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Baumgartner NW, Kao SC. Size or Strength? how components of muscle relate to behavioral and neuroelectric measures of executive function independent of aerobic fitness. Brain Cogn 2024; 175:106139. [PMID: 38364518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
While previous research has linked cognitive function with resistance exercise, the nuanced links between muscle strength, mass, and neuroelectric function are less understood. Therefore, this study investigated the association of muscle strength and mass with inhibitory control (IC), working memory (WM), and related neuroelectric activity. A total of 123 18-50-year-old adults completed maximal aerobic capacity and strength tests, a body composition scan, and IC and WM tasks while the N2 and P3 components of event-related potentials were recorded. Bivariate correlations revealed aerobic fitness, strength, and mass were associated with behavioral and neuroelectric outcomes. After accounting for age, sex, and aerobic fitness, strength was associated with intra-individual response time variability, accuracy, and P3 latency during WM. Muscle mass was associated with N2 latency during IC. While relationships with behavioral outcomes did not persist after controlling for the opposite muscle outcome, greater strength and mass were related to shorter P3 latency during WM and shorter N2 latency during IC, respectively. These results provide initial evidence that muscle outcomes are associated with executive function and neuroelectric processing speed, suggesting distinct contributions of strength and mass to cognition. This work highlights the significance of maintaining muscle strength and mass alongside aerobic fitness for optimal cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Baumgartner
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States.
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2
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Bollimbala A, James PS. Impact of chronic physical activity on individuals' creativity. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:684-694. [PMID: 37561201 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence to suggest that physical activity positively influences cognitive processes. A similar trend is seen in the literature examining the relationship between acute physical activity and creativity. Nevertheless, certain questions persist: Does engaging in physical activity over an extended period (chronic) influence creativity? If it does, what is the duration of this impact? The present study uses Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) to examine whether chronic physical activity for 6 weeks can improve individual creativity vis-à-vis a control group that performs regular class activity without any physical activity. It also assesses whether the effect of chronic physical activity on creativity endures after 2 weeks of ceasing the interventions. The study involves 49 school students who were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control conditions. Their creativity, operationalized as divergent thinking is measured using the Alternate Uses Task. The measurements are taken before the intervention, again 6 weeks later, and once more, after 2 weeks of cessation of interventions. The results indicate that after 6 weeks of engaging in physical activity, the participants showed improvements in both the fluency and originality components of divergent thinking when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the results demonstrate a lingering effect of physical activity on the originality component of divergent thinking. The findings lend some support to the strength model of self-control. The implications for research and practice are further discussed in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bollimbala
- School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
| | - P S James
- School of Management, DC School of Management and Technology, Vagamon, Kerala, India
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Jehu DA, Pottayil F, Dong Y, Zhu H, Sams R, Young L. Exploring the Association Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Function Among People Living with Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2024:JAD230594. [PMID: 38363607 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Physical activity preserves cognitive function in people without dementia, but the relationship between physical activity and cognitive domains among people living with dementia is unclear. Objective The objective of this study was to explore the association between physical activity and cognition domains among people living with dementia. Methods Participants living with dementia in residential care facilities (complete case analysis: n = 24/42) completed a battery of cognitive tests (global cognition: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; executive function: Trail-Making Test, Digit Span Forward Test; perception and orientation: Benton Judgement of Line Orientation Test; language: Boston Naming Test; learning and memory: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; complex attention: Digit Symbol Substitution Test). Participants wore an actigraphy monitor on their non-dominant wrist over seven days. We conducted a linear regression for total physical activity (independent variable) with race (white/black), fall risk (Morse Fall Scale), and the number of comorbidities (Functional Comorbidities Index) as covariates, and cognitive tests as variables of interest. Results Participants were primarily male (75%), white (87.5%), and 50%had unspecified dementia (Alzheimer's disease: 33%). Greater physical activity was associated with poorer global cognition, better executive function, and better learning and memory (ps < 0.05). Physical activity was not related to visuospatial perception, language, or complex attention. Conclusions Physical activity may preserve executive function and learning and memory among people living with dementia. Wandering is more common in later stages of dementia, which may explain greater physical activity observed with lower global cognition. Regularly assessing physical activity may be useful in screening and monitoring cognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Jehu
- Department of Community & Behavioral Health Sciences, Institute of Public and Preventative Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Faheem Pottayil
- Department of Community & Behavioral Health Sciences, Institute of Public and Preventative Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Haidong Zhu
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Sams
- Georgia War Veterans Nursing Home, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lufei Young
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Nguyen TN, Vu HTT, Khuong LQ, van der Ploeg I, Sundberg CJ. Positive Effects of Physical Activity on Prescription on Glycemic Control, Fitness, and Quality of Life in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Horm Metab Res 2023; 55:617-624. [PMID: 37678328 DOI: 10.1055/a-2144-7236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the effects of physical activity on prescription (PAP) compared with standard care (SC) in adult drug-naïve T2D patients. A randomized control trial was conducted with drug-naïve T2D patients attending an out-patient clinic Vietnam. Participants were randomly assigned to the PAP group (n+=+44) or the SC group (n+=+43). The PAP group received individualized recommendations for PA, intensive face-to-face training every two weeks. The SC group received the standard recommendations according to WHO guidelines. The mean HbA1c level change was larger (-10.6±6.4 mmol/mol) in the PAP group than in the SC group (-2.4±5.8 mmol/mol) (p<0.001). A one thousand step counts per day increase was significantly associated with a decrease of -2.43 mmol/mol in HbA1c [β=-2.43, 95%CI: (-2.94, -1.92]) in the PAP group. The fasting plasma glucose levels of the PAP group decreased significantly compared with the SC group. The VO2-max increased significantly more in the PAP group than in the SC group. PAP had clear positive effects on health-related Quality of Life [mean between group difference: 9.54 (95%CI 5.84,13.23)]. Insulin resistance, BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly more decreased in the PAP group than in the control group. In conclusion, the fact that even a small change in mean step counts over three months had a beneficial effect on health-related outcomes in drug-naïve T2D patients can have large implications for treatment and management practices, not least in a middle-income country like Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Thi Thanh Vu
- Department of Geriatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Scientific Research Department, National Geriatric Hospital, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Feng ZT, Mao ZX, Liu FB, Ou XW. Time course efficiency of MICE and HIIE on inhibitory control and HRV in adolescents with obesity and different cardiorespiratory fitness. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1242190. [PMID: 37663339 PMCID: PMC10470641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1242190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent obesity is associated with impaired inhibitory control. Acute exercise can improve executive function. However, due to the influence of exercise intensity, cognitive test timing, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) level, the most effective exercise program remains controversial. Methods The current study investigated the time-course effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on inhibitory control (Stroop) and task-related heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescents with different CF. A mixed experimental design of 2 CF levels (high CF, HCF; low CF, LCF) × 3 exercise methods (MICE, HIIE, CON) × 3 test timing (pre, post-0, post-20) was adopted. Heart rate variability (HRV) and Stroop task tests were conducted before exercise (pre), immediately after exercise (post-0), and 20 min after exercise (post-20). Results Individuals with HCF exhibited a positive decrease in Stroop response time immediately and 20 min after MICE and HIIE, compared to pretest response times (RT). Conversely, individuals with LCF showed a slight increase in Stroop task (RT) only immediately after HIIE. All individuals had a slight increase in ACC after MICE and HIIE compared to before exercise. In addition, compared with the control group, the time-domain index (the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals, RMSSD) of HRV was significantly decreased, the frequency-domain index (the absolute power of the Low-Frequency band/the absolute power of the High-Frequency band ratio, LF/HF) was significantly increased after MICE and HIIE, and the effect of HIIE on RMSSD and LF/HF was significantly greater than that of MICE. Conclusion The current study found that the acute effects of MICE and HIIE on inhibitory control in obese adolescents were influenced by the interaction of cognitive test timing and cardiorespiratory fitness. Individuals with high cardiorespiratory fitness performed better on the Stroop task than individuals with low cardiorespiratory fitness. The inhibitory control of HIIE in high-cardiorespiratory obese adolescents produced positive effects similar to those in MICE but more lasting, suggesting that HIIE is more beneficial for high-cardiorespiratory obese adolescents. MICE promoted inhibitory control in obese adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness, but HIIE impaired inhibitory control in obese adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness immediately after exercise, suggesting that low cardiopulmonary fitness obese adolescents may be suitable for MICE rather than HIIE exercise intervention. The shift from balanced HRV to sympathetic dominance after acute exercise reflects increased arousal levels and may be one of the underlying mechanisms by which acute exercise brings benefits to executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Tao Feng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Mao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Bo Liu
