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Böde K, Javornik U, Dlouhý O, Zsíros O, Biswas A, Domonkos I, Šket P, Karlický V, Ughy B, Lambrev PH, Špunda V, Plavec J, Garab G. Role of isotropic lipid phase in the fusion of photosystem II membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024; 161:127-140. [PMID: 38662326 PMCID: PMC11269484 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-024-01097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
It has been thoroughly documented, by using 31P-NMR spectroscopy, that plant thylakoid membranes (TMs), in addition to the bilayer (or lamellar, L) phase, contain at least two isotropic (I) lipid phases and an inverted hexagonal (HII) phase. However, our knowledge concerning the structural and functional roles of the non-bilayer phases is still rudimentary. The objective of the present study is to elucidate the origin of I phases which have been hypothesized to arise, in part, from the fusion of TMs (Garab et al. 2022 Progr Lipid Res 101,163). We take advantage of the selectivity of wheat germ lipase (WGL) in eliminating the I phases of TMs (Dlouhý et al. 2022 Cells 11: 2681), and the tendency of the so-called BBY particles, stacked photosystem II (PSII) enriched membrane pairs of 300-500 nm in diameter, to form large laterally fused sheets (Dunahay et al. 1984 BBA 764: 179). Our 31P-NMR spectroscopy data show that BBY membranes contain L and I phases. Similar to TMs, WGL selectively eliminated the I phases, which at the same time exerted no effect on the molecular organization and functional activity of PSII membranes. As revealed by sucrose-density centrifugation, magnetic linear dichroism spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, WGL disassembled the large laterally fused sheets. These data provide direct experimental evidence on the involvement of I phase(s) in the fusion of stacked PSII membrane pairs, and strongly suggest the role of non-bilayer lipids in the self-assembly of the TM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Böde
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Dlouhý
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ottó Zsíros
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Avratanu Biswas
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Primož Šket
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Václav Karlický
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petar H Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Center of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Fine Tuning of ROS, Redox and Energy Regulatory Systems Associated with the Functions of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Plants under Heat Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021356. [PMID: 36674866 PMCID: PMC9865929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress severely affects plant growth and crop production. It is therefore urgent to uncover the mechanisms underlying heat stress responses of plants and establish the strategies to enhance heat tolerance of crops. The chloroplasts and mitochondria are known to be highly sensitive to heat stress. Heat stress negatively impacts on the electron transport chains, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause damages on the chloroplasts and mitochondria. Disruptions of photosynthetic and respiratory metabolisms under heat stress also trigger increase in ROS and alterations in redox status in the chloroplasts and mitochondria. However, ROS and altered redox status in these organelles also activate important mechanisms that maintain functions of these organelles under heat stress, which include HSP-dependent pathways, ROS scavenging systems and retrograde signaling. To discuss heat responses associated with energy regulating organelles, we should not neglect the energy regulatory hub involving TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) and SNF-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (SnRK1). Although roles of TOR and SnRK1 in the regulation of heat responses are still unknown, contributions of these proteins to the regulation of the functions of energy producing organelles implicate the possible involvement of this energy regulatory hub in heat acclimation of plants.
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Structural Entities Associated with Different Lipid Phases of Plant Thylakoid Membranes—Selective Susceptibilities to Different Lipases and Proteases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172681. [PMID: 36078087 PMCID: PMC9454902 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that plant thylakoid membranes (TMs), in addition to a bilayer, contain two isotropic lipid phases and an inverted hexagonal (HII) phase. To elucidate the origin of non-bilayer lipid phases, we recorded the 31P-NMR spectra of isolated spinach plastoglobuli and TMs and tested their susceptibilities to lipases and proteases; the structural and functional characteristics of TMs were monitored using biophysical techniques and CN-PAGE. Phospholipase-A1 gradually destroyed all 31P-NMR-detectable lipid phases of isolated TMs, but the weak signal of isolated plastoglobuli was not affected. Parallel with the destabilization of their lamellar phase, TMs lost their impermeability; other effects, mainly on Photosystem-II, lagged behind the destruction of the original phases. Wheat-germ lipase selectively eliminated the isotropic phases but exerted little or no effect on the structural and functional parameters of TMs—indicating that the isotropic phases are located outside the protein-rich regions and might be involved in membrane fusion. Trypsin and Proteinase K selectively suppressed the HII phase—suggesting that a large fraction of TM lipids encapsulate stroma-side proteins or polypeptides. We conclude that—in line with the Dynamic Exchange Model—the non-bilayer lipid phases of TMs are found in subdomains separated from but interconnected with the bilayer accommodating the main components of the photosynthetic machinery.
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4
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Pandit A. Structural dynamics of light harvesting proteins, photosynthetic membranes and cells observed with spectral editing solid-state NMR. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:025101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes have a remarkable capacity to perform robust photo physics at ambient temperatures and in fluctuating environments. Protein conformational dynamics and membrane mobility are processes that contribute to the light-harvesting efficiencies and control photoprotective responses. This short review describes the application of Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy for characterizing the structural dynamics of pigment, protein and thylakoid membrane components related to light harvesting and photoprotection. I will discuss the use of dynamics-based spectral editing solid-state NMR for distinguishing rigid and mobile components and assessing protein, pigment and lipid dynamics on sub-nanosecond to millisecond timescales. Dynamic spectral editing NMR has been applied to investigate Light-Harvesting Complex II (LHCII) protein conformational dynamics inside lipid bilayers and in native membranes. Furthermore, we used the NMR approach to assess thylakoid membrane dynamics. Finally, it is shown that dynamics-based spectral editing NMR, for reducing spectral complexity, by filtering motion-dependent signals, enabled us to follow processes in live photosynthetic cells.
