1
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Deng Q, Hong X, Xia Y, Gong Z, Dai H, Chen J, Feng Y, Zhang J, Xie X, Li N, Shen X, Hu J, Zhang Q, Lang X, Pan R. Comprehensive identification of plant peroxisome targeting signal type 1 tripeptides. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1642-1650. [PMID: 38975665 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xiao Hong
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, China
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yuqing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, China
| | - Huaxin Dai
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Changping, Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Jiarong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yanlei Feng
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Changping, Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Changping, Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Nannan Li
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xingxing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, China
| | - Xuye Lang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, China
| | - Ronghui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, China
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2
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Gao Q, Dong Y, Huang Y, Liu S, Zheng X, Ma Y, Qi Q, Wang X, Zhao ZK, Yang X. Dual-Regulation in Peroxisome and Cytoplasm toward Efficient Limonene Biosynthesis with Rhodotorula toruloides. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2545-2554. [PMID: 38860733 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Rhodotorula toruloides is a potential workhorse for production of various value-added chemicals including terpenoids, oleo-chemicals, and enzymes from low-cost feedstocks. However, the limited genetic toolbox is hindering its metabolic engineering. In the present study, four type I and one novel type II peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1/PTS2) were characterized and employed for limonene production for the first time in R. toruloides. The implant of the biosynthesis pathway into the peroxisome led to 111.5 mg/L limonene in a shake flask culture. The limonene titer was further boosted to 1.05 g/L upon dual-metabolic regulation in the cytoplasm and peroxisome, which included employing the acetoacetyl-CoA synthase NphT7, adding an additional copy of native ATP-dependent citrate lyase, etc. The final yield was 0.053 g/g glucose, which was the highest ever reported. The newly characterized PTSs should contribute to the expansion of genetic toolboxes forR. toruloides. The results demonstrated that R. toruloides could be explored for efficient production of terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidou Gao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yaqi Dong
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Sasa Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zongbao Kent Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Gaussmann S, Peschel R, Ott J, Zak KM, Sastre J, Delhommel F, Popowicz GM, Boekhoven J, Schliebs W, Erdmann R, Sattler M. Modulation of peroxisomal import by the PEX13 SH3 domain and a proximal FxxxF binding motif. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3317. [PMID: 38632234 PMCID: PMC11024197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Import of proteins into peroxisomes depends on PEX5, PEX13 and PEX14. By combining biochemical methods and structural biology, we show that the C-terminal SH3 domain of PEX13 mediates intramolecular interactions with a proximal FxxxF motif. The SH3 domain also binds WxxxF peptide motifs in the import receptor PEX5, demonstrating evolutionary conservation of such interactions from yeast to human. Strikingly, intramolecular interaction of the PEX13 FxxxF motif regulates binding of PEX5 WxxxF/Y motifs to the PEX13 SH3 domain. Crystal structures reveal how FxxxF and WxxxF/Y motifs are recognized by a non-canonical surface on the SH3 domain. The PEX13 FxxxF motif also mediates binding to PEX14. Surprisingly, the potential PxxP binding surface of the SH3 domain does not recognize PEX14 PxxP motifs, distinct from its yeast ortholog. Our data show that the dynamic network of PEX13 interactions with PEX5 and PEX14, mediated by diaromatic peptide motifs, modulates peroxisomal matrix import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gaussmann
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Bavarian NMR Center and Department of Bioscience, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
- Helmholtz Munich, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Institute of Structural Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Peschel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Ott
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Krzysztof M Zak
- Helmholtz Munich, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Institute of Structural Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Judit Sastre
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Florent Delhommel
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Bavarian NMR Center and Department of Bioscience, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
- Helmholtz Munich, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Institute of Structural Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Bavarian NMR Center and Department of Bioscience, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
- Helmholtz Munich, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Institute of Structural Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Michael Sattler
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Bavarian NMR Center and Department of Bioscience, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany.
- Helmholtz Munich, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Institute of Structural Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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4
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Song S, Ye C, Jin Y, Dai H, Hu J, Lian J, Pan R. Peroxisome-based metabolic engineering for biomanufacturing and agriculture. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00034-9. [PMID: 38423802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Subcellular compartmentalization of metabolic pathways plays a crucial role in metabolic engineering. The peroxisome has emerged as a highly valuable and promising compartment for organelle engineering, particularly in the fields of biological manufacturing and agriculture. In this review, we summarize the remarkable achievements in peroxisome engineering in yeast, the industrially popular biomanufacturing chassis host, to produce various biocompounds. We also review progress in plant peroxisome engineering, a field that has already exhibited high potential in both biomanufacturing and agriculture. Moreover, we outline various experimentally validated strategies to improve the efficiency of engineered pathways in peroxisomes, as well as prospects of peroxisome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuifang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaxin Dai
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Changping 102209, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ronghui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Wang J, Kunze M, Villoria-González A, Weinhofer I, Berger J. Peroxisomal Localization of a Truncated HMG-CoA Reductase under Low Cholesterol Conditions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:244. [PMID: 38397481 PMCID: PMC10886633 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, HMGCR) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway required for cholesterol biosynthesis. It is an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but has occasionally been described in peroxisomes. By co-immunofluorescence microscopy using different HMGCR antibodies, we present evidence for a dual localization of HMGCR in the ER and peroxisomes in differentiated human monocytic THP-1 cells, primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and human primary skin fibroblasts under conditions of low cholesterol and statin treatment. Using density gradient centrifugation and Western blot analysis, we observed a truncated HMGCR variant of 76 kDa in the peroxisomal fractions, while a full-length HMGCR of 96 kDa was contained in fractions of the ER. In contrast to primary human control fibroblasts, peroxisomal HMGCR was not found in fibroblasts from patients suffering from type-1 rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, who lack functional PEX7 and, thus, cannot import peroxisomal matrix proteins harboring a type-2 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS2). Moreover, in the N-terminal region of the soluble 76 kDa C-terminal catalytic domain, we identified a PTS2-like motif, which was functional in a reporter context. We propose that under sterol-depleted conditions, part of the soluble HMGCR