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Pfanzagl V, Gruber-Grünwald C, Leitgeb U, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Posttranslational modification and heme cavity architecture of human eosinophil peroxidase-insights from first crystal structure and biochemical characterization. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105402. [PMID: 38229400 PMCID: PMC10679500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) is the most abundant granule protein exocytosed by eosinophils, specialized human phagocytes. Released EPO catalyzes the formation of reactive oxidants from bromide, thiocyanate, and nitrite that kill tissue-invading parasites. However, EPO also plays a deleterious role in inflammatory diseases, making it a potential pharmacological target. A major hurdle is the high similarity to the homologous myeloperoxidase (MPO), which requires a detailed understanding of the small structural differences that can be used to increase the specificity of the inhibitors. Here, we present the first crystal structure of mature leukocyte EPO at 1.6 Å resolution together with analyses of its posttranslational modifications and biochemical properties. EPO has an exceptionally high number of positively charged surface patches but only two occupied glycosylation sites. The crystal structure further revealed the existence of a light (L) and heavy (H) chain as a result of proteolytic cleavage. Detailed comparison with the structure of human MPO allows us to identify differences that may contribute to the known divergent enzymatic properties. The crystal structure revealed fully established ester links between the prosthetic group and the protein, the comparably weak imidazolate character of the proximal histidine, and the conserved structure of the catalytic amino acids and Ca2+-binding site. Prediction of the structure of unprocessed proeosinophil peroxidase allows further structural analysis of the three protease cleavage sites and the potential pro-convertase recognition site in the propeptide. Finally, EPO biosynthesis and its biochemical and biophysical properties are discussed with respect to the available data from the well-studied MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pfanzagl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Clemens Gruber-Grünwald
- BOKU Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Urban Leitgeb
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Leitgeb U, Furtmüller PG, Hofbauer S, Brito JA, Obinger C, Pfanzagl V. The staphylococcal inhibitory protein SPIN binds to human myeloperoxidase with picomolar affinity but only dampens halide oxidation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102514. [PMID: 36150500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the key players in the neutrophil-mediated killing of invading pathogens as part of the innate immune system. MPO generates antimicrobial oxidants which indiscriminately and effectively kill phagocytosed pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus however is able to escape this fate, in part by secreting a small protein called SPIN (Staphylococcal Peroxidase Inhibitor), which specifically targets and inhibits MPO in a structurally complex manner. Here we present the first crystal structures of the complex of SPIN-aureus and a truncated version (SPIN-truncated) with mature dimeric leukocyte MPO. We unravel the contributions of the two domains to the kinetics and thermodynamics of SPIN-aureus binding to MPO by using a broad array of complementary biochemical and biophysical methods. The C-terminal "recognition" domain is shown to mediate specific binding to MPO, while interaction of the N-terminal "inhibitory" domain is guided mainly by hydrophobic effects and thus is less sequence-dependent. We found that inhibition of MPO is achieved by reducing substrate migration, but SPIN-aureus cannot completely block MPO activity. Its' effectiveness is inversely related to substrate size, with no discernible dependence on other factors. Thus, SPIN-aureus is an extremely high-affinity inhibitor and highly efficient for substrates larger than halogens. As aberrant MPO activity is implicated in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, SPIN-aureus is the first promising protein inhibitor for specific inhibition of human MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Leitgeb
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jose A Brito
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christian Obinger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Pfanzagl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Abstract
Heme-containing peroxidases are widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdoms and play an important role in host defense by generating potent oxidants. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), the prototype of heme-containing peroxidases, exists in neutrophils and monocytes. MPO has a broad spectrum of microbial killing. The difficulty of producing MPO at a large scale hinders its study and utilization. This study aimed to overexpress recombinant human MPO and characterize its microbicidal activities in vitro and in vivo. A human HEK293 cell line stably expressing recombinant MPO (rMPO) was established as a component of this study. rMPO was overexpressed and purified for studies on its biochemical and enzymatic properties, as well as its microbicidal activities. In this study, rMPO was secreted into culture medium as a monomer. rMPO revealed enzymatic activity similar to that of native MPO. rMPO, like native MPO, was capable of killing a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including Gram-negative and -positive bacteria and fungi, at low nM levels. Interestingly, rMPO could kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making it very useful for treatment of nosocomial infections and mixed infections. The administration of rMPO significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality of murine lung infections induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In animal safety tests, the administration of 100 nM rMPO via tail vein did not result in any sign of toxic effects. Taken together, the data suggest that rMPO purified from a stably expressing human cell line is a new class of antimicrobial agents with the ability to kill a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and fungi with or without drug resistance. IMPORTANCE Over the past 2 decades, more than 20 new infectious diseases have emerged. Unfortunately, novel antimicrobial therapeutics are discovered at much lower rates. Infections caused by resistant microorganisms often fail to respond to conventional treatment, resulting in prolonged illness, greater risk of death, and high health care costs. Currently, this is best seen with the lack of a cure for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To combat such untreatable microorganisms, there is an urgent need to discover new classes of antimicrobial agents. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays an important role in host defense. The difficulty of producing MPO on a large scale hinders its study and utilization. We have produced recombinant MPO at a large scale and have characterized its antimicrobial activities. Most importantly, recombinant MPO significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality of murine pneumonia induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Our data suggest that recombinant MPO from human cells is a new class of antimicrobials with a broad spectrum of activity.