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Structural and functional roles of non-bilayer lipid phases of chloroplast thylakoid membranes and mitochondrial inner membranes. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kergomard J, Carrière F, Barouh N, Villeneuve P, Vié V, Bourlieu C. Digestibility and oxidative stability of plant lipid assemblies: An underexplored source of potentially bioactive surfactants? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-20. [PMID: 34839771 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2005532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Most lipids in our diet come under the form of triacylglycerols that are often redispersed and stabilized by surfactants in processed foods. In plant however, lipid assemblies constitute interesting sources of natural bioactive and functional ingredients. In most photosynthetic sources, polar lipids rich in ω3 fatty acids are concentrated. The objective of this review is to summarize all the knowledge about the physico-chemical composition, digestive behavior and oxidative stability of plant polar lipid assemblies to emphasize their potential as functional ingredients in human diet and their potentialities to substitute artificial surfactants/antioxidants. The specific composition of plant membrane assemblies is detailed, including plasma membranes, oil bodies, and chloroplast; emphasizing its concentration in phospholipids, galactolipids, peculiar proteins, and phenolic compounds. These molecular species are hydrolyzed by specific digestive enzymes in the human gastrointestinal tract and reduced the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and their subsequent absorption. Galactolipids specifically can activate ileal break and intrinsically present an antioxidant (AO) activity and metal chelating activity. In addition, their natural association with phenolic compounds and their physical state (Lα state of digalactosyldiacylglycerols) in membrane assemblies can enhance their stability to oxidation. All these elements make plant membrane molecules and assemblies very promising components with a wide range of potential applications to vectorize ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and equilibrate human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Kergomard
- INRAE/UM/Institut Agro, UMR 1208 IATE, Montpellier France.,IPR Institute of Physics, UMR UR1 CNRS 6251, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et lngénierie des Protéines, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Véronique Vié
- IPR Institute of Physics, UMR UR1 CNRS 6251, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France
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7
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Dlouhý O, Karlický V, Arshad R, Zsiros O, Domonkos I, Kurasová I, Wacha AF, Morosinotto T, Bóta A, Kouřil R, Špunda V, Garab G. Lipid Polymorphism of the Subchloroplast-Granum and Stroma Thylakoid Membrane-Particles. II. Structure and Functions. Cells 2021; 10:2363. [PMID: 34572012 PMCID: PMC8472583 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Part I, by using 31P-NMR spectroscopy, we have shown that isolated granum and stroma thylakoid membranes (TMs), in addition to the bilayer, display two isotropic phases and an inverted hexagonal (HII) phase; saturation transfer experiments and selective effects of lipase and thermal treatments have shown that these phases arise from distinct, yet interconnectable structural entities. To obtain information on the functional roles and origin of the different lipid phases, here we performed spectroscopic measurements and inspected the ultrastructure of these TM fragments. Circular dichroism, 77 K fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and variable chlorophyll-a fluorescence measurements revealed only minor lipase- or thermally induced changes in the photosynthetic machinery. Electrochromic absorbance transients showed that the TM fragments were re-sealed, and the vesicles largely retained their impermeabilities after lipase treatments-in line with the low susceptibility of the bilayer against the same treatment, as reflected by our 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Signatures of HII-phase could not be discerned with small-angle X-ray scattering-but traces of HII structures, without long-range order, were found by freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FF-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (CET). EM and CET images also revealed the presence of small vesicles and fusion of membrane particles, which might account for one of the isotropic phases. Interaction of VDE (violaxanthin de-epoxidase, detected by Western blot technique in both membrane fragments) with TM lipids might account for the other isotropic phase. In general, non-bilayer lipids are proposed to play role in the self-assembly of the highly organized yet dynamic TM network in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Dlouhý
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
| | - Václav Karlický
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Domain of Environmental Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rameez Arshad
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.A.); (R.K.)
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ottó Zsiros
- Photosynthetic Membranes Group, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (O.Z.); (I.D.)
| | - Ildikó Domonkos
- Photosynthetic Membranes Group, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (O.Z.); (I.D.)
| | - Irena Kurasová
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Domain of Environmental Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - András F. Wacha
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.F.W.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Attila Bóta
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.F.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Domain of Environmental Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Győző Garab
- Group of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (V.K.); (I.K.); (V.Š.)
- Photosynthetic Membranes Group, Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (O.Z.); (I.D.)
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8
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Lipid Polymorphism of the Subchloroplast-Granum and Stroma Thylakoid Membrane-Particles. I. 31P-NMR Spectroscopy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092354. [PMID: 34572003 PMCID: PMC8470346 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Build-up of the energized state of thylakoid membranes and the synthesis of ATP are warranted by organizing their bulk lipids into a bilayer. However, the major lipid species of these membranes, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, is a non-bilayer lipid. It has also been documented that fully functional thylakoid membranes, in addition to the bilayer, contain an inverted hexagonal (HII) phase and two isotropic phases. To shed light on the origin of these non-lamellar phases, we performed 31P-NMR spectroscopy experiments on sub-chloroplast particles of spinach: stacked, granum and unstacked, stroma thylakoid membranes. These membranes exhibited similar lipid polymorphism as the whole thylakoids. Saturation transfer experiments, applying saturating pulses at characteristic frequencies at 5 °C, provided evidence for distinct lipid phases—with component spectra very similar to those derived from mathematical deconvolution of the 31P-NMR spectra. Wheat-germ lipase treatment of samples selectively eliminated the phases exhibiting sharp isotropic peaks, suggesting easier accessibility of these lipids compared to the bilayer and the HII phases. Gradually increasing lipid exchanges were observed between the bilayer and the two isotropic phases upon gradually elevating the temperature from 5 to 35 °C, suggesting close connections between these lipid phases. Data concerning the identity and structural and functional roles of different lipid phases will be presented in the accompanying paper.
