1
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Guo Z, Wang Z, Meng S, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Fu Y, Li J, Nie X, Zhang C, Liu L, Lu B, Qian J. Effects of ricin on primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:3763-3777. [PMID: 31156015 PMCID: PMC6726780 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519842959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We systematically investigated the cytotoxic effects of ricin in primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Methods Primary PAMs were isolated from BALB/c mice. The cytotoxic effects of ricin were investigated in vitro by optical and transmission electron microscopy, detection of the inflammatory cytokine response, proteomic analysis, and subsequent biological functional analysis. Results Ricin induced shrinkage, apoptosis, vacuolization, and multi-organelle lesions in primary PAMs as demonstrated by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Ricin also induced a pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokine response in primary PAMs, including induction of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were less affected. Proteomic analysis and subsequent biological functional analysis identified eight proteins that were up/downregulated by ricin treatment and which might thus contribute to ricin toxicity. These proteins were involved in various functions, including redox, molecular chaperone, glycolysis, protein translation, and protein degradation functions. Conclusion The results of the present study further our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of inhalational ricin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Guo
- 1 Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- 1 Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanyu Meng
- 2 Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Chunmao Zhang
- 1 Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- 1 Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- 1 Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Nie
- 3 No. 65316 Unit of PLA, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- 1 Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linna Liu
- 1 Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Lu
- 1 Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Qian
- 1 Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Huang C, Wang JJ, Jing G, Li J, Jin C, Yu Q, Falkowski MW, Zhang SX. Erp29 Attenuates Cigarette Smoke Extract-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitigates Tight Junction Damage in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6196-207. [PMID: 26431474 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) is a novel chaperone that was recently found decreased in human retinas with AMD. Herein, we examined the effect of ERp29 on cigarette smoke-induced RPE apoptosis and tight junction disruption. METHODS Cultured human RPE (HRPE) cells (ARPE-19) or mouse RPE eyecup explants were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for short (up to 24 hours) or long (up to 3 weeks) periods. Expression of ERp29 was up- and downregulated by adenovirus and siRNA, respectively. Endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, apoptosis, and cell death, the expression and distribution of tight junction protein ZO-1, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and F-actin expression were examined. RESULTS Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 was significantly increased by short-term exposure to CSE in ARPE-19 cells or eyecup explants but was reduced after 3-week exposure. Overexpression of ERp29 increased the levels of GRP78, p58(IPK), and Nrf-2, while reducing p-eIF2α and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and protected RPE cells from CSE-induced apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of ERp29 decreased the levels of p58(IPK) and Nrf2, but increased p-eIF2α and CHOP and exacerbated CSE-triggered cell death. In addition, overexpression of ERp29 attenuated CSE-induced reduction in ZO-1 and enhanced the RPE barrier function, as measured by TEER. Knockdown of ERp29 decreased the level of ZO-1 protein. These effects were associated with changes in the expression of cytoskeleton F-actin. CONCLUSIONS Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 attenuates CSE-induced ER stress and enhances cell viability and barrier integrity of RPE cells, and therefore may act as a protective mechanism for RPE survival and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 2Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States 3SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States 4Department of Med
| | - Guangjun Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Junhua Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States 3SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Chenjin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marek W Falkowski
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States 3SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States
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3
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Rajkovic A, Grootaert C, Butorac A, Cucu T, Meulenaer BD, van Camp J, Bracke M, Uyttendaele M, Bačun-Družina V, Cindrić M. Sub-emetic toxicity of Bacillus cereus toxin cereulide on cultured human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2270-90. [PMID: 25093386 PMCID: PMC4147582 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereulide (CER) intoxication occurs at relatively high doses of 8 µg/kg body weight. Recent research demonstrated a wide prevalence of low concentrations of CER in rice and pasta dishes. However, the impact of exposure to low doses of CER has not been studied before. In this research, we investigated the effect of low concentrations of CER on the behavior of intestinal cells using the Caco-2 cell line. The MTT (mitochondrial 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and the SRB (sulforhodamine B) reactions were used to measure the mitochondrial activity and cellular protein content, respectively. Both assays showed that differentiated Caco-2 cells were sensitive to low concentrations of CER (in a MTT reaction of 1 ng/mL after three days of treatment; in an SRB reaction of 0.125 ng/mL after three days of treatment). Cell counts revealed that cells were released from the differentiated monolayer at 0.5 ng/mL of CER. Additionally, 0.5 and 2 ng/mL of CER increased the lactate presence in the cell culture medium. Proteomic data showed that CER at a concentration of 1 ng/mL led to a significant decrease in energy managing and H2O2 detoxification proteins and to an increase in cell death markers. This is amongst the first reports to describe the influence of sub-emetic concentrations of CER on a differentiated intestinal monolayer model showing that low doses may induce an altered enterocyte metabolism and membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (C.G.); (T.C.); (B.D.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Ana Butorac
- Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia; E-Mails: (A.B.); (V.B.-D.)