domain, which is released from the ER by proteolytic processing for further turnover, remains sufficiently long in the cytosol for peroxisomal import via a PTS2/PEX7-dependent mechanism. Altogether, our findings describe a dual localization of HMGCR under combined lipid depletion and statin treatment, adding another puzzle piece to the complex regulation of HMGCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Plessner M, Thiele L, Hofhuis J, Thoms S. Tissue-specific roles of peroxisomes revealed by expression meta-analysis. Biol Direct 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38365851 PMCID: PMC10873952 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are primarily studied in the brain, kidney, and liver due to the conspicuous tissue-specific pathology of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders. In contrast, little is known about the role of peroxisomes in other tissues such as the heart. In this meta-analysis, we explore mitochondrial and peroxisomal gene expression on RNA and protein levels in the brain, heart, kidney, and liver, focusing on lipid metabolism. Further, we evaluate a potential developmental and heart region-dependent specificity of our gene set. We find marginal expression of the enzymes for peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in cardiac tissue in comparison to the liver or cardiac mitochondrial β-oxidation. However, the expression of peroxisome biogenesis proteins in the heart is similar to other tissues despite low levels of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. Strikingly, peroxisomal targeting signal type 2-containing factors and plasmalogen biosynthesis appear to play a fundamental role in explaining the essential protective and supporting functions of cardiac peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Plessner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Leonie Thiele
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julia Hofhuis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sven Thoms
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
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Chornyi S, Costa CF, IJlst L, Fransen M, Wanders RJA, van Roermund CWT, Waterham HR. Human peroxisomal NAD +/NADH homeostasis is regulated by two independent NAD(H) shuttle systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:22-32. [PMID: 37355054 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Reduced (NADH) and oxidized (NAD+) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides are ubiquitous hydride-donating/accepting cofactors that are essential for cellular bioenergetics. Peroxisomes are single-membrane-bounded organelles that are involved in multiple lipid metabolism pathways, including beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and which contain several NAD(H)-dependent enzymes. Although maintenance of NAD(H) homeostasis in peroxisomes is considered essential for peroxisomal beta-oxidation, little is known about the regulation thereof. To resolve this issue, we have developed methods to specifically measure intraperoxisomal NADH levels in human cells using peroxisome-targeted NADH biosensors. By targeted CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing of human cells, we showed with these sensors that the NAD+/NADH ratio in cytosol and peroxisomes are closely connected and that this crosstalk is mediated by intraperoxisomal lactate and malate dehydrogenases, generated via translational stop codon readthrough of the LDHB and MDH1 mRNAs. Our study provides evidence for the existence of two independent redox shuttle systems in human peroxisomes that regulate peroxisomal NAD+/NADH homeostasis. This is the first study that shows a specific metabolic function of protein isoforms generated by translational stop codon readthrough in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Chornyi
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cláudio F Costa
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo W T van Roermund
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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8
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Ramos-Sánchez RY, López-Fontanet JJ, Izquierdo N. Adult Refsum Disease in Puerto Rico: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e45426. [PMID: 37859930 PMCID: PMC10581862 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with adult Refsum Disease (ARD) have retinitis pigmentosa and thus nyctalopia, anosmia, sensorineural deafness, polyneuropathy, and ataxia. Upon physical examination, patients with ARD have congenital short metacarpals, metatarsals, and cardiac arrhythmias. Manifestations due to the lack of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase in peroxisomes needed for alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid lead patients to accumulate phytanic acid in their body tissues. To our knowledge, no consensus for clinical diagnostic criteria for patients with ARD has been published. Our patient had nyctalopia, retinal findings, and visual field results compatible with retinitis pigmentosa. Additionally, the patient had decreased macular thickness and volume in both eyes, the findings being worse in the left eye. The patient had undergone hand surgery due to chronic pain in both hands, as well as his fourth and fifth metatarsal bones were shortened. Interestingly, audiology evaluation showed mild hearing loss in the right ear and mild to moderate hearing loss in the left ear. Inheritance patterns in patients with ARD have been described. Physical examination, phytanic acid evaluation, and genetic studies may all help reach an ARD diagnosis. This is the first report of adult Refsum disease in Puerto Rico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Y Ramos-Sánchez
- Ophthalmology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PRI
| | | | - Natalio Izquierdo
- Ophthalmology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PRI
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are involved in a multitude of metabolic and catabolic pathways, as well as the innate immune system. Their dysfunction is linked to severe peroxisome-specific diseases, as well as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. To ensure the ability of peroxisomes to fulfill their many roles in the organism, more than 100 different proteins are post-translationally imported into the peroxisomal membrane and matrix, and their functionality must be closely monitored. In this Review, we briefly discuss the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins, and we emphasize an updated view of both classical and alternative peroxisomal matrix protein import pathways. We highlight different quality control pathways that ensure the degradation of dysfunctional peroxisomal proteins. Finally, we compare peroxisomal matrix protein import with other systems that transport folded proteins across membranes, in particular the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system and the nuclear pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rudowitz
- Systems Biochemistry , Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Systems Biochemistry , Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang S, Li W, Jin Y, Akhter D, Chen J, Hu J, Pan R. Bioinformatic analysis of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase proteins in plant peroxisomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1180647. [PMID: 37360717 PMCID: PMC10288848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1180647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous eukaryotic organelles housing not only many important oxidative metabolic reactions, but also some reductive reactions that are less known. Members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, which are NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases, play important roles in plant peroxisomes, including the conversion of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), auxiliary β-oxidation of fatty acids, and benzaldehyde production. To further explore the function of this family of proteins in the plant peroxisome, we performed an in silico search for peroxisomal SDR proteins from Arabidopsis based on the presence of peroxisome targeting signal peptides. A total of 11 proteins were discovered, among which four were experimentally confirmed to be peroxisomal in this study. Phylogenetic analyses showed the presence of peroxisomal SDR proteins in diverse plant species, indicating the functional conservation of this protein family in peroxisomal metabolism. Knowledge about the known peroxisomal SDRs from other species also allowed us to predict the function of plant SDR proteins within the same subgroup. Furthermore, in silico gene expression profiling revealed strong expression of most SDR genes in floral tissues and during seed germination, suggesting their involvement in reproduction and seed development. Finally, we explored the function of SDRj, a member of a novel subgroup of peroxisomal SDR proteins, by generating and analyzing CRISPR/Cas mutant lines. This work provides a foundation for future research on the biological activities of peroxisomal SDRs to fully understand the redox control of peroxisome functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchan Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yukang Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saisai Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiran Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Jin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Delara Akhter