- School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ou
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, China
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Mack M, Stojan R, Bock O, Voelcker-Rehage C. The association of executive functions and physical fitness with cognitive-motor multitasking in a street crossing scenario. Sci Rep 2023; 13:697. [PMID: 36639402 PMCID: PMC9839686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in cognitive-motor multitasking performance has been attributed to declines in executive functions and physical fitness (motor coordinative fitness and cardiovascular fitness). It has been suggested that those cognitive and physical resources strongly depend on lifestyle factors such as long-term regular physical activity and cognitive engagement. Although research suggests that there is covariation between components of executive functions and physical fitness, the interdependence between these components for cognitive-motor multitasking performance is not yet clear. The aim of the study was to examine the contribution and interrelationship between executive functions, motor coordinative fitness, and cardiovascular fitness on street crossing while multitasking. We used the more ecologically valid scenario to obtain results that might be directly transferable to daily life situation. Data from 50 healthy older adults (65-75 years, 17 females, recruited in two different cities in Germany) were analyzed. Participants' executive functions (composite score including six tests), motor coordinative fitness (composite score including five tests), and cardiovascular fitness (spiroergometry), as well as their street crossing performance while multitasking were assessed. Street crossing was tested under single-task (crossing a two-line road), and multitask conditions (crossing a two-line road while typing numbers on a keypad as simulation of mobile phone use). Street crossing performance was assessed by use of cognitive outcomes (typing, crossing failures) and motor outcomes (stay time, crossing speed). Linear mixed-effects models showed beneficial main effects of executive functions for typing (p = 0.004) and crossing failures (p = 0.023), and a beneficial main effect of motor coordinative fitness for stay time (p = 0.043). Commonality analysis revealed that the proportion of variance commonly explained by executive functions, motor coordinative fitness, and cardiovascular fitness was small for all street crossing outcomes. For typing and crossing failures (cognitive outcomes), the results further showed a higher relative contribution of executive functions compared to motor coordinative fitness and cardiovascular fitness. For stay time (motor outcome), the results correspondingly revealed a higher relative contribution of motor coordinative fitness compared to executive functions and cardiovascular fitness. The findings suggest that during cognitive-motor multitasking in everyday life, task performance is determined by the components of executive functions and physical fitness related to the specific task demands. Since multitasking in everyday life includes cognitive and motor tasks, it seems to be important to maintain both executive functions and physical fitness for independent living up to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mack
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Robert Stojan
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Otmar Bock
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.,Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50927, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149, Muenster, Germany. .,Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
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Galle SA, Deijen JB, Milders MV, De Greef MHG, Scherder EJA, van Duijn CM, Drent ML. The effects of a moderate physical activity intervention on physical fitness and cognition in healthy elderly with low levels of physical activity: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:12. [PMID: 36631905 PMCID: PMC9832427 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing physical activity is one of the most promising and challenging interventions to delay or prevent cognitive decline and dementia. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of a physical activity intervention, aimed at increasing step count, in elderly with low levels of physical activity on measures of strength, balance, aerobic capacity, and cognition. Participants were assigned to 9 months of exercise counseling or active control. RESULTS The intention-to-treat analyses show that the intervention, compared to control, increases the level of physical activity, but has no significant effect on physical fitness and cognition. Those who increased their physical activity with 35% or more show significant improvements in aerobic capacity, gait speed, verbal memory, executive functioning, and global cognition, compared to those who did not achieve a 35% increase. LIMITATIONS The number of participants that achieved the intended improvement was lower than expected. CONCLUSION Responder analyses suggest an improvement of physical fitness and cognition in those who achieved an increase in physical activity of at least 35%. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial protocol is registered at the Dutch Trial Register NL5675, August 1, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Galle
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Berend Deijen
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Hersencentrum Mental Health Institute, Marnixstraat 364, 1016 XW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten V. Milders
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu H. G. De Greef
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J. A. Scherder
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK ,Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
| | - Madeleine L. Drent
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Amsterdam University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Effects of Acute Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility in Young Adults with Different Levels of Aerobic Fitness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159106. [PMID: 35897486 PMCID: PMC9331115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on cognitive flexibility in young adults with differing levels of aerobic fitness. Sixty-six young adults were grouped into high- and low-fit groups based on their final running distance on the 20 m Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test. Individuals participated in a 10 min HIIE, a 20 min HIIE, a 20 min MICE, and a control session (reading quietly in a chair) in a counterbalanced order. The more-odd shifting task was completed before and approximately 5 min after each intervention to assess cognitive flexibility. The results showed that young adults with a high fitness level gained greater benefits in terms of switch cost from the 20 min HIIE, while low-fitness participants benefited more from the 10 min HIIE and the 20 min MICE. These findings suggest that aerobic fitness may influence the effect of acute HIIE and MICE on cognitive flexibility. Young adults should consider individual fitness level when adopting time-effective and appropriate exercise routines to improve cognitive flexibility.
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Aerobic Exercise with Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay Diet Promotes Brain Cells’ Longevity despite Sex Hormone Deficiency in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4146742. [PMID: 35419166 PMCID: PMC9001064 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4146742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the combined impact of aerobic exercise and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet on brain cells longevity in spite of sex hormones deficiency in obese postmenopausal women. Design A parallel randomized clinical trial. Subjects/Patients. Sixty-eight eligible postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to one of two groups, one experimental and one control. The participants' age ranged from 60 to 75 years, and their body mass index ranged from 30 to 39.9 kg/m2. Methods An experimental group whose members followed moderate-intensity treadmill exercise three times/week for three months with MIND diet and a control group whose members followed the MIND diet only. In addition to serum sex hormones, pre- and post-12-week assessments were performed to measure serum sex hormones as well as cognitive and functional levels. Results The experimental group showed after intervention highly significant changes (p < 0.01) in sex hormones, cognitive functions, and functional levels compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, no correlation was found between the measured variables in both groups after intervention (p > 0.05). Conclusion Aerobic exercise combined with the MIND diet improves cognitive and functional levels and substitutes sex hormones deficiency in postmenopausal women, which affects the longevity of brain health.
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Fenesi B, Graham JD, Crichton M, Ogrodnik M, Skinner J. Physical Activity in High School Classrooms: A Promising Avenue for Future Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:688. [PMID: 35055510 PMCID: PMC8776126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence represents a sensitive period whereby lifestyle factors such as physical activity can have profound, long-lasting effects on development and later life habits. However, adolescence constitutes a period of frequent sedentary behaviour. Among children, integrating physical activity into elementary school classrooms has been shown to reduce sedentary behaviour and improve academic achievement and overall physical and mental health. However, this promising area of research has not extended to adolescents and high school classrooms. In this paper, we describe the benefits of conducting research on the impact of physically active high school classrooms, and highlight the challenges and potential misconceptions associated with research in this field. Specifically, we review research on the role of physical activity in adolescent development, the benefits of classroom-based physical activity for children, and discuss the factors that may have led researchers to focus on classroom-based physical activity primarily for children, despite the potentially similar benefits for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fenesi
- Faculty of Education, Western University, London, ON N6G 1G7, Canada; (M.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Graham
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
| | - Madeline Crichton
- Faculty of Education, Western University, London, ON N6G 1G7, Canada; (M.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Michelle Ogrodnik
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Jasmyn Skinner
- Faculty of Education, Western University, London, ON N6G 1G7, Canada; (M.C.); (J.S.)
