1
|
Abdullah AR, Gamal El-Din AM, Ismail Y, El-Husseiny AA. The FSCN1 gene rs2966447 variant is associated with increased serum fascin-1 levels and breast cancer susceptibility. Gene 2024; 927:148743. [PMID: 38964493 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Fascin-1 (FSCN1) is recognized as an actin-binding protein, commonly exhibits up-regulation in breast cancer (BC) and is crucial for tumor invasion and metastasis. The existence of FSCN1 gene polymorphisms may raise the potential for developing BC, and there are still no studies focusing on the relationship between the FSCN1 rs2966447 variant and BC risk in Egyptian females. Thus, we investigated the serum fascin-1 levels in BC patients and the association between the FSCN1 rs2966447 variant with its serum levels and BC susceptibility. Genotyping was conducted in 153 treatment-naïve BC females with different stages and 144 apparent healthy females by TaqMan® allelic discrimination assay, whereas serum fascin-1 level quantification was employed by ELISA. The FSCN1 rs2966447 variant demonstrated a significant association with BC susceptibility under all utilized genetic models, cancer stages and estrogen receptor negativity. Also, BC females with AT and TT genotypes had higher serum fascin-1 levels and tumor size than those with the AA genotype. Moreover, serum fascin-1 levels were significantly elevated in the BC females, notably in those with advanced-stages. Furthermore, serum fascin-1 levels were markedly positively correlated with number of positive lymph nodes as well as tumor size. Collectively, these findings revealed that the FSCN1 rs2966447 variant may be regarded as a strong candidate for BC susceptibility. Also, this intronic variant is associated with increased serum fascin-1 levels and tumor size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Abdullah
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman M Gamal El-Din
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yahia Ismail
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Husseiny
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aggarwal N, Singh G, Panda HS, Panda JJ. Unravelling the potential of L-carnosine analog-based nano-assemblies as pH-responsive therapeutics in treating glioma: an in vitro perspective. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39314035 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01262c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembled small peptide-based nanoparticles (NPs) constitute a major section of the biomimetic smart NPs owing to their excellent compatibility and minimal adverse effects in the biological system. Here, we have designed a modified L-carnosine dipeptide analog, "Fmoc-β-Ala-L-His-(Trt)-o-methyl formate", which was assembled along with a modified single amino acid, Fmoc-Arg-(Pbf)-OH and zinc ions to form stable and mono-dispersed L-carnosine analog NPs (CaNPs) with inherent anti-cancer properties. Furthermore, the CaNPs demonstrated an average size of ∼200 nm, making them suitable to invade the tumor site by following the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Our studies depicted a remarkable cancer cell killing ability of the NPs of ∼82% in C6 glioma cells. Thereafter, cellular investigations were performed in C6 cells to analyze the influence of the NPs on cellular cytoskeleton integrity by using a phalloidin assay and anti-cancer efficacy by using calcein AM/PI, and an apoptosis assay further indicated their anti-cancer effect. Additionally, the NPs negatively impacted the ability of C6 cells to migrate across a premade scratch (∼44% wound closure) demonstrating their tendency to halt cancer cell migration and metastasis. Also, our NPs depicted ∼19.51 ± 0.17% permeability across the bEnd.3 transwell model establishing their BBB penetrability. Collectively, our results could positively implicate the successful anti-cancer potential of the minimalistic, biologically compliant, L-carnosine analog (Ca)-based nanostructures in glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Aggarwal
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Gurjot Singh
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Panda
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Jiban Jyoti Panda
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rajput SS, Singh SB, Subramanyam D, Patil S. Soft glassy rheology of single cells with pathogenic protein aggregates. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6266-6274. [PMID: 39054893 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A correlation between the mechanical properties of cells and various diseases has been emerging in recent years. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used to measure a single cell's apparent Young's modulus by treating it as a fully elastic object. More recently, quantitative characterization of the complete viscoelasticity of single cells has become possible. We performed AFM-based nano-indentation experiments on hemocytes isolated from third instar larvae to determine their viscoelasticity and found that live hemocytes, like many other cells, follow a scale-free power-law rheology (PLR) akin to soft glasses. Further, we examined the changes in the rheological response of hemocytes in the presence of pathogenic protein aggregates known to cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disorder and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Our results show that cells lose their fluidity and appear more solid-like in the presence of certain aggregates, in a manner correlated to actin reorganization. More solid-like cells also display reduced intracellular transport through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). However, the cell's rheology remains largely unaffected and is similar to that of wild-type (WT) hemocytes, if aggregates do not perturb the actin organization and CME. Moreover, the fluid-like nature was significantly recovered when actin organization was rescued by overexpressing specific actin interacting proteins or chaperones. Our study, for the first time, underscores a direct correlation between parameters governing glassy dynamics, actin organization and CME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shatruhan Singh Rajput
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Surya Bansi Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
- SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Deepa Subramanyam
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Shivprasad Patil
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flormann DAD, Kainka L, Montalvo G, Anton C, Rheinlaender J, Thalla D, Vesperini D, Pohland MO, Kaub KH, Schu M, Pezzano F, Ruprecht V, Terriac E, Hawkins RJ, Lautenschläger F. The structure and mechanics of the cell cortex depend on the location and adhesion state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320372121. [PMID: 39042691 PMCID: PMC11295003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320372121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells exist in different phenotypes and can transition between them. A phenotype may be characterized by many different aspects. Here, we focus on the example of whether the cell is adhered or suspended and choose particular parameters related to the structure and mechanics of the actin cortex. The cortex is essential to cell mechanics, morphology, and function, such as for adhesion, migration, and division of animal cells. To predict and control cellular functions and prevent malfunctioning, it is necessary to understand the actin cortex. The structure of the cortex governs cell mechanics; however, the relationship between the architecture and mechanics of the cortex is not yet well enough understood to be able to predict one from the other. Therefore, we quantitatively measured structural and mechanical cortex parameters, including cortical thickness, cortex mesh size, actin bundling, and cortex stiffness. These measurements required developing a combination of measurement techniques in scanning electron, expansion, confocal, and atomic force microscopy. We found that the structure and mechanics of the cortex of cells in interphase are different depending on whether the cell is suspended or adhered. We deduced general correlations between structural and mechanical properties and show how these findings can be explained within the framework of semiflexible polymer network theory. We tested the model predictions by perturbing the properties of the actin within the cortex using compounds. Our work provides an important step toward predictions of cell mechanics from cortical structures and suggests how cortex remodeling between different phenotypes impacts the mechanical properties of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. D. Flormann
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - L. Kainka
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - G. Montalvo
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - C. Anton
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - J. Rheinlaender
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - D. Thalla
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - D. Vesperini
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - M. O. Pohland
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - K. H. Kaub
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Georg-August-University, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - M. Schu
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - F. Pezzano
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona08003, Spain
| | - V. Ruprecht
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona08002, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona08010, Spain
| | - E. Terriac
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - R. J. Hawkins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS3 7RH, United Kingdom
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Accra20046, Ghana
| | - F. Lautenschläger
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken66123, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Handler C, Testi C, Scarcelli G. Advantages of integrating Brillouin microscopy in multimodal mechanical mapping of cells and tissues. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 88:102341. [PMID: 38471195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the growing significance of the mechanical properties of cells and tissues in the proper execution of physiological functions within an organism; alterations to these properties can potentially result in various diseases. These mechanical properties can be assessed using various techniques that vary in spatial and temporal resolutions as well as applications. Due to the wide range of mechanical behaviors exhibited by cells and tissues, a singular mapping technique may be insufficient in capturing their complexity and nuance. Consequently, by utilizing a combination of methods-multimodal mechanical mapping-researchers can achieve a more comprehensive characterization of mechanical properties, encompassing factors such as stiffness, modulus, viscoelasticity, and forces. Furthermore, different mapping techniques can provide complementary information and enable the exploration of spatial and temporal variations to enhance our understanding of cellular dynamics and tissue mechanics. By capitalizing on the unique strengths of each method while mitigating their respective limitations, a more precise and holistic understanding of cellular and tissue mechanics can be obtained. Here, we spotlight Brillouin microscopy (BM) as a noncontact, noninvasive, and label-free mechanical mapping modality to be coutilized alongside established mechanical probing methods. This review summarizes some of the most widely adopted individual mechanical mapping techniques and highlights several recent multimodal approaches demonstrating their utility. We envision that future studies aim to adopt multimodal techniques to drive advancements in the broader realm of mechanobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Handler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Claudia Testi