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Jiarong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ronghui Pan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Skowyra ML, Rapoport TA. Cell-free reconstitution of peroxisomal matrix protein import using Xenopus egg extract. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102111. [PMID: 36853666 PMCID: PMC9947420 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are vital metabolic organelles whose matrix enzymes are imported from the cytosol in a folded state by the soluble receptor PEX5. The import mechanism has been challenging to decipher because of the lack of suitable in vitro systems. Here, we present a protocol for reconstituting matrix protein import using Xenopus egg extract. We describe how extract is prepared, how to replace endogenous PEX5 with recombinant versions, and how to perform and interpret a peroxisomal import reaction using a fluorescent cargo. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Skowyra and Rapoport (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Skowyra
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Tom A Rapoport
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Rüttermann M, Gatsogiannis C. Good things come to those who bait: the peroxisomal docking complex. Biol Chem 2023; 404:107-119. [PMID: 36117327 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal integrity and function are highly dependent on its membrane and soluble (matrix) components. Matrix enzymes are imported post-translationally in a folded or even oligomeric state, via a still mysterious protein translocation mechanism. They are guided to peroxisomes via the Peroxisomal Targeting Signal (PTS) sequences which are recognized by specific cytosolic receptors, Pex5, Pex7 and Pex9. Subsequently, cargo-loaded receptors bind to the docking complex in an initial step, followed by channel formation, cargo-release, receptor-recycling and -quality control. The docking complexes of different species share Pex14 as their core component but differ in composition and oligomeric state of Pex14. Here we review and highlight the latest insights on the structure and function of the peroxisomal docking complex. We summarize differences between yeast and mammals and then we integrate this knowledge into our current understanding of the import machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Rüttermann
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christos Gatsogiannis
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Ghosh M, Denkert N, Reuter M, Klümper J, Reglinski K, Peschel R, Schliebs W, Erdmann R, Meinecke M. Dynamics of the translocation pore of the human peroxisomal protein import machinery. Biol Chem 2023; 404:169-178. [PMID: 35977096 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomal matrix proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and imported in a posttranslational manner. Intricate protein import machineries have evolved that catalyze the different stages of translocation. In humans, PEX5L was found to be an essential component of the peroxisomal translocon. PEX5L is the main receptor for substrate proteins carrying a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS). Substrates are bound by soluble PEX5L in the cytosol after which the cargo-receptor complex is recruited to peroxisomal membranes. Here, PEX5L interacts with the docking protein PEX14 and becomes part of an integral membrane protein complex that facilitates substrate translocation into the peroxisomal lumen in a still unknown process. In this study, we show that PEX5L containing complexes purified from human peroxisomal membranes constitute water-filled pores when reconstituted into planar-lipid membranes. Channel characteristics were highly dynamic in terms of conductance states, selectivity and voltage- and substrate-sensitivity. Our results show that a PEX5L associated pore exists in human peroxisomes, which can be activated by receptor-cargo complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausumi Ghosh
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Niels Denkert
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maren Reuter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jessica Klümper
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Katharina Reglinski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Rebecca Peschel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Meinecke
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Pedrosa AG, Francisco T, Rodrigues TA, Ferreira MJ, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Azevedo JE. The Extraction Mechanism of Monoubiquitinated PEX5 from the Peroxisomal Membrane. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167896. [PMID: 36442669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The AAA ATPases PEX1•PEX6 extract PEX5, the peroxisomal protein shuttling receptor, from the peroxisomal membrane so that a new protein transport cycle can start. Extraction requires ubiquitination of PEX5 at residue 11 and involves a threading mechanism, but how exactly this occurs is unclear. We used a cell-free in vitro system and a variety of engineered PEX5 and ubiquitin molecules to challenge the extraction machinery. We show that PEX5 modified with a single ubiquitin is a substrate for extraction and extend previous findings proposing that neither the N- nor the C-terminus of PEX5 are required for extraction. Chimeric PEX5 molecules possessing a branched polypeptide structure at their C-terminal domains can still be extracted from the peroxisomal membrane thus suggesting that the extraction machinery can thread more than one polypeptide chain simultaneously. Importantly, we found that the PEX5-linked monoubiquitin is unfolded at a pre-extraction stage and, accordingly, an intra-molecularly cross-linked ubiquitin blocked extraction when conjugated to residue 11 of PEX5. Collectively, our data suggest that the PEX5-linked monoubiquitin is the extraction initiator and that the complete ubiquitin-PEX5 conjugate is threaded by PEX1•PEX6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Pedrosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gerbrand J van der Heden van Noort
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Ferreira MJ, Rodrigues TA, Pedrosa AG, Francisco T, Azevedo JE. A Cell-Free In Vitro Import System for Peroxisomal Proteins Containing a Type 2 Targeting Signal (PTS2). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:333-343. [PMID: 36952196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free in vitro systems are invaluable tools to study the molecular mechanisms of protein translocation across biological membranes. We have been using such a strategy to dissect the mechanism of the mammalian peroxisomal matrix protein import machinery. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to import proteins containing a peroxisomal targeting signal type 2 (PTS2) into the organelle. The in vitro system consists of incubating a 35S-labeled reporter protein with a post-nuclear supernatant from rat/mouse liver. At the end of the incubation, the organelle suspensions are generally treated with an aggressive protease to degrade reporter proteins that did not enter peroxisomes, and the organelles are isolated by centrifugation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. This in vitro system is particularly suited to characterize the functional consequences of PEX5 and PEX7 mutations found in patients affected with a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana G Pedrosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Anteghini M, Martins Dos Santos VAP. Computational Approaches for Peroxisomal Protein Localization. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:405-411. [PMID: 36952202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Computational approaches are practical when investigating putative peroxisomal proteins and for sub-peroxisomal protein localization in unknown protein sequences. Nowadays, advancements in computational methods and Machine Learning (ML) can be used to hasten the discovery of novel peroxisomal proteins and can be combined with more established computational methodologies. Here, we explain and list some of the most used tools and methodologies for novel peroxisomal protein detection and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Anteghini
- Lifeglimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, WE, The Netherlands.