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Gerten S, Engeroff T, Fleckenstein J, Füzéki E, Matura S, Pilatus U, Vogt L, Pantel J, Banzer W. Deducing the Impact of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Physical Performance on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:777490. [PMID: 35069177 PMCID: PMC8769503 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.777490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Participating in physical activity and maintaining physical performance as well as reducing sedentary behavior are discussed to be beneficially associated with cognitive function in older adults. The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to differentiate the relevance of objectively measured physical activity, physical performance, and sedentary behavior on cognitive function in healthy older adults (n = 56, age = 76 ± 7 yrs, gender = 30 female). Methods: Accelerometer based physical activity and sedentary behavior were analyzed as minutes per week spent sedentary and physically active with light or moderate to vigorous intensity. Participants' physical performance was assessed via cardiopulmonary exercise testing and analyzed as maximal workload and heart rate, heart rate reserve and peak oxygen uptake. The assessment of cognitive function included working memory, attention, executive function, and verbal memory. Data was analyzed with Spearman and partial correlations. Trial registration: NCT02343029. Results: Light physical activity was moderately associated with executive function (r = −0.339, p = 0.015). Attention was significantly associated with maximal workload (r = −0.286, p = 0.042) and peak oxygen uptake (r = −0.337, p = 0.015). Working memory was associated with maximal workload (r = 0.329, p = 0.017). Conclusion: Whereas a broad range of cognitive function were beneficially linked to physical performance, light intensity activities in particular showed an impact on executive function. Our research underlines the need to separate the impact of physical performance and physical activity on cognitive function and highlights the relevance of light physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Gerten
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Neurocognition and Action – Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Sports Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence “Cognitive Interaction Technology”, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sina Gerten
| | - Tobias Engeroff
- Division Health and Performance, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty 16, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Fleckenstein
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eszter Füzéki
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silke Matura
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Pantel
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Goenarjo R, Dupuy O, Fraser S, Berryman N, Perrochon A, Bosquet L. Cardiorespiratory fitness and prefrontal cortex oxygenation during Stroop task in older males. Physiol Behav 2021; 242:113621. [PMID: 34648819 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current study was to assess whether executive function and prefrontal oxygenation are dependent on fitness level and age in older adults. METHODS Twenty-four healthy males aged between 55 and 69 years old were recruited for this study. They were stratified by age, leading to the creation of two groups: 55-60 years old and 61-69 years old. A median split based on CRF created higher- and lower-fit categories of participants. Cerebral oxygenation was assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a computerized Stroop task. Accuracy (% of correct responses) and reaction times (ms) were used as behavioural indicators of cognitive performances. Changes in oxygenated (∆[HbO2]) and deoxygenated (∆[HHb]) hemoglobin were measured to capture neural changes. Repeated measures ANOVAs (CRF × Age × Stroop conditions) were performed to test the null hypothesis of an absence of interaction between CRF, Age and executive performance. RESULTS We also found an interaction between CRF and age on reaction times (p = .001), in which higher fitness levels were related to faster reaction times in the 61-69 year olds but not in the 55-60 year olds. Regarding ΔHHb, the ANOVA revealed a main effect of CRF in the right PFC (p = .04), in which higher-fit participants had a greater Δ[HHb] than the lower-fit (d = 1.5). We also found fitness by age interaction for Δ[HHb] in the right PFC (p = .04). CONCLUSION Our results support the positive association of CRF on cerebral oxygenation and Stroop performance in healthy older males. They indicated that high-fit individuals performed better in the 61-69 year olds group, but not in the 55-60 years old group. We also observed a greater PFC oxygenation change (as measured by Δ[HHb]) in the high-fit individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Goenarjo
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Ontario), Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Anaïck Perrochon
- Laboratoire HAVAE (EA 6310), Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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13
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Bollimbala A, James PS, Ganguli S. Impact of Physical Activity on an Individual’s Creativity: A Day-Level Analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.1.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Physical activity is fast emerging as a predictor of complex cognitive processes, yet its impact on creativity is not well researched. This study analyzes the immediate and retention effects of an enjoyable physical activity intervention at the end of the workday on the divergent and convergent thinking components of creativity via a randomized controlled trial of 68 MBA students. The treatment group participated in a 15-min enjoyable physical activity (dance), and the control group participated in an enjoyable nonphysical activity (socialization), and their impact on divergent and convergent thinking was measured via parallel forms of Guilford Alternate Uses Task and Remote Association Task, respectively. Dance significantly improved divergent and convergent thinking immediately after the intervention and also showed retention at the end of the work day compared with preintervention levels, whereas socialization showed such an effect only on flexibility immediately after the intervention and no retention. The results support executive function hypothesis and ego depletion theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bollimbala
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education and T A Pai Management Institute
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14
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Meijer A, Königs M, de Bruijn AGM, Visscher C, Bosker RJ, Hartman E, Oosterlaan J. Cardiovascular fitness and executive functioning in primary school-aged children. Dev Sci 2021; 24:e13019. [PMID: 32673418 PMCID: PMC7988586 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous research in children has shown that higher cardiovascular fitness is related to better executive functioning. However, the available literature is hampered by methodological limitations. The present study investigates the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and executive functioning in a large sample of healthy children (N = 814). Cardiovascular fitness was assessed with estimated VO2Max from 20 m Shuttle Run Test performance. Executive functioning was assessed using a set of computerized neurocognitive tasks aimed at executive functions (working memory, motor inhibition, interference control) and lower-level neurocognitive functions (information processing and attention). Dependent measures derived from the neurocognitive tests were subjected to principal component analysis. Mixed model analyses tested the relation between cardiovascular fitness and neurocognitive functioning components. Results showed that children with higher cardiovascular fitness performed better on the neurocognitive function components Information Processing and Control, Visuospatial Working Memory and Attention Efficiency. The following measures contained in these components contributed to the observed relations: information processing measures, visuospatial working memory, and speed of alerting attention. No relationship was found between cardiovascular fitness and the other components: Verbal Working Memory, Attention Accuracy, and Interference Control. The present study suggests that there is a relationship between cardiovascular fitness and a specific set of executive functions and lower level neurocognitive functions. These findings highlight the importance of cardiovascular fitness for the overall health of school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meijer
- Clinical Neuropsychology SectionVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Neuroscience GroupDepartment of PediatricsAmsterdam Reproduction & DevelopmentEmma Children's HospitalAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anne G. M. de Bruijn
- Groningen Institute for Educational ResearchUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Chris Visscher
- University Medical Center GroningenCenter for Human Movement SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Roel J. Bosker
- Groningen Institute for Educational ResearchUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- University Medical Center GroningenCenter for Human Movement SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology SectionVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Emma Neuroscience GroupDepartment of PediatricsAmsterdam Reproduction & DevelopmentEmma Children's HospitalAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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15
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Alghadir AH, Gabr SA, Al-Momani M, Al-Momani F. Moderate aerobic training modulates cytokines and cortisol profiles in older adults with cognitive abilities. Cytokine 2020; 138:155373. [PMID: 33248912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive expression of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines exerts a negative affect on cognitive functioning and hippocampal structure in older adults. Although the interrelation between cortisol and cytokines was fully elucidated previously, few studies considered how their association with exercise can affect brain structures or play an anti-inflammatory role in preserving cognitive function among older adults. To evaluate both the neuro-protective and anti-inflammatory activities of moderate aerobic exercise in improving cognitive performance among healthy older adults, the serum levels of CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and cortisol and their correlation with cognitive performance were estimated in all participants. A total of 60 healthy older adults aged 50-85 years were included in this study. The Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) test, colorimetric testing, and ELISA immunoassays were used to measure cognitive abilities; blood sugar; and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cortisol, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, respectively, in older adults before and after 12-week exercise interventions. Exactly 50% of the participants showed moderate cognitive impairment (MCI) (LOTCA scores: 84.8 ± 8.2), and the remaining 50% of the participants (n = 30) were diagnosed as normal healthy subjects (LOTCA scores: 98.7 ± 8.1). There was a significant association between cognitive decline in LOTCA scores of motor praxis, vasomotor organization, thinking operations, and attention and concentration and higher levels of cortisol, CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as adiposity markers BMI and WHR, in the MCI group compared to control subjects. However, significant improvements in the same LOTCA score domains in MCI subjects were recorded along with decrements in the levels of cortisol and cytokine CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as improved adiposity markers, following a 12-week moderate exercise program. Cognitive performance correlated positively with cortisol levels and negatively with physical activity, adiposity markers, and cytokine levels. Also, in participants with normal and abnormal cortisol profiles, there was a positive interrelation between cytokine levels and cortisol. Moderate aerobic exercise for 12 weeks showed beneficial effects on cognitive performance in older adults. Our results suggest that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise improves cognitive disorders in older adults via modulating stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This may have been due to significant changes in the levels of cortisol, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and physical activity may thus be used as non-drug strategy for treating cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Alghadir
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Gabr
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Murad Al-Momani
- ORL-HNS Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fidaa Al-Momani
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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16
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Boidin M, Handfield N, Ribeiro PA, Desjardins-Crépeau L, Gagnon C, Lapierre G, Gremeaux V, Lalongé J, Nigam A, Juneau M, Gayda M, Bherer L. Obese but Fit: The Benefits of Fitness on Cognition in Obese Older Adults. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:1747-1753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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17
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Chan CGH, Yow WQ, Oei A. Active Bilingualism in Aging: Balanced Bilingualism Usage and Less Frequent Language Switching Relate to Better Conflict Monitoring and Goal Maintenance Ability. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:e231-e241. [PMID: 32363388 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experience-related neuroplasticity suggests that bilinguals who actively manage their two languages would develop more efficient neural organization at brain regions related to language control, which also overlap with areas involved in executive control. Our aim was to examine how active bilingualism-manifested as the regular balanced use of two languages and language switching-may be related to the different domains of executive control in highly proficient healthy older adult bilinguals, controlling for age, processing speed, and fluid intelligence. METHODS Participants were 76 community-dwelling older adults who reported being physically and mentally healthy and showed no signs of cognitive impairment. They completed a self-report questionnaire on their language background, two computer measures for previously identified covariates (processing speed as measured by two-choice reaction time (RT) task and fluid intelligence as measured by the Raven's Progressive Matrices), as well as a battery of computerized executive control tasks (Color-shape Task Switching, Stroop, Flanker, and Spatial 2-back task). RESULTS Regression analyses showed that, even after controlling for age, processing speed, and fluid intelligence, more balanced bilingualism usage and less frequent language switching predicted higher goal maintenance (nonswitch trials RT in Color-shape Task Switching) and conflict monitoring abilities (global RT in Color-shape Task Switching and Flanker task). DISCUSSION Results suggest that active bilingualism may provide benefits to maintaining specific executive control abilities in older adult bilinguals against the natural age-related declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara G H Chan
- Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Singapore University of Technology and Design
| | - Wei Quin Yow
- Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Singapore University of Technology and Design
| | - Adam Oei
- Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Rehabilitation and Protection Group, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore
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18
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Sexton CE, Betts JF, Dennis A, Doherty A, Leeson P, Holloway C, Dall'Armellina E, Winkler AM, Demnitz N, Wassenaar T, Dawes H, Johansen-Berg H. The effects of an aerobic training intervention on cognition, grey matter volumes and white matter microstructure. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112923. [PMID: 32474233 PMCID: PMC7378567 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
While there is strong evidence from observational studies that physical activity is associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia, the extent to which aerobic training interventions impact on cognitive health and brain structure remains subject to debate. In a pilot study of 46 healthy older adults (66.6 years ± 5.2 years, 63% female), we compared the effects of a twelve-week aerobic training programme to a waitlist control condition on cardiorespiratory fitness, cognition and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by VO2 max testing. Cognitive assessments spanned executive function, memory and processing speed. Structural MRI analysis included examination of hippocampal volume, and voxel-wise assessment of grey matter volumes using voxel-based morphometry. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity was performed using tract-based spatial statistics. While the intervention successfully increased cardiorespiratory fitness, there was no evidence that the aerobic training programme led to changes in cognitive functioning or measures of brain structure in older adults. Interventions that are longer lasting, multi-factorial, or targeted at specific high-risk populations, may yield more encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Sexton
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Jill F Betts
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU
| | - Andrea Dennis
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU
| | - Aiden Doherty
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LF.