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Tjondro HC, Ugonotti J, Kawahara R, Chatterjee S, Loke I, Chen S, Soltermann F, Hinneburg H, Parker BL, Venkatakrishnan V, Dieckmann R, Grant OC, Bylund J, Rodger A, Woods RJ, Karlsson-Bengtsson A, Struwe WB, Thaysen-Andersen M. Hyper-truncated Asn355- and Asn391-glycans modulate the activity of neutrophil granule myeloperoxidase. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100144. [PMID: 33273015 PMCID: PMC7857493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays essential roles in neutrophil-mediated immunity via the generation of reactive oxidation products. Complex carbohydrates decorate MPO at discrete sites, but their functional relevance remains elusive. To this end, we have characterised the structure-biosynthesis-activity relationship of neutrophil MPO (nMPO). Mass spectrometry demonstrated that nMPO carries both characteristic under-processed and hyper-truncated glycans. Occlusion of the Asn355/Asn391-glycosylation sites and the Asn323-/Asn483-glycans, located in the MPO dimerisation zone, was found to affect the local glycan processing, thereby providing a molecular basis of the site-specific nMPO glycosylation. Native mass spectrometry, mass photometry and glycopeptide profiling revealed significant molecular complexity of diprotomeric nMPO arising from heterogeneous glycosylation, oxidation, chlorination and polypeptide truncation variants and a previously unreported low-abundance monoprotomer. Longitudinal profiling of maturing, mature, granule-separated and pathogen-stimulated neutrophils demonstrated that nMPO is dynamically expressed during granulopoiesis, unevenly distributed across granules and degranulated upon activation. We also show that proMPO-to-MPO maturation occurs during early/mid-stage granulopoiesis. While similar global MPO glycosylation was observed across conditions, the conserved Asn355-/Asn391-sites displayed elevated glycan hyper-truncation, which correlated with higher enzyme activities of MPO in distinct granule populations. Enzymatic trimming of the Asn355-/Asn391-glycans recapitulated the activity gain and showed that nMPO carrying hyper-truncated glycans at these positions exhibits increased thermal stability, polypeptide accessibility and ceruloplasmin-mediated inhibition potential relative to native nMPO. Finally, molecular modelling revealed that hyper-truncated Asn355-glycans positioned in the MPO-ceruloplasmin interface are critical for uninterrupted inhibition. Here, through an innovative and comprehensive approach, we report novel functional roles of MPO glycans, providing new insight into neutrophil-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Tjondro
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian Ugonotti
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebeca Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Loke
- Cordlife Group Limited, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siyun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Soltermann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes Hinneburg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vignesh Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Regis Dieckmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Karlsson-Bengtsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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5
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Abstract
Myeloperoxidase participates in innate immune defense mechanism through formation of microbicidal reactive oxidants and diffusible radical species. A unique activity is its ability to use chloride as a cosubstrate with hydrogen peroxide to generate chlorinating oxidants such as hypochlorous acid, a potent antimicrobial agent. However, chronic MPO activation can lead to indiscriminate protein modification causing tissue damage, and has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and acute cardiovascular events. This has attracted considerable interest in the development of therapeutically useful MPO inhibitors. Today, based on the profound knowledge of structure and function of MPO and its biochemical and biophysical differences with the other homologous human peroxidases, various rational and high-throughput screening attempts were performed in developing specific irreversible and reversible inhibitors. The most prominent candidates as well as MPO inhibitors already studied in clinical trials are introduced and discussed.