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Life Nano- and Neuro- Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Massey A, Stewart J, Smith C, Parvini C, McCormick M, Do K, Cartagena-Rivera AX. Mechanical properties of human tumour tissues and their implications for cancer development. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2024; 6:269-282. [PMID: 38706694 PMCID: PMC11066734 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells and tissues help determine their architecture, composition and function. Alterations to these properties are associated with many diseases, including cancer. Tensional, compressive, adhesive, elastic and viscous properties of individual cells and multicellular tissues are mostly regulated by reorganization of the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons and extracellular glycocalyx, which in turn drive many pathophysiological processes, including cancer progression. This Review provides an in-depth collection of quantitative data on diverse mechanical properties of living human cancer cells and tissues. Additionally, the implications of mechanical property changes for cancer development are discussed. An increased knowledge of the mechanical properties of the tumour microenvironment, as collected using biomechanical approaches capable of multi-timescale and multiparametric analyses, will provide a better understanding of the complex mechanical determinants of cancer organization and progression. This information can lead to a further understanding of resistance mechanisms to chemotherapies and immunotherapies and the metastatic cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Massey
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jamie Stewart
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jamie Stewart, Chynna Smith
| | - Chynna Smith
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jamie Stewart, Chynna Smith
| | - Cameron Parvini
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moira McCormick
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kun Do
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Xu R, Wu J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yang H, Zhang S. Nanopore-related cellular death through cytoskeleton depolymerization by drug-induced ROS. Talanta 2024; 268:125355. [PMID: 37952317 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignant tumor with a very high incidence which ranks second after lung cancer. Although there are many drugs available for the treatment of PCa, their effectiveness and anti-cancer mechanisms still need to be explored. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) could characterize minor morphological changes on cell surfaces, which provides an effective method to explore the interaction between drugs and cells at the nanometer level and further investigate the mechanisms for treating PCa. In our research, AFM visualized pore-like structures in the PC3M cell membrane after treatment with the eminent anticancer agent paclitaxel (PTX). The diameter, depth and number of these pores were in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was shown to depolymerize the actin cytoskeleton and make the membrane more sensitive to oxidative damage, thus inducing pore information. After pretreatment with a ROS scavenger, pore formation was prevented. AFM imaging technology provides a new evaluation method for drug-targeted therapy for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Renfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Zhenghong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yuhuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mittal N, Michels EB, Massey AE, Qiu Y, Royer-Weeden SP, Smith BR, Cartagena-Rivera AX, Han SJ. Myosin-independent stiffness sensing by fibroblasts is regulated by the viscoelasticity of flowing actin. COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS 2024; 5:6. [PMID: 38741699 PMCID: PMC11090405 DOI: 10.1038/s43246-024-00444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The stiffness of the extracellular matrix induces differential tension within integrin-based adhesions, triggering differential mechanoresponses. However, it has been unclear if the stiffness-dependent differential tension is induced solely by myosin activity. Here, we report that in the absence of myosin contractility, 3T3 fibroblasts still transmit stiffness-dependent differential levels of traction. This myosin-independent differential traction is regulated by polymerizing actin assisted by actin nucleators Arp2/3 and formin where formin has a stronger contribution than Arp2/3 to both traction and actin flow. Intriguingly, despite only slight changes in F-actin flow speed observed in cells with the combined inhibition of Arp2/3 and myosin compared to cells with sole myosin inhibition, they show a 4-times reduction in traction than cells with myosin-only inhibition. Our analyses indicate that traditional models based on rigid F-actin are inadequate for capturing such dramatic force reduction with similar actin flow. Instead, incorporating the F-actin network's viscoelastic properties is crucial. Our new model including the F-actin viscoelasticity reveals that Arp2/3 and formin enhance stiffness sensitivity by mechanically reinforcing the F-actin network, thereby facilitating more effective transmission of flow-induced forces. This model is validated by cell stiffness measurement with atomic force microscopy and experimental observation of model-predicted stiffness-dependent actin flow fluctuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Mittal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Etienne B. Michels
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Andrew E. Massey
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yunxiu Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shaina P. Royer-Weeden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Bryan R. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sangyoon J. Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Efremov YM, Shimolina L, Gulin A, Ignatova N, Gubina M, Kuimova MK, Timashev PS, Shirmanova MV. Correlation of Plasma Membrane Microviscosity and Cell Stiffness Revealed via Fluorescence-Lifetime Imaging and Atomic Force Microscopy. Cells 2023; 12:2583. [PMID: 37947661 PMCID: PMC10650173 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The biophysical properties of cells described at the level of whole cells or their membranes have many consequences for their biological behavior. However, our understanding of the relationships between mechanical parameters at the level of cell (stiffness, viscoelasticity) and at the level of the plasma membrane (fluidity) remains quite limited, especially in the context of pathologies, such as cancer. Here, we investigated the correlations between cells' stiffness and viscoelastic parameters, mainly determined via the actin cortex, and plasma membrane microviscosity, mainly determined via its lipid profile, in cancer cells, as these are the keys to their migratory capacity. The mechanical properties of cells were assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The microviscosity of membranes was visualized using fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) with the viscosity-sensitive probe BODIPY 2. Measurements were performed for five human colorectal cancer cell lines that have different migratory activity (HT29, Caco-2, HCT116, SW 837, and SW 480) and their chemoresistant counterparts. The actin cytoskeleton and the membrane lipid composition were also analyzed to verify the results. The cell stiffness (Young's modulus), measured via AFM, correlated well (Pearson r = 0.93) with membrane microviscosity, measured via FLIM, and both metrics were elevated in more motile cells. The associations between stiffness and microviscosity were preserved upon acquisition of chemoresistance to one of two chemotherapeutic drugs. These data clearly indicate that mechanical parameters, determined by two different cellular structures, are interconnected in cells and play a role in their intrinsic migratory potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M. Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Liubov Shimolina
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.S.); (N.I.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Alexander Gulin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Nadezhda Ignatova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.S.); (N.I.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Margarita Gubina
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Marina K. Kuimova
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK;
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Shirmanova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.S.); (N.I.); (M.V.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ovalle-Flores L, Rodríguez-Nieto M, Zárate-Triviño D, Rodríguez-Padilla C, Menchaca JL. Methodologies and models for measuring viscoelastic properties of cancer cells: Towards a universal classification. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 140:105734. [PMID: 36848744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Different methods and several physical models exist to study cell viscoelasticity with the atomic force microscope (AFM). In search of a robust mechanical classification of cells through AFM, in this work, viscoelastic parameters of the cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, DU-145, and MG-63 are obtained using two methodologies; through force-distance and force-relaxation curves. Four mechanical models were applied to fit the curves. The results show that both methodologies agree qualitatively on the parameters that quantify elasticity but disagree on the parameters that account for energy dissipation. The Fractional Zener (FZ) model represents well the information given by the Solid Linear Standard and Generalized Maxwell models. The Fractional Kelvin (FK) model concentrates the viscoelastic information mainly in two parameters, which could be an advantage over the other models. Therefore, the FZ and FK models are proposed as the basis for the classification of cancer cells. However, more research using these models is needed to obtain a broader view of the meaning of each parameter and to be able to establish a relationship between the parameters and the cellular components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Ovalle-Flores
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Av. Universidad s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Maricela Rodríguez-Nieto
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Av. Universidad s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Diana Zárate-Triviño
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Manuel L. Barragán s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Manuel L. Barragán s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Menchaca
