1
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Sarkar P, Chattopadhyay A. Interplay of Cholesterol and Actin in Neurotransmitter GPCR Signaling: Insights from Chronic Cholesterol Depletion Using Statin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3855-3868. [PMID: 37804226 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin1A receptors are important neurotransmitter receptors in the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and modulate a variety of neurological, behavioral, and cognitive functions. We recently showed that chronic cholesterol depletion by statins, potent inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis), leads to polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton that alters lateral diffusion of serotonin1A receptors. However, cellular signaling by the serotonin1A receptor under chronic cholesterol depletion remains unexplored. In this work, we explored signaling by the serotonin1A receptor under statin-treated condition. We show that cAMP signaling by the receptor is reduced upon lovastatin treatment due to reduction in cholesterol as well as polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute the first report describing the effect of chronic cholesterol depletion on the signaling of a G protein-coupled neuronal receptor. An important message arising from these results is that it is prudent to include the contribution of actin polymerization while analyzing changes in membrane protein function due to chronic cholesterol depletion by statins. Notably, our results show that whereas actin polymerization acts as a negative regulator of cAMP signaling, cholesterol could act as a positive modulator. These results assume significance in view of reports highlighting symptoms of anxiety and depression in humans upon statin administration and the role of serotonin1A receptors in anxiety and depression. Overall, these results reveal a novel role of actin polymerization induced by chronic cholesterol depletion in modulating GPCR signaling, which could act as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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2
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Moreau CJ, Audic G, Lemel L, García-Fernández MD, Nieścierowicz K. Interactions of cholesterol molecules with GPCRs in different states: A comparative analysis of GPCRs' structures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184100. [PMID: 36521554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Audic
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura Lemel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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3
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Shrivastava S, Paila YD, Chattopadhyay A. Role of Cholesterol and its Biosynthetic Precursors on Membrane Organization and Dynamics: A Fluorescence Approach. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:189-197. [PMID: 36781437 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-023-00278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is the most representative sterol present in membranes of higher eukaryotes, and is the end product of a long and multistep biosynthetic pathway. Lathosterol and zymosterol are biosynthetic precursors of cholesterol in Kandutsch-Russell and Bloch pathways, respectively. Lathosterol differs with cholesterol merely in the position of the double bond in the sterol ring, whereas zymosterol differs with cholesterol in position and number of double bonds. In this work, we have monitored the effect of cholesterol and its biosynthetic precursors (lathosterol and zymosterol) on membrane organization and dynamics in fluid and gel phase membranes. Toward this goal, we have utilized two fluorescent membrane probes, DPH and its cationic derivative TMA-DPH. Our results using these probes show that cholesterol and its biosynthetic precursors (lathosterol and zymosterol) exhibit similar trend in maintaining membrane organization and dynamics (as reported by fluorescence anisotropy and apparent rotational correlation time), in fluid phase POPC membranes. Notably, although lathosterol and zymosterol show similar trend in maintaining membrane organization and dynamics, the corresponding change for cholesterol is different in gel phase DPPC membranes. These results demonstrate that the position and number of double bonds in sterols is an important determinant in maintaining membrane physical properties. Our results assume significance since accumulation of precursors of cholesterol have been reported to be associated with severe pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Shrivastava
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Yamuna Devi Paila
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Moderna Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
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4
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Chattopadhyay A, Sharma A. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: A pathophysiological manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1120373. [PMID: 36714259 PMCID: PMC9878332 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of cholesterol, an essential component of higher eukaryotic membranes, was worked out by Konrad Bloch (and Feodor Lynen) in the 1960s and they received the Nobel Prize around that time in recognition of their pioneering contributions. An elegant consequence of this was a hypothesis proposed by Konrad Bloch (the Bloch hypothesis) which suggests that each subsequent intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is superior in supporting membrane function in higher eukaryotes relative to its precursor. In this review, we discuss an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, known as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), associated with a defect in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis that results in accumulation of the immediate precursor of cholesterol in its biosynthetic pathway (7-dehydrocholesterol) and an altered cholesterol to total sterol ratio. Patients suffering from SLOS have several developmental, behavioral and cognitive abnormalities for which no drug is available yet. We characterize SLOS as a manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis and review its molecular etiology and current treatment. We further discuss defective Hedgehog signaling in SLOS and focus on the role of the serotonin1A receptor, a representative neurotransmitter receptor belonging to the GPCR family, in SLOS. Notably, ligand binding activity and cellular signaling of serotonin1A receptors are impaired in SLOS-like condition. Importantly, cellular localization and intracellular trafficking of the serotonin1A receptor (which constitute an important determinant of a GPCR cellular function) are compromised in SLOS. We highlight some of the recent developments and emerging concepts in SLOS pathobiology and suggest that novel therapies based on trafficking defects of target receptors could provide new insight into treatment of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India,*Correspondence: Amitabha Chattopadhyay,
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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5
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Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Gazgalis D, Logothetis DE. PI(4,5)P 2 and Cholesterol: Synthesis, Regulation, and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:3-59. [PMID: 36988876 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is the most abundant membrane phosphoinositide and cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane (PM). Both lipids play key roles in a variety of cellular functions including as signaling molecules and major regulators of protein function. This chapter provides an overview of these two important lipids. Starting from a brief description of their structure, synthesis, and regulation, the chapter continues to describe the primary functions and signaling processes in which PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol are involved. While PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act independently, they often act in concert or affect each other's impact. The chapters in this volume on "Cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in Vital Biological Functions: From Coexistence to Crosstalk" focus on the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in a variety of biological systems and processes. In this chapter, the next section provides examples from the ion channel field demonstrating that PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act via common mechanisms. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Gazgalis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Mohole M, Sengupta D, Chattopadhyay A. Synergistic and Competitive Lipid Interactions in the Serotonin 1A Receptor Microenvironment. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3403-3415. [PMID: 36351047 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of lipids with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been shown to modulate and dictate several aspects of GPCR organization and function. Diverse lipid interaction sites have been identified from structural biology, bioinformatics, and molecular dynamics studies. For example, multiple cholesterol interaction sites have been identified in the serotonin1A receptor, along with distinct and overlapping sphingolipid interaction sites. How these lipids interact with each other and what is the resultant effect on the receptor is still not clear. In this work, we have analyzed lipid-lipid crosstalk at the receptor of the serotonin1A receptor embedded in a membrane bilayer that mimics the neuronal membrane composition by long coarse-grain simulations. Using a set of similarity coefficients, we classified lipids that bind at the receptor together as synergistic cobinding, and those that bind individually as competitive. Our results show that certain lipids interact with the serotonin1A receptor in synergy with each other. Not surprisingly, the ganglioside GM1 and cholesterol show a synergistic cobinding, along with the relatively uncommon GM1-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cholesterol-PE synergy. In contrast, certain lipid pairs such as cholesterol and sphingomyelin appear to be in competition at several sites, despite their coexistence in lipid nanodomains. In addition, we observed intralipid competition between two lipid tails, with the receptor exhibiting increased interactions with the unsaturated lipid tails. We believe our work represents an important step in understanding the diversity of GPCR-lipid interactions and exploring synergistic cobinding and competition in natural membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Mohole