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6
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Vakhrusheva TV, Sokolov AV, Kostevich VA, Vasilyev VB, Panasenko OM. [Enzymatic and bactericidal activity of monomeric and dimeric forms of myeloperoxidase]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 64:175-182. [PMID: 29723147 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186402175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to compare the enzymatic and bactericidal activity of mature, dimeric myeloperoxidase (MPO) and its monomeric form. Dimeric MPO was isolated from HL-60 cells. Hemi-MPO obtained from dimeric MPO by reductive cleavage of a disulfide bond between protomeric subunits was used as the monomeric form. Both peroxidase and halogenating (chlorinating) activities of MPO were assayed, each of them by two methods. Bactericidal activity of the MPO/Н2О2/Cl- system was tested using the Escherichia coli laboratory strain DH5a. No difference in the enzymatic and bactericidal activity between dimeric MPO and hemi-MPO was found. Both forms of the enzyme also did not differ in the resistance to HOCl, the main product of MPO. HOCl caused a dose-dependent decrease in peroxidase and chlorinating activity, and the pattern of this decrease was identical for dimeric MPO and hemi-MPO. At equal heme concentration, a somewhat higher bactericidal effect was observed for the hemi-MPO/Н2О2/Cl- system compared with the dimeric MPO/Н2О2/Cl- system. However, this is most likely not related to some specific property of hemi-MPO and can be accounted for by the higher probability of contacting between bacterial surface and hemi-MPO molecules due to their two-fold greater number relative to that of dimeric MPO molecules at the same heme concentration. By using Western-blotting with antibodies to MPO, we showed, for the first time, that the dimeric molecule of MPO could be cleaved into two monomeric subunits by HOCl, most probably due to oxidation of the disulfide bond between these subunits. This finding suggests that appearance in blood of MPO corresponding in mass to its monomer may result from the damage of dimeric MPO by reactive halogen species, especially upon their overproduction underlying oxidative/halogenative stress in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Vakhrusheva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Sokolov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Kostevich
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - V B Vasilyev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - O M Panasenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Sirokmány G, Geiszt M. The Relationship of NADPH Oxidases and Heme Peroxidases: Fallin' in and Out. Front Immunol 2019; 10:394. [PMID: 30891045 PMCID: PMC6411640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxidase enzymes can oxidize a multitude of substrates in diverse biological processes. According to the latest phylogenetic analysis, there are four major heme peroxidase superfamilies. In this review, we focus on certain members of the cyclooxygenase-peroxidase superfamily (also labeled as animal heme peroxidases) and their connection to specific NADPH oxidase enzymes which provide H2O2 for the one- and two-electron oxidation of various peroxidase substrates. The family of NADPH oxidases is a group of enzymes dedicated to the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. There is a handful of known and important physiological functions where one of the seven known human NADPH oxidases plays an essential role. In most of these functions NADPH oxidases provide H2O2 for specific heme peroxidases and the concerted action of the two enzymes is indispensable for the accomplishment of the biological function. We discuss human and other metazoan examples of such cooperation between oxidases and peroxidases and analyze the biological importance of their functional interaction. We also review those oxidases and peroxidases where this kind of partnership has not been identified yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Sirokmány
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Gorudko IV, Grigorieva DV, Sokolov AV, Shamova EV, Kostevich VA, Kudryavtsev IV, Syromiatnikova ED, Vasilyev VB, Cherenkevich SN, Panasenko OM. Neutrophil activation in response to monomeric myeloperoxidase. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:592-601. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an oxidant-producing enzyme that can also regulate cellular functions via its nonenzymatic effects. Mature active MPO isolated from normal human neutrophils is a 145 kDa homodimer, which consists of 2 identical protomers, connected by a single disulfide bond. By binding to CD11b/CD18 integrin, dimeric MPO induces neutrophil activation and adhesion augmenting leukocyte accumulation at sites of inflammation. This study was performed to compare the potency of dimeric and monomeric MPO to elicit selected neutrophil responses. Monomeric MPO (hemi-MPO) was obtained by treating the dimeric MPO by reductive alkylation. Analysis of the crucial signal transducer, intracellular Ca2+, showed that dimeric MPO induces Ca2+ mobilization from the intracellular calcium stores of neutrophils and influx of extracellular Ca2+ whereas the effect of monomeric MPO on Ca2+ increase in neutrophils was less. It was also shown that monomeric MPO was less efficient than dimeric MPO at inducing actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cell survival, and neutrophil degranulation. Furthermore, we have detected monomeric MPO in the blood plasma of patients with acute inflammation. Our data suggest that the decomposition of dimeric MPO into monomers can serve as a regulatory mechanism that controls MPO-dependent activation of neutrophils and reduces the proinflammatory effects of MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexey V. Sokolov