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9
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Hayes S, Schachtschabel J, Mishkind M, Munnik T, Arisz SA. Hot topic: Thermosensing in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2018-2033. [PMID: 33314270 PMCID: PMC8358962 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants alter their morphology and cellular homeostasis to promote resilience under a variety of heat regimes. Molecular processes that underlie these responses have been intensively studied and found to encompass diverse mechanisms operating across a broad range of cellular components, timescales and temperatures. This review explores recent progress throughout this landscape with a particular focus on thermosensing in the model plant Arabidopsis. Direct temperature sensors include the photosensors phytochrome B and phototropin, the clock component ELF3 and an RNA switch. In addition, there are heat-regulated processes mediated by ion channels, lipids and lipid-modifying enzymes, taking place at the plasma membrane and the chloroplast. In some cases, the mechanism of temperature perception is well understood but in others, this remains an open question. Potential novel thermosensing mechanisms are based on lipid and liquid-liquid phase separation. Finally, future research directions of high temperature perception and signalling pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hayes
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joëlle Schachtschabel
- Research Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Michael Mishkind
- Research Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- IOSNational Science FoundationAlexandriaVirginiaUSA
| | - Teun Munnik
- Research Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Steven A. Arisz
- Research Cluster Green Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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10
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Luchini A, Corucci G, Chaithanya Batchu K, Laux V, Haertlein M, Cristiglio V, Fragneto G. Structural Characterization of Natural Yeast Phosphatidylcholine and Bacterial Phosphatidylglycerol Lipid Multilayers by Neutron Diffraction. Front Chem 2021; 9:628186. [PMID: 33968895 PMCID: PMC8104085 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.628186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes are difficult to characterize directly with biophysical methods. Membrane model systems, that include fewer molecular species, are therefore often used to reproduce their fundamental chemical and physical properties. In this context, natural lipid mixtures directly extracted from cells are a valuable resource to produce advanced models of biological membranes for biophysical investigations and for the development of drug testing platforms. In this study we focused on single phospholipid classes, i.e. Pichia pastoris phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Escherichia coli phosphatidylglycerol (PG) lipids. These lipids were characterized by a different distribution of their respective acyl chain lengths and number of unsaturations. We produced both hydrogenous and deuterated lipid mixtures. Neutron diffraction experiments at different relative humidities were performed to characterize multilayers from these lipids and investigate the impact of the acyl chain composition on the structural organization. The novelty of this work resides in the use of natural extracts with a single class head-group and a mixture of chain compositions coming from yeast or bacterial cells. The characterization of the PC and PG multilayers showed that, as a consequence of the heterogeneity of their acyl chain composition, different lamellar phases are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giacomo Corucci
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Ecole Doctorale de Physique, Saint-Martin-d'Héres, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Giovanna Fragneto
- Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Ecole Doctorale de Physique, Saint-Martin-d'Héres, France
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11
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Wilhelm C, Goss R, Garab G. The fluid-mosaic membrane theory in the context of photosynthetic membranes: Is the thylakoid membrane more like a mixed crystal or like a fluid? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 252:153246. [PMID: 32777580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of the fluid-mosaic membrane theory by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 generations of scientists have adopted this fascinating concept for all biological membranes. Assuming the membrane as a fluid implies that the components embedded in the lipid bilayer can freely diffuse like swimmers in a water body. During the detailed biochemical analysis of the thylakoid protein components of chloroplasts from higher plants and algae, in the '80 s and '90 s it became clear that photosynthetic membranes are not homogeneous either in the vertical or the lateral directions. The lateral heterogeneity became obvious by the differentiation of grana and stroma thylakoids, but also the margins have been identified with a highly specific protein pattern. Further refinement of the fluid mosaic model was needed to take into account the presence of non-bilayer lipids, which are the most abundant lipids in all energy-converting membranes, and the polymorphism of lipid phases, which has also been documented in thylakoid membranes. These observations lead to the question, how mobile the components are in the lipid phase and how this ordering is made and maintained and how these features might be correlated with the non-bilayer propensity of the membrane lipids. Assuming instead of free diffusion, a "controlled neighborhood" replaced the model of fluidity by the model of a "mixed crystal structure". In this review we describe why basic photosynthetic regulation mechanisms depend on arrays of crystal-like lipid-protein macro-assemblies. The mechanisms which define the ordering in macrodomains are still not completely clear, but some recent experiments give an idea how this fascinating order is produced, adopted and maintained. We use the operation of the xanthophyll cycle as a rather well understood model challenging and complementing the standard Singer-Nicolson model via assigning special roles to non-bilayer lipids and non-lamellar lipid phases in the structure and function of thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wilhelm
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, SenProf Algal Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04315, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Reimund Goss
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gyözö Garab
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári körút 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; University of Ostrava, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chittussiho 10, CZ-710 00, Ostrava, Slezská Ostrava, Czech Republic
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12
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Dlouhý O, Kurasová I, Karlický V, Javornik U, Šket P, Petrova NZ, Krumova SB, Plavec J, Ughy B, Špunda V, Garab G. Modulation of non-bilayer lipid phases and the structure and functions of thylakoid membranes: effects on the water-soluble enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11959. [PMID: 32686730 PMCID: PMC7371714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of non-bilayer lipids and non-lamellar lipid phases in biological membranes is an enigmatic problem of membrane biology. Non-bilayer lipids are present in large amounts in all membranes; in energy-converting membranes they constitute about half of their total lipid content—yet their functional state is a bilayer. In vitro experiments revealed that the functioning of the water-soluble violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) enzyme of plant thylakoids requires the presence of a non-bilayer lipid phase. 31P-NMR spectroscopy has provided evidence on lipid polymorphism in functional thylakoid membranes. Here we reveal reversible pH- and temperature-dependent changes of the lipid-phase behaviour, particularly the flexibility of isotropic non-lamellar phases, of isolated spinach thylakoids. These reorganizations are accompanied by changes in the permeability and thermodynamic parameters of the membranes and appear to control the activity of VDE and the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll-a fluorescence. The data demonstrate, for the first time in native membranes, the modulation of the activity of a water-soluble enzyme by a non-bilayer lipid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Dlouhý