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad201 002, India
| | - Durba Sengupta
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad201 002, India
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad201 002, India.,CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad500 007, India
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7
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Sarkar P, Bhat A, Chattopadhyay A. Lysine 101 in the CRAC Motif in Transmembrane Helix 2 Confers Cholesterol-Induced Thermal Stability to the Serotonin 1A Receptor. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:739-746. [PMID: 35986776 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest class of membrane proteins that transduce signals across the plasma membrane and orchestrate a multitude of physiological processes within cells. The serotonin1A receptor is a crucial neurotransmitter receptor in the GPCR family involved in a multitude of neurological, behavioral and cognitive functions. We have previously shown, using a combination of experimental and simulation approaches, that membrane cholesterol acts as a key regulator of organization, dynamics, signaling and endocytosis of the serotonin1A receptor. In addition, we showed that membrane cholesterol stabilizes the serotonin1A receptor against thermal deactivation. In the present work, we explored the molecular basis of cholesterol-induced thermal stability of the serotonin1A receptor. For this, we explored the possible role of the K101 residue in a cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif in transmembrane helix 2 in conferring the thermal stability of the serotonin1A receptor. Our results show that a mutation in the K101 residue leads to loss in thermal stability of the serotonin1A receptor imparted by cholesterol, independent of membrane cholesterol content. We envision that our results could have potential implications in structural biological advancements of GPCRs and design of thermally stabilized receptors for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Akrati Bhat
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
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8
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Kovacs T, Nagy P, Panyi G, Szente L, Varga Z, Zakany F. Cyclodextrins: Only Pharmaceutical Excipients or Full-Fledged Drug Candidates? Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122559. [PMID: 36559052 PMCID: PMC9788615 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins, representing a versatile family of cyclic oligosaccharides, have extensive pharmaceutical applications due to their unique truncated cone-shaped structure with a hydrophilic outer surface and a hydrophobic cavity, which enables them to form non-covalent host-guest inclusion complexes in pharmaceutical formulations to enhance the solubility, stability and bioavailability of numerous drug molecules. As a result, cyclodextrins are mostly considered as inert carriers during their medical application, while their ability to interact not only with small molecules but also with lipids and proteins is largely neglected. By forming inclusion complexes with cholesterol, cyclodextrins deplete cholesterol from cellular membranes and thereby influence protein function indirectly through alterations in biophysical properties and lateral heterogeneity of bilayers. In this review, we summarize the general chemical principles of direct cyclodextrin-protein interactions and highlight, through relevant examples, how these interactions can modify protein functions in vivo, which, despite their huge potential, have been completely unexploited in therapy so far. Finally, we give a brief overview of disorders such as Niemann-Pick type C disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, in which cyclodextrins already have or could have the potential to be active therapeutic agents due to their cholesterol-complexing or direct protein-targeting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kovacs
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lajos Szente
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin R & D Laboratory Ltd., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Florina Zakany
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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9
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López CA, Zhang X, Aydin F, Shrestha R, Van QN, Stanley CB, Carpenter TS, Nguyen K, Patel LA, Chen D, Burns V, Hengartner NW, Reddy TJE, Bhatia H, Di Natale F, Tran TH, Chan AH, Simanshu DK, Nissley DV, Streitz FH, Stephen AG, Turbyville TJ, Lightstone FC, Gnanakaran S, Ingólfsson HI, Neale C. Asynchronous Reciprocal Coupling of Martini 2.2 Coarse-Grained and CHARMM36 All-Atom Simulations in an Automated Multiscale Framework. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:5025-5045. [PMID: 35866871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The appeal of multiscale modeling approaches is predicated on the promise of combinatorial synergy. However, this promise can only be realized when distinct scales are combined with reciprocal consistency. Here, we consider multiscale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that combine the accuracy and macromolecular flexibility accessible to fixed-charge all-atom (AA) representations with the sampling speed accessible to reductive, coarse-grained (CG) representations. AA-to-CG conversions are relatively straightforward because deterministic routines with unique outcomes are achievable. Conversely, CG-to-AA conversions have many solutions due to a surge in the number of degrees of freedom. While automated tools for biomolecular CG-to-AA transformation exist, we find that one popular option, called Backward, is prone to stochastic failure and the AA models that it does generate frequently have compromised protein structure and incorrect stereochemistry. Although these shortcomings can likely be circumvented by human intervention in isolated instances, automated multiscale coupling requires reliable and robust scale conversion. Here, we detail an extension to Multiscale Machine-learned Modeling Infrastructure (MuMMI), including an improved CG-to-AA conversion tool called sinceCG. This tool is reliable (∼98% weakly correlated repeat success rate), automatable (no unrecoverable hangs), and yields AA models that generally preserve protein secondary structure and maintain correct stereochemistry. We describe how the MuMMI framework identifies CG system configurations of interest, converts them to AA representations, and simulates them at the AA scale while on-the-fly analyses provide feedback to update CG parameters. Application to systems containing the peripheral membrane protein RAS and proximal components of RAF kinase on complex eight-component lipid bilayers with ∼1.5 million atoms is discussed in the context of MuMMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A López
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Rebika Shrestha
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Que N Van
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Christopher B Stanley
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Timothy S Carpenter
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Kien Nguyen
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Lara A Patel
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States.,Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - De Chen
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Violetta Burns
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nicolas W Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tyler J E Reddy
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Harsh Bhatia
- Computing Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Francesco Di Natale
- Computing Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Timothy H Tran
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Albert H Chan
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Dwight V Nissley
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Frederick H Streitz
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Andrew G Stephen
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Thomas J Turbyville
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Felice C Lightstone
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Helgi I Ingólfsson
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Chris Neale
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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10