- FSBSI “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Centre of Preclinical Translational Research, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | | | - Valeria A. Kostevich
- FSBSI “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Igor V. Kudryavtsev
- FSBSI “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690090, Russia
| | | | - Vadim B. Vasilyev
- FSBSI “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | - Oleg M. Panasenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
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Neutrophil extracellular traps possess anti-human respiratory syncytial virus activity: Possible interaction with the viral F protein. Virus Res 2018; 251:68-77. [PMID: 29621602 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the main etiological agents of diseases of the lower respiratory tract, and is often responsible for the hospitalization of children and the elderly. To date, treatments are only palliative and there is no vaccine available. The airways of patients infected with hRSV exhibit intense neutrophil infiltration, which is responsible for the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These are extracellular structures consisting of DNA associated with intracellular proteins, and are efficient in capturing and eliminating various microorganisms, including some viruses. hRSV induces the release of NETs into the lung tissue of infected individuals; however, the pathophysiological consequences of this event have not been elucidated. The objective of this study was to utilize in vitro and in silico assays to investigate the impact of NETs on hRSV infection. NETs, generated by neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), displayed long fragments of DNA and an electrophoretic profile suggestive of the presence of proteins that are classically associated with these structures (elastase, cathepsin G, myeloperoxidase, and histones). The presence of NETs (>2 μg/ml) in HEp-2 cell culture medium resulted in cellular cytotoxicity of less than 50%. Pre-incubation (1 h) of viral particles (multiplicity of infection (MOI) values of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0) with NETs (2-32 μg/ml) resulted in cellular protection from virus-induced death of HEp-2 cells. Concurrently, there was a reduction in the formation of syncytia, which is related to decreased viral spread in infected tissue. Results from western blotting and molecular docking, suggest interactions between F protein of the hRSV viral envelope and BPI (bactericidal permeability-increasing protein), a microbicidal member of NETs. Interactions occurred at sites important for the neutralization and coordination of the hRSV infection/replication process. Our results showed that the presence of NETs decreases hRSV-induced cellular damage, possibly by directly affecting viral particle capture and/or interfering with the fusion activity of the F protein. These findings broaden the understanding of the role of NETs during hRSV infection.
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10
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Nicolussi A, Auer M, Sevcnikar B, Paumann-Page M, Pfanzagl V, Zámocký M, Hofbauer S, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Posttranslational modification of heme in peroxidases – Impact on structure and catalysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 643:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Vanhamme L, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. The other myeloperoxidase: Emerging functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 649:1-14. [PMID: 29614255 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the mammalian peroxidase family. It is mainly expressed in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. As a catalyzer of reactive oxidative species and radical species formation, it contributes to neutrophil bactericidal activity. Nevertheless MPO invalidation does not seem to have major health consequences in affected individuals. This suggests that MPO might have alternative functions supporting its conservation during evolution. We will review the available data supporting these non-canonical functions in terms of tissue specific expression, function and enzymatic activity. Thus, we discuss its cell type specific expression. We review in between others its roles in angiogenesis, endothelial (dys-) function, immune reaction, and inflammation. We summarize its pathological actions in clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium.
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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A myeloperoxidase precursor, pro-myeloperoxidase, is present in human plasma and elevated in cardiovascular disease patients. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192952. [PMID: 29590135 PMCID: PMC5873943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived oxidants have emerged as a key contributor to tissue damage in inflammatory conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Pro-myeloperoxidase (pro-MPO), an enzymatically active precursor of myeloperoxidase (MPO), is known to be secreted from cultured bone marrow and promyelocytic leukemia cells, but evidence for the presence of pro-MPO in circulation is lacking. In the present study, we used a LC-MS/MS in addition to immunoblot analyses to show that pro-MPO is present in human blood plasma. Furthermore, we found that pro-MPO was more frequently detected in plasma from patients with myocardial infarction compared to plasma from control donors. Our study suggests that in addition to mature MPO, circulating pro-MPO may cause oxidative modifications of proteins thereby contributing to cardiovascular disease.