- Zuse Institut Berlin, Visual and Data-Centric Computing, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Lifeglimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- BioProcess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, WE, The Netherlands
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17
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Kunze M. Computational Evaluation of Peroxisomal Targeting Signals in Metazoa. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:391-404. [PMID: 36952201 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Most soluble proteins enclosed in peroxisomes encode either type-1 or type-2 peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS1 or PTS2), which act as postal codes and define the proteins' intracellular destination. Thus, various computational programs have been developed to evaluate the probability of specific peptide sequences for being a functional PTS or to scan the primary sequence of proteins for such signals. Among these prediction algorithms the PTS1-predictor ( https://mendel.imp.ac.at/pts1/ ) has been amply used, but the research logic of this and other PTS1 prediction tools is occasionally misjudged giving rise to characteristic pitfalls. Here, a proper utilization of the PTS1-predictor is introduced together with a framework of additional tests to increase the validity of the interpretation of results. Moreover, a list of possible causes for a mismatch between results of such predictions and experimental outcomes is provided. However, the foundational arguments apply to other prediction tools for PTS1 motifs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Hochreiter B, Schmid JA, Berger J, Kunze M. Estimating the Interaction Strength Between PTS1-Peptides and Their Receptor PEX5 in Living Cells Using Flow-Cytometer-Based FRET (flowFRET) Measurements. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:413-434. [PMID: 36952203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The import of many peroxisomal matrix proteins is initiated by the interaction of type-1 peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS1) residing at the extreme C-terminus of cargo proteins and their receptor protein PEX5. This interaction has been amply investigated by biophysical methods using isolated proteins and peptides or heterologous systems such as two-hybrid assays. However, a recently developed novel application of Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) allows a quantifying measurement of this interaction in living cells. This method combines the systematic measurement of FRET-efficiency in a high number of cells with a well-suited normalization protocol and a fitting algorithm, which together allow the estimation of numerical values for the apparent interaction strength that correlates with other measures of binding strength but can be obtained under rather physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hochreiter
- Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes A Schmid
- Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Gao Y, Skowyra ML, Feng P, Rapoport TA. Protein import into peroxisomes occurs through a nuclear pore-like phase. Science 2022; 378:eadf3971. [PMID: 36520918 PMCID: PMC9795577 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf3971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles whose dysfunction causes fatal human diseases. Most peroxisomal proteins are imported from the cytosol in a folded state by the soluble receptor PEX5. How folded cargo crosses the membrane is unknown. Here, we show that peroxisomal import is similar to nuclear transport. The peroxisomal membrane protein PEX13 contains a conserved tyrosine (Y)- and glycine (G)-rich YG domain, which forms a selective phase resembling that formed by phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats within nuclear pores. PEX13 resides in the membrane in two orientations that oligomerize and suspend the YG meshwork within the lipid bilayer. Purified YG domains form hydrogels into which PEX5 selectively partitions, by using conserved aromatic amino acid motifs, bringing cargo along. The YG meshwork thus forms an aqueous conduit through which PEX5 delivers folded proteins into peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael L. Skowyra
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peiqiang Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tom A. Rapoport
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Corresponding author.
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20
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Hochreiter B, Malagon-Vina H, Schmid JA, Berger J, Kunze M. Studying the interaction between PEX5 and its full-length cargo proteins in living cells by a novel Försteŕs resonance energy transfer-based competition assay. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1026388. [PMID: 36407094 PMCID: PMC9669585 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1026388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The import of the majority of soluble peroxisomal proteins is initiated by the interaction between type-1 peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS1) and their receptor PEX5. PTS1 motifs reside at the extreme C-terminus of proteins and consist of a characteristic tripeptide and a modulatory upstream region. Various PTS1-PEX5 interactions have been studied by biophysical methods using isolated proteins or in heterologous systems such as two-hybrid assays, but a recently established approach based on Försters resonance energy transfer (FRET) allows a quantifying investigation in living cells. FRET is the radiation-free energy transfer between two fluorophores in close proximity and can be used to estimate the fraction of acceptor molecules bound to a donor molecule. For PTS1-PEX5 this method relies on the measurement of FRET-efficiency between the PTS1-binding TPR-domain of PEX5 tagged with mCherry and EGFP fused to a PTS1 peptide. However, this method is less suitable for binding partners with low affinity and protein complexes involving large proteins such as the interaction between full-length PTS1-carrying cargo proteins and PEX5. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a life-cell competition assay based on the same FRET approach but including a fusion protein of Cerulean with the protein of interest as a competitor. After implementing the mathematical description of competitive binding experiments into a fitting algorithm, we demonstrate the functionality of this approach using known interaction partners, its ability to circumvent previous limitations of FRET-measurements and its ability to study the interaction between PEX5 and its full-length cargo proteins. We find that some proteins (SCP2 and AGXT) bind PEX5 with higher affinity than their PTS1-peptides alone, but other proteins (ACOX3, DAO, PerCR-SRL) bind with lower but reasonable affinity, whereas GSTK1 binds with very low affinity. This binding strength was not increased upon elongating the PEX5 TPR-domain at its N-terminus, PEX5(N-TPR), although it interacts specifically with the N-terminal domain of PEX14. Finally, we demonstrate that the latter reduces the interaction strength between PEX5(N-TPR) and PTS1 by a dose-dependent but apparently non-competitive mechanism. Altogether, this demonstrates the power of this novel FRET-based competition approach for studying cargo recognition by PEX5 and protein complexes including large proteins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hochreiter
- Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hugo Malagon-Vina
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A. Schmid
- Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Markus Kunze,
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21
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Honsho M, Abe Y. Molecular insights into peroxisome homeostasis and peroxisome biogenesis disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119330. [PMID: 35917894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single-membrane organelles essential for cell metabolism including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, synthesis of etherlipid plasmalogens, and redox homeostasis. Investigations into peroxisome biogenesis and the human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) have identified 14 PEX genes encoding peroxins involved in peroxisome biogenesis and the mutation of PEX genes is responsible for the PBDs. Many recent findings have further advanced our understanding of the biology, physiology, and consequences of a functional deficit of peroxisomes. In this Review, we discuss cell defense mechanisms that counteract oxidative stress by 1) a proapoptotic Bcl-2 factor BAK-mediated release to the cytosol of H2O2-degrading catalase from peroxisomes and 2) peroxisomal import suppression of catalase by Ser232-phosphorylation of Pex14, a docking protein for the Pex5-PTS1 complex. With respect to peroxisome division, the important issue of how the energy-rich GTP is produced and supplied for the division process was recently addressed by the discovery of a nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like protein, termed DYNAMO1 in a lower eukaryote, which has a mammalian homologue NME3. In regard to the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PBDs, a new PBD model mouse defective in Pex14 manifests a dysregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB pathway, an important signaling pathway for cerebellar morphogenesis. Communications between peroxisomes and other organelles are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology and Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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22
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Bittner E, Stehlik T, Freitag J. Sharing the wealth: The versatility of proteins targeted to peroxisomes and other organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:934331. [PMID: 36225313 PMCID: PMC9549241 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.934331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles with critical functions in cellular energy and lipid metabolism. Depending on the organism, cell type, and developmental stage, they are involved in numerous other metabolic and regulatory pathways. Many peroxisomal functions require factors also relevant to other cellular compartments. Here, we review proteins shared by peroxisomes and at least one different site within the cell. We discuss the mechanisms to achieve dual targeting, their regulation, and functional consequences. Characterization of dual targeting is fundamental to understand how peroxisomes are integrated into the metabolic and regulatory circuits of eukaryotic cells.