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Sarkar P, Chattopadhyay A. Membrane Dipole Potential: An Emerging Approach to Explore Membrane Organization and Function. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4415-4430. [PMID: 35696090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are complex organized molecular assemblies of lipids and proteins that provide cells and membrane-bound intracellular organelles their individual identities by morphological compartmentalization. Membrane dipole potential originates from the electrostatic potential difference within the membrane due to the nonrandom arrangement (orientation) of amphiphile and solvent (water) dipoles at the membrane interface. In this Feature Article, we will focus on the measurement of dipole potential using electrochromic fluorescent probes and highlight interesting applications. In addition, we will focus on ratiometric fluorescence microscopic imaging technique to measure dipole potential in cellular membranes, a technique that can be used to address novel problems in cell biology which are otherwise difficult to address using available approaches. We envision that membrane dipole potential could turn out to be a convenient tool in exploring the complex interplay between membrane lipids and proteins and could provide novel insights in membrane organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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11
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Dutta A, Sarkar P, Shrivastava S, Chattopadhyay A. Effect of Hypoxia on the Function of the Human Serotonin 1A Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1456-1466. [PMID: 35467841 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular hypoxia causes numerous pathophysiological conditions associated with the disruption of oxygen homeostasis. Under oxygen-deficient conditions, cells adapt by controlling the cellular functions to facilitate the judicious use of available oxygen, such as cessation of cell growth and proliferation. In higher eukaryotes, the process of cholesterol biosynthesis is intimately coupled to the availability of oxygen, where the synthesis of one molecule of cholesterol requires 11 molecules of O2. Cholesterol is an essential component of higher eukaryotic membranes and is crucial for the physiological functions of several membrane proteins and receptors. The serotonin1A receptor, an important neurotransmitter G protein-coupled receptor associated with cognition and memory, has previously been shown to depend on cholesterol for its signaling and function. In this work, in order to explore the interdependence of oxygen levels, cholesterol biosynthesis, and the function of the serotonin1A receptor, we developed a cellular hypoxia model to explore the function of the human serotonin1A receptor heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We observed cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase and the accumulation of lanosterol in cell membranes under hypoxic conditions, thereby validating our cellular model. Interestingly, we observed a significant reduction in ligand binding and disruption of downstream cAMP signaling of the serotonin1A receptor under hypoxic conditions. To the best of our knowledge, our results represent the first report linking the function of the serotonin1A receptor with hypoxia. From a broader perspective, these results contribute to our overall understanding of the molecular basis underlying neurological conditions often associated with hypoxia-induced brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritri Dutta
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sandeep Shrivastava
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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12
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Baccouch R, Rascol E, Stoklosa K, Alves ID. The role of the lipid environment in the activity of G protein coupled receptors. Biophys Chem 2022; 285:106794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Cholesterol-dependent endocytosis of GPCRs: implications in pathophysiology and therapeutics. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1007-1017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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14
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Martin HS, Podolsky KA, Devaraj NK. Probing the Role of Chirality in Phospholipid Membranes. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3148-3157. [PMID: 34227722 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotides, amino acids, sugars, and lipids are almost ubiquitously homochiral within individual cells on Earth. While oligonucleotides and proteins exist as one natural chirality throughout the tree of life, two stereoisomers of phospholipids have separately emerged in archaea and bacteria, an evolutionary divergence known as "the lipid divide". Within this review, we focus on the emergence of phospholipid homochirality and compare the stability of synthetic homochiral and heterochiral membranes in vitro. We discuss chemical probes designed to study the stereospecific interactions of lipid membranes in vitro. Overall, we aim to highlight studies that help elucidate the determinants of stereospecific interactions between lipids, peptides, and small molecule ligands. Continued work in understanding the drivers of favorable interactions between chiral molecules and biological membranes will lead to the design of increasingly selective chemical tools for bioorthogonal labeling of lipid membranes and safer membrane-associating pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kira A Podolsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Kumar GA, Sarkar P, Stepniewski TM, Jafurulla M, Singh SP, Selent J, Chattopadhyay A. A molecular sensor for cholesterol in the human serotonin 1A receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/30/eabh2922. [PMID: 34301606 PMCID: PMC8302130 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The function of several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exhibits cholesterol sensitivity. Cholesterol sensitivity of GPCRs could be attributed to specific sequence and structural features, such as the cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif, that facilitate their cholesterol-receptor interaction. In this work, we explored the molecular basis of cholesterol sensitivity exhibited by the serotonin1A receptor, the most studied GPCR in the context of cholesterol sensitivity, by generating mutants of key residues in CRAC motifs in transmembrane helix 2 (TM2) and TM5 of the receptor. Our results show that a lysine residue (K101) in one of the CRAC motifs is crucial for sensing altered membrane cholesterol levels. Insights from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations showed that cholesterol-sensitive functional states of the serotonin1A receptor are associated with reduced conformational dynamics of extracellular loops of the receptor. These results constitute one of the first reports on the molecular mechanism underlying cholesterol sensitivity of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Tomasz Maciej Stepniewski
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Md Jafurulla
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Shishu Pal Singh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Jakubík J, El-Fakahany EE. Allosteric Modulation of GPCRs of Class A by Cholesterol. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1953. [PMID: 33669406 PMCID: PMC7920425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that convey extracellular signals to the cellular milieu. They represent a target for more than 30% of currently marketed drugs. Here we review the effects of membrane cholesterol on the function of GPCRs of Class A. We review both the specific effects of cholesterol mediated via its direct high-affinity binding to the receptor and non-specific effects mediated by cholesterol-induced changes in the properties of the membrane. Cholesterol binds to many GPCRs at both canonical and non-canonical binding sites. It allosterically affects ligand binding to and activation of GPCRs. Additionally, it changes the oligomerization state of GPCRs. In this review, we consider a perspective of the potential for the development of new therapies that are targeted at manipulating the level of membrane cholesterol or modulating cholesterol binding sites on to GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jakubík
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Esam E. El-Fakahany
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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17
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Leutner M, Matzhold C, Kautzky A, Kaleta M, Thurner S, Klimek P, Kautzky-Willer A. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Antidepressant Medication Are Overrepresented in High-Dose Statin Treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:608083. [PMID: 33644093 PMCID: PMC7904887 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.608083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the dose-dependent relationship of different types of statins with the occurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and prescription of antidepressant medication. Methods: This cross-sectional study used medical claims data for the general Austrian population (n = 7,481,168) to identify all statin-treated patients. We analyzed all patients with MDD undergoing statin treatment and calculated the average defined daily dose for six different types of statins. In a sub-analysis conducted independently of inpatient care, we investigated all patients on antidepressant medication (statin-treated patients: n = 98,913; non-statin-treated patients: n = 789,683). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate the risk of diagnosed MDD and prescription of antidepressant medication in patients treated with different types of statins and dosages compared to non-statin-treated patients. Results: In this study, there was an overrepresentation of MDD in statin-treated patients when compared to non-statin-treated patients (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.20–1.25). However, there was a dose dependent relationship between statins and diagnosis of MDD. Compared to controls, the ORs of MDD were lower for low-dose statin-treated patients (simvastatin>0– < =10 mg:OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.54–0.64; atorvastatin>0– < =10 mg:OR:0.65, 95%CI: 0.59–0.70; rosuvastatin>0– < =10 mg:OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.85). In higher statin dosages there was an overrepresentation of MDD (simvastatin>40– < =60 mg:OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 2.18–2.70, >60–80 mg:OR: 5.27, 95% CI: 4.21–6.60; atorvastatin>40– < =60 mg:OR: 2.71, 95% CI: 1.98–3.72, >60– < =80 mg:OR: 3.73, 95% CI: 2.22–6.28; rosuvastatin>20– < =40 mg:OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.31–3.34). The results were confirmed in a sex-specific analysis and in a cohort of patients taking antidepressants, prescribed independently of inpatient care. Conclusions: This study shows that it is important to carefully re-investigate the relationship between statins and MDD. High-dose statin treatment was related to an overrepresentation, low-dose statin treatment to an underrepresentation of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leutner