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Kurasová
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Karlický
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Šket
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Center of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nia Z Petrova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sashka B Krumova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Center of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic. .,Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Győző Garab
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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13
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Liguori N, Croce R, Marrink SJ, Thallmair S. Molecular dynamics simulations in photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:273-295. [PMID: 32297102 PMCID: PMC7203591 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is regulated by a dynamic interplay between proteins, enzymes, pigments, lipids, and cofactors that takes place on a large spatio-temporal scale. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a powerful toolkit to investigate dynamical processes in (bio)molecular ensembles from the (sub)picosecond to the (sub)millisecond regime and from the Å to hundreds of nm length scale. Therefore, MD is well suited to address a variety of questions arising in the field of photosynthesis research. In this review, we provide an introduction to the basic concepts of MD simulations, at atomistic and coarse-grained level of resolution. Furthermore, we discuss applications of MD simulations to model photosynthetic systems of different sizes and complexity and their connection to experimental observables. Finally, we provide a brief glance on which methods provide opportunities to capture phenomena beyond the applicability of classical MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Liguori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Thallmair
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Goss R, Latowski D. Lipid Dependence of Xanthophyll Cycling in Higher Plants and Algae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:455. [PMID: 32425962 PMCID: PMC7212465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll cycles of higher plants and algae represent an important photoprotection mechanism. Two main xanthophyll cycles are known, the violaxanthin cycle of higher plants, green and brown algae and the diadinoxanthin cycle of Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Haptophyceae, and Dinophyceae. The forward reaction of the xanthophyll cycles consists of the enzymatic de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin or diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin during periods of high light illumination. It is catalyzed by the enzymes violaxanthin or diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase. During low light or darkness the back reaction of the cycle, which is catalyzed by the enzymes zeaxanthin or diatoxanthin epoxidase, restores the epoxidized xanthophylls by a re-introduction of the epoxy groups. The de-epoxidation reaction takes place in the lipid phase of the thylakoid membrane and thus, depends on the nature, three dimensional structure and function of the thylakoid lipids. As the xanthophyll cycle pigments are usually associated with the photosynthetic light-harvesting proteins, structural re-arrangements of the proteins and changes in the protein-lipid interactions play an additional role for the operation of the xanthophyll cycles. In the present review we give an introduction to the lipid and fatty acid composition of thylakoid membranes of higher plants and algae. We introduce the readers to the reaction sequences, enzymes and function of the different xanthophyll cycles. The main focus of the review lies on the lipid dependence of xanthophyll cycling. We summarize the current knowledge about the role of lipids in the solubilization of xanthophyll cycle pigments. We address the importance of the three-dimensional lipid structures for the enzymatic xanthophyll conversion, with a special focus on non-bilayer lipid phases which are formed by the main thylakoid membrane lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. We additionally describe how lipids and light-harvesting complexes interact in the thylakoid membrane and how these interactions can affect the structure of the thylakoids. In a dedicated chapter we offer a short overview of current membrane models, including the concept of membrane domains. We then use these concepts to present a model of the operative xanthophyll cycle as a transient thylakoid membrane domain which is formed during high light illumination of plants or algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reimund Goss
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dariusz Latowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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15
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Tietz S, Leuenberger M, Höhner R, Olson AH, Fleming GR, Kirchhoff H. A proteoliposome-based system reveals how lipids control photosynthetic light harvesting. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1857-1866. [PMID: 31929108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins are exposed to a complex and dynamic lipid environment modulated by nonbilayer lipids that can influence protein functions by lipid-protein interactions. The nonbilayer lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) is the most abundant lipid in plant photosynthetic thylakoid membranes, but its impact on the functionality of energy-converting membrane protein complexes is unknown. Here, we optimized a detergent-based reconstitution protocol to develop a proteoliposome technique that incorporates the major light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) into compositionally well-defined large unilamellar lipid bilayer vesicles to study the impact of MGDG on light harvesting by LHCII. Using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and time-correlated single-photon counting, we found that both chlorophyll fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes clearly indicate that the presence of MGDG in lipid bilayers switches LHCII from a light-harvesting to a more energy-quenching mode that dissipates harvested light into heat. It is hypothesized that in the in vitro system developed here, MGDG controls light harvesting of LHCII by modulating the hydrostatic lateral membrane pressure profile in the lipid bilayer sensed by LHCII-bound peripheral pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tietz
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6340
| | - Michelle Leuenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ricarda Höhner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6340
| | - Alice H Olson
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6340
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6340.
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16
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Macroorganisation and flexibility of thylakoid membranes. Biochem J 2019; 476:2981-3018. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The light reactions of photosynthesis are hosted and regulated by the chloroplast thylakoid membrane (TM) — the central structural component of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional arrangement of the lipid–protein assemblies, aka macroorganisation, and its dynamic responses to the fluctuating physiological environment, aka flexibility, are the subject of this review. An emphasis is given on the information obtainable by spectroscopic approaches, especially circular dichroism (CD). We briefly summarise the current knowledge of the composition and three-dimensional architecture of the granal TMs in plants and the supramolecular organisation of Photosystem II and light-harvesting complex II therein. We next acquaint the non-specialist reader with the fundamentals of CD spectroscopy, recent advances such as anisotropic CD, and applications for studying the structure and macroorganisation of photosynthetic complexes and membranes. Special attention is given to the structural and functional flexibility of light-harvesting complex II in vitro as revealed by CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. We give an account of the dynamic changes in membrane macroorganisation associated with the light-adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus and the regulation of the excitation energy flow by state transitions and non-photochemical quenching.