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23
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Andrade-Alviárez D, Bonive-Boscan AD, Cáceres AJ, Quiñones W, Gualdrón-López M, Ginger ML, Michels PAM. Delineating transitions during the evolution of specialised peroxisomes: Glycosome formation in kinetoplastid and diplonemid protists. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:979269. [PMID: 36172271 PMCID: PMC9512073 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.979269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
One peculiarity of protists belonging to classes Kinetoplastea and Diplonemea within the phylum Euglenozoa is compartmentalisation of most glycolytic enzymes within peroxisomes that are hence called glycosomes. This pathway is not sequestered in peroxisomes of the third Euglenozoan class, Euglenida. Previous analysis of well-studied kinetoplastids, the ‘TriTryps’ parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., identified within glycosomes other metabolic processes usually not present in peroxisomes. In addition, trypanosomatid peroxins, i.e. proteins involved in biogenesis of these organelles, are divergent from human and yeast orthologues. In recent years, genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes for a variety of euglenozoans have become available. Here, we track the possible evolution of glycosomes by querying these databases, as well as the genome of Naegleria gruberi, a non-euglenozoan, which belongs to the same protist supergroup Discoba. We searched for orthologues of TriTryps proteins involved in glycosomal metabolism and biogenesis. Predicted cellular location(s) of each metabolic enzyme identified was inferred from presence or absence of peroxisomal-targeting signals. Combined with a survey of relevant literature, we refine extensively our previously postulated hypothesis about glycosome evolution. The data agree glycolysis was compartmentalised in a common ancestor of the kinetoplastids and diplonemids, yet additionally indicates most other processes found in glycosomes of extant trypanosomatids, but not in peroxisomes of other eukaryotes were either sequestered in this ancestor or shortly after separation of the two lineages. In contrast, peroxin divergence is evident in all euglenozoans. Following their gain of pathway complexity, subsequent evolution of peroxisome/glycosome function is complex. We hypothesize compartmentalisation in glycosomes of glycolytic enzymes, their cofactors and subsequently other metabolic enzymes provided selective advantage to kinetoplastids and diplonemids during their evolution in changing marine environments. We contend two specific properties derived from the ancestral peroxisomes were key: existence of nonselective pores for small solutes and the possibility of high turnover by pexophagy. Critically, such pores and pexophagy are characterised in extant trypanosomatids. Increasing amenability of free-living kinetoplastids and recently isolated diplonemids to experimental study means our hypothesis and interpretation of bioinformatic data are suited to experimental interrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Andrade-Alviárez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Alejandro D. Bonive-Boscan
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Ana J. Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Wilfredo Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - Michael L. Ginger
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. M. Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul A. M. Michels,
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24
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Skowyra ML, Rapoport TA. PEX5 translocation into and out of peroxisomes drives matrix protein import. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3209-3225.e7. [PMID: 35931083 PMCID: PMC9444985 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles whose dysfunction causes fatal human diseases. Most peroxisomal enzymes are imported from the cytosol by the receptor PEX5, which interacts with a docking complex in the peroxisomal membrane and then returns to the cytosol after monoubiquitination by a membrane-embedded ubiquitin ligase. The mechanism by which PEX5 shuttles between cytosol and peroxisomes and releases cargo inside the lumen is unclear. Here, we use Xenopus egg extract to demonstrate that PEX5 accompanies cargo completely into the lumen, utilizing WxxxF/Y motifs near its N terminus that bind a lumenal domain of the docking complex. PEX5 recycling is initiated by an amphipathic helix that binds to the lumenal side of the ubiquitin ligase. The N terminus then emerges in the cytosol for monoubiquitination. Finally, PEX5 is extracted from the lumen, resulting in the unfolding of the receptor and cargo release. Our results reveal the unique mechanism by which PEX5 ferries proteins into peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Skowyra
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tom A Rapoport
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Tarafdar S, Chowdhary G. Translating the Arabidopsis thaliana Peroxisome Proteome Insights to Solanum lycopersicum: Consensus Versus Diversity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:909604. [PMID: 35912119 PMCID: PMC9328179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.909604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are small, single-membrane specialized organelles present in all eukaryotic organisms. The peroxisome is one of the nodal centers of reactive oxygen species homeostasis in plants, which are generated in a high amount due to various stress conditions. Over the past decade, there has been extensive study on peroxisomal proteins and their signaling pathways in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and a lot has been deciphered. However, not much impetus has been given to studying the peroxisome proteome of economically important crops. Owing to the significance of peroxisomes in the physiology of plants during normal and stress conditions, understating its proteome is of much importance. Hence, in this paper, we have made a snapshot of putative peroxisomal matrix proteins in the economically important vegetable crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, (L.) family Solanaceae). First, a reference peroxisomal matrix proteome map was generated for Arabidopsis thaliana using the available proteomic and localization studies, and proteins were categorized into various groups as per their annotations. This was used to create the putative peroxisomal matrix proteome map for S. lycopersicum. The putative peroxisome proteome in S. lycopersicum retains the basic framework: the bulk of proteins had peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) type 1, a minor group had PTS2, and the catalase family retained its characteristic internal PTS. Apart from these, a considerable number of S. lycopersicum orthologs did not contain any “obvious” PTS. The number of PTS2 isoforms was found to be reduced in S. lycopersicum. We further investigated the PTS1s in the case of both the plant species and generated a pattern for canonical and non-canonical PTS1s. The number of canonical PTS1 proteins was comparatively lesser in S. lycopersicum. The non-canonical PTS1s were found to be comparable in both the plant species; however, S. lycopersicum showed greater diversity in the composition of the signal tripeptide. Finally, we have tried to address the lacunas and probable strategies to fill those gaps.