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Av. Universidad s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66450, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nguyen LTS, Robinson DN. The lectin Discoidin I acts in the cytoplasm to help assemble the contractile machinery. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213504. [PMID: 36165849 PMCID: PMC9523886 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular functions, such as division and migration, require cells to undergo robust shape changes. Through their contractility machinery, cells also sense, respond, and adapt to their physical surroundings. In the cytoplasm, the contractility machinery organizes into higher order assemblies termed contractility kits (CKs). Using Dictyostelium discoideum, we previously identified Discoidin I (DscI), a classic secreted lectin, as a CK component through its physical interactions with the actin crosslinker Cortexillin I (CortI) and the scaffolding protein IQGAP2. Here, we find that DscI ensures robust cytokinesis through regulating intracellular components of the contractile machinery. Specifically, DscI is necessary for normal cytokinesis, cortical tension, membrane-cortex connections, and cortical distribution and mechanoresponsiveness of CortI. The dscI deletion mutants also have complex genetic epistatic relationships with CK components, acting as a genetic suppressor of cortI and iqgap1, but as an enhancer of iqgap2. This work underscores the fact that proteins like DiscI contribute in diverse ways to the activities necessary for optimal cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ly T S Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Douglas N Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sahan AZ, Baday M, Patel CB. Biomimetic Hydrogels in the Study of Cancer Mechanobiology: Overview, Biomedical Applications, and Future Perspectives. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080496. [PMID: 36005097 PMCID: PMC9407355 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are biocompatible polymers that are tunable to the system under study, allowing them to be widely used in medicine, bioprinting, tissue engineering, and biomechanics. Hydrogels are used to mimic the three-dimensional microenvironment of tissues, which is essential to understanding cell–cell interactions and intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., proliferation, apoptosis, growth, and survival). Emerging evidence suggests that the malignant properties of cancer cells depend on mechanical cues that arise from changes in their microenvironment. These mechanobiological cues include stiffness, shear stress, and pressure, and have an impact on cancer proliferation and invasion. The hydrogels can be tuned to simulate these mechanobiological tissue properties. Although interest in and research on the biomedical applications of hydrogels has increased in the past 25 years, there is still much to learn about the development of biomimetic hydrogels and their potential applications in biomedical and clinical settings. This review highlights the application of hydrogels in developing pre-clinical cancer models and their potential for translation to human disease with a focus on reviewing the utility of such models in studying glioblastoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Z. Sahan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Murat Baday
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Precision Health and Integrated Diagnostics Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Chirag B. Patel
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.B.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vakhrusheva A, Murashko A, Trifonova E, Efremov Y, Timashev P, Sokolova O. Role of Actin-binding Proteins in the Regulation of Cellular Mechanics. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
14
|
Ding Z, Du F, Rönnow CF, Wang Y, Rahman M, Thorlacius H. Actin-related protein 2/3 complex regulates neutrophil extracellular trap expulsion and lung damage in abdominal sepsis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L662-L672. [PMID: 35272488 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00318.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a key feature in sepsis. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the actin cytoskeleton in regulating the expulsion of NETs. Actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp 2/3) complex is an important regulator of F-actin polymerization. Co-incubation with CK666, a specific Arp 2/3 inhibitor, decreased PMA-induced NET formation in vitro. CK666 not only abolished F-actin polymerization but also caused intracellular retention of NETs. Inhibition of Arp 2/3 reduced NET formation on circulating neutrophils and in the bronchoalveolar space in mice undergoing cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Notably, treatment with CK666 attenuated CLP-induced neutrophil recruitment, edema formation and tissue damage in the lungs. Moreover, Arp 2/3 inhibition decreased levels of CXCL-1 and interleukin-6 in the lung and plasma of septic animals. Taken together, this study shows that expulsion of NETs is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton and that inhibition of Arp 2/3-dependent F-actin polymerization not only decrease NET formation but also protect against pathological inflammation and tissue damage in septic lung injury. Thus, we suggest that targeting NET release is a novel and useful way to ameliorate lung damage in abdominal sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Ding
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Feifei Du
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Rönnow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Milladur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henrik Thorlacius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section for Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang K, Liu J, Chen Q, Feng D, Wu H, Aldanakh A, Jian Y, Xu Z, Wang S, Yang D. The effect of mechanical force in genitourinary malignancies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 22:53-64. [PMID: 34726963 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mechanical force is attributed to the formation of tumor blood vessels, influences cancer cell invasion and metastasis, and promotes reprogramming of the energy metabolism. Currently, therapy strategies for the tumor microenvironment are being developed progressively. The purpose of this article is to discuss the molecular mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of mechanical force in urinary tract cancers and outline the medications used in the mechanical microenvironment. AREAS COVERED This review covers the complex mechanical elements in the microenvironment of urinary system malignancies, focusing on mechanical molecular mechanisms for diagnosis and treatment. EXPERT OPINION The classification of various mechanical forces, such as matrix stiffness, shear force, and other forces, is relatively straightforward. However, little is known about the molecular process of mechanical forces in urinary tract malignancies. Because mechanical therapy is still controversial, it is critical to understand the molecular basis of mechanical force before adding mechanical therapy solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian City, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Abdullah Aldanakh
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuli Jian
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongyang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shujing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Deyong Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kubiak A, Chighizola M, Schulte C, Bryniarska N, Wesołowska J, Pudełek M, Lasota M, Ryszawy D, Basta-Kaim A, Laidler P, Podestà A, Lekka M. Stiffening of DU145 prostate cancer cells driven by actin filaments - microtubule crosstalk conferring resistance to microtubule-targeting drugs. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6212-6226. [PMID: 33885607 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The crucial role of microtubules in the mitotic-related segregation of chromosomes makes them an excellent target for anticancer microtubule targeting drugs (MTDs) such as vinflunine (VFL), colchicine (COL), and docetaxel (DTX). MTDs affect mitosis by directly perturbing the structural organisation of microtubules. By a direct assessment of the biomechanical properties of prostate cancer DU145 cells exposed to different MTDs using atomic force microscopy, we show that cell stiffening is a response to the application of all the studied MTDs (VFL, COL, DTX). Changes in cellular rigidity are typically attributed to remodelling of the actin filaments in the cytoskeleton. Here, we demonstrate that cell stiffening can be driven by crosstalk between actin filaments and microtubules in MTD-treated cells. Our findings improve the interpretation of biomechanical data obtained for living cells in studies of various physiological and pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kubiak
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ombid RJL, Oyong GG, Cabrera EC, Espulgar WV, Saito M, Tamiya E, Pobre RF. In-vitro study of monocytic THP-1 leukemia cell membrane elasticity with a single-cell microfluidic-assisted optical trapping system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6027-6037. [PMID: 33150003 PMCID: PMC7587289 DOI: 10.1364/boe.402526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We studied the elastic profile of monocytic THP-1 leukemia cells using a microfluidic-assisted optical trap. A 2-µm fused silica bead was optically trapped to mechanically dent an immobilized single THP-1 monocyte sieved on a 15-µm microfluidic capture chamber. Cells treated with Zeocin and untreated cells underwent RT-qPCR analysis to determine cell apoptosis through gene expression in relation to each cell's deformation profile. Results showed that untreated cells with 43.05 ± 6.68 Pa are more elastic compared to the treated cells with 15.81 ± 2.94 Pa. THP-1 monocyte's elastic modulus is indicative of cell apoptosis shown by upregulated genes after Zeocin treatment. This study clearly showed that the developed technique can be used to distinguish between cells undergoing apoptosis and cells not undergoing apoptosis and which may apply to the study of other cells and other cell states as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ric John L. Ombid
- OPTICS Research Unit, CENSER, De La Salle University (DLSU), Manila, Philippines
- Optics and Instrumentation Physics Laboratory, Physics Department, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
| | - Glenn G. Oyong
- OPTICS Research Unit, CENSER, De La Salle University (DLSU), Manila, Philippines
- Molecular Science Unit Laboratory, CENSER, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
| | - Esperanza C. Cabrera
- Biology Department, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
- Molecular Science Unit Laboratory, CENSER, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
| | - Wilfred V. Espulgar
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Photonics Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, Photonics Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Romeric F. Pobre
- OPTICS Research Unit, CENSER, De La Salle University (DLSU), Manila, Philippines
- Optics and Instrumentation Physics Laboratory, Physics Department, DLSU, Manila, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Viscoelasticity and Volume of Cortical Neurons under Glutamate Excitotoxicity and Osmotic Challenges. Biophys J 2020; 119:1712-1723. [PMID: 33086042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural activity depends on the maintenance of ionic and osmotic homeostasis. Under these conditions, the cell volume must be regulated to maintain optimal neural function. A disturbance in the neuronal volume regulation often occurs in pathological conditions such as glutamate excitotoxicity. The cell volume, mechanical properties, and actin cytoskeleton structure are tightly connected to achieve the cell homeostasis. Here, we studied the effects of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, external osmotic pressure, and inhibition of actin polymerization on the viscoelastic properties and volume of neurons. Atomic force microscopy was used to map the viscoelastic properties of neurons in time-series experiments to observe the dynamical changes and a possible recovery. The data obtained on cultured rat cortical neurons were compared with the data obtained on rat fibroblasts. The neurons were found to be more responsive to the osmotic challenges but less sensitive to the inhibition of actin polymerization than fibroblasts. The alterations of the viscoelastic properties caused by glutamate excitotoxicity were similar to those induced by the hypoosmotic stress, but, in contrast to the latter, they did not recover after the glutamate removal. These data were consistent with the dynamic volume changes estimated using ratiometric fluorescent dyes. The recovery after the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity was slow or absent because of a steady increase in intracellular calcium and sodium concentrations. The viscoelastic parameters and their changes were related to such parameters as the actin cortex stiffness, tension, and cytoplasmic viscosity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wlodarek L, Cao F, Alibhai FJ, Fekete A, Noyan N, Tobin SW, Marvasti TB, Wu J, Li SH, Weisel RD, Wang LY, Jia Z, Li RK. Rectification of radiotherapy-induced cognitive impairments in aged mice by reconstituted Sca-1 + stem cells from young donors. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:51. [PMID: 32028989 PMCID: PMC7006105 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is widely used and effective for treating brain tumours, but inevitably impairs cognition as it arrests cellular processes important for learning and memory. This is particularly evident in the aged brain with limited regenerative capacity, where radiation produces irreparable neuronal damage and activation of neighbouring microglia. The latter is responsible for increased neuronal death and contributes to cognitive decline after treatment. To date, there are few effective means to prevent cognitive deficits after radiotherapy. Methods Here we implanted hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from young or old (2- or 18-month-old, respectively) donor mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) into old recipients and assessed cognitive abilities 3 months post-reconstitution. Results Regardless of donor age, GFP+ cells homed to the brain of old recipients and expressed the macrophage/microglial marker, Iba1. However, only young cells attenuated deficits in novel object recognition and spatial memory and learning in old mice post-irradiation. Mechanistically, old recipients that received young HSCs, but not old, displayed significantly greater dendritic spine density and long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 neurons of the hippocampus. Lastly, we found that GFP+/Iba1+ cells from young and old donors were differentially polarized to an anti- and pro-inflammatory phenotype and produced neuroprotective factors and reactive nitrogen species in vivo, respectively. Conclusion Our results suggest aged peripherally derived microglia-like cells may exacerbate cognitive impairments after radiotherapy, whereas young microglia-like cells are polarized to a reparative phenotype in the irradiated brain, particularly in neural circuits associated with rewards, learning, and memory. These findings present a proof-of-principle for effectively reinstating central cognitive function of irradiated brains with peripheral stem cells from young donor bone marrow. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1681-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wlodarek
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Floor 5, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Faisal J Alibhai
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adam Fekete
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Floor 5, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Nima Noyan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephanie W Tobin
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Tina B Marvasti
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Richard D Weisel
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lu-Yang Wang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Floor 5, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Floor 5, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Efremov YM, Okajima T, Raman A. Measuring viscoelasticity of soft biological samples using atomic force microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:64-81. [PMID: 31720656 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties play important roles at different scales in biology. At the level of a single cell, the mechanical properties mediate mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, while at the tissue and organ levels, changes in mechanical properties are closely connected to disease and physiological processes. Over the past three decades, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become one of the most widely used tools in the mechanical characterization of soft samples, ranging from molecules, cell organoids and cells to whole tissue. AFM methods can be used to quantify both elastic and viscoelastic properties, and significant recent developments in the latter have been enabled by the introduction of new techniques and models for data analysis. Here, we review AFM techniques developed in recent years for examining the viscoelastic properties of cells and soft gels, describe the main steps in typical data acquisition and analysis protocols, and discuss relevant viscoelastic models and how these have been used to characterize the specific features of cellular and other biological samples. We also discuss recent trends and potential directions for this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Efremov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Takaharu Okajima
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arvind Raman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mechanics of actin filaments in cancer onset and progress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:205-243. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
22
|
Chen M, Zeng J, Ruan W, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Xie S, Wang Z, Yang H. Examination of the relationship between viscoelastic properties and the invasion of ovarian cancer cells by atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:568-582. [PMID: 32318318 PMCID: PMC7155897 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells could serve as an indicator for disease progression and early cancer diagnosis. This study utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the viscoelastic properties of ovarian cancer cells and then examined the association with the invasion of ovarian cancer at the level of living single cells. Elasticity and viscosity of the ovarian cancer cells OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 are significantly lower than those of the human ovarian surface epithelial cell (HOSEpiC) control. Further examination found a dramatic increase of migration/invasion and an obvious decease of microfilament density in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells. Also, there was a significant relationship between viscoelastic and biological properties among these cells. In addition, the elasticity was significantly increased in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells after the treatment with the anticancer compound echinomycin (Ech), while no obvious change was found in HOSEpiC cells after Ech treatment. Interestingly, Ech seemed to have no effect on the viscosity of the cells. Ech significantly inhibited the migration/invasion and significantly increased the microfilament density in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells, which was significantly related with the elasticity of the cells. An increase of elasticity and a decrease of invasion were found in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells after Ech treatment. Together, this study clearly demonstrated the association of viscoelastic properties with the invasion of ovarian cancer cells and shed a light on the biomechanical changes for early diagnosis of tumor transformation and progression at single-cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jinshu Zeng
- Department of Ultrasound Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Weiwei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zhenghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Shusen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abramczyk H, Brozek-Pluska B, Jarota A, Surmacki J, Imiela A, Kopec M. A look into the use of Raman spectroscopy for brain and breast cancer diagnostics: linear and non-linear optics in cancer research as a gateway to tumor cell identity. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:99-115. [PMID: 32013616 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1724092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Currently, intensely developing of linear and non-linear optical methods for cancer detection provides a valuable tool to improve sensitivity and specificity. One of the main reasons for insufficient progress in cancer diagnostics is related to the fact that most cancer types are not only heterogeneous in their genetic composition but also reside in varying microenvironments and interact with different cell types. Until now, no technology has been fully proven for effective detecting of invasive cancer, which infiltrating the extracellular matrix.Areas covered: This review investigates the current status of Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging for brain and breast cancer diagnostics. Moreover, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the applicability of atomic force microscopy (AFM), linear and non-linear optics in cancer research as a gateway to tumor cell identity.Expert commentary: A combination of linear and non-linear optics, particularly Raman-driven methods, has many additional advantages to identify alterations in cancer cells that are crucial for their proliferation and that distinguish them from normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Abramczyk
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Brozek-Pluska
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Jarota
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Surmacki
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Imiela
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Kopec
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pires RH, Shree N, Manu E, Guzniczak E, Otto O. Cardiomyocyte mechanodynamics under conditions of actin remodelling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190081. [PMID: 31587648 PMCID: PMC6792454 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical performance of cardiomyocytes (CMs) is an important indicator of their maturation state and of primary importance for the development of therapies based on cardiac stem cells. As the mechanical analysis of adherent cells at high-throughput remains challenging, we explore the applicability of real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC) to probe cardiomyocytes in suspension. RT-DC is a microfluidic technology allowing for real-time mechanical analysis of thousands of cells with a throughput exceeding 1000 cells per second. For CMs derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells, we determined a Young's modulus of 1.25 ± 0.08 kPa which is in close range to previous reports. Upon challenging the cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D (CytoD) to induce filamentous actin depolymerization, we distinguish three different regimes in cellular elasticity. Transitions are observed below 10 nM and above 103 nM and are characterized by a decrease in Young's modulus. These regimes can be linked to cytoskeletal and sarcomeric actin contributions by CM contractility measurements at varying CytoD concentrations, where we observe a significant reduction in pulse duration only above 103 nM while no change is found for compound exposure at lower concentrations. Comparing our results to mechanical cell measurements using atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge, the feasibility of using a microfluidic technique to measure mechanical properties of large samples of adherent cells while linking our results to the composition of the cytoskeletal network. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Single cell ecology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H. Pires
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nithya Shree
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Manu
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ewa Guzniczak
- Heriot-Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Science, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Oliver Otto