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17
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Ughy B, Karlický V, Dlouhý O, Javornik U, Materová Z, Zsiros O, Šket P, Plavec J, Špunda V, Garab G. Lipid-polymorphism of plant thylakoid membranes. Enhanced non-bilayer lipid phases associated with increased membrane permeability. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:278-287. [PMID: 30666653 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Earlier experiments, using 31 P-NMR and time-resolved merocyanine fluorescence spectroscopy, have shown that isolated intact, fully functional plant thylakoid membranes, in addition to the bilayer phase, contain three non-bilayer (or non-lamellar) lipid phases. It has also been shown that the lipid polymorphism of thylakoid membranes can be characterized by remarkable plasticity, i.e. by significant variations in 31 P-NMR signatures. However, changes in the lipid-phase behaviour of thylakoids could not be assigned to changes in the overall membrane organization and the photosynthetic activity, as tested by circular dichroism and 77 K fluorescence emission spectroscopy and the magnitude of the variable fluorescence of photosystem II, which all showed only marginal variations. In this work, we investigated in more detail the temporal stability of the different lipid phases by recording 31 P-NMR spectra on isolated thylakoid membranes that were suspended in sorbitol- or NaCl-based media. We observed, at 5°C during 8 h in the dark, substantial gradual enhancement of the isotropic lipid phases and diminishment of the bilayer phase in the sorbitol-based medium. These changes compared well with the gradually increasing membrane permeability, as testified by the gradual acceleration of the decay of flash-induced electrochromic absorption changes and characteristic changes in the kinetics of fast chlorophyll a-fluorescence transients; all variations were much less pronounced in the NaCl-based medium. These observations suggest that non-bilayer lipids and non-lamellar lipid phases play significant roles in the structural dynamics and functional plasticity of thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Václav Karlický
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Dlouhý
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zuzana Materová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ottó Zsiros
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Primož Šket
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Center of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Center of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech Republic
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18
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Azadi-Chegeni F, Schiphorst C, Pandit A. In vivo NMR as a tool for probing molecular structure and dynamics in intact Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 135:227-237. [PMID: 28646418 PMCID: PMC5783995 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the application of NMR dynamic spectral editing for probing the structure and dynamics of molecular constituents in fresh, intact cells and in freshly prepared thylakoid membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr.) green algae. For isotope labeling, wild-type Cr. cells were grown on 13C acetate-enriched minimal medium. 1D 13C J-coupling based and dipolar-based MAS NMR spectra were applied to distinguish 13C resonances of different molecular components. 1D spectra were recorded over a physiological temperature range, and whole-cell spectra were compared to those taken from thylakoid membranes, evaluating their composition and dynamics. A theoretical model for NMR polarization transfer was used to simulate the relative intensities of direct, J-coupling, and dipolar-based polarization from which the degree of lipid segmental order and rotational dynamics of the lipid acyl chains were estimated. We observe that thylakoid lipid signals dominate the lipid spectral profile of whole algae cells, demonstrating that with our novel method, thylakoid membrane characteristics can be detected with atomistic precision inside intact photosynthetic cells. The experimental procedure is rapid and applicable to fresh cell cultures, and could be used as an original approach for detecting chemical profiles, and molecular structure and dynamics of photosynthetic membranes in vivo in functional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Azadi-Chegeni
- Department of Solid State NMR, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christo Schiphorst
- Department of Solid State NMR, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anjali Pandit
- Department of Solid State NMR, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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19
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Lipid polymorphism in chloroplast thylakoid membranes - as revealed by 31P-NMR and time-resolved merocyanine fluorescence spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13343. [PMID: 29042649 PMCID: PMC5645462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast thylakoid membranes contain virtually all components of the energy-converting photosynthetic machinery. Their energized state, driving ATP synthesis, is enabled by the bilayer organization of the membrane. However, their most abundant lipid species is a non-bilayer-forming lipid, monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol; the role of lipid polymorphism in these membranes is poorly understood. Earlier 31P-NMR experiments revealed the coexistence of a bilayer and a non-bilayer, isotropic lipid phase in spinach thylakoids. Packing of lipid molecules, tested by fluorescence spectroscopy of the lipophilic dye, merocyanine-540 (MC540), also displayed heterogeneity. Now, our 31P-NMR experiments on spinach thylakoids uncover the presence of a bilayer and three non-bilayer lipid phases; time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of MC540 also reveals the presence of multiple lipidic environments. It is also shown by 31P-NMR that: (i) some lipid phases are sensitive to the osmolarity and ionic strength of the medium, (ii) a lipid phase can be modulated by catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids and (iii) a marked increase of one of the non-bilayer phases upon lowering the pH of the medium is observed. These data provide additional experimental evidence for the polymorphism of lipid phases in thylakoids and suggest that non-bilayer phases play an active role in the structural dynamics of thylakoid membranes.
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20
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Zorin B, Pal-Nath D, Lukyanov A, Smolskaya S, Kolusheva S, Didi-Cohen S, Boussiba S, Cohen Z, Khozin-Goldberg I, Solovchenko A. Arachidonic acid is important for efficient use of light by the microalga Lobosphaera incisa under chilling stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:853-868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Furse S, Jakubec M, Rise F, Williams HE, Rees CED, Halskau Ø. Evidence that Listeria innocua modulates its membrane's stored curvature elastic stress, but not fluidity, through the cell cycle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8012. [PMID: 28808346 PMCID: PMC5556093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports that the abundances of endogenous cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine halve during elongation of the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria innocua. The lyotropic phase behaviour of model lipid systems that describe these modulations in lipid composition indicate that the average stored curvature elastic stress of the membrane is reduced on elongation of the cell, while the fluidity appears to be maintained. These findings suggest that phospholipid metabolism is linked to the cell cycle and that changes in membrane composition can facilitate passage to the succeding stage of the cell cycle. This therefore suggests a means by which bacteria can manage the physical properties of their membranes through the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, NO-5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin Jakubec
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, NO-5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Huw E Williams
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine E D Rees
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Øyvind Halskau
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, NO-5006, Bergen, Norway.
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22
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Bastien O, Botella C, Chevalier F, Block MA, Jouhet J, Breton C, Girard-Egrot A, Maréchal E. New Insights on Thylakoid Biogenesis in Plant Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 323:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Garab G, Ughy B, Goss R. Role of MGDG and Non-bilayer Lipid Phases in the Structure and Dynamics of Chloroplast Thylakoid Membranes. Subcell Biochem 2016; 86:127-57. [PMID: 27023234 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we focus our attention on the enigmatic structural and functional roles of the major, non-bilayer lipid monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol (MGDG) in the thylakoid membrane. We give an overview on the state of the art on the role of MGDG and non-bilayer lipid phases in the xanthophyll cycles in different organisms. We also discuss data on the roles of MGDG and other lipid molecules found in crystal structures of different photosynthetic protein complexes and in lipid-protein assemblies, as well as in the self-assembly of the multilamellar membrane system. Comparison and critical evaluation of different membrane models--that take into account and capitalize on the special properties of non-bilayer lipids and/or non-bilayer lipid phases, and thus to smaller or larger extents deviate from the 'standard' Singer-Nicolson model--will conclude this review. With this chapter the authors hope to further stimulate the discussion about, what we think, is perhaps the most exciting question of membrane biophysics: the why and wherefore of non-bilayer lipids and lipid phases in, or in association with, bilayer biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Győző Garab
- Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Reimund Goss
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Garab G. Self-assembly and structural-functional flexibility of oxygenic photosynthetic machineries: personal perspectives. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 127:131-50. [PMID: 26494196 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This short review, with a bit of historical aspect and a strong personal bias and emphases on open questions, is focusing on the (macro-)organization and structural-functional flexibilities of the photosynthetic apparatus of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms at different levels of the structural complexity-selected problems that have attracted most my attention in the past years and decades. These include (i) the anisotropic organization of the pigment-protein complexes and photosynthetic membranes-a basic organizing principle of living matter, which can, and probably should be adopted to intelligent materials; (ii) the organization of protein complexes into chiral macrodomains, large self-assembling highly organized but structurally flexible entities with unique spectroscopic fingerprints-structures, where, important, high-level regulatory functions appear to 'reside'; (iii) a novel, dissipation-assisted mechanism of structural changes, based on a thermo-optic effect: ultrafast thermal transients in the close vicinity of dissipation of unused excitation energy, which is capable of inducing elementary structural changes; it makes plants capable of responding to excess excitation with reaction rates proportional to the overexcitation above the light-saturation of photosynthesis; (iv) the 3D ultrastructure of the granum-stroma thylakoid membrane assembly and other multilamellar membrane systems, and their remodelings-associated with regulatory mechanisms; (v) the molecular organization and structural-functional plasticity of the main light-harvesting complex of plants, in relation to their crystal structure and different in vivo and in vitro states; and (vi) the enigmatic role of non-bilayer lipids and lipid phases in the bilayer thylakoid membrane-warranting its high protein content and contributing to its structural flexibility.