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26
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Falter C, Reumann S. The essential role of fungal peroxisomes in plant infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:781-794. [PMID: 35001508 PMCID: PMC9104257 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several filamentous fungi are ecologically and economically important plant pathogens that infect a broad variety of crops. They cause high annual yield losses and contaminate seeds and fruits with mycotoxins. Not only powerful infection structures and detrimental toxins, but also cell organelles, such as peroxisomes, play important roles in plant infection. In this review, we summarize recent research results that revealed novel peroxisomal functions of filamentous fungi and highlight the importance of peroxisomes for infection of host plants. Central for fungal virulence are two primary metabolic pathways, fatty acid β-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, both of which are required to produce energy, acetyl-CoA, and carbohydrates. These are ultimately needed for the synthesis of cell wall polymers and for turgor generation in infection structures. Most novel results stem from different routes of secondary metabolism and demonstrate that peroxisomes produce important precursors and house various enzymes needed for toxin production and melanization of appressoria. All these peroxisomal functions in fungal virulence might represent elegant targets for improved crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Falter
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection BiologyInstitute of Plant Science and MicrobiologyUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Sigrun Reumann
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection BiologyInstitute of Plant Science and MicrobiologyUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
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27
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Ast J, Bäcker N, Bittner E, Martorana D, Ahmad H, Bölker M, Freitag J. Two Pex5 Proteins With Different Cargo Specificity Are Critical for Peroxisome Function in Ustilago maydis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858084. [PMID: 35646929 PMCID: PMC9133605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are dynamic multipurpose organelles with a major function in fatty acid oxidation and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. Many proteins destined for the peroxisomal matrix contain a C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1), which is recognized by tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) proteins of the Pex5 family. Various species express at least two different Pex5 proteins, but how this contributes to protein import and organelle function is not fully understood. Here, we analyzed truncated and chimeric variants of two Pex5 proteins, Pex5a and Pex5b, from the fungus Ustilago maydis. Both proteins are required for optimal growth on oleic acid-containing medium. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of Pex5b is critical for import of all investigated peroxisomal matrix proteins including PTS2 proteins and at least one protein without a canonical PTS. In contrast, the NTD of Pex5a is not sufficient for translocation of peroxisomal matrix proteins. In the presence of Pex5b, however, specific cargo can be imported via this domain of Pex5a. The TPR domains of Pex5a and Pex5b differ in their affinity to variations of the PTS1 motif and thus can mediate import of different subsets of matrix proteins. Together, our data reveal that U. maydis employs versatile targeting modules to control peroxisome function. These findings will promote our understanding of peroxisomal protein import also in other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Bäcker
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elena Bittner
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Humda Ahmad
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bölker
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Freitag
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Johannes Freitag,
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28
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Choi BH, Kang HJ, Kim SC, Lee PC. Organelle Engineering in Yeast: Enhanced Production of Protopanaxadiol through Manipulation of Peroxisome Proliferation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030650. [PMID: 35336225 PMCID: PMC8950469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids, which are natural compounds with diverse structures, possess several biological activities that are beneficial to humans. A major consideration in isoprenoid production in microbial hosts is that the accumulation of biosynthesized isoprenoid within intracellular membranes may impede balanced cell growth, which may consequently reduce the desired yield of the target isoprenoid. As a strategy to overcome this suggested limitation, we selected peroxisome membranes as depots for the additional storage of biosynthesized isoprenoids to facilitate increased isoprenoid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To maximize the peroxisome membrane storage capacity of S.cerevisiae, the copy number and size of peroxisomes were increased through genetic engineering of the expression of three peroxisome biogenesis-related peroxins (Pex11p, Pex34p, and Atg36p). The genetically enlarged and high copied peroxisomes in S.cerevisiae were stably maintained under a bioreactor fermentation condition. The peroxisome-engineered S.cerevisiae strains were then utilized as host strains for metabolic engineering of heterologous protopanaxadiol pathway. The yields of protopanaxadiol from the engineered peroxisome strains were ca 78% higher than those of the parent strain, which strongly supports the rationale for harnessing the storage capacity of the peroxisome membrane to accommodate the biosynthesized compounds. Consequently, this study presents in-depth knowledge on peroxisome biogenesis engineering in S.cerevisiae and could serve as basic information for improvement in ginsenosides production and as a potential platform to be utilized for other isoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hyun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.H.C.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Hyun Joon Kang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.H.C.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Pyung Cheon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.H.C.); (H.J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-2461
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29
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Ueda K, Anderson-Baron MN, Haskins J, Hughes SC, Simmonds AJ. Recruitment of Peroxin14 to lipid droplets affects lipid storage in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275042. [PMID: 35274690 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both peroxisomes and lipid droplets regulate cellular lipid homeostasis. Direct inter-organellar contacts as well as novel roles for proteins associated with peroxisome or lipid droplets occur when cells are induced to liberate fatty acids from lipid droplets. We have shown a non-canonical role for as subset of peroxisome-assembly (Peroxin) proteins in this process. Transmembrane proteins Peroxin3, Peroxin13 and Peroxin14 surround newly formed lipid droplets. Trafficking of Peroxin14 to lipid droplets was enhanced by loss of Peroxin19, which directs insertion of transmembrane proteins like Peroxin14 into the peroxisome bilayer membrane. Accumulation of Peroxin14 around lipid droplets did not induce changes to peroxisome size or number, nor was co-recruitment of the remaining Peroxins needed to assemble peroxisomes observed. Increasing the relative level of Peroxin14 surrounding lipid droplets affected recruitment of Hsl lipase. Fat-body specific reduction of these lipid droplet-associated Peroxins causes a unique effect on larval fat body development and affected their survival on lipid-enriched or minimal diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Ueda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Matthew N Anderson-Baron