| | - Tatiana Cucu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (C.G.); (T.C.); (B.D.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (C.G.); (T.C.); (B.D.M.); (J.C.)
| | - John van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (C.G.); (T.C.); (B.D.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Marc Bracke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Višnja Bačun-Družina
- Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia; E-Mails: (A.B.); (V.B.-D.)
| | - Mario Cindrić
- Laboratory for System Biomedicine and Centre for Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia; E-Mail:
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Li Y, Hu X, Zhang X, Liu Z, Ding X, Xia L, Hu S. Photorhabdus luminescensPirAB-fusion protein exhibits both cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 356:23-31. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Li
- College of Life Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology - State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - Xiaofeng Hu
- College of Life Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology - State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology - State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - Zhengqiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology - State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- College of Life Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology - State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- College of Life Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology - State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
| | - Shengbiao Hu
- College of Life Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology - State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha China
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5
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Proteomic study of differential protein expression in mouse lung tissues after aerosolized ricin poisoning. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7281-92. [PMID: 24786090 PMCID: PMC4057672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin is one of the most poisonous natural toxins from plants and is classified as a Class B biological threat pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of U.S.A. Ricin exposure can occur through oral or aerosol routes. Ricin poisoning has a rapid onset and a short incubation period. There is no effective treatment for ricin poisoning. In this study, an aerosolized ricin-exposed mouse model was developed and the pathology was investigated. The protein expression profile in the ricin-poisoned mouse lung tissue was analyzed using proteomic techniques to determine the proteins that were closely related to the toxicity of ricin. 2D gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and subsequent biological functional analysis revealed that six proteins including Apoa1 apolipoprotein, Ywhaz 14-3-3 protein, Prdx6 Uncharacterized Protein, Selenium-binding protein 1, HMGB1, and DPYL-2, were highly related to ricin poisoning.
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6
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Zhang X, Hu X, Li Y, Ding X, Yang Q, Sun Y, Yu Z, Xia L, Hu S. XaxAB-like binary toxin from Photorhabdus luminescens exhibits both insecticidal activity and cytotoxicity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 350:48-56. [PMID: 24188660 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterobacterium Photorhabdus luminescens produces a number of toxins to kill its insect host. By analyzing the genomic sequence of P. luminescens TT01, we found that amino acid sequences encoded by plu1961 and plu1962 showed high similarity to XaxAB binary toxin of Xenorhabuds nematophila, which has both necrotic and apoptotic activities in both insect and mammalian cells in vitro. To evaluate the biological activity of Plu1961/Plu1962, their coding genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Both Plu1961 and Plu1962 were expressed as soluble protein in BL21 (DE3) and their mixture caused insect midgut CF-203 cells death via necrosis. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that Plu1961/Plu1962 mixture was able to depolymerize microtubule and induce the increase in plasma membrane permeabilization in CF-203 cells. Moreover, co-expression of Plu1961/Plu1962 in the same cytoplasm exhibited cytotoxic effect against mammalian cells (B16, 4T1, and HeLa cells) and injectable activity against Spodoptera exigua larvae. Until now, two types of binary toxins have been identified in P. luminescens, the first type is PirAB and Plu1961/Plu1962 is the second one. The biological role of Plu1961/Plu1962 binary toxin played in the infection process should attract more attention in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology, Changsha, China
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7
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Cellular adaptation to anthrax lethal toxin-induced mitochondrial cholesterol enrichment, hyperpolarization, and reactive oxygen species generation through downregulating MLN64 in macrophages. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4846-60. [PMID: 23028046 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00494-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular adaptation to different stresses related to survival and function has been demonstrated in several cell types. Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) induces rapid cell death, termed "pyroptosis," by activating NLRP1b/caspase-1 in murine macrophages. We and others (S. D. Ha et al., J. Biol. Chem. 282:26275-26283, 2007; I. I. Salles et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:12426 -12431, 2003) have shown that RAW264.7 cells preexposed to sublethal doses of LeTx become resistant to subsequent high cytolytic doses of LeTx, termed toxin-induced resistance (TIR). To date, the cellular mechanisms of pyroptosis and TIR are largely unknown. We found that LeTx caused NLRP1b/caspase-1-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction, including hyperpolarization and generation of reactive oxygen species, which was distinct from that induced by stimuli such as NLRP3-activating ATP. In TIR cells, these mitochondrial events were not detected, although caspase-1 was activated, in response to LeTx. We identified that downregulation of the late endosomal cholesterol-transferring protein MLN64 in TIR cells was involved in TIR. The downregulation of MLN64 in TIR cells was at least in part due to DNA methyltransferase 1-mediated DNA methylation. In wild-type RAW264.7 cells and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, LeTx caused NLRP1b/caspase-1-dependent mitochondrial translocation of MLN64, resulting in cholesterol enrichment, membrane hyperpolarization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and depletion of free glutathione (GSH). This study demonstrates for the first time that MLN64 plays a key role in LeTx/caspase-1-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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8
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Trescos Y, Tournier JN. Cytoskeleton as an emerging target of anthrax toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:83-97. [PMID: 22474568 PMCID: PMC3317109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax, has gained virulence through its exotoxins produced by vegetative bacilli and is composed of three components forming lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET). So far, little is known about the effects of these toxins on the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Here, we provide an overview on the general effects of toxin upon the cytoskeleton architecture. Thus, we shall discuss how anthrax toxins interact with their receptors and may disrupt the interface between extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. We then analyze what toxin molecular effects on cytoskeleton have been described, before discussing how the cytoskeleton may help the pathogen to corrupt general cell processes such as phagocytosis or vascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Trescos
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents pathogènes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 87, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France;
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 1 place Alphonse Lavéran, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents pathogènes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 87, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France;
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 1 place Alphonse Lavéran, 75005 Paris, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +33-4-76636850; Fax: +33-4-76636917
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9
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Susta F, Chiasserini D, Fettucciari K, Orvietani PL, Quotadamo F, Noce R, Bartoli A, Marconi P, Corazzi L, Binaglia L. Protein expression changes induced in murine peritoneal macrophages by Group B Streptococcus. Proteomics 2010; 10:2099-112. [PMID: 20336680 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein expression changes induced in thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal murine macrophages (M Phi) by infection with type III Group B Streptococcus (GBS) are described. Proteins from control M Phi and M Phi incubated 2 h with live or heat-inactivated GBS were separated by 2-DE. Proteins whose expression was significantly different in infected M Phi, as compared with control cells, were identified by MS/MS analysis. Changes in the expression level of proteins involved in both positive and negative modulation of phagocytic functions, stress response and cell death were induced in M Phi by GBS infection. In particular, expression of enzymes playing a key role in production of reactive oxygen species was lowered in GBS-infected M Phi. Significant alterations in the expression of some metabolic enzymes were also observed, most of the glycolytic and of the pentose-cycle enzymes being down-regulated in M Phi infected with live GBS. Finally, evidence was obtained that GBS infection affects the expression of enzymes or enzyme subunits involved in ATP synthesis and in adenine nucleotides interconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Susta
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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10
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Varó I, Rigos G, Navarro JC, del Ramo J, Calduch-Giner J, Hernández A, Pertusa J, Torreblanca A. Effect of ivermectin on the liver of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata: a proteomic approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:570-577. [PMID: 20451238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata is the most commercialized Mediterranean aquacultured fish species. Ivermectin has recently (experimentally) started to be used to control ectoparasitic infestations in Mediterranean cultured marine fish. The potential hepatotoxicity of ivermectin was investigated in gilthead sea bream juveniles (35g) following oral administration at the recommended dose of 0.2 mgkg(-1) fish for 10d. Difference Gel Electrophoresis Technology (DIGE) was used to study the effect of this treatment in gilthead sea bream liver protein profile under routine culture conditions. The 2D-DIGE protein maps obtained were analyzed using the DeCyder 6.5 software. The results obtained showed significant changes in the expression of 36 proteins respect to the control group. Among these proteins, six increased in abundance, and 30 decreased. Spot showing differential expression respect to the control were analyzed by mass spectrometry and database search, which resulted in three positive identifications corresponding to hepatic proteins involved in lipid metabolism (apoA-I), oxidative stress responses and energy generation (beta-globin, ATP synthase subunit beta). These proteins have not been previously associated to invermectin effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Varó
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Valencia. Dr. Moliner, Spain.