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vakhrusheva A, Endzhievskaya S, Zhuikov V, Nekrasova T, Parshina E, Ovsiannikova N, Popov V, Bagrov D, Minin AА, Sokolova OS. The role of vimentin in directional migration of rat fibroblasts. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:467-476. [PMID: 31626376 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is one of the most important processes in which the cytoskeleton plays a main role. The cytoskeleton network is formed by tubulin microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments (IFs). While the structure and functions of the two aforementioned proteins have been extensively investigated during the last decades, vimentin IFs structure and their role in cell migration and adhesion remain unclear. Here, we investigated polarity determination in rat fibroblasts with either a knocked out vim gene or with a mutation that blocks filament formation on the stage of unit-length filaments (ULFs). Structured illumination microscopy has demonstrated the difference in the morphology of IFs in wild-type fibroblasts and of ULFs in mutant fibroblasts. We have developed an approach to measure cell stiffness separately on the trailing and leading edges using atomic force microscopy. Young's modulus values on the leading and trailing edge of migrating rat fibroblasts differ approximately by two times, being larger on the leading edge. The knockout of the vim gene leads to having comparable values of Young's moduli on both edges. Vimentin-null cells change the direction of migration more frequently than those expressing wild-type or mutated vimentin. Our results have shown the principle role of vimentin, not only in the form of IFs, but also as ULFs, in the determination of the polarity and the directionality of fibroblast migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vakhrusheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia Endzhievskaya
- Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Zhuikov
- Research Centre of Biotechnology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana Nekrasova
- Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia Parshina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Ovsiannikova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-chemical biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Popov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Physics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Bagrov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander А Minin
- Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Sokolova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang Y, Xiao X, Peng Y, Yang C, Wu S, Liu Y, Yue T, Pu H, Liu N, Jiang H. The comparison between force volume and peakforce quantitative nanomechanical mode of atomic force microscope in detecting cell's mechanical properties. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1843-1851. [PMID: 31361070 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscope (AFM) has been widely used in the biological field owing to its high sensitivity (subnanonewton), high spatial resolution (nanometer), and adaptability to physiological environments. Nowadays, force volume (FV) and peakforce quantitative nanomechanical (QNM) are two distinct modes of AFM used in biomechanical research. However, numerous studies have revealed an extremely confusing phenomenon that FV mode has a significant difference with QNM in determining the mechanical properties of the same samples. In this article, for the case of human benign prostatic hyperplasia cells (BPH) and two cancerous prostate cells with different grades of malignancy (PC3 and DU145), the differences were compared between FV and QNM modes in detecting mechanical properties. The results show measured Young's modulus of the same cells in FV mode was much lower than that obtained by QNM mode. Combining experimental results with working principles of two modes, it is indicated that surface adhesion is highly suspected to be a critical factor resulting in the measurement difference between two modes. To further confirm this conjecture, various weight ratios of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were assessed by two modes, respectively. The results show that the difference of Young's modulus measured by two modes increases with the surface adhesion of PDMS, confirming that adhesion is one of the significant elements that lead to the measurement difference between FV and QNM modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xiao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Peng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yue
- School of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huayan Pu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou J, Yi Q, Tang L. The roles of nuclear focal adhesion kinase (FAK) on Cancer: a focused review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:250. [PMID: 31186061 PMCID: PMC6560741 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FAK is a tyrosine kinase overexpressed in cancer cells and plays an important role in the progression of tumors to a malignant phenotype. Except for its typical role as a cytoplasmic kinase downstream of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling, related studies have shown new aspects of the roles of FAK in the nucleus. FAK can promote p53 degradation through ubiquitination, leading to cancer cell growth and proliferation. FAK can also regulate GATA4 and IL-33 expression, resulting in reduced inflammatory responses and immune escape. These findings establish a new model of FAK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Activated FAK binds to transcription factors and regulates gene expression. Inactive FAK synergizes with different E3 ligases to promote the turnover of transcription factors by enhancing ubiquitination. In the tumor microenvironment, nuclear FAK can regulate the formation of new blood vessels, affecting the tumor blood supply. This article reviews the roles of nuclear FAK in regulating gene expression. In addition, the use of FAK inhibitors to target nuclear FAK functions will also be emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mierke CT. The matrix environmental and cell mechanical properties regulate cell migration and contribute to the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:064602. [PMID: 30947151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The minimal structural unit of a solid tumor is a single cell or a cellular compartment such as the nucleus. A closer look inside the cells reveals that there are functional compartments or even structural domains determining the overall properties of a cell such as the mechanical phenotype. The mechanical interaction of these living cells leads to the complex organization such as compartments, tissues and organs of organisms including mammals. In contrast to passive non-living materials, living cells actively respond to the mechanical perturbations occurring in their microenvironment during diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. The transformation of single cancer cells in highly aggressive and hence malignant cancer cells during malignant cancer progression encompasses the basement membrane crossing, the invasion of connective tissue, the stroma microenvironments and transbarrier migration, which all require the immediate interaction of the aggressive and invasive cancer cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix environment including normal embedded neighboring cells. All these steps of the metastatic pathway seem to involve mechanical interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The pathology of cancer due to a broad heterogeneity of cancer types is still not fully understood. Hence it is necessary to reveal the signaling pathways such as mechanotransduction pathways that seem to be commonly involved in the development and establishment of the metastatic and mechanical phenotype in several carcinoma cells. We still do not know whether there exist distinct metastatic genes regulating the progression of tumors. These metastatic genes may then be activated either during the progression of cancer by themselves on their migration path or in earlier stages of oncogenesis through activated oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes, both of which promote the metastatic phenotype. In more detail, the adhesion of cancer cells to their surrounding stroma induces the generation of intracellular contraction forces that deform their microenvironments by alignment of fibers. The amplitude of these forces can adapt to the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. Moreover, the adhesion strength of cancer cells seems to determine whether a cancer cell is able to migrate through connective tissue or across barriers such as the basement membrane or endothelial cell linings of blood or lymph vessels in order to metastasize. In turn, exposure of adherent cancer cells to physical forces, such as shear flow in vessels or compression forces around tumors, reinforces cell adhesion, regulates cell contractility and restructures the ordering of the local stroma matrix that leads subsequently to secretion of crosslinking proteins or matrix degrading enzymes. Hence invasive cancer cells alter the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. From a mechanobiological point-of-view, the recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses such as cancer progression after the malignant transition of cancer cells from an epithelial and non-motile phenotype to a mesenchymal and motile (invasive) phenotype providing cellular motility. This transition can also be described as the physical attempt to relate this cancer cell transitional behavior to a T1 phase transition such as the jamming to unjamming transition. During the invasion of cancer cells, cell adaptation occurs to mechanical alterations of the local stroma, such as enhanced stroma upon fibrosis, and therefore we need to uncover underlying mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functional processes that reinforce the invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, these mechanisms may also be responsible for the awakening of dormant residual cancer cells within the microenvironment. Physicists were initially tempted to consider the steps of the cancer metastasis cascade as single events caused by a single mechanical alteration of the overall properties of the cancer cell. However, this general and simple view has been challenged by the finding that several mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment influence each other and continuously contribute to tumor growth and cancer progression. In addition, basement membrane crossing, cell invasion and transbarrier migration during cancer progression is explained in physical terms by applying physical principles on living cells regardless of their complexity and individual differences of cancer types. As a novel approach, the impact of the individual microenvironment surrounding cancer cells is also included. Moreover, new theories and models are still needed to understand why certain cancers are malignant and aggressive, while others stay still benign. However, due to the broad variety of cancer types, there may be various pathways solely suitable for specific cancer types and distinct steps in the process of cancer progression. In this review, physical concepts and hypotheses of cancer initiation and progression including cancer cell basement membrane crossing, invasion and transbarrier migration are presented and discussed from a biophysical point-of-view. In addition, the crosstalk between cancer cells and a chronically altered microenvironment, such as fibrosis, is discussed including the basic physical concepts of fibrosis and the cellular responses to mechanical stress caused by the mechanically altered microenvironment. Here, is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimentally and theoretically, have an impact on classical hallmarks of cancer and fibrosis and how they contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer and its progression by sensing and responding to the physical environmental properties through mechanotransduction processes. Finally, this review discusses various physical models of cell migration such as blebbing, nuclear piston, protrusive force and unjamming transition migration modes and how they contribute to cancer progression. Moreover, these cellular migration modes are influenced by microenvironmental perturbances such as fibrosis that can induce mechanical alterations in cancer cells, which in turn may impact the environment. Hence, the classical hallmarks of cancer need to be refined by including biomechanical properties of cells, cell clusters and tissues and their microenvironment to understand mechano-regulatory processes within cancer cells and the entire organism.
