The KB β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) enhanced mitophagy in young and aging myocytes, but not in HF where β-OHB further increased the number of cells with giant Parkin-rich regions. This β-OHB effect on Parkin-rich areas was prevented by cell-permeable TAT-MP1Gly peptide (thought to promote MFN2-dependent fusion). Basal levels of mitochondrial ROS were highest in HF, while cytosolic ROS was highest in aged compared to HF myocytes, suggesting that cytosolic ROS promotes Parkin recruitment to the mitochondria. Conclusion: We conclude that elevated KB levels were beneficial for mitochondrial repair in the aging heart. However, an impaired MFN2-DRP1-mediated fusion-fission process in HF reduced this benefit, as well as Parkin degradation and mitophagic signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phung N. Thai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lea K. Seidlmayer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charles Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maura Ferrero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gerald W. Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Saul Schaefer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | - Donald M. Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elena N. Dedkova
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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44
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Beljanski V, Grinnemo KH, Österholm C. Pleiotropic roles of autophagy in stem cell-based therapies. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:380-392. [PMID: 30876741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) have been proven to possess regenerative and immunomodulatory properties and can be used to treat diseases that involve loss of cells due to tissue damage or inflammation. For this approach to succeed, SCs or their derivatives should be able to engraft in the target tissue at least for a short period of time. Unfortunately, once injected, therapeutic SCs will encounter a hostile environment, including hypoxia, lack of nutrients and stromal support, and cells may also be targeted and rejected by the immune system. Therefore, SC's stress-response mechanisms likely play a significant role in survival of injected cells and possibly contribute to their therapeutic efficacy. Autphagy, a stress-response pathway, is involved in many different cellular processes, such as survival during hypoxia and nutrient deprivation, cellular differentiation and de-differentiation, and it can also contribute to their immunovisibility by regulating antigen presentation and cytokine secretion. Autophagy machinery interacts with many proteins and signaling pathways that regulate SC properties, including PI3K/Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt, Hedgehog and Notch, and it is also involved in regulating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In this review, we contend that autophagy is an important therapeutic target that can be used to improve the outcome of SC-based tissue repair and regeneration. Further research should reveal whether inhibition or stimulation of autophagy increases the therapeutic utility of SCs and it should also identify appropriate therapeutic regimens that can be applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Beljanski
- NSU Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Uppsala University, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Österholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Abstract
Cell reprogramming has been considered a powerful technique in the regenerative medicine field. In addition to diverse its strengths, cell reprogramming technology also has several drawbacks generated during the process of reprogramming. Telomere shortening caused by the cell reprogramming process impedes the efficiency of cell reprogramming. Transcription factors used for reprogramming alter genomic contents and result in genetic mutations. Additionally, defective mitochondria functioning such as excessive mitochondrial fission leads to the limitation of pluripotency and ultimately reduces the efficiency of reprogramming. These problems including genomic instability and impaired mitochondrial dynamics should be resolved to apply cell reprograming in clinical research and to address efficiency and safety concerns. Sirtuin (NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase) has been known to control the chromatin state of the telomere and influence mitochondria function in cells. Recently, several studies reported that Sirtuins could control for genomic instability in cell reprogramming. Here, we review recent findings regarding the role of Sirtuins in cell reprogramming. And we propose that the manipulation of Sirtuins may improve defects that result from the steps of cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaein Shin
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BKplus21 team), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Junyeop Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BKplus21 team), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Hanseul Park
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BKplus21 team), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BKplus21 team), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, and Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
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46
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Qi F, Li X, Peng B, Hou W, Yu H, Li X, Yang S, Jiang Z, Cheng S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xiao J, Guo H, Wang Z. The impaction of clock-knockdown on autophagy in 4T1 breast cancer cells. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1548879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qi
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Wang Hou
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yu
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xuepei Li
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shuhong Yang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shuting Cheng
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yanyou Liu
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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47
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Samstag CL, Hoekstra JG, Huang CH, Chaisson MJ, Youle RJ, Kennedy SR, Pallanck LJ. Deleterious mitochondrial DNA point mutations are overrepresented in Drosophila expressing a proofreading-defective DNA polymerase γ. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007805. [PMID: 30452458 PMCID: PMC6289449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations cause severe maternally inherited syndromes and the accumulation of somatic mtDNA mutations is implicated in aging and common diseases. However, the mechanisms that influence the frequency and pathogenicity of mtDNA mutations are poorly understood. To address this matter, we created a Drosophila mtDNA mutator strain expressing a proofreading-deficient form of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Mutator flies have a dramatically increased somatic mtDNA mutation frequency that correlates with the dosage of the proofreading-deficient polymerase. Mutator flies also exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction, shortened lifespan, a progressive locomotor deficit, and loss of dopaminergic neurons. Surprisingly, the frequency of nonsynonymous, pathogenic, and conserved-site mutations in mutator flies exceeded predictions of a neutral mutational model, indicating the existence of a positive selection mechanism that favors deleterious mtDNA variants. We propose from these findings that deleterious mtDNA mutations are overrepresented because they selectively evade quality control surveillance or because they are amplified through compensatory mitochondrial biogenesis. The energy needs of an animal cell are supplied by tiny organelles known as mitochondria. Each of the many mitochondria in a cell has a set of blueprints for making more mitochondria, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). As animals age, their mtDNA acquires irreversible defects called mutations, which accumulate and may cause aging. Cells can selectively destroy malfunctioning mitochondria, so we hypothesized that mitochondria with harmful mutations would be selectively destroyed. To test our theory, we created a fruit fly strain with a high mtDNA mutation rate. Our hypothesis predicts that, because mitochondria bearing harmful mtDNA mutations would be destroyed, we should detect primarily less harmful mutations in our strain. However, the mtDNA mutations we detected were more harmful than expected by chance. We suggest two possible explanations: First, mitochondria with harmful mtDNA mutations may be degraded less often because they generate little energy and are not damaged by toxic byproducts of energy production. Second, cells may compensate for harmful mtDNA mutations by stimulating mitochondria to multiply, creating more healthy mitochondria but also more mitochondria with harmful mtDNA mutations. Future studies will distinguish between these models and further advance our understanding of aging and aging related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby L. Samstag