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13
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Nicolussi A, Dunn JD, Mlynek G, Bellei M, Zamocky M, Battistuzzi G, Djinović-Carugo K, Furtmüller PG, Soldati T, Obinger C. Secreted heme peroxidase from Dictyostelium discoideum: Insights into catalysis, structure, and biological role. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1330-1345. [PMID: 29242189 PMCID: PMC5787809 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of halides and thiocyanate by heme peroxidases to antimicrobial oxidants is an important cornerstone in the innate immune system of mammals. Interestingly, phylogenetic and physiological studies suggest that homologous peroxidases are already present in mycetozoan eukaryotes such as Dictyostelium discoideum This social amoeba kills bacteria via phagocytosis for nutrient acquisition at its single-cell stage and for antibacterial defense at its multicellular stages. Here, we demonstrate that peroxidase A from D. discoideum (DdPoxA) is a stable, monomeric, glycosylated, and secreted heme peroxidase with homology to mammalian peroxidases. The first crystal structure (2.5 Å resolution) of a mycetozoan peroxidase of this superfamily shows the presence of a post-translationally-modified heme with one single covalent ester bond between the 1-methyl heme substituent and Glu-236. The metalloprotein follows the halogenation cycle, whereby compound I oxidizes iodide and thiocyanate at high rates (>108 m-1 s-1) and bromide at very low rates. It is demonstrated that DdPoxA is up-regulated and likely secreted at late multicellular development stages of D. discoideum when migrating slugs differentiate into fruiting bodies that contain persistent spores on top of a cellular stalk. Expression of DdPoxA is shown to restrict bacterial contamination of fruiting bodies. Structure and function of DdPoxA are compared with evolutionary-related mammalian peroxidases in the context of non-specific immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolussi
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joe Dan Dunn
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Georg Mlynek
- the Department for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marcel Zamocky
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,the Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia, and
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Chemistry and Geology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- the Department for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Soldati
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Christian Obinger
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria,
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14
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Grishkovskaya I, Paumann-Page M, Tscheliessnig R, Stampler J, Hofbauer S, Soudi M, Sevcnikar B, Oostenbrink C, Furtmüller PG, Djinović-Carugo K, Nauseef WM, Obinger C. Structure of human promyeloperoxidase (proMPO) and the role of the propeptide in processing and maturation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8244-8261. [PMID: 28348079 PMCID: PMC5437232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.775031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is synthesized by neutrophil and monocyte precursor cells and contributes to host defense by mediating microbial killing. Although several steps in MPO biosynthesis and processing have been elucidated, many questions remained, such as the structure-function relationship of monomeric unprocessed proMPO versus the mature dimeric MPO and the functional role of the propeptide. Here we have presented the first and high resolution (at 1.25 Å) crystal structure of proMPO and its solution structure obtained by small-angle X-ray scattering. Promyeloperoxidase hosts five occupied glycosylation sites and six intrachain cystine bridges with Cys-158 of the very flexible N-terminal propeptide being covalently linked to Cys-319 and thereby hindering homodimerization. Furthermore, the structure revealed (i) the binding site of proMPO-processing proconvertase, (ii) the structural motif for subsequent cleavage to the heavy and light chains of mature MPO protomers, and (iii) three covalent bonds between heme and the protein. Studies of the mutants C158A, C319A, and C158A/C319A demonstrated significant differences from the wild-type protein, including diminished enzymatic activity and prevention of export to the Golgi due to prolonged association with the chaperone calnexin. These structural and functional findings provide novel insights into MPO biosynthesis and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Grishkovskaya
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Paumann-Page
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Tscheliessnig
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Stampler
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Soudi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Sevcnikar
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Veĉna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Soudi M, Paumann-Page M, Delporte C, Pirker KF, Bellei M, Edenhofer E, Stadlmayr G, Battistuzzi G, Boudjeltia KZ, Furtmüller PG, Van Antwerpen P, Obinger C. Multidomain human peroxidasin 1 is a highly glycosylated and stable homotrimeric high spin ferric peroxidase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10876-90. [PMID: 25713063 PMCID: PMC4409251 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.632273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peroxidasin 1 (hsPxd01) is a multidomain heme peroxidase that uses bromide as a cofactor for the formation of sulfilimine cross-links. The latter confers critical structural reinforcement to collagen IV scaffolds. Here, hsPxd01 and various truncated variants lacking nonenzymatic domains were recombinantly expressed in HEK cell lines. The N-glycosylation site occupancy and disulfide pattern, the oligomeric structure, and unfolding pathway are reported. The homotrimeric iron protein contains a covalently bound ferric high spin heme per subunit with a standard reduction potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple of -233 ± 5 mV at pH 7.0. Despite sequence homology at the active site and biophysical properties similar to human peroxidases, the catalytic efficiency of bromide oxidation (kcat/KM(app)) of full-length hsPxd01 is rather low but increased upon truncation. This is discussed with respect to its structure and proposed biosynthetic function in collagen IV cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Soudi