| | - Paul Leeson
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
| | - Cameron Holloway
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
| | - Erica Dall'Armellina
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU
| | - Naiara Demnitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 7JX.
| | - Thomas Wassenaar
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
| | - Helen Dawes
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK, OX3 0BP.
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
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19
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Conley AC, Karayanidis F, Jolly TAD, Yang MH, Hsieh S. Cerebral Arterial Pulsatility and Global White Matter Microstructure Impact Spatial Working Memory in Older Adults With and Without Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:245. [PMID: 32848715 PMCID: PMC7427001 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increased prevalence of vascular health conditions that are linked to a disruption in the cerebral vasculature and white matter microstructural organization. In people with cardiovascular risk factors, increased cerebral arterial pulsatility is associated with poorer white matter microstructural organization and cognitive functioning. This study examines the relationship among arterial pulsatility, white matter microstructural organization, and cognitive ability in a healthy adult lifespan sample. One hundred and eighty-nine adults were divided into a younger adult (<50 years, n = 97) and older adult (>50 years, n = 92). The latter were further subdivided into two subgroups with (CV+, n = 25) and without (CV−, n = 67) cardiovascular risk factors. Arterial pulsatility was measured using cardiac-gated phase-contrast flow quantification sequence and three indexes of whole-brain white matter microstructural organization [i.e., fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RaD), mean diffusivity (MD)] were derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Cognitive ability was assessed using global cognitive functioning (MoCA) and a measure of working memory [sensitivity (d′) from a 2-back task]. Neither the whole group analysis nor the younger adult group showed an association between measures of arterial pulsatility, global white matter microstructural organization, and cognition. In older adults, higher MD and RaD were associated with increased arterial pulsatility and poorer working memory performance. The indirect pathway from arterial pulsatility to working memory performance via both MD and RaD measures was significant in this group. Interestingly, a comparison of CV+ and CV− subgroups showed that this mediating relationship was only evident in older adults with at least one CV risk factor. These findings are consistent with cardiovascular risk factors as underlying arterial, white matter, and cognitive decline in cognitively normal older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Conley
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Cognitive Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Frini Karayanidis
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Todd A D Jolly
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Meng-Heng Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department and Institute of Public health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shulan Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department and Institute of Public health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Meijer A, Königs M, Vermeulen GT, Visscher C, Bosker RJ, Hartman E, Oosterlaan J. The effects of physical activity on brain structure and neurophysiological functioning in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100828. [PMID: 32805531 PMCID: PMC7451819 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to systematically review and quantify the effects of physical activity on brain structure and neurophysiological functioning in children. Electronic data bases were searched for relevant studies. Studies that met the following criteria were included: (1) used an RCT or cross-over design, (2) examined the effects of physical activity on brain structure and/or neurophysiological functioning, (3) included children (5-12 years old) (4) included a control group (RCTs) or control condition (cross-over trials). A total of 26 and 20 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively, representing and accompanying 973 and 782 unique children. Main analyses were separated for short-term and long-term physical activity and for effects on brain structure and neurophysiological functioning with a distinction between children from healthy and clinical populations. We found evidence for significant beneficial effects of long-term physical activity on neurophysiological functioning (d = 0.39, p < 0.001). In addition, short-term physical activity may induce changes in neurophysiological functioning (d = 0.32, p = 0.044), although this evidence showed limited robustness. No meta-analytic evidence was found for positive effects on brain structure. The results underline the importance of physical activity for brain development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meijer
- Vrije Universiteit, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben T Vermeulen
- Vrije Universiteit, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Visscher
- University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Educational Research, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J Bosker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Educational Research, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Vrije Universiteit, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Ullmann G, Li Y, Ray MA, Lee ST. Study protocol of a randomized intervention study to explore effects of a pure physical training and a mind-body exercise on cognitive executive function in independent living adults age 65-85. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 33:1259-1266. [PMID: 32572795 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decline in cognitive function associated with aging is one of the greatest concerns of older adults and often leads to a significant burden for individuals, families, and the health care system. Executive functions are most susceptible to age-related decline. Despite the well-known benefits of regular exercise on cognitive health, older adults tend to be less physically active than other age groups. Thus, there is a need to identify strategies that attract older adults and can enhance cognitive vitality. AIMS This article describes the protocol of a study designed to evaluate whether two interventions, a pure physical exercise and a mind-body exercise, can improve cognitive executive function in independent-living older adults. In addition, the study will explore barriers/facilitators related to adherence. METHODS After baseline assessment, participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups (strength training, Awareness Through Movement®, or a control group). Participants of the two active groups will attend the interventions for 12 weeks. The control group continues with the usual everyday life. Assessments will include three measures of executive function of the NIH Toolbox, and are administered at baseline, post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up. The primary outcomes are the changes in cognitive executive function performances. Secondary outcomes include adherence, self-efficacy for exercise, symptoms of depression, mindfulness and enjoyment. Attendance will be used as a measure of adherence. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION If successful, the interventions could provide low-cost strategies for older adults to maintain cognitive vitality and has the potential to impact current exercise guidelines.
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22
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Gil-Beltrán E, Llorens S, Salanova M. Employees’ Physical Exercise, Resources, Engagement, and Performance: A Cross-sectional Study from HERO Model. REVISTA DE PSICOLOGÍA DEL TRABAJO Y DE LAS ORGANIZACIONES 2020. [DOI: 10.5093/jwop2020a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Potential Benefits of Physical Activity in MCI and Dementia. Behav Neurol 2020; 2020:7807856. [PMID: 32104516 PMCID: PMC7037481 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7807856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity improves overall health and reduces the risk of many negative health outcomes and may be effective in improving cognition, independent functioning, and psychological health in older adults. Given the evidence linking physical activity with improvements in various aspects of health and functioning, interventions exploring pathways for decreasing risk of dementia in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and improving outcomes for those with dementia are of critical importance. The present review highlights the work examining physical activity interventions in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits of physical activity for individuals experiencing cognitive decline. The primary focus is on aerobic exercise as this is the main intervention in the literature. Our review supports the thesis that physical activity can promote healthy aging in terms of cognition, independent functioning, and psychological health for individuals experiencing cognitive decline. Specifically, physical activity improves cognition, especially executive functioning and memory in MCI, independent functioning in MCI and dementia, and psychological health in dementia. Given that benefits of physical activity have been observed across these domains, such interventions provide an avenue for preventing decline and/or mitigating impairment across several domains of functioning in older adults with MCI or dementia and may be recommended (and adjusted) for patients across a range of settings, including medical and mental health settings. Further implications for clinical intervention and future directions for research are discussed.