Collapse
|
29
|
Khan ZS, Santos JM, Vaz NG, Hussain F. Enhanced blebbing as a marker for metastatic prostate cancer. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:034110. [PMID: 31431812 PMCID: PMC6697032 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly metastatic prostate cancer cells flowing through a microfluidic channel form plasma membrane blebs: they form 27% more than normal cells and have a lower stiffness (about 50%). Hypo-osmotic stress assays (with ∼ 50 % osmolarity) show 22% more blebbing of highly metastatic than moderately metastatic and 30% more than normal cells. Plasma membrane blebbing is known to provide important metastatic capabilities to cancer cells by aiding cell detachment from the primary tumor site and increasing cell deformability to promote cell migration through the extracellular matrix. Increased blebbing was attributed by others to decreased phosphorylated ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) (p-ERM) protein expression-p-ERMs bind the plasma membrane to the actin cortex and reduced p-ERM expression can weaken membrane-cortex attachment. Myosin II also influences blebbing as myosin's natural contraction generates tension in the actin cortex. This increases cellular hydrostatic pressure, causes cortex rupture, cytoplasm flow out of the cortex, and hence blebbing. Highly metastatic cells are surprisingly found to express similar ezrin and myosin II levels but higher moesin levels in comparison with lowly metastatic or normal cells-suggesting that their levels, contrary to the literature [G. Charras and E. Paluch, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9(9), 730-736 (2008); J.-Y. Tinevez, U. Schulze, G. Salbreux, J. Roensch, J.-F. Joanny, and E. Paluch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(44), 18581-18586 (2009); M. Bergert, S. D. Chandradoss, R. A. Desai, and E. Paluch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109(36), 14434-14439 (2012); E. K. Paluch and E. Raz: Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 25(5), 582-590 (2013)], are not important in metastatic prostate cell blebbing. Our results show that reduced F-actin is primarily responsible for increased blebbing in these metastatic cells. Blebbing can thus serve as a simple prognostic marker for the highly incident and lethal metastatic prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeina S Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Julianna M Santos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Neil G Vaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Fazle Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Efremov YM, Velay-Lizancos M, Weaver CJ, Athamneh AI, Zavattieri PD, Suter DM, Raman A. Anisotropy vs isotropy in living cell indentation with AFM. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5757. [PMID: 30962474 PMCID: PMC6453879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of local mechanical properties of living cells by nano/micro indentation relies on the foundational assumption of locally isotropic cellular deformation. As a consequence of assumed isotropy, the cell membrane and underlying cytoskeleton are expected to locally deform axisymmetrically when indented by a spherical tip. Here, we directly observe the local geometry of deformation of membrane and cytoskeleton of different living adherent cells during nanoindentation with the integrated Atomic Force (AFM) and spinning disk confocal (SDC) microscope. We show that the presence of the perinuclear actin cap (apical stress fibers), such as those encountered in cells subject to physiological forces, causes a strongly non-axisymmetric membrane deformation during indentation reflecting local mechanical anisotropy. In contrast, axisymmetric membrane deformation reflecting mechanical isotropy was found in cells without actin cap: cancerous cells MDA-MB-231, which naturally lack the actin cap, and NIH 3T3 cells in which the actin cap is disrupted by latrunculin A. Careful studies were undertaken to quantify the effect of the live cell fluorescent stains on the measured mechanical properties. Using finite element computations and the numerical analysis, we explored the capability of one of the simplest anisotropic models – transverse isotropy model with three local mechanical parameters (longitudinal and transverse modulus and planar shear modulus) – to capture the observed non-axisymmetric deformation. These results help identifying which cell types are likely to exhibit non-isotropic properties, how to measure and quantify cellular deformation during AFM indentation using live cell stains and SDC, and suggest modelling guidelines to recover quantitative estimates of the mechanical properties of living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Efremov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Cory J Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Jones PSC Building, 712 Main Street, room 517, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ahmad I Athamneh
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Pablo D Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. .,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. .,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
| | - Arvind Raman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. .,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Harkness L, Chen X, Gillard M, Gray PP, Davies AM. Media composition modulates human embryonic stem cell morphology and may influence preferential lineage differentiation potential. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213678. [PMID: 30889226 PMCID: PMC6424453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells have a distinct morphology (hESC). Changes in cell morphology during culture can be indicative of differentiation. hESC, maintained in diverse medias, demonstrated alterations in morphological parameters and subsequent alterations in underlying transcript expression and lineage differentiation. Analysis of morphological parameters showed distinct and significant differences between the undefined, less defined and Xeno-free medias while still maintaining pluripotency markers. This suggested that the less defined media may be creating dynamic instability in the cytoskeleton, with the cytoskeleton becoming more stabilised in the Xeno-free media as demonstrated by smaller and rounder cells. Examination of early lineage markers during undirected differentiation using d5 embryoid bodies demonstrated increased mesodermal lineage preference as compared to endodermal or ectoderm in cells originally cultured in Xeno-free media. Undefined media showed preference for mesoderm and ectoderm lineages, while less defined media (BSA present) demonstrated no preference. These data reveal that culture media may produce fundamental changes in cell morphology which are reflected in early lineage differentiation choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Harkness
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marianne Gillard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Paul Gray
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony Mitchell Davies
- Translational Cell Imaging Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Oei RW, Hou G, Liu F, Zhong J, Zhang J, An Z, Xu L, Yang Y. Convolutional neural network for cell classification using microscope images of intracellular actin networks. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213626. [PMID: 30865716 PMCID: PMC6415833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated cell classification is an important yet a challenging computer vision task with significant benefits to biomedicine. In recent years, there have been several studies attempted to build an artificial intelligence-based cell classifier using label-free cellular images obtained from an optical microscope. Although these studies showed promising results, such classifiers were not able to reflect the biological diversity of different types of cell. While in terms of malignant cell, it is well-known that intracellular actin filaments are altered substantially. This is thought to be closely related to the abnormal growth features of tumor cells, their ability to invade surrounding tissues and also to metastasize. Therefore, being able to classify different types of cell based on their biological behaviors using automated technique is more advantageous. This article reveals the difference in the actin cytoskeleton structures between breast normal and cancer cells, which may provide new information regarding malignant changes and be used as additional diagnostic marker. Since the features cannot be well detected by human eyes, we proposed the application of convolutional neural network (CNN) in cell classification based on actin-labeled fluorescence microscopy images. The CNN was evaluated on a large number of actin-labeled fluorescence microscopy images of one human normal breast epithelial cell line and two types of human breast cancer cell line with different levels of aggressiveness. The study revealed that the CNN performed better in the cell classification task compared to a human expert.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guanqun Hou
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Fuhai Liu
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyi An
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Luping Xu
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (LX); (YY)
| | - Yujiu Yang
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (LX); (YY)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Basoli F, Giannitelli SM, Gori M, Mozetic P, Bonfanti A, Trombetta M, Rainer A. Biomechanical Characterization at the Cell Scale: Present and Prospects. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1449. [PMID: 30498449 PMCID: PMC6249385 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing field of mechanobiology demands for robust and reproducible characterization of cell mechanical properties. Recent achievements in understanding the mechanical regulation of cell fate largely rely on technological platforms capable of probing the mechanical response of living cells and their physico–chemical interaction with the microenvironment. Besides the established family of atomic force microscopy (AFM) based methods, other approaches include optical, magnetic, and acoustic tweezers, as well as sensing substrates that take advantage of biomaterials chemistry and microfabrication techniques. In this review, we introduce the available methods with an emphasis on the most recent advances, and we discuss the challenges associated with their implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Basoli
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manuele Gori
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mozetic
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Alessandra Bonfanti
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella Trombetta
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ku M, Kim HJ, Yau SY, Yoon N, Kim NH, Yook JI, Suh JS, Kim DE, Yang J. Microsphere-Based Nanoindentation for the Monitoring of Cellular Cortical Stiffness Regulated by MT1-MMP. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803000. [PMID: 30350552 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical properties are intimately connected to metastatic functions and aggressiveness in cancers. Especially, cellular stiffness is regarded as a biomarker for the understanding of metastatic potential and drug sensitivity. Here, protease-mediated changes of cortical stiffness are identified due to the deformation of cytoskeleton alignment at a cortex. For the past few decades, membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) has been well known as a kernel protease enriched in podosomes during metastasis for extracellular matrix degradation. However, the biophysical significance of MT1-MMP expressing cancer cells is still unknown. Therefore, the nanomechanics of cancer cells is analyzed by a nanoindentation using a microsphere-attached cantilever of atomic force microscopy (AFM). In conclusion, the results suggest that MT1-MMP has contributed as a key regulator in cytoskeletal deformation related with cancer metastasis. Particularly, the AFM-based nanoindentation system for the monitoring of cortical nanomechanics will be crucial to understand molecular networks in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Ku
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Systems Molecular Radiology at Yonsei, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joon Kim
- Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yee Yau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center of Nano-Wear, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Yoon
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Systems Molecular Radiology at Yonsei, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suck Suh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center of Nano-Wear, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Systems Molecular Radiology at Yonsei, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mapping heterogeneity of cellular mechanics by multi-harmonic atomic force microscopy. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2200-2216. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
36
|
Stylianou A, Gkretsi V, Stylianopoulos T. Transforming growth factor-β modulates pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts cell shape, stiffness and invasion. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1537-1546. [PMID: 29477748 PMCID: PMC5957271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor microenvironment consists of the extracellular matrix (ECM), stromal cells, such as fibroblasts (FBs) and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and a myriad of soluble factors. In many tumor types, including pancreatic tumors, the interplay between stromal cells and the other tumor microenvironment components leads to desmoplasia, a cancer-specific type of fibrosis that hinders treatment. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and CAFs are thought to play a crucial role in this tumor desmoplastic reaction, although the involved mechanisms are unknown. METHODS Optical/fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, image processing techniques, invasion assay in 3D collagen I gels and real-time PCR were employed to investigate the effect of TGF-β on normal pancreatic FBs and CAFs with regard to crucial cellular morphodynamic characteristics and relevant gene expression involved in tumor progression and metastasis. RESULTS CAFs present specific myofibroblast-like characteristics, such as α-smooth muscle actin expression and cell elongation, they also form more lamellipodia and are softer than FBs. TGF-β treatment increases cell stiffness (Young's modulus) of both FBs and CAFs and increases CAF's (but not FB's) elongation, cell spreading, lamellipodia formation and spheroid invasion. Gene expression analysis shows that these morphodynamic characteristics are mediated by Rac, RhoA and ROCK expression in CAFs treated with TGF-β. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β modulates CAFs', but not FBs', cell shape, stiffness and invasion. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings elucidate on the effects of TGF-β on CAFs' behavior and stiffness providing new insights into the mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Vasiliki Gkretsi
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Qin Y, Chen K, Gu W, Dong X, Lei R, Chang Y, Bai X, Xia S, Zeng L, Zhang J, Ma S, Li J, Li S, Xing G. Small size fullerenol nanoparticles suppress lung metastasis of breast cancer cell by disrupting actin dynamics. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:54. [PMID: 29935539 PMCID: PMC6015447 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in cancer patients. Migratory breast cancer cells in lymphatic and blood vessels seek new sites and form metastatic colonies in the lung and bone, and then these cancer cells often wreak considerable havoc. With advances in nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanotechnologies are widely applied in tumor therapy. In this paper, small size fullerenol nanoparticles, which are separated by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IFE) for discrepancy of isoelectric point (pI), are used in the study of tumor metastasis. RESULTS In this study, the commendable inhibition of tumor metastasis was uncovered by intravenous injection of purified fullerenol fraction with special surface charge and functional groups, which was separated by IFE for discrepancy of pI. By investigating the actin dynamics in several cancer cell lines, we found these small size fullerenol nanoparticles disturbed actin dynamics. Young's modulus detection and cell migration assays revealed that fullerenol lowered stiffness and restrained migration of breast cancer cells. Filopodia, the main supporting structures of actin bundles, are important for cell motility and adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy showed that fullerenol reduced the number and length of filopodia. Simultaneously, the inhibition of integrin to form clusters on filopodias, which was likely induced by reorganizing of actin cytoskeleton, impacted cancer cell adhesion and motility. CONCLUSIONS With intravenous injection of these fullerenol nanoparticles, tumor metastasis is well inhibited in vivo. The underlying mechanism most likely to be attributed to the effect of fullerenol nanoparticles on disturbing actin dynamics. With the disordered actin fiber, cell function is varied, including decreased cell stiffness, reduced filopodia formation, and inactivated integrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Qin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yanan Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xue Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shibo Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sihan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shan Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Gengmei Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
LeCorgne H, Tudosie AM, Lavik K, Su R, Becker KN, Moore S, Walia Y, Wisner A, Koehler D, Alberts AS, Williams FE, Eisenmann KM. Differential Toxicity of mDia Formin-Directed Functional Agonists and Antagonists in Developing Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:340. [PMID: 29692731 PMCID: PMC5902741 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Diaphanous-related (mDia) formins are cytoskeletal regulators that assemble and, in some cases, bundle filamentous actin (F-actin), as well as stabilize microtubules. The development of small molecule antagonists and agonists that interrogate mDia formin function has allowed us to investigate the roles of formins in disease states. A small molecule inhibitor of FH2 domain (SMIFH2) inhibits mDia-dependent actin dynamics and abrogates tumor cell migration and cell division in vitro and ex vivo tissue explants. mDia formin activation with small molecule intramimics IMM01/02 and mDia2-DAD peptides inhibited glioblastoma motility and invasion in vitro and ex vivo rat brain slices. However, SMIFH2, IMMs, and mDia2 DAD efficacy in vivo remains largely unexplored and potential toxicity across a range of developmental phenotypes has not been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we performed an in vivo screen of early life-stage toxicity in Danio rerio zebrafish embryos 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) in response to SMIFH2, IMM01/02, and mDia2 DAD. SMIFH2 at concentrations ≥5–10 μM induced significant defects in developing zebrafish, including shorter body lengths, tail curvature and defective tail cellularity, craniofacial malformations, pericardial edema, absent and/or compromised vasculature function and flow, depressed heart rates and increased mortality. Conversely, IMM and mDia2 DAD peptides were minimally toxic at concentrations up to 10–20 and 50 μM, respectively. SMIFH2's therapeutic potential may therefore be limited by its substantial in vivo toxicity at functional concentrations. mDia formin agonism with IMMs and mDia2 DADs may therefore be a more effective and less toxic anti-invasive therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter LeCorgne
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Andrew M Tudosie
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kari Lavik
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Robin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kathryn N Becker
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Sara Moore
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yashna Walia
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Wisner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Koehler
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Arthur S Alberts
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Signal Integration, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Frederick E Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kathryn M Eisenmann
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Managuli V, Roy S. Simultaneous Analysis of Elastic and Nonspecific Adhesive Properties of Thin Sample and Biological Cell Considering Bottom Substrate Effect. J Biomech Eng 2018; 139:2645058. [PMID: 28715542 DOI: 10.1115/1.4037289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new asymptotically correct contact model has been developed for conical tip based atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation. This new model provides both elastic and nonspecific adhesion properties of cells and soft gels by taking sample thickness at the point of indentation and its depth of indentation into consideration. The bottom substrate effect (BSE) is the most common source of error in the study of "AFM force maps" of the cellular sample. The present model incorporates an asymptotically correct correction term as a function of depth of indentation to eliminate the substrate effect in the analysis. Later, the model is extended to analyze the unloading portion of the indentation curve to extract the stiffness and adhesive properties simultaneously. A comparative study of the estimated material properties using other established contact models shows that the provided corrections effectively curb the errors coming from infinite thickness assumption. Nonspecific adhesive nature of a cell is represented in terms of adhesion parameter (γa) based on the "work of adhesion," this is an alternative to the peak value of tip-sample attractive (negative) force commonly used as representative adhesion measurement. The simple analytical expression of the model can help in estimating more realistic and accurate biomechanical properties of cells from atomic force microscopy based indentation technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Managuli
- Applied Mechanics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India e-mail:
| | - Sitikantha Roy
- Applied Mechanics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yamagishi Y, Oya K, Matsuura A, Abe H. Use of CK-548 and CK-869 as Arp2/3 complex inhibitors directly suppresses microtubule assembly both in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:834-839. [PMID: 29395083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two types of Arp2/3 complex inhibitors, CK-666/636 and CK-548/869, are commonly used to study Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin assembly both in vitro and in vivo. However, we found that CK-548 and CK-869 directly suppress microtubule (MT) assembly independent of the actin cytoskeleton. Treatment of cultured mammalian cells with 50 μM CK-869 dramatically decreased MT networks and, instead, accumulated tubulin at the cell periphery, as did nocodazole that inhibits MT assembly. An in vitro MT-sedimentation assay revealed that CK-548 and CK-869 significantly suppressed MT polymerization. In budding yeast, although CK-548 and CK-869 are reported to lack binding abilities in the yeast Arp3, CK-548 treatment decreased cytoplasmic MT at several tens of micromolar concentrations. In addition, we found that the effects of CK-548 and CK-869 on MT assembly varied according to species. We propose that CK-548 and CK-869 are not suitable for studying the cytoskeleton in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Oya
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuura
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
AFM contribution to unveil pro- and eukaryotic cell mechanical properties. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 73:177-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
42
|