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Paumann-Page
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cedric Delporte
- the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katharina F Pirker
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Eva Edenhofer
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Stadlmayr
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Obinger
- From the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria,
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16
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Paumann-Page M, Furtmüller PG, Hofbauer S, Paton LN, Obinger C, Kettle AJ. Inactivation of human myeloperoxidase by hydrogen peroxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 539:51-62. [PMID: 24035742 PMCID: PMC3808540 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human myeloperoxidase (MPO) uses hydrogen peroxide generated by the oxidative burst of neutrophils to produce an array of antimicrobial oxidants. During this process MPO is irreversibly inactivated. This study focused on the unknown role of hydrogen peroxide in this process. When treated with low concentrations of H2O2 in the absence of reducing substrates, there was a rapid loss of up to 35% of its peroxidase activity. Inactivation is proposed to occur via oxidation reactions of Compound I with the prosthetic group or amino acid residues. At higher concentrations hydrogen peroxide acts as a suicide substrate with a rate constant of inactivation of 3.9 × 10(-3) s(-1). Treatment of MPO with high H2O2 concentrations resulted in complete inactivation, Compound III formation, destruction of the heme groups, release of their iron, and detachment of the small polypeptide chain of MPO. Ten of the protein's methionine residues were oxidized and the thermal stability of the protein decreased. Inactivation by high concentrations of H2O2 is proposed to occur via the generation of reactive oxidants when H2O2 reacts with Compound III. These mechanisms of inactivation may occur inside neutrophil phagosomes when reducing substrates for MPO become limiting and could be exploited when designing pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Paumann-Page
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Louise N. Paton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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17
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Auer M, Gruber C, Bellei M, Pirker KF, Zamocky M, Kroiss D, Teufer SA, Hofbauer S, Soudi M, Battistuzzi G, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. A stable bacterial peroxidase with novel halogenating activity and an autocatalytically linked heme prosthetic group. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27181-27199. [PMID: 23918925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.477067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of the main evolutionary lines of the mammalian peroxidases lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase revealed the presence of novel bacterial heme peroxidase subfamilies. Here, for the first time, an ancestral bacterial heme peroxidase is shown to possess a very high bromide oxidation activity (besides conventional peroxidase activity). The recombinant protein allowed monitoring of the autocatalytic peroxide-driven formation of covalent heme to protein bonds. Thereby, the high spin ferric rhombic heme spectrum became similar to lactoperoxidase, the standard reduction potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple shifted to more positive values (-145 ± 10 mV at pH 7), and the conformational and thermal stability of the protein increased significantly. We discuss structure-function relationships of this new peroxidase in relation to its mammalian counterparts and ask for its putative physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Auer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Gruber
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Katharina F Pirker
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcel Zamocky
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Kroiss
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan A Teufer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Soudi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Departments of Chemistry and Geology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Low-density lipoprotein modified by myeloperoxidase in inflammatory pathways and clinical studies. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:971579. [PMID: 23983406 PMCID: PMC3742028 DOI: 10.1155/2013/971579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has a key role in atherogenesis. Among the different models of oxidation that have been studied, the one using myeloperoxidase (MPO) is thought to be more physiopathologically relevant. Apolipoprotein B-100 is the unique protein of LDL and is the major target of MPO. Furthermore, MPO rapidly adsorbs at the surface of LDL, promoting oxidation of amino acid residues and formation of oxidized lipoproteins that are commonly named Mox-LDL. The latter is not recognized by the LDL receptor and is accumulated by macrophages. In the context of atherogenesis, Mox-LDL accumulates in macrophages leading to foam cell formation. Furthermore, Mox-LDL seems to have specific effects and triggers inflammation. Indeed, those oxidized lipoproteins activate endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages and induce proinflammatory molecules such as TNFα and IL-8. Mox-LDL may also inhibit fibrinolysis mediated via endothelial cells and consecutively increase the risk of thrombus formation. Finally, Mox-LDL has been involved in the physiopathology of several diseases linked to atherosclerosis such as kidney failure and consequent hemodialysis therapy, erectile dysfunction, and sleep restriction. All these issues show that the investigations of MPO-dependent LDL oxidation are of importance to better understand the inflammatory context of atherosclerosis.