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24
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Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Response Inhibition in Adult Patients with ADHD. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19884. [PMID: 31882652 PMCID: PMC6934617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on executive functions, which are a core deficit in ADHD. The aim of the present fMRI study was to investigate acute effects of aerobic exercise on inhibitory control and related brain activation in adult patients with ADHD. 23 patients and 23 matched healthy controls performed on a Go/No-go task in an MRI scanner, following both, an exercise condition involving 30 min of cycling at moderate intensity, and a control condition. ADHD patients compared to healthy controls showed increased brain activation during successful inhibition in the exercise compared to the control condition in parietal, temporal, and occipital regions. Exercise did not improve behavioral performance in either group, but in ADHD patients, exercise-related increases in brain activation and behavioral task performance (i.e., correct inhibition rate) negatively correlated with correct inhibition rate in the control condition. Thus, patients with worse inhibition performance showed stronger exercise-related enhancements, indicating that the lack of improvements on the behavioral level for the whole patient group could be due to ceiling effects. Our findings might be an important step in understanding the neural basis of exercise effects and could, in the long term, help in developing alternative treatment approaches for ADHD.
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25
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Gothe NP, Khan I, Hayes J, Erlenbach E, Damoiseaux JS. Yoga Effects on Brain Health: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature. Brain Plast 2019; 5:105-122. [PMID: 31970064 PMCID: PMC6971819 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yoga is the most popular complementary health approach practiced by adults in the United States. It is an ancient mind and body practice with origins in Indian philosophy. Yoga combines physical postures, rhythmic breathing and meditative exercise to offer the practitioners a unique holistic mind-body experience. While the health benefits of physical exercise are well established, in recent years, the active attentional component of breathing and meditation practice has garnered interest among exercise neuroscientists. As the scientific evidence for the physical and mental health benefits of yoga continues to grow, this article aims to summarize the current knowledge of yoga practice and its documented positive effects for brain structure and function, as assessed with MRI, fMRI, and SPECT. We reviewed 11 studies examining the effects of yoga practice on the brain structures, function and cerebral blood flow. Collectively, the studies demonstrate a positive effect of yoga practice on the structure and/or function of the hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and brain networks including the default mode network (DMN). The studies offer promising early evidence that behavioral interventions like yoga may hold promise to mitigate age-related and neurodegenerative declines as many of the regions identified are known to demonstrate significant age-related atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha P Gothe
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
| | - Imadh Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
| | - Jessica Hayes
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University
| | - Emily Erlenbach
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
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Mekari S, Dupuy O, Martins R, Evans K, Kimmerly DS, Fraser S, Neyedli HF. The effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on executive function and prefrontal oxygenation in older adults. GeroScience 2019; 41:681-690. [PMID: 31728899 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reviews on cardiovascular fitness and cognition in older adults suggest that a higher level of cardiorespiratory fitness may protect the brain against the effects of aging. Although studies reveal positive effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on executive function, more research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of these effects in older adults. The aim of the current study was to assess the association between cardiorespiratory fitness level, cerebral oxygenation, and cognitive performance in older adults (OAs). Seventy-four OAs (68 ± 6.3 years) gave their written, informed consent to participate in the study. Complete data was collected from 66 participants. All participants underwent a cycle ergometer maximal continuous graded exercise test in order to assess their peak power output (PPO) and a neuropsychological paper and pencil tests (Trail Making Test A and B) while changes in left prefrontal cortex oxygenation were measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The results reveal increased cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with decreased response time (i.e., better performance) on the Trail Making Test (B) (standardized β = - 0.42, p < 0.05). Cerebral oxygenation in higher fit older adults mediated the relationship with improved executive functioning (standardized β = - 0.08, p < 0.05). Specifically, in older adults with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (based on a median split), cerebral oxygenation was related to executive functioning but no such relationship existed in lower fit adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Mekari
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550 Main Street, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Ricardo Martins
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550 Main Street, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Kailey Evans
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550 Main Street, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health Halifax, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather F Neyedli
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health Halifax, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Palac D, Bullard T, Cohen JD, Nguyen LT, Mudar RA, Mullen SP. Effects of Traditional vs. iPad-Enhanced Aerobic Exercise on Wayfinding Efficacy and Cognition: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183495. [PMID: 31546856 PMCID: PMC6766024 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to test the feasibility and efficacy of an iPad-enhanced aerobic exercise intervention designed to enhance wayfinding efficacy and performance and relevant cognitive functioning among middle-aged adults at risk for cognitive impairment. Twenty-seven low active adults (21 females) aged 45 to 62 years (51.22 ± 5.20) participated in a ten-week randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to an iPad-enhanced aerobic exercise group (experimental group) or an aerobic exercise-only group (control group) following baseline assessment. Both groups exercised at 50% to 75% of age-predicted heart rate maximum for 30 to 50 min/d, 2 d/wk for 10 weeks. During aerobic exercise, the experimental group engaged in virtual tours delivered via iPad. Baseline and post-intervention assessments of wayfinding self-efficacy, wayfinding task performance, cognitive functioning, electroencephalogram (EEG), and psychosocial questionnaires were administered. The results suggest that ten weeks of iPad-enhanced, moderately intense aerobic exercise had specific effects on wayfinding self-efficacy; however, no statistical differences were found between groups on the behavioral wayfinding task or spatial memory performance at follow-up. Performance scores on an inhibitory attentional-control cognitive assessment revealed significant differences between groups, favoring the experimental group (p < 0.05). Virtual reality-enhanced aerobic exercise may prove to be an effective method for improving cognitive function and increasing confidence to navigate real-world scenarios among individuals at risk of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Palac
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Tiffany Bullard
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Jason D Cohen
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Lydia T Nguyen
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Raksha A Mudar
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Sean P Mullen
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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28
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O'Keefe EL, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ. Exercise Counteracts the Cardiotoxicity of Psychosocial Stress. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:1852-1864. [PMID: 31451292 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity and psychosocial stress are prevalent in residents of the United States. The purpose of this article is to review the interaction between these 2 conditions and examine the effects of exercise on stress and cardiovascular (CV) health. A query of scientific references between 1974 to 2018 was performed using the PubMed search engine accessing the MEDLINE database using the search terms psychosocial stress, CV disease (CVD), physical activity, exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and team sports. Psychosocial stress is a strong independent risk factor for adverse CV events. Conversely, people who experience CV events subsequently have drastically elevated rates of new-onset mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety. Psychosocial stress and CVD often trigger self-reinforcing feedback loops that can worsen mental health and cardiac prognosis. Exercise predictably improves CV health and prognosis and also is effective at lowering levels of psychosocial stress. Group exercise in particular seems to provide social support while at the same time boosting fitness levels and, thus, may be the single most important intervention for patients with concomitant CVD and emotional stress. Collaborative physical activity, such as group exercise, team sports, interactive physical play, and cardiac rehabilitation programs, have the potential to improve mental health and CV prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L O'Keefe
- Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - James H O'Keefe
- University of Missouri-Kansas City and Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, New Orleans, LA
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, LA.