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25
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Baczynski K, Markiewicz M, Pasenkiewicz-Gierula M. A computer model of a polyunsaturated monogalactolipid bilayer. Biochimie 2015; 118:129-40. [PMID: 26348551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (MGDG) is the main lipid component of thylakoid membranes of higher plants and algae. This monogalactolipid is thought of as a non-bilayer lipid but actually it can form both lamellar and nonlamellar phases. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the fully hydrated di-18:3 MGDG bilayer in the lamellar phase were carried out at 310 and 295 K for 200 and 450 ns, respectively, using the GROMACS 4 software package and OPLS-AA force field. At both temperatures, the lamellar phase of the systems was stable. The pure di-18:3 MGDG bilayer is the first step towards creating a computer model of the lipid matrix of the thylakoid membrane and the main aim of this study was to validate the computer model of di-18:3 MGDG in the bilayer and also to assess the properties of the bilayer. However, only a few of the predicted properties could be compared with those derived experimentally and in other MD simulations because of insufficient amount of such data. Thus, direct validation of the MGDG bilayer proved difficult. Therefore, in the validation process also an indirect approach was used, in which a computer model of the 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayer simulated at the same temperatures using the same force field as the MGDG bilayer was assessed. Successful validation of the DOPC bilayer parameterized in the OPLS-AA force field and similar properties of the MGDG molecules in the pure 18:3 MGDG and in binary 18:3 MGDG-PC bilayers indicate that the computer model of the MDGD molecule is faithful and the MGDG bilayer is representative on the time scales covered in these MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Baczynski
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Markiewicz
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Pasenkiewicz-Gierula
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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26
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van Eerden FJ, de Jong DH, de Vries AH, Wassenaar TA, Marrink SJ. Characterization of thylakoid lipid membranes from cyanobacteria and higher plants by molecular dynamics simulations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1319-30. [PMID: 25749153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The thylakoid membrane is mainly composed of non-common lipids, so called galactolipids. Despite the importance of these lipids for the function of the photosynthetic reaction centers, the molecular organization of these membranes is largely unexplored. Here we use multiscale molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the thylakoid membrane of both cyanobacteria and higher plants. We consider mixtures of up to five different galactolipids plus phosphatidylglycerol to represent these complex membranes. We find that the different lipids generally mix well, although nanoscale heterogeneities are observed especially in case of the plant membrane. The fluidity of the cyanobacterial membrane is markedly reduced compared to the plant membrane, even considering elevated temperatures at which thermophilic cyanobacteria are found. We also find that the plant membrane more readily undergoes a phase transformation to an inverted hexagonal phase. We furthermore characterized the conformation and dynamics of the cofactors plastoquinone and plastoquinol, revealing of the fast flip-flop rates for the non-reduced form. Together, our results provide a molecular view on the dynamical organization of the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J van Eerden
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Djurre H de Jong
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alex H de Vries
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tsjerk A Wassenaar
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Krumova SB, Várkonyi Z, Lambrev PH, Kovács L, Todinova SJ, Busheva MC, Taneva SG, Garab G. Heat- and light-induced detachment of the light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem I in isolated stroma thylakoid membranes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 137:4-12. [PMID: 24912404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The multisubunit pigment-protein complex of photosystem I (PSI) consists of a core and peripheral light-harvesting antenna (LHCI). PSI is thought to be a rather rigid system and very little is known about its structural and functional flexibility. Recent data, however, suggest LHCI detachment from the PSI supercomplex upon heat and light treatments. Furthermore, it was suggested that the splitting off of LHCI acts as a safety valve for PSI core upon photoinhibition (Alboresi et al., 2009). In this work we analyzed the heat- and light-induced reorganizations in isolated PSI vesicles (stroma membrane vesicles enriched in PSI). Using differential scanning calorimetry we revealed a stepwise disassembly of PSI supercomplex above 50°C. Circular dichroism, sucrose gradient centrifugation and 77K fluorescence experiments identified the sequence of events of PSI destabilization: 3min heating at 60°C or 40min white light illumination at 25°C resulted in pronounced Lhca1/4 detachment from the PSI supercomplex, which is then followed by the degradation of Lhca2/3. The similarity of the main structural effects due to heat and light treatments supports the notion that thermo-optic mechanism, structural changes induced by ultrafast local thermal transients, which has earlier been shown to be responsible for structural changes in the antenna system of photosystem II, can also regulate the assembly and functioning of PSI antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Krumova
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zs Várkonyi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - P H Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - S J Todinova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M C Busheva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S G Taneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - G Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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Pribil M, Labs M, Leister D. Structure and dynamics of thylakoids in land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1955-72. [PMID: 24622954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoids of land plants have a bipartite structure, consisting of cylindrical grana stacks, made of membranous discs piled one on top of the other, and stroma lamellae which are helically wound around the cylinders. Protein complexes predominantly located in the stroma lamellae and grana end membranes are either bulky [photosystem I (PSI) and the chloroplast ATP synthase (cpATPase)] or are involved in cyclic electron flow [the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) and PGRL1-PGR5 heterodimers], whereas photosystem II (PSII) and its light-harvesting complex (LHCII) are found in the appressed membranes of the granum. Stacking of grana is thought to be due to adhesion between Lhcb proteins (LHCII or CP26) located in opposed thylakoid membranes. The grana margins contain oligomers of CURT1 proteins, which appear to control the size and number of grana discs in a dosage- and phosphorylation-dependent manner. Depending on light conditions, thylakoid membranes undergo dynamic structural changes that involve alterations in granum diameter and height, vertical unstacking of grana, and swelling of the thylakoid lumen. This plasticity is realized predominantly by reorganization of the supramolecular structure of protein complexes within grana stacks and by changes in multiprotein complex composition between appressed and non-appressed membrane domains. Reversible phosphorylation of LHC proteins (LHCPs) and PSII components appears to initiate most of the underlying regulatory mechanisms. An update on the roles of lipids, proteins, and protein complexes, as well as possible trafficking mechanisms, during thylakoid biogenesis and the de-etiolation process complements this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pribil