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19
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Meitzler JL, Hinde S, Bánfi B, Nauseef WM, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Conserved cysteine residues provide a protein-protein interaction surface in dual oxidase (DUOX) proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7147-57. [PMID: 23362256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.414797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramolecular disulfide bond formation is promoted in oxidizing extracellular and endoplasmic reticulum compartments and often contributes to protein stability and function. DUOX1 and DUOX2 are distinguished from other members of the NOX protein family by the presence of a unique extracellular N-terminal region. These peroxidase-like domains lack the conserved cysteines that confer structural stability to mammalian peroxidases. Sequence-based structure predictions suggest that the thiol groups present are solvent-exposed on a single protein surface and are too distant to support intramolecular disulfide bond formation. To investigate the role of these thiol residues, we introduced four individual cysteine to glycine mutations in the peroxidase-like domains of both human DUOXs and purified the recombinant proteins. The mutations caused little change in the stabilities of the monomeric proteins, supporting the hypothesis that the thiol residues are solvent-exposed and not involved in disulfide bonds that are critical for structural integrity. However, the ability of the isolated hDUOX1 peroxidase-like domain to dimerize was altered, suggesting a role for these cysteines in protein-protein interactions that could facilitate homodimerization of the peroxidase-like domain or, in the full-length protein, heterodimeric interactions with a maturation protein. When full-length hDUOX1 was expressed in HEK293 cells, the mutations resulted in decreased H2O2 production that correlated with a decreased amount of the enzyme localized to the membrane surface rather than with a loss of activity or with a failure to synthesize the mutant proteins. These results support a role for the cysteine residues in intermolecular disulfide bond formation with the DUOX maturation factor DUOXA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Meitzler
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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20
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McCormick S, Nelson A, Nauseef WM. Proconvertase proteolytic processing of an enzymatically active myeloperoxidase precursor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 527:31-6. [PMID: 22902565 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Optimal and efficient killing of ingested microbes by human neutrophils is mediated in large part by the action of hypochlorous acid produced by the myeloperoxidase-H(2)O(2)-chloride system in phagosomes. Myeloperoxidase gene transcription is limited to early myeloid precursors in the bone marrow, when myeloperoxidase is synthesized and stored in azurophilic granules for subsequent release from stimulated neutrophils. Promyeloperoxidase, the 90 kDa myeloperoxidase precursor synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), contains a 125-amino acid pro-region whose function and fate during myeloperoxidase biosynthesis are unknown. Promyeloperoxidase has two fates during myeloperoxidase biosynthesis; the majority undergoes proteolytic processing to generate mature myeloperoxidase, while the remainder is constitutively secreted from the cells in bone marrow. We used a promyelocytic cell line that produces endogenous myeloperoxidase as well as human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing normal and mutant forms of myeloperoxidase to examine proteolytic processing of promyeloperoxidase. We demonstrated that CMK-RVKR, an inhibitor of subtilisin-like proteinases, blocked cleavage of the pro-peptide of promyeloperoxidase in a post-ER compartment. Mutants with alanine substitution of basic residues in the predicted proteinase cleavage site failed to undergo maturation to normal myeloperoxidase subunits and were arrested at the promyeloperoxidase stage. Whereas specific mutants varied as to their stability, secreted promyeloperoxidase from the mutants retained the capacity to generate hypochlorous acid. Taken together, these studies demonstrate proconvertase-dependent cleavage of promyeloperoxidase as an essential step in normal proteolytic processing and granule targeting of myeloperoxidase. Furthermore, although mutations in the proteinase cleavage site reduced intracellular stability of the mutants, the integrity of the heme group was not compromised, as chlorinating activity was retained in the secreted promyeloperoxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally McCormick
- Iowa Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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21
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Aldib I, Soubhye J, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Vanhaeverbeek M, Rousseau A, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Dufrasne F, Nève J, Van Antwerpen P, Prévost M. Evaluation of New Scaffolds of Myeloperoxidase Inhibitors by Rational Design Combined with High-Throughput Virtual Screening. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7208-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3007245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iyas Aldib
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Laboratory of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimentral Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry at the Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry at the Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna