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29
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Mehren A, Diaz Luque C, Brandes M, Lam AP, Thiel CM, Philipsen A, Özyurt J. Intensity-Dependent Effects of Acute Exercise on Executive Function. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:8608317. [PMID: 31281346 PMCID: PMC6589258 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8608317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest beneficial effects of aerobic exercise at moderate intensity on cognition, while the effects of high-intensity exercise are less clear. This study investigated the acute effects of exercise at moderate and high intensities on executive functions in healthy adults, including functional MRI to examine the underlying neural mechanisms. Furthermore, the association between exercise effects and cardiorespiratory fitness was examined. 64 participants performed in two executive function tasks (flanker and Go/No-go tasks), while functional MR images were collected, following two conditions: in the exercise condition, they cycled on an ergometer at either moderate or high intensity (each n = 32); in the control condition, they watched a movie. Differences in behavioral performance and brain activation between the two conditions were compared between groups. Further, correlations between cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise effects on neural and behavioral correlates of executive performance were calculated. Moderate exercise compared to high-intensity exercise was associated with a tendency towards improved behavioral performance (sensitivity index d') in the Go/No-go task and increased brain activation during hit trials in areas related to executive function, attention, and motor processes (insula, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and supplementary motor area). Exercise at high intensity was associated with decreased brain activation in those areas and no changes in behavioral performance. Exercise had no effect on brain activation in the flanker task, but an explorative analysis revealed that reaction times improved after high-intensity exercise. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was correlated with increased brain activation after moderate exercise and decreased brain activation after high-intensity exercise. These data show that exercise at moderate vs. high intensity has different effects on executive task performance and related brain activation changes as measured by fMRI and that cardiorespiratory fitness might be a moderating factor of acute exercise effects. Thus, our results may contribute to further clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mehren
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Diaz Luque
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Brandes
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Unit Applied Health Intervention Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexandra P. Lam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane M. Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jale Özyurt
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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30
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Cook CJ, Howard SJ, Scerif G, Twine R, Kahn K, Norris SA, Draper CE. Associations of physical activity and gross motor skills with executive function in preschool children from low-income South African settings. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12820. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caylee J. Cook
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Steven J. Howard
- Early Start and School of Education; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental Psychology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Rhian Twine
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Shane A. Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Catherine E. Draper
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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31
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Mehren A, Özyurt J, Lam AP, Brandes M, Müller HHO, Thiel CM, Philipsen A. Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function and Attention in Adult Patients With ADHD. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:132. [PMID: 30971959 PMCID: PMC6443849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise can improve cognitive functions in healthy individuals and in various clinical groups, which might be particularly relevant for patients with ADHD. This study investigated the effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise on attention and executive functions in adult patients with ADHD, including functional MRI to examine the underlying neural mechanisms. On two different days, 23 adult patients with ADHD and 23 matched healthy controls performed in a flanker task, while functional MR images were collected, following 30 min of continuous stationary cycling with moderate intensity as well as after a control condition (watching a movie). Behavioral performance and brain activation were tested for differences between groups and conditions and for interactions to investigate whether exercise improves executive function to a greater extent in patients compared to healthy controls. Exercise significantly improved reaction times in congruent and incongruent trials of the flanker task in patients with ADHD but not in healthy controls. We found no changes in brain activation between the two conditions for either group. However, a subgroup analysis of ADHD patients with a higher degree of cardiorespiratory fitness revealed decreased activation in premotor areas during congruent trials and in premotor and medial frontal cortex during incongruent trials in the exercise compared to the control condition. Our results indicate exercise-induced improvements in attention and processing speed in patients with ADHD, demonstrating that adult patients with ADHD may benefit from an acute bout of exercise. These findings could be of high relevance for developing alternative treatment approaches for ADHD. In addition, results of the current study contribute to elucidate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition and to better understand the role of cardiorespiratory fitness on these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mehren
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jale Özyurt
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra P Lam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirko Brandes
- Unit Applied Health Intervention Research, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Helge H O Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane M Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all," University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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32
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Yeh CM. The relationship between free time activities, emotional intelligence and job involvement of frontline hotel employees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2018.1496127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien Mu Yeh
- Department of International Tourism Management, Tamkang University, Yilan County, Taiwan
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33
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Garber A, Csizmadi I, Friedenreich CM, Sajobi TT, Longman RS, Tyndall AV, Drogos LL, Davenport MH, Poulin MJ. Association between glycemic load and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: Results from the Brain in Motion study. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1690-1699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for preventing Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:163-177. [PMID: 28743599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review provides the rationale for implementing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are known risk factors associated with the development of AD, some of which may be ameliorated with CBT. We posit that treating the risk factors of inactivity, poor diet, hyposmia and anosmia, sleep disorders and lack of regularly engaged challenging cognitive activity will modify the physiology of the brain sufficiently to avoid the accumulation of excess proteins, including amyloid beta, causal events in the development of AD. Further, the successful treatment of the listed risk factors is well within our technology to do so and, even further, it is cost effective. Also, there is considerable scientific literature to support the proposition that, if implemented by well-established practices, CBT will be effective and will be engaged by those of retirement age. That is, we present a biologically informed CBT for the prevention of the development of AD, i.e., an aspect of applied behavioral neuroscience.
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35
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Sex differences in exercise efficacy to improve cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in older humans. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 46:71-85. [PMID: 28442274 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of aging on brain health. However, a large amount of variation exists in its efficacy. Sex of participants and exercise type are two possible factors contributing to this variation. To better understand this, we conducted a concurrent systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitively healthy older adults. Executive functions, episodic memory, visuospatial function, word fluency, processing speed and global cognitive function were examined for exercise- and sex-dependent effects. For executive functions, three types of exercise interventions - aerobic training, resistance training, and multimodal training (i.e., both aerobic and resistance training) - were associated with larger effect sizes in studies comprised of a higher percentage of women compared to studies with a lower percentage of women. This suggests that women's executive processes may benefit more from exercise than men. Regardless of sex, compared to control, all three exercise training approaches enhanced visuospatial function, but only multimodal training enhanced episodic memory. Overall, aerobic training led to greater benefits than resistance training in global cognitive function and executive functions, while multimodal combined training led to greater benefits than aerobic training for global cognitive function, episodic memory, and word fluency. Possible underlying mechanisms, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and sex steroid hormones, are discussed.
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36
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Martini DN, Eckner JT, Meehan SK, Broglio SP. Long-term Effects of Adolescent Sport Concussion Across the Age Spectrum. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:1420-1428. [PMID: 28298054 PMCID: PMC6813832 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516686785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research in sport concussion has increased greatly over the previous decade due to increased scientific interest as well as the media and political spotlight that has been cast on this injury. However, a dearth of literature is available regarding the long-term (>1 year after concussion) effects of adolescent concussion on cognitive and motor performance of high school athletes. PURPOSE To evaluate the potential for long-term effects of concussion sustained during high school on cognitive and motor performance across the lifespan. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Adults with (n = 30) and without (n = 53) a concussion history were recruited in 3 age groups: younger (18-30 years; n = 43), middle-aged (40-50 years; n = 18), and older (≥60 years; n = 22). Each participant completed a computerized neurocognitive assessment and continuous tracking and discrete temporal auditory tasks with the hand and foot. Root mean squared error and timing variability were derived from the tracking and temporal auditory tasks, respectively. Data were analyzed by regression analyses for each recorded variable. RESULTS The analysis revealed significant age effects on neurocognitive task, continuous tracking task, and discrete auditory timing task performance ( P values < .05). No concussion history or interaction (concussion history by age) effects were found for performance on any task ( P values > .05). CONCLUSION While longitudinal investigations are still needed, this cross-sectional study failed to identify any observable effect of adolescent concussion history on cognition or motor performance with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas N. Martini
- NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James T. Eckner
- Michigan NeuroSport, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sean K. Meehan
- Human Sensorimotor Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven P. Broglio
- NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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37
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Abstract
It is clear that environmental influences impact the structure and function of the human brain, and thus, thoughts, actions, and behaviors. These in turn influence whether an individual engages in high-risk (drugs, alcohol, violence) or health-promoting (exercise, meditation, music) activities. The developmental mismatch between cortical and subcortical maturation of the transitional age brain places college students at risk for negative outcomes. This article argues that the prescription of incentive-based behavioral change and brain-building activities simply make good scientific, programmatic, and financial sense for colleges and universities. The authors present University of Vermont Wellness Environment as an example.
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38
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Mella N, Grob E, Döll S, Ghisletta P, de Ribaupierre A. Leisure Activities and Change in Cognitive Stability: A Multivariate Approach. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E27. [PMID: 28257047 PMCID: PMC5366826 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is traditionally associated with cognitive decline, attested by slower reaction times and poorer performance in various cognitive tasks, but also by an increase in intraindividual variability (IIV) in cognitive performance. Results concerning how lifestyle activities protect from cognitive decline are mixed in the literature and all focused on how it affects mean performance. However, IIV has been proven to be an index more sensitive to age differences, and very little is known about the relationships between lifestyle activities and change in IIV in aging. This longitudinal study explores the association between frequency of physical, social, intellectual, artistic, or cultural activities and age-related change in various cognitive abilities, considering both mean performance and IIV. Ninety-six participants, aged 64-93 years, underwent a battery of cognitive tasks at four measurements over a seven-year period, and filled out a lifestyle activity questionnaire. Linear multilevel models were used to analyze the associations between change in cognitive performance and five types of activities. Results showed that the practice of leisure activities was more strongly associated with IIV than with mean performance, both when considering overall level and change in performance. Relationships with IIV were dependent of the cognitive tasks considered and overall results showed protective effects of cultural, physical and intellectual activities on IIV. These results underline the need for considering IIV in the study of age-related cognitive change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mella
- Cognitive aging lab, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
- Group of Developmental and Differential Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuelle Grob
- Methodology and Data Analysis Unit, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
- Swiss Distance Learning University, Brig 3900, Switzerland.
| | - Salomé Döll
- Cognitive aging lab, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | - Paolo Ghisletta
- Methodology and Data Analysis Unit, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
- Swiss Distance Learning University, Brig 3900, Switzerland.