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.,Future Fields, 11130 105 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T5H 0L5, Canada
| | - Julie Haskins
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Sarah C Hughes
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Andrew J Simmonds
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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30
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Kataya A, Gautam N, Jamshed M, Muench DG, Samuel MA, Thelen JJ, Moorhead GB. Identification of Arabidopsis Protein Kinases That Harbor Functional Type 1 Peroxisomal Targeting Signals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:745883. [PMID: 35242755 PMCID: PMC8886021 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.745883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic specific organelles that perform diverse metabolic functions including fatty acid β-oxidation, reactive species metabolism, photorespiration, and responses to stress. However, the potential regulation of these functions by post-translational modifications, including protein phosphorylation, has had limited study. Recently, we identified and catalogued a large number of peroxisomal phosphorylated proteins, implicating the presence of protein kinases in this organelle. Here, we employed available prediction models coupled with sequence conservation analysis to identify 31 protein kinases from the Arabidopsis kinome (all protein kinases) that contain a putative, non-canonical peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1). From this, twelve C-terminal domain-PTS1s were demonstrated to be functional in vivo, targeting enhanced yellow fluorescent protein to peroxisomes, increasing the list of presumptive peroxisomal protein kinases to nineteen. Of the twelve protein kinases with functional PTS1s, we obtained full length clones for eight and demonstrated that seven target to peroxisomes in vivo. Screening homozygous mutants of the presumptive nineteen protein kinases revealed one candidate (GPK1) that harbors a sugar-dependence phenotype, suggesting it is involved in regulating peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. These results present new opportunities for investigating the regulation of peroxisome functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Kataya
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Nitija Gautam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Muhammad Jamshed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas G Muench
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Greg B Moorhead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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31
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Kamoshita M, Kumar R, Anteghini M, Kunze M, Islinger M, Martins dos Santos V, Schrader M. Insights Into the Peroxisomal Protein Inventory of Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2022; 13:822509. [PMID: 35295584 PMCID: PMC8919083 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.822509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous, oxidative subcellular organelles with important functions in cellular lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis. Loss of peroxisomal functions causes severe disorders with developmental and neurological abnormalities. Zebrafish are emerging as an attractive vertebrate model to study peroxisomal disorders as well as cellular lipid metabolism. Here, we combined bioinformatics analyses with molecular cell biology and reveal the first comprehensive inventory of Danio rerio peroxisomal proteins, which we systematically compared with those of human peroxisomes. Through bioinformatics analysis of all PTS1-carrying proteins, we demonstrate that D. rerio lacks two well-known mammalian peroxisomal proteins (BAAT and ZADH2/PTGR3), but possesses a putative peroxisomal malate synthase (Mlsl) and verified differences in the presence of purine degrading enzymes. Furthermore, we revealed novel candidate peroxisomal proteins in D. rerio, whose function and localisation is discussed. Our findings confirm the suitability of zebrafish as a vertebrate model for peroxisome research and open possibilities for the study of novel peroxisomal candidate proteins in zebrafish and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kamoshita
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rechal Kumar
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Anteghini
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Markus Kunze
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vítor Martins dos Santos
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Michael Schrader,
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32
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Jansen RLM, Santana-Molina C, van den Noort M, Devos DP, van der Klei IJ. Comparative Genomics of Peroxisome Biogenesis Proteins: Making Sense of the PEX Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654163. [PMID: 34095119 PMCID: PMC8172628 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PEX genes encode proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis and proliferation. Using a comparative genomics approach, we clarify the evolutionary relationships between the 37 known PEX proteins in a representative set of eukaryotes, including all common model organisms, pathogenic unicellular eukaryotes and human. A large number of previously unknown PEX orthologs were identified. We analyzed all PEX proteins, their conservation and domain architecture and defined the core set of PEX proteins that is required to make a peroxisome. The molecular processes in peroxisome biogenesis in different organisms were put into context, showing that peroxisomes are not static organelles in eukaryotic evolution. Organisms that lack peroxisomes still contain a few PEX proteins, which probably play a role in alternative processes. Finally, the relationships between PEX proteins of two large families, the Pex11 and Pex23 families, were analyzed, thereby contributing to the understanding of their complicated and sometimes incorrect nomenclature. We provide an exhaustive overview of this important eukaryotic organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate L M Jansen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Carlos Santana-Molina
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Marco van den Noort
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Damien P Devos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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33
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Bürgi J, Ekal L, Wilmanns M. Versatile allosteric properties in Pex5-like tetratricopeptide repeat proteins to induce diverse downstream function. Traffic 2021; 22:140-152. [PMID: 33580581 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Proteins composed of tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) arrays belong to the α-solenoid tandem-repeat family that have unique properties in terms of their overall conformational flexibility and ability to bind to multiple protein ligands. The peroxisomal matrix protein import receptor Pex5 comprises two TPR triplets that recognize protein cargos with a specific C-terminal Peroxisomal Targeting Signal (PTS) 1 motif. Import of PTS1-containing protein cargos into peroxisomes through a transient pore is mainly driven by allosteric binding, coupling and release mechanisms, without a need for external energy. A very similar TPR architecture is found in the functionally unrelated TRIP8b, a regulator of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channel. TRIP8b binds to the HCN ion channel via a C-terminal sequence motif that is nearly identical to the PTS1 motif of Pex5 receptor cargos. Pex5, Pex5-related Pex9, and TRIP8b also share a less conserved N-terminal domain. This domain provides a second protein cargo-binding site and plays a distinct role in allosteric coupling of initial cargo loading by PTS1 motif-mediated interactions and different downstream functional readouts. The data reviewed here highlight the overarching role of molecular allostery in driving the diverse functions of TPR array proteins, which could form a model for other α-solenoid tandem-repeat proteins involved in translocation processes across membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bürgi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lakhan Ekal