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caspar Matzhold
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems (CeMSIIS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Kautzky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Kaleta
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems (CeMSIIS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Thurner
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems (CeMSIIS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.,Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Klimek
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems (CeMSIIS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Gender Institute, Gars am Kamp, Austria
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18
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Kumar GA, Chattopadhyay A. Membrane cholesterol regulates endocytosis and trafficking of the serotonin 1A receptor: Insights from acute cholesterol depletion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158882. [PMID: 33429076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis and intracellular trafficking constitute important regulatory features associated with G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function. GPCR endocytosis involves several remodeling events at the plasma membrane orchestrated by a concerted interplay of a large number of proteins and membrane lipids. Although considerable literature exists on the protein framework underlying GPCR endocytosis, the role of membrane lipids in this process remains largely unexplored. In order to explore the role of membrane cholesterol (an essential and important lipid in higher eukaryotes) in GPCR endocytosis, we monitored the effect of acute cholesterol depletion using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) on endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of the serotonin1A receptor, an important neurotransmitter GPCR. Our results show that the serotonin1A receptor exhibits agonist-induced clathrin-mediated endocytosis with a concentration-dependent inhibition in internalization with increasing concentrations of MβCD, which was restored upon cholesterol replenishment. Interestingly, subsequent to internalization under these conditions, serotonin1A receptors were re-routed toward lysosomal degradation, instead of endosomal recycling observed under normal conditions, thereby implicating membrane cholesterol in modulation of intracellular trafficking of the receptor. This raises the possibility of a novel cholesterol-dependent role of intracellular sorting proteins in GPCR trafficking. These results differ from our previous observations on the endocytosis of the serotonin1A receptor upon statin-induced chronic cholesterol depletion, in terms of endocytic pathway. We conclude that analysis of complex cellular trafficking events such as GPCR endocytosis under acute and chronic cholesterol depletion conditions should be carried out with caution due to fundamental differences underlying these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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19
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Cholesterol content in the membrane promotes key lipid-protein interactions in a pentameric serotonin-gated ion channel. Biointerphases 2021; 15:061018. [PMID: 33397116 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs), embedded in the lipid membranes of nerve cells, mediate fast synaptic transmission and are major pharmaceutical targets. Because of their complexity and the limited knowledge of their structure, their working mechanisms have still to be fully unraveled at the molecular level. Over the past few years, evidence that the lipid membrane may modulate the function of membrane proteins, including pLGICs, has emerged. Here, we investigate, by means of molecular dynamics simulations, the behavior of the lipid membrane at the interface with the 5-HT3A receptor (5-HT3AR), a representative pLGIC which is the target of nausea-suppressant drugs, in a nonconductive state. Three lipid compositions are studied, spanning different concentrations of the phospholipids, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and of cholesterol, hence a range of viscosities. A variety of lipid interactions and persistent binding events to different parts of the receptor are revealed in the investigated models, providing snapshots of the dynamical environment at the membrane-receptor interface. Some of these events result in lipid intercalation within the transmembrane domain, and others reach out to protein key sections for signal transmission and receptor activation, such as the Cys-loop and the M2-M3 loop. In particular, phospholipids, with their long hydrophobic tails, play an important role in these interactions, potentially providing a bridge between these two structures. A higher cholesterol content appears to promote lipid persistent binding to the receptor.
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20
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Jones AJY, Gabriel F, Tandale A, Nietlispach D. Structure and Dynamics of GPCRs in Lipid Membranes: Physical Principles and Experimental Approaches. Molecules 2020; 25:E4729. [PMID: 33076366 PMCID: PMC7587580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the vast amount of information generated through structural and biophysical studies of GPCRs has provided unprecedented mechanistic insight into the complex signalling behaviour of these receptors. With this recent information surge, it has also become increasingly apparent that in order to reproduce the various effects that lipids and membranes exert on the biological function for these allosteric receptors, in vitro studies of GPCRs need to be conducted under conditions that adequately approximate the native lipid bilayer environment. In the first part of this review, we assess some of the more general effects that a membrane environment exerts on lipid bilayer-embedded proteins such as GPCRs. This is then followed by the consideration of more specific effects, including stoichiometric interactions with specific lipid subtypes. In the final section, we survey a range of different membrane mimetics that are currently used for in vitro studies, with a focus on NMR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Nietlispach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; (A.J.Y.J.); (F.G.); (A.T.)
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21
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Molecular evolution of a collage of cholesterol interaction motifs in transmembrane helix V of the serotonin 1A receptor. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104955. [PMID: 32846149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human serotonin1A receptor is a representative member of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and an important drug target for neurological disorders. Using a combination of biochemical, biophysical and molecular dynamics simulation approaches, we and others have shown that membrane cholesterol modulates the organization, dynamics and function of vertebrate serotonin1A receptors. Previous studies have shown that the cytoplasmic portion of transmembrane helix V (TM V) and the extramembraneous intracellular loop 3 are critical for G-protein coupling, phosphorylation and desensitization of the receptor. We have recently resolved a collage of putative cholesterol interaction motifs from the amino acid sequence overlapping this region. In this paper, we explore the sequence plasticity of this fragment that may have adapted to altered membrane lipidome, after vertebrates evolved from primordial invertebrates. Since invertebrates have lower levels of membrane cholesterol relative to vertebrates, we compared TM V sequence fragments from invertebrate serotonin1 receptors with vertebrate orthologs to infer the sequence plasticity in TM V. We report that the average number of cholesterol interaction motifs in TM V for diverse phyla represents an increasing trend that could mirror vertebrate evolution from primordial invertebrates. By statistical modeling, we propose that the collage of cholesterol interaction motifs in TM V of the human serotonin1A receptor may have evolved from rudimentary collages, reminiscent of primordial invertebrate orthologs. Taken together, we propose that a repertoire of cholesterol-philic nonsynonymous substitutions may have enhanced collage complexity in TM V during vertebrate evolution.