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jake G. Hoekstra
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chiu-Hui Huang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Chaisson
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Youle
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SRK); (LJP)
| | - Leo J. Pallanck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SRK); (LJP)
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48
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Sugo M, Kimura H, Arasaki K, Amemiya T, Hirota N, Dohmae N, Imai Y, Inoshita T, Shiba-Fukushima K, Hattori N, Cheng J, Fujimoto T, Wakana Y, Inoue H, Tagaya M. Syntaxin 17 regulates the localization and function of PGAM5 in mitochondrial division and mitophagy. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798899. [PMID: 30237312 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PGAM5, a mitochondrial protein phosphatase that is genetically and biochemically linked to PINK1, facilitates mitochondrial division by dephosphorylating the mitochondrial fission factor Drp1. At the onset of mitophagy, PGAM5 is cleaved by PARL, a rhomboid protease that degrades PINK1 in healthy cells, and the cleaved form facilitates the engulfment of damaged mitochondria by autophagosomes by dephosphorylating the mitophagy receptor FUNDC1. Here, we show that the function and localization of PGAM5 are regulated by syntaxin 17 (Stx17), a mitochondria-associated membrane/mitochondria protein implicated in mitochondrial dynamics in fed cells and autophagy in starved cells. In healthy cells, loss of Stx17 causes PGAM5 aggregation within mitochondria and thereby failure of the dephosphorylation of Drp1, leading to mitochondrial elongation. In Parkin-mediated mitophagy, Stx17 is prerequisite for PGAM5 to interact with FUNDC1. Our results reveal that the Stx17-PGAM5 axis plays pivotal roles in mitochondrial division and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Sugo
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hana Kimura
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Arasaki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Amemiya
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiko Hirota
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoshita
- Department of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-intractable Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kahori Shiba-Fukushima
- Department of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-intractable Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-intractable Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinglei Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Wakana
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Tagaya
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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McLelland GL, Goiran T, Yi W, Dorval G, Chen CX, Lauinger ND, Krahn AI, Valimehr S, Rakovic A, Rouiller I, Durcan TM, Trempe JF, Fon EA. Mfn2 ubiquitination by PINK1/parkin gates the p97-dependent release of ER from mitochondria to drive mitophagy. eLife 2018; 7:32866. [PMID: 29676259 PMCID: PMC5927771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance as signaling hubs, the function of mitochondria-ER contact sites in mitochondrial quality control pathways remains unexplored. Here we describe a mechanism by which Mfn2, a mitochondria-ER tether, gates the autophagic turnover of mitochondria by PINK1 and parkin. Mitochondria-ER appositions are destroyed during mitophagy, and reducing mitochondria-ER contacts increases the rate of mitochondrial degradation. Mechanistically, parkin/PINK1 catalyze a rapid burst of Mfn2 phosphoubiquitination to trigger p97-dependent disassembly of Mfn2 complexes from the outer mitochondrial membrane, dissociating mitochondria from the ER. We additionally demonstrate that a major portion of the facilitatory effect of p97 on mitophagy is epistatic to Mfn2 and promotes the availability of other parkin substrates such as VDAC1. Finally, we reconstitute the action of these factors on Mfn2 and VDAC1 ubiquitination in a cell-free assay. We show that mitochondria-ER tethering suppresses mitophagy and describe a parkin-/PINK1-dependent mechanism that regulates the destruction of mitochondria-ER contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian-Luca McLelland
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas Goiran
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wei Yi
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Geneviève Dorval
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carol X Chen
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nadine D Lauinger
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea I Krahn
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sepideh Valimehr
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Isabelle Rouiller
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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50
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García-Prat L, Martínez-Vicente M, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Methods for Mitochondria and Mitophagy Flux Analyses in Stem Cells of Resting and Regenerating Skeletal Muscle. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1460:223-40. [PMID: 27492176 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3810-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate most of the cell's supply of ATP as a source of energy. They are also implicated in the control of cell's growth and death. Because of these critical functions, mitochondrial fitness is key for cellular homeostasis. Often, however, mitochondria become defective following damage or stress. To prevent accumulation of damaged mitochondria, the cells clear them through mitophagy, which is defined as the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy (the process for degradation of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles in lysosomes). Recently, constitutive mitophagic activity has been reported in quiescent muscle stem cells (satellite cells), which sustain regeneration of skeletal muscle. In response to muscle damage, these cells activate, expand, and differentiate to repair damaged myofibers. Mitophagy was shown to be required for maintenance of satellite cells in their healthy quiescent state. Conversely, damaged mitochondria accumulated in satellite cells with aging and this was attributed to defective mitophagy. This caused increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of muscle stem cell regenerative capacity at old age. In this chapter, we describe different experimental strategies to evaluate mitochondria status and mitophagy in muscle stem cells from mice. They should improve our ability to study muscle stem homeostasis in adult life, and their loss of function in aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Prat
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Vicente
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute-CIBERNED, Mediterrania Building, Lab.102, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Plaça de la Mercè, 10, 08002, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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