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany.,University Hamburg Clinical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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34
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A missense allele of PEX5 is responsible for the defective import of PTS2 cargo proteins into peroxisomes. Hum Genet 2021; 140:649-666. [PMID: 33389129 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes, single-membrane intracellular organelles, play an important role in various metabolic pathways. The translocation of proteins from the cytosol to peroxisomes depends on peroxisome import receptor proteins and defects in peroxisome transport result in a wide spectrum of peroxisomal disorders. Here, we report a large consanguineous family with autosomal recessive congenital cataracts and developmental defects. Genome-wide linkage analysis localized the critical interval to chromosome 12p with a maximum two-point LOD score of 4.2 (θ = 0). Next-generation exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous missense variant (c.653 T > C; p.F218S) in peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 (PEX5), a peroxisome import receptor protein. This missense mutation was confirmed by bidirectional Sanger sequencing. It segregated with the disease phenotype in the family and was absent in ethnically matched control chromosomes. The lens-specific knockout mice of Pex5 recapitulated the cataractous phenotype. In vitro import assays revealed a normal capacity of the mutant PEX5 to enter the peroxisomal Docking/Translocation Module (DTM) in the presence of peroxisome targeting signal 1 (PTS1) cargo protein, be monoubiquitinated and exported back into the cytosol. Importantly, the mutant PEX5 protein was unable to form a stable trimeric complex with peroxisomal biogenesis factor 7 (PEX7) and a peroxisome targeting signal 2 (PTS2) cargo protein and, therefore, failed to promote the import of PTS2 cargo proteins into peroxisomes. In conclusion, we report a novel missense mutation in PEX5 responsible for the defective import of PTS2 cargo proteins into peroxisomes resulting in congenital cataracts and developmental defects.
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35
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Kechasov D, de Grahl I, Endries P, Reumann S. Evolutionary Maintenance of the PTS2 Protein Import Pathway in the Stramenopile Alga Nannochloropsis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593922. [PMID: 33330478 PMCID: PMC7710942 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stramenopile alga Nannochloropsis evolved by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga by a heterotrophic host cell and emerged as a promising organism for biotechnological applications, such as the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids and biodiesel. Peroxisomes play major roles in fatty acid metabolism but experimental analyses of peroxisome biogenesis and metabolism in Nannochloropsis are not reported yet. In fungi, animals, and land plants, soluble proteins of peroxisomes are targeted to the matrix by one of two peroxisome targeting signals (type 1, PTS1, or type 2, PTS2), which are generally conserved across kingdoms and allow the prediction of peroxisomal matrix proteins from nuclear genome sequences. Because diatoms lost the PTS2 pathway secondarily, we investigated its presence in the stramenopile sister group of diatoms, the Eustigmatophyceae, represented by Nannochloropsis. We detected a full-length gene of a putative PEX7 ortholog coding for the cytosolic receptor of PTS2 proteins and demonstrated its expression in Nannochloropsis gaditana. The search for predicted PTS2 cargo proteins in N. gaditana yielded several candidates. In vivo subcellular targeting analyses of representative fusion proteins in different plant expression systems demonstrated that two predicted PTS2 domains were indeed functional and sufficient to direct a reporter protein to peroxisomes. Peroxisome targeting of the predicted PTS2 cargo proteins was further confirmed in Nannochloropsis oceanica by confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Taken together, the results demonstrate for the first time that one group of stramenopile algae maintained the import pathway for PTS2 cargo proteins. To comprehensively map and model the metabolic capabilities of Nannochloropsis peroxisomes, in silico predictions needs to encompass both the PTS1 and the PTS2 matrix proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kechasov
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Imke de Grahl
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Endries
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrun Reumann
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection Biology, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Wimmer I, Berger J. Plasmalogens, platelet-activating factor and beyond - Ether lipids in signaling and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105061. [PMID: 32861763 PMCID: PMC7116601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-based ether lipids including ether phospholipids form a specialized branch of lipids that in mammals require peroxisomes for their biosynthesis. They are major components of biological membranes and one particular subgroup, the plasmalogens, is widely regarded as a cellular antioxidant. Their vast potential to influence signal transduction pathways is less well known. Here, we summarize the literature showing associations with essential signaling cascades for a wide variety of ether lipids, including platelet-activating factor, alkylglycerols, ether-linked lysophosphatidic acid and plasmalogen-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids. The available experimental evidence demonstrates links to several common players like protein kinase C, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors or mitogen-activated protein kinases. Furthermore, ether lipid levels have repeatedly been connected to some of the most abundant neurological diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease and more recently also neurodevelopmental disorders like autism. Thus, we critically discuss the potential role of these compounds in the etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases with an emphasis on signaling processes. Finally, we review the emerging interest in plasmalogens as treatment target in neurological diseases, assessing available data and highlighting future perspectives. Although many aspects of ether lipid involvement in cellular signaling identified in vitro still have to be confirmed in vivo, the compiled data show many intriguing properties and contributions of these lipids to health and disease that will trigger further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Okumoto K, Tamura S, Honsho M, Fujiki Y. Peroxisome: Metabolic Functions and Biogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:3-17. [PMID: 33417203 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome is an organelle conserved in almost all eukaryotic cells with a variety of functions in cellular metabolism, including fatty acid β-oxidation, synthesis of ether glycerolipid plasmalogens, and redox homeostasis. Such metabolic functions and the exclusive importance of peroxisomes have been highlighted in fatal human genetic disease called peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Recent advances in this field have identified over 30 PEX genes encoding peroxins as essential factors for peroxisome biogenesis in various species from yeast to humans. Functional delineation of the peroxins has revealed that peroxisome biogenesis comprises the processes, involving peroxisomal membrane assembly, matrix protein import, division, and proliferation. Catalase, the most abundant peroxisomal enzyme, catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisome plays pivotal roles in the cellular redox homeostasis and the response to oxidative stresses, depending on intracellular localization of catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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