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22
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Direct and indirect cholesterol effects on membrane proteins with special focus on potassium channels. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Shrivastava S, Paila YD, Kombrabail M, Krishnamoorthy G, Chattopadhyay A. Role of Cholesterol and Its Immediate Biosynthetic Precursors in Membrane Dynamics and Heterogeneity: Implications for Health and Disease. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6312-6320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Shrivastava
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Yamuna Devi Paila
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Mamata Kombrabail
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - G. Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
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24
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Dang X, Zhang L, Franco A, Li J, Rocha AG, Devanathan S, Dolle RE, Bernstein PR, Dorn GW. Discovery of 6-Phenylhexanamide Derivatives as Potent Stereoselective Mitofusin Activators for the Treatment of Mitochondrial Diseases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7033-7051. [PMID: 32506913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin (MFN) 2 cause the chronic neurodegenerative condition Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A), for which there is currently no treatment. Small-molecule activators of MFN1 and MFN2 enhance mitochondrial fusion and offer promise as therapy for this condition, but prototype compounds have poor pharmacokinetic properties. Herein, we describe a rational design of a series of 6-phenylhexanamide derivatives whose pharmacokinetic optimization yielded a 4-hydroxycyclohexyl analogue, 13, with the potency, selectivity, and oral bioavailability of a preclinical candidate. Studies of 13 cis- and trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl isostereomers unexpectedly revealed functionality and protein engagement exclusively for the trans form, 13B. Preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and in vivo target engagement studies of 13B support further development of 6-phenylhexanamide derivatives as therapeutic agents for human CMT2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Dang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Antonietta Franco
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Mitochondria in Motion, Inc. 4340 Duncan Avenue, Suite 216, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jiajia Li
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Agostinho G Rocha
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Sriram Devanathan
- Mitochondria in Motion, Inc. 4340 Duncan Avenue, Suite 216, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Roland E Dolle
- Mitochondria in Motion, Inc. 4340 Duncan Avenue, Suite 216, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Peter R Bernstein
- Harrington Discovery Institute at University Hospitals, 11407 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Gerald W Dorn
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Mitochondria in Motion, Inc. 4340 Duncan Avenue, Suite 216, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this brief review is to gain an understanding on the multiple roles that lipids exert on the brain, and to highlight new ideas in the impact of lipid homeostasis in the regulation of synaptic transmission. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data underline the crucial function of lipid homeostasis in maintaining neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, new advances in analytical approaches to study lipid classes and species is opening a new door to understand and monitor how alterations in lipid pathways could shed new light into the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. SUMMARY Lipids are one of the most essential elements of the brain. However, our understanding of the role of lipids within the central nervous system is still largely unknown. Identifying the molecular mechanism (s) by which lipids can regulate neuronal transmission represents the next frontier in neuroscience, and a new challenge in our understanding of the brain and the mechanism(s) behind neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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26
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Kumar GA, Chattopadhyay A. Statin-Induced Chronic Cholesterol Depletion Switches GPCR Endocytosis and Trafficking: Insights from the Serotonin 1A Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:453-465. [PMID: 31880914 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a key regulatory mechanism adopted by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate downstream signaling responses within a stringent spatiotemporal regime. Although the role of membrane lipids has been extensively studied in the context of the function, organization, and dynamics of GPCRs, their role in receptor endocytosis remains largely unexplored. Cholesterol, the predominant sterol in higher eukaryotes, plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and organization of cell membranes and is involved in essential cellular processes in health and disease. The serotonin1A receptor is a representative GPCR involved in neuronal development and in neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. We recently combined quantitative flow cytometric and confocal microscopic approaches to demonstrate that the serotonin1A receptor undergoes clathrin-mediated endocytosis upon agonist stimulation and subsequently traffics along the endosomal recycling pathway. In this work, we show that statin-induced chronic cholesterol depletion switches the endocytic pathway of the serotonin1A receptor from clathrin- to caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Interestingly, under these conditions, a significant proportion of endocytosed receptors is rerouted toward lysosomal degradation. To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute one of the first comprehensive reports on the role of membrane cholesterol in GPCR endocytosis and trafficking. These results are significant in our overall understanding of the modulatory effects of membrane lipids on GPCR endocytosis and trafficking and could provide novel insight in developing therapeutic interventions against neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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27
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Abstract
Cholesterol is a key steroidal, lipid biomolecule found abundantly in plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. It is an important structural component of cellular membranes and regulates membrane fluidity and permeability. Cholesterol is also essential for normal functioning of key proteins including ion-channels, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), membrane bound steroid receptors, and receptor kinases. It is thought that cholesterol exerts its actions via specific binding to chiral proteins and lipids as well as through non-specific physiochemical interactions. Distinguishing between the specific and the non-specific interactions can be difficult. Although much remains unclear, progress has been made in recent years by utilizing ent-cholesterol, the enantiomer of natural cholesterol (nat-cholesterol) as a probe. Ent-Cholesterol is the non-superimposable mirror image of nat-cholesterol and exhibits identical physiochemical properties as nat-cholesterol. Hence, if the biological effects of cholesterol result solely due to membrane effects, it is expected that there will be no difference between ent-cholesterol and nat-cholesterol. However, when direct binding with chiral proteins and lipids is involved, the enantiomer is expected to potentially elicit significantly different, measurable effects due to formation of diastereomeric complexes. In this chapter, we have reviewed the literature related to ent-cholesterol and its use as a probe for various biophysical and biological interactions of cholesterol.