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11
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Averette KM, Pratt MR, Yang Y, Bassilian S, Whitelegge JP, Loo JA, Muir TW, Bradley KA. Anthrax lethal toxin induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cytosolic cathepsin release is Nlrp1b/Nalp1b-dependent. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7913. [PMID: 19924255 PMCID: PMC2775945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a group of cytoplasmic molecules that recognize microbial invasion or 'danger signals'. Activation of NLRs can induce rapid caspase-1 dependent cell death termed pyroptosis, or a caspase-1 independent cell death termed pyronecrosis. Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (LT), is recognized by a subset of alleles of the NLR protein Nlrp1b, resulting in pyroptotic cell death of macrophages and dendritic cells. Here we show that LT induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). The presentation of LMP requires expression of an LT-responsive allele of Nlrp1b, and is blocked by proteasome inhibitors and heat shock, both of which prevent LT-mediated pyroptosis. Further the lysosomal protease cathepsin B is released into the cell cytosol and cathepsin inhibitors block LT-mediated cell death. These data reveal a role for lysosomal membrane permeabilization in the cellular response to bacterial pathogens and demonstrate a shared requirement for cytosolic relocalization of cathepsins in pyroptosis and pyronecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Averette
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Pratt
- Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yanan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sara Bassilian
- The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The NPI-Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The NPI-Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Malécot M, Mezhoud K, Marie A, Praseuth D, Puiseux-Dao S, Edery M. Proteomic study of the effects of microcystin-LR on organelle and membrane proteins in medaka fish liver. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 94:153-161. [PMID: 19628287 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The microcystin-leucine-arginine toxin (MC-LR) is produced by cyanobacteria that sometimes bloom in water reservoirs. It targets the liver, thus posing potential health risks to human and animals. Microcystin inhibits the protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, leading to diverse cellular deregulation processes. A proteomic approach was applied to the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to obtain an overview of the effects of MC-LR on the liver. As membrane and organelle proteins are major structural and functional components of several cell signalling pathways, we decided to investigate here the membrane and organelle-enriched fractions from the livers of control and MC-LR treated medaka fish. Seventeen proteins were identified by proteomic analysis as being modulated in response to MC-LR treatment. This is the first time for eight of them to be reported as being involved in MC-LR effects: prohibitin, fumarylacetoacetase, protein disulfide isomerase A4 and A6, glucose regulated protein 78kDa, 40S ribosomal protein SA, cytochrome b5, and ATP synthase mitochondrial d subunit. These proteins are involved in protein maturation or in the response to oxidative stress highlighting the role of organelles in protein processing and the complex cooperation associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Malécot
- CNRS, FRE 3206 Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, and MNHN, USM 505 Cyanobactéries, cyanotoxines et environnement, Département Régulations, développement et diversité moléculaire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Moayeri M, Leppla SH. Cellular and systemic effects of anthrax lethal toxin and edema toxin. Mol Aspects Med 2009; 30:439-55. [PMID: 19638283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET) are the major virulence factors of anthrax and can replicate the lethality and symptoms associated with the disease. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of anthrax toxin effects in animal models and the cytotoxicity (necrosis and apoptosis) induced by LT in different cells. A brief reexamination of early historic findings on toxin in vivo effects in the context of our current knowledge is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Moayeri
- Bacterial Toxins and Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 33, Room 1W20B, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Protein expression pattern of murine macrophages treated with anthrax lethal toxin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1501-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Coman M, Loddé B, Dewitte J. La pathologie respiratoire infectieuse d’origine professionnelle. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Kim J, Park H, Myung-Hyun J, Han SH, Chung H, Lee JS, Park JS, Yoon MY. The effects of anthrax lethal factor on the macrophage proteome: potential activity on nitric oxide synthases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 472:58-64. [PMID: 18269913 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax lethal factor (LeTx) is a critical virulence factor in toxin-challenged cells, as lethal factor (LF) cleaves mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs), inhibiting their activity. The physiological importance of this cleavage for macrophage cytolysis remains unclear, because similar proteolysis has been also observed in LeTx-resistant macrophages. Here, we analyzed in vitro proteomic profiles of Raw264.7 lysates treated with LF. In our experiments, neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) was found to be a fragment, suggesting that LF may act on nNOS cleavage. A similar cleavage of nNOS was shown in LeTx-challenged HEK293 cells expressing nNOS by a transient transfection. However, the cleavage site on nNOS is a unique leader sequence among the NOS family and this LF-mediated cleavage was not observed in iNOS, a major NOS isoform for anti-bactericidal NO production, even though NO level in LeTx-challenged cells was dramatically reduced. Our findings suggest that LF is directly capable of cleaving cellular protein(s) other than MKKs, and that these actions potentiate to promote the cytotoxic mechanisms of anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungmok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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17