Efremov YM, Wang WH, Hardy SD, Geahlen RL, Raman A. Measuring nanoscale viscoelastic parameters of cells directly from AFM force-displacement curves. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1541. [PMID: 28484282 PMCID: PMC5431511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Force-displacement (F-Z) curves are the most commonly used Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) mode to measure the local, nanoscale elastic properties of soft materials like living cells. Yet a theoretical framework has been lacking that allows the post-processing of F-Z data to extract their viscoelastic constitutive parameters. Here, we propose a new method to extract nanoscale viscoelastic properties of soft samples like living cells and hydrogels directly from conventional AFM F-Z experiments, thereby creating a common platform for the analysis of cell elastic and viscoelastic properties with arbitrary linear constitutive relations. The method based on the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle was validated using finite element (FE) simulations and by comparison with the existed AFM techniques on living cells and hydrogels. The method also allows a discrimination of which viscoelastic relaxation model, for example, standard linear solid (SLS) or power-law rheology (PLR), best suits the experimental data. The method was used to extract the viscoelastic properties of benign and cancerous cell lines (NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, NMuMG epithelial, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells). Finally, we studied the changes in viscoelastic properties related to tumorigenesis including TGF-β induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition on NMuMG cells and Syk expression induced phenotype changes in MDA-MB-231 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Efremov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Wen-Horng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Shana D Hardy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Robert L Geahlen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Arvind Raman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA. .,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sun J, Luo Q, Liu L, Yang X, Zhu S, Song G. Salinomycin attenuates liver cancer stem cell motility by enhancing cell stiffness and increasing F-actin formation via the FAK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. Toxicology 2017; 384:1-10. [PMID: 28395993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salinomycin has recently been identified as an antitumour drug for several types of cancer stem cell (CSC) treatments. However, the effects of salinomycin on the migratory and invasive properties of liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are unclear. In present study, we investigated the effect of salinomycin on the migration and invasion of LCSCs, and examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of salinomycin. Here we showed that the migration and invasion of LCSCs were significantly suppressed in a salinomycin dose-dependent manner. Moreover, western blot analysis showed that salinomycin repressed the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Taken together, these findings provide new evidence that salinomycin suppresses the migration and invasion of LCSCs by inhibiting the expression of the FAK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. In addition, the analysis of the mechanical properties showed that salinomycin increased cell stiffness in LCSCs via the FAK, and ERK1/2 pathways, suggesting that the inhibition of LCSC migration might partially contribute to the increase in cell stiffness stimulated by salinomycin. To further examine the role of salinomycin on cell motility and stiffness, the actin cytoskeleton of LCSCs was detected. The increased F-actin filaments in LCSCs induced by salinomycin reflected the increase in cell stiffness and the decrease in cell migration. Overall, these results showed that salinomycin inhibits the migration and invasion of LCSCs through the dephosphorylated FAK and ERK1/2 pathways, reflecting the changes in cell stiffness resulting from the increased actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 500025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ciasca G, Sassun TE, Minelli E, Antonelli M, Papi M, Santoro A, Giangaspero F, Delfini R, De Spirito M. Nano-mechanical signature of brain tumours. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19629-19643. [PMID: 27853793 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06840e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) and meningothelial meningioma (MM) are the most frequent malignant and benign brain lesions, respectively. Mechanical cues play a major role in the progression of both malignancies that is modulated by the occurrence of aberrant physical interactions between neoplastic cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we investigate the nano-mechanical properties of human GBM and MM tissues by atomic force microscopy. Our measures unveil the mechanical fingerprint of the main hallmark features of both lesions, such as necrosis in GBM and dural infiltration in MM. These findings have the potential to positively impact on the development of novel AFM-based diagnostic methods to assess the tumour grade. Most importantly, they provide a quantitative description of the tumour-induced mechanical modifications in the brain ECM, thus being of potential help in the search for novel ECM targets for brain tumours and especially for GBM that, despite years of intense research, has still very limited therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ciasca
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Tanya Enny Sassun
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 Rome, Italy 00161
| | - Eleonora Minelli
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Manila Antonelli
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 Rome, Italy 00161
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Delfini
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 Rome, Italy 00161
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Serafín-Higuera I, Garibay-Cerdenares OL, Illades-Aguiar B, Flores-Alfaro E, Jiménez-López MA, Sierra-Martínez P, Alarcón-Romero LDC. Differential proteins among normal cervix cells and cervical cancer cells with HPV-16 infection, through mass spectrometry-based Proteomics (2D-DIGE) in women from Southern México. Proteome Sci 2016; 14:10. [PMID: 27601940 PMCID: PMC5011847 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-016-0099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide with an estimated 528,000 new cases in 2012. The same year México had an incidence of 13,960 and a mortality of 4769 cases. There are several diagnosis methods of CC; among the most frequents are the conventional Pap cytology (Pap), colposcopy, and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), histopathological examination, tests of imaging and detection of high-risk papilloma virus (HR-HPV) with molecular tests (PCR, hybridization, sequencing). Proteomics is a tool for the detection of new biomarkers that can be associated with clinical stage, histological type, prognosis, and/or response to treatment. In this study we performed a comparative analysis of CC cells with normal cervical cells. The proteomic analysis was carried out with the fluorescent two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) technique to subsequently identify differential protein profiles using Decyder Software, and the selected proteins were identified by Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Results The proteins that showed an increased expression in cervical cancer in comparison with normal cervix cells were: Mimecan, Actin from aortic smooth muscle and Lumican. While Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5, Peroxiredoxin-1 and 14-3-3 protein sigma showed a decrease in their protein expression level in cervical cancer in comparison with normal cervix cells. Conclusions Thus, this study was successful in identifying biomarker signatures for cervical cancer, and might provide new insights into the mechanism of CC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idanya Serafín-Higuera
- Laboratorio de Citopatología e Histoquímica, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero México
| | - Olga Lilia Garibay-Cerdenares
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero México
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero México
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Citopatología e Histoquímica, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero México
| | | | - Pavel Sierra-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Citopatología e Histoquímica, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero México
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Laboratorio de Citopatología e Histoquímica, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero México ; Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas, Ciudad Universitaria, Chilpancingo, Guerrero C.P. 39090 México
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rosero A, Oulehlová D, Stillerová L, Schiebertová P, Grunt M, Žárský V, Cvrčková F. Arabidopsis FH1 Formin Affects Cotyledon Pavement Cell Shape by Modulating Cytoskeleton Dynamics. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:488-504. [PMID: 26738547 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell morphogenesis involves concerted rearrangements of microtubules and actin microfilaments. We previously reported that FH1, the main Arabidopsis thaliana housekeeping Class I membrane-anchored formin, contributes to actin dynamics and microtubule stability in rhizodermis cells. Here we examine the effects of mutations affecting FH1 (At3g25500) on cell morphogenesis and above-ground organ development in seedlings, as well as on cytoskeletal organization and dynamics, using a combination of confocal and variable angle epifluorescence microscopy with a pharmacological approach. Homozygous fh1 mutants exhibited cotyledon epinasty and had larger cotyledon pavement cells with more pronounced lobes than the wild type. The pavement cell shape alterations were enhanced by expression of the fluorescent microtubule marker GFP-microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4). Mutant cotyledon pavement cells exhibited reduced density and increased stability of microfilament bundles, as well as enhanced dynamics of microtubules. Analogous results were also obtained upon treatments with the formin inhibitor SMIFH2 (small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains). Pavement cell shape in wild-type (wt) and fh1 plants in some situations exhibited a differential response towards anti-cytoskeletal drugs, especially the microtubule disruptor oryzalin. Our observations indicate that FH1 participates in the control of microtubule dynamics, possibly via its effects on actin, subsequently influencing cell morphogenesis and macroscopic organ development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Rosero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic Colombian Institute for Agricultural Research-CORPOICA-Turipana, Km 13 via Monteria, Cereté, Cordoba, Colombia Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 586/11, CZ 783 71 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Oulehlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, CZ 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Stillerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Schiebertová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Grunt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, CZ 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Currently, biomechanics of living cells is in the focus of interest due to noticeable capability of such techniques like atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe cellular properties at the single cell level directly on living cells. The research carried out, so far, delivered data showing, on the one hand, the use of cellular mechanics as a biomarker of various pathological changes, which, on the other hand, reveal relative nature of biomechanics. In the AFM, the elastic properties of living cells are delivered from indentation experiments and described quantitatively by Young's modulus defined here as a measure of cellular deformability. Here, the AFM studies directly comparing the mechanical properties of normal and cancerous cells are summarized and presented together with a few important issues related to the relativeness of Young's modulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Lekka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, PAS, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|