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28
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Kumar GA, Sarkar P, Jafurulla M, Singh SP, Srinivas G, Pande G, Chattopadhyay A. Exploring Endocytosis and Intracellular Trafficking of the Human Serotonin1A Receptor. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2628-2641. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Md. Jafurulla
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Shishu Pal Singh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Gunda Srinivas
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Gopal Pande
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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29
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Effect of sterol structure on ordered membrane domain (raft) stability in symmetric and asymmetric vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1112-1122. [PMID: 30904407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sterol structure influences liquid ordered domains in membranes, and the dependence of biological functions on sterol structure can help identify processes dependent on ordered domains. In this study we compared the effect of sterol structure on ordered domain formation in symmetric vesicles composed of mixtures of sphingomyelin, 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and cholesterol, and in asymmetric vesicles in which sphingomyelin was introduced into the outer leaflet of vesicles composed of DOPC and cholesterol. In most cases, sterol behavior was similar in symmetric and asymmetric vesicles, with ordered domains most strongly stabilized by 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) and cholesterol, stabilized to a moderate degree by lanosterol, epicholesterol and desmosterol, and very little if at all by 4-cholesten-3-one. However, in asymmetric vesicles desmosterol stabilized ordered domain almost as well as cholesterol, and to a much greater degree than epicholesterol, so that the ability to support ordered domains decreased in the order 7-DHC > cholesterol > desmosterol > lanosterol > epicholesterol > 4-cholesten-3-one. This contrasts with values for intermediate stabilizing sterols in symmetric vesicles in which the ranking was cholesterol > lanosterol ~ desmosterol ~ epicholesterol or prior studies in which the ranking was cholesterol ~ epicholesterol > lanosterol ~ desmosterol. The reasons for these differences are discussed. Based on these results, we re-evaluated our prior studies in cells and conclude that endocytosis levels and bacterial uptake are even more closely correlated with the ability of sterols to form ordered domains than previously thought, and do not necessarily require that a sterol have a 3β-OH group.
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30
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Oakes V, Domene C. Influence of Cholesterol and Its Stereoisomers on Members of the Serotonin Receptor Family. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1633-1649. [PMID: 30857969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of cholesterol within the cell membrane, the mechanism by which it influences embedded proteins remains elusive. Numerous G-protein coupled receptors exhibit dramatic responses to membrane cholesterol with regard to the ligand-binding affinity and functional properties, including the 5-HT receptor family. Here, we use over 25 μs of unbiased atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to identify cholesterol interaction sites in the 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B receptors and evaluate their impact on receptor structure. Susceptibility to membrane cholesterol is shown to be subtype dependent and determined by the quality of interactions between the extracellular loops. Charged residues are essential for maintaining the arrangement of the extracellular surface in 5-HT2B; in the absence of such interactions, the extracellular surface of the 5-HT1B is malleable, populating a number of distinct conformations. Elevated cholesterol density near transmembrane helix 4 is considered to be conducive to the conformation of extracellular loop 2. Occupation of this site is also shown to be stereospecific, illustrated by differential behavior of nat-cholesterol isomers, ent- and epi-cholesterol. In simulations containing the endogenous agonist, serotonin, cholesterol binding at transmembrane helix 4 biases bound serotonin molecules toward an unexpected binding mode in the extended binding pocket. The results highlight the capability of membrane cholesterol to influence the mobility of the extracellular surface in the 5-HT1 receptor family and manipulate the architecture of the extracellular ligand-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Oakes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Carmen Domene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Cheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Biophysics Graduate Program, Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy C. Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6309, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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32
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McGraw C, Yang L, Levental I, Lyman E, Robinson AS. Membrane cholesterol depletion reduces downstream signaling activity of the adenosine A 2A receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:760-767. [PMID: 30629951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been shown to modulate the activity of multiple G Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), yet whether cholesterol acts through specific interactions, indirectly via modifications to the membrane, or via both mechanisms is not well understood. High-resolution crystal structures of GPCRs have identified bound cholesterols; based on a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) structure bound to cholesterol and the presence of conserved amino acids in class A receptors, the cholesterol consensus motif (CCM) was identified. Here in mammalian cells expressing the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), ligand dependent production of cAMP is reduced following membrane cholesterol depletion with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD), indicating that A2AR signaling is dependent on cholesterol. In contrast, ligand binding is not dependent on cholesterol depletion. All-atom molecular simulations suggest that cholesterol interacts specifically with the CCM when the receptor is in an active state, but not when in an inactive state. Taken together, the data support a model of receptor state-dependent binding between cholesterol and the CCM, which could facilitate both G-protein coupling and downstream signaling of A2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire McGraw
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lewen Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas- Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Edward Lyman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Anne Skaja Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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33
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Kiriakidi S, Kolocouris A, Liapakis G, Ikram S, Durdagi S, Mavromoustakos T. Effects of Cholesterol on GPCR Function: Insights from Computational and Experimental Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1135:89-103. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14265-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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34
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Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Wriessnegger T, Hirz M, Zellnig G, Pichler H. Membrane Protein Production in Yeast: Modification of Yeast Membranes for Human Membrane Protein Production. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1923:265-285. [PMID: 30737745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9024-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of the genes in the human genome code for membrane proteins, and yet we know relatively little about these complex molecules. Therefore, the biochemical and structural characterization of this challenging class of proteins represents an important frontier in both fundamental research and advances in drug discovery. However, due to their unique physical properties and requirement for association with cellular membranes, expression in heterologous systems is often daunting. In this chapter we describe how to engineer the yeast Pichia pastoris to obtain humanized sterol compositions. By implementing some simple genetic engineering approaches, P. pastoris can be reprogrammed to mainly produce cholesterol instead of ergosterol. We show how to apply mass spectrometry to confirm the production of cholesterol instead of ergosterol and how we have further analyzed the strain by electron microscopy. Finally, we delineate how to apply and test the cholesterol-forming P. pastoris strain for functional expression of mammalian Na,K-ATPase α3β1 isoform. Na,K-ATPases have been shown to specifically interact with cholesterol and phospholipids, and, obviously, the presence of cholesterol instead of ergosterol was the key to stabilizing correct localization and activity of this ion transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Emmerstorfer-Augustin
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Melanie Hirz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guenther Zellnig
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- acib-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria. .,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
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35
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A Critical Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Membrane Cholesterol Sensitivity of GPCRs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1115:21-52. [PMID: 30649754 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04278-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and a diverse family of proteins involved in signal transduction across biological membranes. GPCRs mediate a wide range of physiological processes and have emerged as major targets for the development of novel drug candidates in all clinical areas. Since GPCRs are integral membrane proteins, regulation of their organization, dynamics, and function by membrane lipids, in particular membrane cholesterol, has emerged as an exciting area of research. Cholesterol sensitivity of GPCRs could be due to direct interaction of cholesterol with the receptor (specific effect). Alternately, GPCR function could be influenced by the effect of cholesterol on membrane physical properties (general effect). In this review, we critically analyze the specific and general mechanisms of the modulation of GPCR function by membrane cholesterol, taking examples from representative GPCRs. While evidence for both the proposed mechanisms exists, there appears to be no clear-cut distinction between these two mechanisms, and a combination of these mechanisms cannot be ruled out in many cases. We conclude that classifying the mechanism underlying cholesterol sensitivity of GPCR function merely into these two mutually exclusive classes could be somewhat arbitrary. A more holistic approach could be suitable for analyzing GPCR-cholesterol interaction.