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Coman M, Loddé B, Dewitte JD. [Occupational infectious respiratory diseases]. Rev Mal Respir 2008; 24:1341-50. [PMID: 18216753 DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(07)78511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Occupational infectious respiratory diseases are underestimate pathology because of an asymptomatic infection or the general, unspecific symptoms. STATE OF THE ART The most part of patients are among health care and agriculture or forestry workers (15% employee exposure of infectious risks in according with SUMMER study 2003). Biological risks interest two-third of health care workers, one-third of agriculture and food industry employees and one-forth of house-workers. Occupational diseases occur as flu-like illness, pneumonia, lung abscess or pleurisy. A possible classification for this pathology is by clinical manifestations: with respiratory predominance like tuberculosis, pasteurelosis, psittacosis or diseases like anthrax, brucellosis or tularemia with non respiratory predominance. PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSION The authors remind the data of occupational respiratory infectious diseases, microbiological data and links between clinical symptoms and patients professions leading to diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coman
- Service de Santé au Travail et de Maladies liées à l'Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire A. Morvan, Brest, France
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18
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Meng Y, Liu XH, Ma X, Shen Y, Fan L, Leng J, Liu JY, Sha JH. The protein profile of mouse mature cumulus–oocyte complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:1477-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Wheeler JX, Whiting G, Rijpkema S. Proteomic analysis of the response of the human neutrophil-like cell line NB-4 after exposure to anthrax lethal toxin. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:1266-79. [PMID: 21136624 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We used 2-D DIGE to analyze the early response of NB-4 cells, a human promyelotic leukemia cell line, exposed to lethal toxin from Bacillus anthracis at the proteome level. After a 2 h exposure, cells were still viable and 43% of spots (n = 1042) showed a significant change in protein level. We identified 59 spots whose expression had changed significantly, and these reflected cytoskeleton damage, mitochondrial lysis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Actin filament assembly was disrupted as evidenced by an increase in both actin subunits and phosphorylated cofilin, whilst levels of tropomyosin, tropomodulin and actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit decreased. Lower levels of ATP synthase subunits and mitochondrial inner membrane protein were identified as markers of mitochondrial lysis. Levels of various stress response proteins rose and, uniquely, levels of Ca(2+) binding proteins such as translationally controlled tumor protein rose and hippocalcin-like protein 1 decreased. This response may have mitigated effects brought about by mitochondrial lysis and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and delayed or prevented apoptosis in NB-4 cells. These results resemble findings of similar proteomics studies in murine macrophages, although quantitative differences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun X Wheeler
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
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20
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Abstract
Infectious microbes face an unwelcoming environment in their mammalian hosts, which have evolved elaborate multicelluar systems for recognition and elimination of invading pathogens. A common strategy used by pathogenic bacteria to establish infection is to secrete protein factors that block intracellular signalling pathways essential for host defence. Some of these proteins also act as toxins, directly causing pathology associated with disease. Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, secretes two plasmid-encoded enzymes, LF (lethal factor) and EF (oedema factor), that are delivered into host cells by a third bacterial protein, PA (protective antigen). The two toxins act on a variety of cell types, disabling the immune system and inevitably killing the host. LF is an extraordinarily selective metalloproteinase that site-specifically cleaves MKKs (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases). Cleavage of MKKs by LF prevents them from activating their downstream MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) substrates by disrupting a critical docking interaction. Blockade of MAPK signalling functionally impairs cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems and induces cell death in macrophages. EF is an adenylate cyclase that is activated by calmodulin through a non-canonical mechanism. EF causes sustained and potent activation of host cAMP-dependent signalling pathways, which disables phagocytes. Here I review recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms by which LF and EF influence host signalling and thereby contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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21