- LIVES-Overcoming vulnerability: Life course perspectives, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | - Anik de Ribaupierre
- Group of Developmental and Differential Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
- LIVES-Overcoming vulnerability: Life course perspectives, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
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39
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The relationship between executive function and fine motor control in young and older adults. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 51:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. Combined associations of sedentary behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness on cognitive function among older adults. Int J Cardiol 2016; 229:71-74. [PMID: 27884563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness, cognition and age are interrelated and associated with cardiovascular function. No study, however, has specifically evaluated the independent and combined associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and sedentary behavior on cognition, which was this study's purpose. METHODS Data from the 1999-2002 NHANES were used (N=2451; 60-85yrs). Sedentary behavior was assessed via self-report; cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed from a medical-related algorithm; and cognition function was assessed from the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). RESULTS Being in the bottom quartile for sedentary behavior (β=2.13; 95% CI: 0.49-3.77; P=0.01) and the top quartile for cardiorespiratory fitness (β=7.48; 95% CI: 5.4-9.5; P<0.001) were independently associated with higher cognitive function. In the additive model, those with an index score of 1 (vs. 0) and 2 (vs. 0), respectively, had a 3.87 (β=3.87; 95% CI: 1.76-5.98; P=0.001) and 10.40 (β=10.4; 95% CI: 7.31-13.5; P<0.001) higher DSST score. CONCLUSION High cardiorespiratory fitness and low sedentary behavior were jointly associated with the highest cognitive function. This has important cardiovascular implications as a progression of neurocognitive impairment is associated with increasingly severe manifestations of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Jackson Heart Study Vanguard Center of Oxford, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States.
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McAuley E, Morris KS. State of the Art Review: Advances in Physical Activity and Mental Health: Quality of Life. Am J Lifestyle Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827607303243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical advances and the practice of preventive health behaviors have resulted in an unprecedented growth in the older population of the United States, a trend projected to continue during the next several decades. However, the addition of years to life is no guarantee that those years will be quality years. There is growing evidence to suggest that physical activity is a behavioral modality that is consistently associated with quality of life outcomes. However, there are numerous conceptual, theoretical, and definitional ambiguities associated with this literature. In this review, we examine the literature on physical activity and quality of life in older adults. Specifically, attention is given to the conceptualization of quality of life in the medical and psychological disciplines and how these differential viewpoints influence the outcomes measured and the nature of the relationships reported. We also address the question of whether a dose-response relationship exists between these constructs, as well as the extent to which physical activity is associated with important aspects of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial function. Finally, we propose a multidimensional model for examining the potential mediating and moderating factors in the physical activity and quality-of-life relationship and discuss the practical implications that such a model has for practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward McAuley
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
| | - Katherine S. Morris
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Martini DN, Goulet GC, Gates DH, Broglio SP. Long-term effects of adolescent concussion history on gait, across age. Gait Posture 2016; 49:264-270. [PMID: 27472823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the possible long-term effects of high school concussion history on gait performance across the lifespan. Individuals with and without a concussion history were grouped into 20-year-old (yo) (n=40), 40yo (n=19), and 60yo (n=18) age groups. Participants completed five trials of four walking conditions: a normal walk, a dual task walk, an obstructed walk, and an obstructed, dual task walk. Spatiotemporal gait parameters for gait analyses during single and dual task conditions. Gait velocity, step width, stride length, percent of time in double support, and obstacle toe clearance were the gait variables assessed along with number correct from dual task. Gait was analyzed via optical motion capture. Data were analyzed by two-factor, multivariate ANOVAs and significant interactions were explored using post hoc contrasts. A significant (F=2.62, p=0.03) interaction was observed for the obstructed walk condition. Further analyses yielded no significant concussion history and control group differences, within age. The data indicate that an adolescent concussion history has a non-observable effect on gait across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas N Martini
- NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Grant C Goulet
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Deanna H Gates
- Rehabilitation Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Steven P Broglio
- NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Ludyga S, Gerber M, Brand S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U. Acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness groups: A meta-analysis. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1611-1626. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders; Basel Switzerland
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders; Basel Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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Constans A, Pin-Barre C, Temprado JJ, Decherchi P, Laurin J. Influence of Aerobic Training and Combinations of Interventions on Cognition and Neuroplasticity after Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:164. [PMID: 27445801 PMCID: PMC4928497 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke often aggravated age-related cognitive impairments that strongly affect several aspects of quality of life. However, few studies are, to date, focused on rehabilitation strategies that could improve cognition. Among possible interventions, aerobic training is well known to enhance cardiovascular and motor functions but may also induce beneficial effects on cognitive functions. To assess the effectiveness of aerobic training on cognition, it seems necessary to know whether training promotes the neuroplasticity in brain areas involved in cognitive functions. In the present review, we first explore in both human and animal how aerobic training could improve cognition after stroke by highlighting the neuroplasticity mechanisms. Then, we address the potential effect of combinations between aerobic training with other interventions, including resistance exercises and pharmacological treatments. In addition, we postulate that classic recommendations for aerobic training need to be reconsidered to target both cognition and motor recovery because the current guidelines are only focused on cardiovascular and motor recovery. Finally, methodological limitations of training programs and cognitive function assessment are also developed in this review to clarify their effectiveness in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Pin-Barre
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287Marseille, France; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, LAMHESS, UPRES EA 6309Nice, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Laurin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287 Marseille, France
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Effects of Short-Term Physical Activity Interventions on Simple and Choice Response Times. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5613767. [PMID: 27190993 PMCID: PMC4846748 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5613767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Response time (RT) is important for health and human performance and provides insight into cognitive processes. It deteriorates with age, is associated with chronic physical activity (PA), and improves with PA interventions. We investigated associations between the amount and type of PA undertaken and the rate of change in RT for low-active adults across the age range 18–63 yr. Methods. Insufficiently active adults were assigned to either a walking (n = 263) or higher-intensity (n = 380) exercise program conducted over 40 days. Active controls were also recruited (n = 135). Simple response time (SRT) and choice response time (CRT) were measured before and after the intervention and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. Results. SRT and CRT slowed across the age range; however, habitually active participants at baseline had significantly faster CRT (p < 0.05). The interventions increased weekly PA with corresponding increases in physical fitness. These changes were mirrored in faster CRT across the study for both intervention groups (p < 0.05). No changes were found for SRT. Conclusions. Both PA interventions resulted in improvements in CRT among adults starting from a low activity base. These improvements were relatively rapid and occurred in both interventions despite large differences in exercise volume, type, and intensity. There were no effects on SRT in either intervention.