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36
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Pichler H, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A. Modification of membrane lipid compositions in single-celled organisms – From basics to applications. Methods 2018; 147:50-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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37
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Lee AG. A Database of Predicted Binding Sites for Cholesterol on Membrane Proteins, Deep in the Membrane. Biophys J 2018; 115:522-532. [PMID: 30007584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer membranes of animal cells contain high concentrations of cholesterol, of which a small proportion is located deep within the hydrophobic core of the membrane. An automated docking procedure is described that allows the characterization of binding sites for these deep cholesterol molecules on the membrane-spanning surfaces of membrane proteins and in protein cavities or pores, driven by hydrogen bond formation. A database of this class of predicted binding site is described, covering 397 high-resolution structures. The database includes sites on the transmembrane surfaces of many G-protein coupled receptors; within the fenestrations of two-pore K+ channels and ATP-gated P2X3 channels; in the central cavities of a number of transporters, including Glut1, Glut5, and P-glycoprotein; and in deep clefts in mitochondrial complexes III and IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Lee
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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38
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Wang JH, Hu MJ, Shao XX, Wei D, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. Cholesterol modulates the binding properties of human relaxin family peptide receptor 3 with its ligands. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 646:24-30. [PMID: 29601823 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3) is implicated in the regulation of food intake and stress response upon activation by its cognate agonist relaxin-3. As an A-class G protein-coupled receptor, RXFP3 is an integral plasma membrane protein with seven transmembrane domains, yet influence of the membrane lipids on its function remains unknown. In the present study, we disclosed that cholesterol, an essential membrane lipid for mammalian cells, modulated the binding properties of human RXFP3 with its ligands. We first demonstrated that depletion of cholesterol from host human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells by methyl-β-cyclodextrin altered ligand-binding properties of the overexpressed human RXFP3, such as increasing its binding potency with some antagonists and decreasing its binding affinity with a NanoLuc-conjugated R3/I5 tracer. Thereafter, we demonstrated that two B-chain residues, B5Tyr and B12Arg, were primarily responsible for the increased binding potency of these antagonists with human RXFP3 under the cholesterol depletion condition. Our results suggest that cell membrane cholesterol interacts with human RXFP3 and modulates its ligand-binding properties, providing new insights into the influence of membrane lipids on RXFP3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wang
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Jun Hu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian Wei
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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39
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Stereospecific Interactions of Cholesterol in a Model Cell Membrane: Implications for the Membrane Dipole Potential. J Membr Biol 2018; 251:507-519. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-018-0016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Altered Brain Cholesterol/Isoprenoid Metabolism in a Rat Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuroscience 2018; 372:27-37. [PMID: 29309878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) present a wide range of symptoms characterized by altered sociability, compromised communication and stereotypic/repetitive behaviors. These symptoms are caused by developmental changes, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Some lines of evidence suggest an impairment of the cholesterol/isoprenoid metabolism in the brain as a possible cause, but systematic analyses in rodent models of ASDs are lacking. Prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drug valproate (VPA) is a risk factor for ASDs in humans and generates a well-established model for the disease in rodents. Here, we studied cholesterol/isoprenoid metabolism in different brain areas of infant, adolescent and adult rats prenatally exposed to VPA. VPA-treated rats present autistic-like symptoms, they show changes in cholesterol/isoprenoid homeostasis in some brain areas, a decreased number of oligodendrocytes and impaired myelination in the hippocampus. Together, our data suggest a relation between brain cholesterol/isoprenoid homeostasis and ASDs.
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41
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Discrimination of Stereoisomers by Their Enantioselective Interactions with Chiral Cholesterol-Containing Membranes. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010049. [PMID: 29295605 PMCID: PMC5943951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrimination between enantiomers is an important subject in medicinal and biological chemistry because they exhibit markedly different bioactivity and toxicity. Although stereoisomers should vary in the mechanistic interactions with chiral targets, their discrimination associated with the mode of action on membrane lipids is scarce. The aim of this study is to reveal whether enantiomers selectively act on chiral lipid membranes. Different classes of stereoisomers were subjected at 5–200 μM to reactions with biomimetic phospholipid membranes containing ~40 mol % cholesterol to endow the lipid bilayers with chirality and their membrane interactions were comparatively evaluated by measuring fluorescence polarization. All of the tested compounds interacted with cholesterol-containing membranes to modify their physicochemical property with different potencies between enantiomers, correlating to those of their experimental and clinical effects. The rank order of membrane interactivity was reversed by changing cholesterol to C3-epimeric α-cholesterol. The same selectivity was also obtained from membranes prepared with 5α-cholestan-3β-ol and 5β-cholestan-3α-ol diastereomers. The opposite configuration allows molecules to interact with chiral sterol-containing membranes enantioselectively, and the specific β configuration of cholesterol’s 3-hydroxyl group is responsible for such selectivity. The enantioselective membrane interaction has medicinal implications for the characterization of the stereostructures with higher bioactivity and lower toxicity.