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Zgoda V, Tikhonova O, Viglinskaya A, Serebriakova M, Lisitsa A, Archakov A. Proteomic profiles of induced hepatotoxicity at the subcellular level. Proteomics 2006; 6:4662-70. [PMID: 16897686 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study proteomes of liver samples were analyzed after administration of phenobarbital (PB) or 3-methylcholantrene (3-MC) to mice. Liver cell homogenates were subfractionated by differential ultracentrifugation into cytosol and microsomes, which were subjected to 2-DE to generate the proteomic maps of these fractions. 2-DE yielded 1100 and 800 protein spots for microsomes and cytosol, respectively. General trends of the fraction-specific alterations after 3-MC or PB treatment were evaluated using the Student's t-test and the principal component analysis (PCA). According to the PCA-derived data, the microsomal changes after 3-MC and PB treatment were quite similar. However, in the case of the cytosol data, the specificities of 3-MC- and PB-induced responses could be clearly distinguished from each other. Protein spots, whose expression levels differed from control, were identified by MALDI-TOF PMF. Proteomic studies such as those reported herein can be useful in identifying the molecular-based toxicity of lead drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Zgoda
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS, Moscow, Russia.
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22
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Sapra R, Gaucher SP, Lachmann JS, Buffleben GM, Chirica GS, Comer JE, Peterson JW, Chopra AK, Singh AK. Proteomic analyses of murine macrophages treated with Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. Microb Pathog 2006; 41:157-67. [PMID: 16950595 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is the etiological agent of anthrax and the bacterium produces a tripartite anthrax toxin composed of protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF). PA represents the binding domain of the toxin and acts in concert with either LF, a metalloprotease, or EF, an adenylate cyclase, to form lethal toxin (LeTx) or edema toxin (EdTx), respectively. We analyzed the proteomics response of two murine macrophage cell lines (J774.1A and RAW264.7) following B. anthracis LeTx treatment to detect unique host proteins involved in anthrax infection using difference in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) followed by nanoLC-MS for identification of the proteins. The comparative proteomics approach identified a set of proteins in each cell line that was consistently upregulated when the two macrophage cell lines were treated with LeTx. The upregulated proteins include those involved in energy metabolism, cytoskeleton structure and stress response. A subset of five proteins (ATP synthase beta subunit, beta-actin, Hsp70, vimentin, and Hsp60 homolog) was identified that were commonly upregulated in both cell lines. The proteomic data suggest the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell lysis as seen by the upregulation of proteins that lead to the production of ROS in both the cell lines used in our study. However, proteins that afford protection against ROS may play an important role in the survival of the macrophage to LeTx infection as shown by the differences in proteomic responses of the two cell lines to the action of LeTx. These identified proteins may have the potential to be used as biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sapra
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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23
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Martínez-Solano L, Nombela C, Molero G, Gil C. Differential protein expression of murine macrophages upon interaction with Candida albicans. Proteomics 2006; 6 Suppl 1:S133-44. [PMID: 16544287 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies highlight the importance of macrophages for optimal host protection against systemic Candida albicans infections. We chose the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and the wild-type strain C. albicans SC5314 to study of the induced expression/repression of proteins in macrophages when they are in contact with C. albicans, based on 2-DE, comparison between different gels and protein identification. RAW 264.7 cells were allowed to interact with C. albicans cells for 45 min, and a significant differential protein expression was observed in these macrophages compared to controls. Gels were stained with SYPRO Ruby, allowing a better quantification of the intensity of the protein spots. Fifteen spots were up-regulated, whereas 32 were down-regulated; 60 spots appeared and 49 disappeared. Among them, we identified 11 proteins: annexin I, LyGDI (GDID4), Hspa5 (Grp78, Bip), tropomyosin 5 and L-plastin, that augment; and Eif3s5, Hsp60, Hspa9a, Grp58 (ER75), and Hspa8a (Hsc70), that decrease. The translation elongation factor (Eef2p) is modified in some of its different protein species. Many processes seem to be affected: cytoskeletal organisation, oxidative responses (superoxide and nitric oxide production) and protein biosynthesis and refolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez-Solano
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2005. [PMCID: PMC2447491 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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