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Demé B, Cataye C, Block MA, Maréchal E, Jouhet J. Contribution of galactoglycerolipids to the 3-dimensional architecture of thylakoids. FASEB J 2014; 28:3373-83. [PMID: 24736411 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes, the universal structure where photosynthesis takes place in all oxygenic photosynthetic organisms from cyanobacteria to higher plants, have a unique lipid composition. They contain a high fraction of 2 uncharged glycolipids, the galactoglycerolipids mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively), and an anionic sulfolipid, sulfoquinovosediacylglycerol (SQDG). A remarkable feature of the evolution from cyanobacteria to higher plants is the conservation of MGDG, DGDG, SQDG, and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), the major phospholipid of thylakoids. Using neutron diffraction on reconstituted thylakoid lipid extracts, we observed that the thylakoid lipid mixture self-organizes as a regular stack of bilayers. This natural lipid mixture was shown to switch from hexagonal II toward lamellar phase on hydration. This transition and the observed phase coexistence are modulated by the fine-tuning of the lipid profile, in particular the MGDG/DGDG ratio, and by the hydration. Our analysis highlights the critical role of DGDG as a contributing component to the membrane stacking via hydrogen bonds between polar heads of adjacent bilayers. DGDG interactions balance the repulsive electrostatic contribution of the charged lipids PG and SQDG and allow the persistence of regularly stacked membranes at high hydration. In developmental contexts or in response to environmental variations, these properties can contribute to the highly dynamic flexibility of plastid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Demé
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Cataye
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5168, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), and Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), USC 1359, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble, France
| | - Maryse A Block
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5168, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), and Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), USC 1359, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5168, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), and Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), USC 1359, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5168, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), and Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), USC 1359, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble, France
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Garab G. Hierarchical organization and structural flexibility of thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:481-94. [PMID: 24333385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplast thylakoid membranes accommodate densely packed protein complexes in ordered, often semi-crystalline arrays and are assembled into highly organized multilamellar systems, an organization warranting a substantial degree of stability. At the same time, they exhibit remarkable structural flexibility, which appears to play important - yet not fully understood - roles in different short-term adaptation mechanisms in response to rapidly changing environmental conditions. In this review I will focus on dynamic features of the hierarchically organized photosynthetic machineries at different levels of structural complexity: (i) isolated light harvesting complexes, (ii) molecular macroassemblies and supercomplexes, (iii) thylakoid membranes and (iv) their multilamellar membrane systems. Special attention will be paid to the most abundant systems, the major light harvesting antenna complex, LHCII, and to grana. Two physical mechanisms, which are less frequently treated in the literature, will receive special attention: (i) thermo-optic mechanism -elementary structural changes elicited by ultrafast local heat transients due to the dissipation of photon energy, which operates both in isolated antenna assemblies and the native thylakoid membranes, regulates important enzymatic functions and appears to play role in light adaptation and photoprotection mechanisms; and (ii) the mechanism by which non-bilayer lipids and lipid phases play key role in the functioning of xanthophyll cycle de-epoxidases and are proposed to regulate the protein-to-lipid ratio in thylakoid membranes and contribute to membrane dynamics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Dynamic and ultrastructure of bioenergetic membranes and their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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Brassinosteroids regulate the thylakoid membrane architecture and the photosystem II function. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 126:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tovuu A, Zulfugarov IS, Lee CH. Correlations between the temperature dependence of chlorophyll fluorescence and the fluidity of thylakoid membranes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 147:409-16. [PMID: 23013598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To monitor changes in membrane fluidity in Arabidopsis leaves and thylakoid membranes, we investigated the temperature dependence of a chlorophyll fluorescence parameter, minimum fluorescence (Fo), and calculated the threshold temperature [T(Fo)] at which the rise of the fluorescence level Fo was considered to be started. For the modification of membrane fluidity we took three different approaches: (1) an examination of wild-type leaves initially cultured at room temperature (22°C), then exposed to either a lower (4°C) or higher (35°C) temperature for 5 days; (2) measurements of the shift in T(Fo) by two mutants deficient in fatty acid desaturase genes - fad7 and fad7fad8 and (3) an evaluation of the performance of wild-type plants when leaves were infiltrated with chemicals that modify fluidity. When wild-type plants were grown at 22°C, the T(Fo) was 48.3 ± 0.3°C. Plants that were then transferred to a chamber set at 4 or 35°C showed a shift in their T(Fo) to 42.7 ± 0.9°C or 48.9 ± 0.1°C, respectively. Under low-temperature acclimation, the decline in this putative transition temperature was significantly less in fad7 and fad7fad8 mutants compared with the wild-type. In both leaf and thylakoid samples, values for T(Fo) were reduced in samples treated with benzyl alcohol, a membrane fluidizer, whereas T(Fo) rose in samples treated with dimethylsulfoxide, a membrane rigidifier. These results indicate that the heat-induced rise of chlorophyll fluorescence is strongly correlated with the fluidity of thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altanzaya Tovuu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Nagy G, Pieper J, Krumova SB, Kovács L, Trapp M, Garab G, Peters J. Dynamic properties of photosystem II membranes at physiological temperatures characterized by elastic incoherent neutron scattering. Increased flexibility associated with the inactivation of the oxygen evolving complex. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 111:113-24. [PMID: 22052408 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Elastic incoherent neutron scattering (EINS), a non-invasive technique which is capable of measuring the mean square displacement of atoms in the sample, has been widely used in biology for exploring the dynamics of proteins and lipid membranes but studies on photosynthetic systems are scarce. In this study we investigated the dynamic characteristics of Photosystem II (PSII) membrane fragments between 280 and 340 K, i.e., in the physiological temperature range and in the range of thermal denaturation of some of the protein complexes. The mean square displacement values revealed the presence of a hydration-sensitive transition in the sample between 310 and 320 K, suggesting that the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) plays an important role in the transition. Indeed, in samples in which the OEC had been removed by TRIS- or heat-treatments (323 and 333 K) no such transition was found. Further support on the main role of OEC in these reorganizations is provided by data obtained from differential scanning calorimetry experiments, showing marked differences between the untreated and TRIS-treated samples. In contrast, circular dichroism spectra exhibited only minor changes in the excitonic interactions below 323 K, showing that the molecular organization of the pigment-protein complexes remains essentially unaffected. Our data, along with earlier incoherent neutron scattering data on PSII membranes at cryogenic temperatures (Pieper et al., Biochemistry 46:11398-11409, 2007), demonstrate that this technique can be applied to characterize the dynamic features of PSII membranes, and can be used to investigate photosynthetic membranes under physiologically relevant experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Nagy
- Institut Laue-Langevin, P.O. Box 156, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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34
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Adam Z, Charuvi D, Tsabari O, Knopf RR, Reich Z. Biogenesis of thylakoid networks in angiosperms: knowns and unknowns. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 76:221-34. [PMID: 20859754 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic life on Earth depends on oxygenic photosynthesis. This fundamentally important process is carried out within an elaborate membranous system, called the thylakoid network. In angiosperms, thylakoid networks are constructed almost from scratch by an intricate, light-dependent process in which lipids, proteins, and small organic molecules are assembled into morphologically and functionally differentiated, three-dimensional lamellar structures. In this review, we summarize the major events that occur during this complex, largely elusive process, concentrating on those that are directly involved in network formation and potentiation and highlighting gaps in our knowledge, which, as hinted by the title, are substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Adam
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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35
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Krumova SB, Laptenok SP, Kovács L, Tóth T, van Hoek A, Garab G, van Amerongen H. Digalactosyl-diacylglycerol-deficiency lowers the thermal stability of thylakoid membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 105:229-42. [PMID: 20645128 PMCID: PMC2975056 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of digalactosyl-diacylglycerol (DGDG) on the organization and thermal stability of thylakoid membranes, using wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and the DGDG-deficient mutant, dgd1. Circular-dichroism measurements reveal that DGDG-deficiency hampers the formation of the chirally organized macrodomains containing the main chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complexes. The mutation also brings about changes in the overall chlorophyll fluorescence lifetimes, measured in whole leaves as well as in isolated thylakoids. As shown by time-resolved measurements, using the lipophylic fluorescence probe Merocyanine 540 (MC540), the altered lipid composition affects the packing of lipids in the thylakoid membranes but, as revealed by flash-induced electrochromic absorbance changes, the membranes retain their ability for energization. Thermal stability measurements revealed more significant differences. The disassembly of the chiral macrodomains around 55°C, the thermal destabilization of photosystem I complex at 61°C as detected by green gel electrophoresis, as well as the sharp drop in the overall chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime above 45°C (values for the wild type-WT) occur at 4-7°C lower temperatures in dgd1. Similar differences are revealed in the temperature dependence of the lipid packing and the membrane permeability: at elevated temperatures MC540 appears to be extruded from the dgd1 membrane bilayer around 35°C, whereas in WT, it remains lipid-bound up to 45°C and dgd1 and WT membranes become leaky around 35 and 45°C, respectively. It is concluded that DGDG plays important roles in the overall organization of thylakoid membranes especially at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashka Boychova Krumova
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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36
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Vladkova R, Koynova R, Teuchner K, Tenchov B. Bilayer structural destabilization by low amounts of chlorophyll a. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:1586-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sharkey TD, Zhang R. High Temperature Effects on Electron and Proton Circuits of Photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:712-22. [PMID: 20666927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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38
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Krumova SB, Koehorst RBM, Bóta A, Páli T, van Hoek A, Garab G, van Amerongen H. Temperature dependence of the lipid packing in thylakoid membranes studied by time- and spectrally resolved fluorescence of Merocyanine 540. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2823-33. [PMID: 18929531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lipid packing of thylakoid membranes is an important factor for photosynthetic performance. However, surprisingly little is known about it and it is generally accepted that the bulk thylakoid lipids adopt the liquid-crystalline phase above -30 degrees C and that a phase transition occurs only above 45 degrees C. In order to obtain information on the nature of the lipid microenvironment and its temperature dependence, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements were performed on the fluorescence probe Merocyanine 540 (MC540) incorporated in isolated spinach thylakoids and in model lipid systems (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine) adopting different phases. It is demonstrated that the degree and way of incorporation differs for most lipid phases--upon selective excitation at 570 nm, the amplitude of the fluorescence component that corresponds to membrane-incorporated MC540 is about 20% in gel-, 60% in rippled gel-, and 90% in liquid-crystalline and inverted hexagonal phase, respectively. For thylakoids, the data reveal hindered incorporation of MC540 (amplitude about 30% at 7 degrees C) and marked spectral heterogeneity at all temperatures. The incorporation of MC540 in thylakoids strongly depends on temperature. Remarkably, above 25 degrees C MC540 becomes almost completely extruded from the lipid environment, indicating major rearrangements in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashka B Krumova
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biophysics, P.O. Box 8128, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
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