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42
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Kim J, Fukuto HS, Brown DA, Bliska JB, London E. Effects of host cell sterol composition upon internalization of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and clustered β1 integrin. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1466-1479. [PMID: 29197826 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne pathogenic bacterium that causes acute gastrointestinal illness, but its mechanisms of infection are incompletely described. We examined how host cell sterol composition affected Y. pseudotuberculosis uptake. To do this, we depleted or substituted cholesterol in human MDA-MB-231 epithelial cells with various alternative sterols. Decreasing host cell cholesterol significantly reduced pathogen internalization. When host cell cholesterol was substituted with various sterols, only desmosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol supported internalization. This specificity was not due to sterol dependence of bacterial attachment to host cells, which was similar with all sterols studied. Because a key step in Y. pseudotuberculosis internalization is interaction of the bacterial adhesins invasin and YadA with host cell β1 integrin, we compared the sterol dependence of wildtype Y. pseudotuberculosis internalization with that of Δinv, ΔyadA, and ΔinvΔyadA mutant strains. YadA deletion decreased bacterial adherence to host cells, whereas invasin deletion had no effect. Nevertheless, host cell sterol substitution had a similar effect on internalization of these bacterial deletion strains as on the wildtype bacteria. The ΔinvΔyadA double mutant adhered least to cells and so was not significantly internalized. The sterol structure dependence of Y. pseudotuberculosis internalization differed from that of endocytosis, as monitored using antibody-clustered β1 integrin and previous studies on other proteins, which had a more permissive sterol dependence. This study suggests that agents could be designed to interfere with internalization of Yersinia without disturbing endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiHyun Kim
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and
| | - Hana S Fukuto
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | | | - James B Bliska
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Erwin London
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and
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43
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Solubilization of the serotonin 1A receptor monitored utilizing membrane dipole potential. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 209:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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44
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Gutierrez MG, Mansfield KS, Malmstadt N. The Functional Activity of the Human Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Is Controlled by Lipid Bilayer Composition. Biophys J 2017; 110:2486-2495. [PMID: 27276266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the properties of the cell plasma membrane lipid bilayer are broadly understood to affect integral membrane proteins, details of these interactions are poorly understood. This is particularly the case for the large family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we examine the lipid dependence of the human serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, a GPCR that is central to neuronal function. We incorporate the protein in synthetic bilayers of controlled composition together with a fluorescent reporting system that detects GPCR-catalyzed activation of G protein to measure receptor-catalyzed oligonucleotide exchange. Our results show that increased membrane order induced by sterols and sphingomyelin increases receptor-catalyzed oligonucleotide exchange. Increasing membrane elastic curvature stress also increases this exchange. These results reveal the broad dependence that the 5-HT1A receptor has on plasma membrane properties, demonstrating that membrane lipid composition is a biochemical control parameter and highlighting the possibility that compositional changes related to aging, diet, or disease could impact cell signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gertrude Gutierrez
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kylee S Mansfield
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noah Malmstadt
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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45
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Kim JH, Singh A, Del Poeta M, Brown DA, London E. The effect of sterol structure upon clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2682-2695. [PMID: 28655854 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ordered lipid domains (rafts) in plasma membranes have been hypothesized to participate in endocytosis based on inhibition of endocytosis by removal or sequestration of cholesterol. To more carefully investigate the role of the sterol in endocytosis, we used a substitution strategy to replace cholesterol with sterols that show various raft-forming abilities and chemical structures. Both clathrin-mediated endocytosis of transferrin and clathrin-independent endocytosis of clustered placental alkaline phosphatase were measured. A subset of sterols reversibly inhibited both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis. The ability of a sterol to support lipid raft formation was necessary for endocytosis. However, it was not sufficient, because a sterol lacking a 3β-OH group did not support endocytosis even though it had the ability to support ordered domain formation. Double bonds in the sterol rings and an aliphatic tail structure identical to that of cholesterol were neither necessary nor sufficient to support endocytosis. This study shows that substitution using a large number of sterols can define the role of sterol structure in cellular functions. Hypotheses for how sterol structure can similarly alter clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Deborah A Brown
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Erwin London
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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46
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Membrane cholesterol oxidation in live cells enhances the function of serotonin 1A receptors. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 203:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Jafurulla M, Chattopadhyay A. Structural Stringency of Cholesterol for Membrane Protein Function Utilizing Stereoisomers as Novel Tools: A Review. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1583:21-39. [PMID: 28205164 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6875-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important lipid in the context of membrane protein function. The function of a number of membrane proteins, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels, has been shown to be dependent on membrane cholesterol. However, the molecular mechanism underlying such regulation is still being explored. In some cases, specific interaction between cholesterol and the protein has been implicated. In other cases, the effect of cholesterol on the membrane properties has been attributed for the regulation of protein function. In this article, we have provided an overview of experimental approaches that are useful for determining the degree of structural stringency of cholesterol for membrane protein function. In the process, we have highlighted the role of immediate precursors in cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in the function of membrane proteins. Special emphasis has been given to the application of stereoisomers of cholesterol in deciphering the structural stringency required for regulation of membrane protein function. A comprehensive examination of these processes would help in understanding the molecular basis of cholesterol regulation of membrane proteins in subtle details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jafurulla
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
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48
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Effect of local anesthetics on serotonin1A receptor function. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 201:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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49
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Manna M, Niemelä M, Tynkkynen J, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Müller DJ, Rog T, Vattulainen I. Mechanism of allosteric regulation of β 2-adrenergic receptor by cholesterol. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27897972 PMCID: PMC5182060 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that lipids can be allosteric regulators of membrane protein structure and activation. However, there are no data showing how exactly the regulation emerges from specific lipid-protein interactions. Here we show in atomistic detail how the human β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) - a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor - is modulated by cholesterol in an allosteric fashion. Extensive atomistic simulations show that cholesterol regulates β2AR by limiting its conformational variability. The mechanism of action is based on the binding of cholesterol at specific high-affinity sites located near the transmembrane helices 5-7 of the receptor. The alternative mechanism, where the β2AR conformation would be modulated by membrane-mediated interactions, plays only a minor role. Cholesterol analogues also bind to cholesterol binding sites and impede the structural flexibility of β2AR, however cholesterol generates the strongest effect. The results highlight the capacity of lipids to regulate the conformation of membrane receptors through specific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutusi Manna
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Miia Niemelä
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joona Tynkkynen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Rog
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Gahbauer S, Böckmann RA. Membrane-Mediated Oligomerization of G Protein Coupled Receptors and Its Implications for GPCR Function. Front Physiol 2016; 7:494. [PMID: 27826255 PMCID: PMC5078798 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimerization or even oligomerization of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) causes ongoing, controversial debates about its functional role and the coupled biophysical, biochemical or biomedical implications. A continously growing number of studies hints to a relation between oligomerization and function of GPCRs and strengthens the assumption that receptor assembly plays a key role in the regulation of protein function. Additionally, progress in the structural analysis of GPCR-G protein and GPCR-ligand interactions allows to distinguish between actively functional and non-signaling complexes. Recent findings further suggest that the surrounding membrane, i.e., its lipid composition may modulate the preferred dimerization interface and as a result the abundance of distinct dimeric conformations. In this review, the association of GPCRs and the role of the membrane in oligomerization will be discussed. An overview of the different reported oligomeric interfaces is provided and their capability for signaling discussed. The currently available data is summarized with regard to the formation of GPCR oligomers, their structures and dependency on the membrane microenvironment as well as the coupling of oligomerization to receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rainer A. Böckmann
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergErlangen, Germany
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