| | - Francois Dufrasne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Cheng G, Li H, Cao Z, Qiu X, McCormick S, Thannickal VJ, Nauseef WM. Vascular peroxidase-1 is rapidly secreted, circulates in plasma, and supports dityrosine cross-linking reactions. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1445-53. [PMID: 21798344 PMCID: PMC3439998 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily catalyze biochemical reactions essential to a broad spectrum of biological processes, including host defense, thyroid hormone biosynthesis, and modification of extracellular matrix, as well as contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. We recently identified a novel member of this family, vascular peroxidase-1 (VPO1), that is highly expressed in the human cardiovascular system. Its biosynthesis and enzymatic properties are largely unknown. Here, we report that VPO1 was rapidly and efficiently secreted into the extracellular space when the gene was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Secreted VPO1 is a monomer with complex N-linked oligosaccharides and exhibits peroxidase activity. Biosynthesis of endogenous VPO1 by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) shares features exhibited by heterologous expression of recombinant VPO1 (rVPO1) in HEK cells. The proinflammatory agents lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α induce expression of VPO1 mRNA and protein in HUVECs. Furthermore, murine and bovine sera and human plasma contain enzymatically active VPO1. rVPO1 exhibits spectral and enzymatic properties characteristic of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase family, except with regard to its heat stability. rVPO1 catalyzes tyrosyl radical formation and promotes dityrosine cross-linking. Taken together, these data demonstrate that VPO1 is a glycosylated heme peroxidase that is actively secreted into circulating plasma by vascular endothelial cells and shares several features with other members of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase family, including the catalysis of dityrosine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Correspondence: Guangjie Cheng, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, BMR2, Room 410, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA; Phone 205-975-8919; Fax 205-975-3043, ; or William M. Nauseef, Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coralville, Iowa City, IA, USA; Phone 319-335-4278; Fax 319-335-4194;
| | - Hong Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zehong Cao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Qiu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sally McCormick
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coralville, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William M. Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coralville, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Correspondence: Guangjie Cheng, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, BMR2, Room 410, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA; Phone 205-975-8919; Fax 205-975-3043, ; or William M. Nauseef, Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coralville, Iowa City, IA, USA; Phone 319-335-4278; Fax 319-335-4194;
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23
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Battistuzzi G, Stampler J, Bellei M, Vlasits J, Soudi M, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Influence of the Covalent Heme–Protein Bonds on the Redox Thermodynamics of Human Myeloperoxidase. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7987-94. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2008432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183,
41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Stampler
- Vienna
Institute of BioTechnology,
Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18,
A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marzia Bellei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183,
41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Jutta Vlasits
- Vienna
Institute of BioTechnology,
Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18,
A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Soudi
- Vienna
Institute of BioTechnology,
Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18,
A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Vienna
Institute of BioTechnology,
Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18,
A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Vienna
Institute of BioTechnology,
Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18,
A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Banerjee S, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Bovine lactoperoxidase - a versatile one- and two-electron catalyst of high structural and thermal stability. Biotechnol J 2010; 6:231-43. [PMID: 21298808 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO), a member of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily, is found in multiple human exocrine secretions and acts as a first line of defense against invading microorganisms by production of antimicrobial oxidants. Because of its ability to efficiently catalyze one- and two-electron oxidation reactions of inorganic and organic compounds, the heme peroxidase is widely used in food biotechnology, cosmetic industry, and diagnostic kits. In order to probe its structural integrity, conformational, and thermal stability, we have undertaken a comprehensive investigation by using complementary biophysical techniques including UV-Vis, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The oxidoreductase exhibits a high chemical and thermal stability under oxidizing conditions but is significantly destabilized by addition of DTT. Due to its unique ester bonds between the prosthetic group and the protein as well as six intra-chain disulfides, unfolding of the central compact (-helical core occurs concomitantly with denaturation of the heme cavity. The corresponding enthalpic and entropic contributions to the free enthalpy of unfolding are presented. Together with spectroscopic data they will be discussed with respect to the known structure of bovine LPO and homologous myeloperoxidase as well as to its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijib Banerjee
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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