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Carpenter-Thompson JR, Schmidt S, McAuley E, Husain FT. Increased Frontal Response May Underlie Decreased Tinnitus Severity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144419. [PMID: 26675290 PMCID: PMC4684365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The overall goal of the study was to identify functional and behavioral differences between individuals with higher tinnitus distress and individuals with lower tinnitus distress. Subsequent exploratory analyses were conducted to investigate the role physical activity may have on the observed results between high and low distress groups. The purpose of the experiment was to identify brain regions to be targeted in future intervention studies for tinnitus. Design A total of 32 individuals with varying levels of tinnitus severity were recruited from the Urbana-Champaign area. Volunteers were divided into higher tinnitus distress (HD) and lower tinnitus distress (LD) groups. Note that these groups also significantly differed based on physical activity level and were subsequently stratified into higher and lower physical activity level subgroups for exploratory analysis. While in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner, subjects listened to affective sounds classified as pleasant, neutral or unpleasant from the International Affective Digital Sounds database. Results The HD group recruited amygdala and parahippocampus to a greater extent than the LD group when listening to affective sounds. The LD group engaged frontal regions to a greater extent when listening to the affective stimuli compared to the HD group. Both higher physical activity level subgroups recruited more frontal regions, and both lower levels of physical activity subgroups recruited more limbic regions respectively. Conclusion Individuals with lower tinnitus distress may utilize frontal regions to better control their emotional response to affective sounds. Our analysis also suggests physical activity may contribute to lower tinnitus severity and greater engagement of the frontal cortices. We suggest that future intervention studies focus on changes in the function of limbic and frontal regions when evaluating the efficacy of treatment. Additionally, we recommend further investigation concerning the impact of physical activity level on tinnitus distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake R. Carpenter-Thompson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Medical Scholars Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sara Schmidt
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Edward McAuley
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fatima T. Husain
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cox EP, O'Dwyer N, Cook R, Vetter M, Cheng HL, Rooney K, O'Connor H. Relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in apparently healthy young to middle-aged adults: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 19:616-28. [PMID: 26552574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is increasing evidence that physical activity (PA) positively affects cognitive function (CF). Existing research has focussed on this association in children and the elderly, with less research available in young to middle-aged adults who constitute a substantial proportion of the population. DESIGN A systematic review investigating the relationship between habitual PA (≥12 months) and CF in young to middle-aged adults (18-50 years). METHODS A search was conducted using AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, AUSPORT MED and SPORTDiscus databases. Eligible studies had to report descriptive statistics for CF and PA levels in healthy participants 18-50 years. Effect sizes (ES) (Hedges g) were calculated where possible. RESULTS The initial search netted 26,988 potentially relevant manuscripts, with four more identified through hand searching. Fourteen were included for review. A range of validated platforms assessed CF across three domains: executive function (12 studies), memory (four studies) and processing speed (seven studies). Habitual PA was assessed via questionnaire/self-report methods (n=13, 8 validated) or accelerometers (n=1). In studies of executive function, five found a significant ES in favour of higher PA, ranging from small to large. Although three of four studies in the memory domain reported a significant benefit of higher PA, there was only one significant ES, which favoured low PA. Only one study examining processing speed had a significant ES, favouring higher PA. CONCLUSIONS A limited body of evidence supports a positive effect of PA on CF in young to middle-aged adults. Further research into this relationship at this age stage is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Peng Cox
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas O'Dwyer
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia; School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cook
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Melanie Vetter
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hoi Lun Cheng
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia; Academic Department of Adolescent Medicine, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen O'Connor
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review and synthesize the existing literature on the effects of yoga on cognitive function by determining effect sizes that could serve as a platform to design, calculate statistical power, and implement future studies. METHODS Through electronic databases, we identified acute studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of yoga that reported cognitive outcomes. Inclusion criteria included the following: use of an objective measure of cognition and sufficient data reported to estimate an effect size. The meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall weighted effect sizes, expressed as Hedge g. RESULTS Fifteen RCTs and 7 acute exposure studies examined the effects of yoga on cognition. A moderate effect (g = 0.33, standard error = 0.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.18-0.48, p < .001) of yoga on cognition was observed for RCTs, with the strongest effect for attention and processing speed (g = 0.29, p < .001), followed by executive function (g = 0.27, p = .001) and memory (g = 0.18, p = .051). Acute studies showed a stronger overall effect of yoga on cognition (g = 0.56, standard error = 0.11, 95% confidence interval = 0.33-0.78, p < .001). The effect was strongest for memory (g = 0.78, p < .001), followed by attention and processing speed measures (g = 0.49, p < .001) and executive functions (g = 0.39, p < .003). CONCLUSIONS Yoga practice seems to be associated with moderate improvements in cognitive function. Although the studies are limited by sample size, heterogeneous population characteristics, varied doses of yoga interventions, and a myriad of cognitive tests, these findings warrant rigorous systematic RCTs and well-designed counterbalanced acute studies to comprehensively explore yoga as a means to improve or sustain cognitive abilities across the life span.
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Young J, Angevaren M, Rusted J, Tabet N. Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD005381. [PMID: 25900537 PMCID: PMC10554155 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005381.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that physical activity supports healthy ageing. Exercise is helpful for cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, among others. Aerobic activity, in particular, improves cardiovascular fitness and, based on recently reported findings, may also have beneficial effects on cognition among older people. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of aerobic physical activity, aimed at improving cardiorespiratory fitness, on cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. SEARCH METHODS We searched ALOIS - the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group's Specialized Register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL) (all years to Issue 2 of 4, 2013), MEDLINE (Ovid SP 1946 to August 2013), EMBASE (Ovid SP 1974 to August 2013), PEDro, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PsycINFO (Ovid SP 1806 to August 2013), CINAHL (all dates to August 2013), LILACS (all dates to August 2013), World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (http://apps.who.int/trialsearch), ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov) and Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) up to 24 August 2013, with no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effect on cognitive function of aerobic physical activity programmes with any other active intervention, or no intervention, in cognitively healthy participants aged over 55 years. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted the data from included trials. We grouped cognitive outcome measures into eleven categories covering attention, memory, perception, executive functions, cognitive inhibition, cognitive speed and motor function. We used the mean difference (or standardised mean difference) between groups as the measure of the treatment effect and synthesised data using a random-effects model. We conducted separate analyses to compare aerobic exercise interventions with no intervention and with other exercise, social or cognitive interventions. Also, we performed analyses including only trials in which an increase in the cardiovascular fitness of participants had been demonstrated. MAIN RESULTS Twelve trials including 754 participants met our inclusion criteria. Trials were from eight to 26 weeks in duration.We judged all trials to be at moderate or high risk of bias in at least some domains. Reporting of some risk of bias domains was poor.Our analyses comparing aerobic exercise to any active intervention showed no evidence of benefit from aerobic exercise in any cognitive domain. This was also true of our analyses comparing aerobic exercise to no intervention. Analysing only the subgroup of trials in which cardiorespiratory fitness improved in the aerobic exercise group showed that this improvement did not coincide with improvements in any cognitive domains assessed. Our subgroup analyses of aerobic exercise versus flexibility or balance interventions also showed no benefit of aerobic exercise in any cognitive domain.Dropout rates did not differ between aerobic exercise and control groups. No trial reported on adverse effects.Overall none of our analyses showed a cognitive benefit from aerobic exercise even when the intervention was shown to lead to improved cardiorespiratory fitness. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence in the available data from RCTs that aerobic physical activities, including those which successfully improve cardiorespiratory fitness, have any cognitive benefit in cognitively healthy older adults. Larger studies examining possible moderators are needed to confirm whether or not aerobic training improves cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Young
- University of SussexSchool of PsychologyBrightonUKBN1 9QH
| | - Maaike Angevaren
- University of Applied SciencesResearch Group Lifestyle and HealthBolognalaan 101UtrechtNetherlands3584 CJ
| | | | - Naji Tabet
- Brighton and Sussex Medical SchoolPostgraduate MedicineMayfield House, University of BrightonFalmerBrightonUKBN1 9PH
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Dupuy O, Gauthier CJ, Fraser SA, Desjardins-Crèpeau L, Desjardins M, Mekary S, Lesage F, Hoge RD, Pouliot P, Bherer L. Higher levels of cardiovascular fitness are associated with better executive function and prefrontal oxygenation in younger and older women. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:66. [PMID: 25741267 PMCID: PMC4332308 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Many studies have suggested that physical exercise training improves cognition and more selectively executive functions. There is a growing interest to clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie this effect. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the neurophysiological changes in cerebral oxygenation associated with physical fitness level and executive functions. METHOD In this study, 22 younger and 36 older women underwent a maximal graded continuous test (i.e., [Formula: see text]O2max ) in order to classify them into a fitness group (higher vs. lower fit). All participants completed neuropsychological paper and pencil testing and a computerized Stroop task (which contained executive and non-executive conditions) in which the change in prefrontal cortex oxygenation was evaluated with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). RESULTS Our findings revealed a Fitness × Condition interaction (p < 0.05) such that higher fit women scored better on measures of executive functions than lower fit women. In comparison to lower fit women, higher fit women had faster reaction times in the Executive condition of the computerized Stroop task. No significant effect was observed in the non-executive condition of the test and no interactions were found with age. In measures of cerebral oxygenation (ΔHbT and ΔHbO2), we found a main effect of fitness on cerebral oxygenation during the Stroop task such that only high fit women demonstrated a significant increase in the right inferior frontal gyrus. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Higher fit individuals who demonstrate better cardiorespiratory functions (as measured by [Formula: see text]O2max ) show faster reaction times and greater cerebral oxygenation in the right inferior frontal gyrus than women with lower fitness levels. The lack of interaction with age, suggests that good cardiorespiratory functions can have a positive impact on cognition, regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dupuy
- Centre PERFORM, Université ConcordiaMontreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de MontréalMontreal, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Poitiers, Université de PoitiersPoitiers, France
| | - Claudine J. Gauthier
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de MontréalMontreal, QC, Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A. Fraser
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de MontréalMontreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Social Work, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michèle Desjardins
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de MontréalMontreal, QC, Canada
- Departement de Physiologie, Université de MontréalMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Said Mekary
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de MontréalMontreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Rick D. Hoge
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de MontréalMontreal, QC, Canada
- Departement de Physiologie, Université de MontréalMontreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Louis Bherer
- Centre PERFORM, Université ConcordiaMontreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de MontréalMontreal, QC, Canada
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