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Wang Z, Zhang G, Hu S, Fu M, Zhang P, Zhang K, Hao L, Chen S. Research progress on the protective effect of hormones and hormone drugs in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116764. [PMID: 38805965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a condition where the heart muscle does not receive enough blood flow, leading to cardiac dysfunction. Restoring blood flow to the coronary artery is an effective clinical therapy for myocardial ischemia. This strategy helps lower the size of the myocardial infarction and improves the prognosis of patients. Nevertheless, if the disrupted blood flow to the heart muscle is restored within a specific timeframe, it leads to more severe harm to the previously deprived heart tissue. This condition is referred to as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Until now, there is a dearth of efficacious strategies to prevent and manage MIRI. Hormones are specialized substances that are produced directly into the circulation by endocrine organs or tissues in humans and animals, and they have particular effects on the body. Hormonal medications utilize human or animal hormones as their active components, encompassing sex hormones, adrenaline medications, thyroid hormone medications, and others. While several studies have examined the preventive properties of different endocrine hormones, such as estrogen and hormone analogs, on myocardial injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion, there are other hormone analogs whose mechanisms of action remain unexplained and whose safety cannot be assured. The current study is on hormones and hormone medications, elucidating the mechanism of hormone pharmaceuticals and emphasizing the cardioprotective effects of different endocrine hormones. It aims to provide guidance for the therapeutic use of drugs and offer direction for the examination of MIRI in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Gaojiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Shan Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Meilin Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Pingyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Liying Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Sichong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Zheng Q, Mu X, Pan S, Luan R, Zhao P. Ephedrae herba: A comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116153. [PMID: 36641108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ephedrae herba (called Mahuang in China) is the dried herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey., and Ephedra equisetina Bge. Ephedrae herba has a long history of use as an herb, and it was originally recorded in Sheng Nong's herbal classic. Ephedrae herba has also been widely used as both medicine and food. In the clinic, Ephedrae herba is commonly used for treating colds, bronchial asthma, nasal congestion, and other diseases. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to provide a systematic summary on the traditional use, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, clinical applications, quality control, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of Ephedrae herba to provide a theoretical basis for further reasonable development of Ephedrae herba in clinical practice and creation of new drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on Ephedrae herba was gathered from various sources, including the scientific databases including CNKI, PubMed, SciFinder and ScienceDirect, classical books on traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations; Baidu Scholar; and from different professional websites. RESULTS Ephedrae herba is distributed in regions of China and other areas. Ephedra and its compound preparations can be used for colds, bronchial asthma, nasal congestion and other diseases. Approximately 281 chemical constituents have been isolated from Ephedrae herba, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, volatile oils, organic acids, and other compounds. Among these constituents, alkaloids and volatile oils are the most abundant and represent the major bioactive constituents. Ephedrae herba possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including diuretic effect, anti-allergic effect, blood pressure regulatory, anti-inflammatory effect, anti-oxidation effect and anti-viral effects. Ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride are generally selected as indicators for the quantitative determination of Ephedrae herba. The maximum dosage of Ephedrae herba should not exceed 10 g. If overused, adverse reactions such as palpitations, sweating, irritability and insomnia will occur. CONCLUSIONS Ephedrae herba is an ancient herbal medicine with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities that has been used for thousands of years in China. It is one of the most commonly used herbal components of the TCM formulas. Hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine are the major bioactive constituents. However, there is a need to further understand the mechanisms of active components of Ephedrae herba. Future studies should perform an in-depth analyses of the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of toxicity of Ephedrae herba. Quality standards should be developed to correspond to the various application methods to ensure the efficacy of drugs in actual treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingge Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiangyu Mu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Shaobin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ruqiao Luan
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Pan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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Slusher AL, Acevedo EO. Stress induced proinflammatory adaptations: Plausible mechanisms for the link between stress and cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1124121. [PMID: 37007994 PMCID: PMC10065149 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1124121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiating from Hans Selye’s conceptualization of stress physiology, to our present understanding of allostatic load as the cumulative burden of chronic psychological stress and life events, investigators have sought to identify the physiological mechanisms that link stress to health and disease. Of particular interest has been the link between psychological stress and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the number one cause of death in the United States. In this regard, attention has been directed toward alterations in the immune system in response to stress that lead to increased levels of systemic inflammation as a potential pathway by which stress contributes to the development of CVD. More specifically, psychological stress is an independent risk factor for CVD, and as such, mechanisms that explain the connection of stress hormones to systemic inflammation have been examined to gain a greater understanding of the etiology of CVD. Research on proinflammatory cellular mechanisms that are activated in response to psychological stress demonstrates that the ensuing low-grade inflammation mediates pathways that contribute to the development of CVD. Interestingly, physical activity, along with its direct benefits to cardiovascular health, has been shown to buffer against the harmful consequences of psychological stress by “toughening” the SAM system, HPA axis, and immune system as “cross-stressor adaptations” that maintain allostasis and prevent allostatic load. Thus, physical activity training reduces psychological stress induced proinflammation and attenuates the activation of mechanisms associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Finally, COVID-19 associated psychological stress and its associated health risks has provided another model for examining the stress-health relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Slusher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Athletics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Aaron L. Slusher,
| | - Edmund O. Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Aleti G, Kohn JN, Troyer EA, Weldon K, Huang S, Tripathi A, Dorrestein PC, Swafford AD, Knight R, Hong S. Salivary bacterial signatures in depression-obesity comorbidity are associated with neurotransmitters and neuroactive dipeptides. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:75. [PMID: 35287577 PMCID: PMC8919597 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and obesity are highly prevalent, often co-occurring conditions marked by inflammation. Microbiome perturbations are implicated in obesity-inflammation-depression interrelationships, but how the microbiome mechanistically contributes to pathology remains unclear. Metabolomic investigations into microbial neuroactive metabolites may offer mechanistic insights into host-microbe interactions. Using 16S sequencing and untargeted mass spectrometry of saliva, and blood monocyte inflammation regulation assays, we identified key microbes, metabolites and host inflammation in association with depressive symptomatology, obesity, and depressive symptomatology-obesity comorbidity. RESULTS Gram-negative bacteria with inflammation potential were enriched relative to Gram-positive bacteria in comorbid obesity-depression, supporting the inflammation-oral microbiome link in obesity-depression interrelationships. Oral microbiome was more highly predictive of depressive symptomatology-obesity co-occurrences than of obesity or depressive symptomatology independently, suggesting specific microbial signatures associated with obesity-depression co-occurrences. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed significant changes in levels of signaling molecules of microbiota, microbial or dietary derived signaling peptides and aromatic amino acids among depressive symptomatology, obesity and comorbid obesity-depression. Furthermore, integration of the microbiome and metabolomics data revealed that key oral microbes, many previously shown to have neuroactive potential, co-occurred with potential neuropeptides and biosynthetic precursors of the neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine and serotonin. CONCLUSIONS Together, our findings offer novel insights into oral microbial-brain connection and potential neuroactive metabolites involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajender Aleti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jordan N Kohn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Emily A Troyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kelly Weldon
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shi Huang
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anupriya Tripathi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Austin D Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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5
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Simpson RJ, Boßlau TK, Weyh C, Niemiro GM, Batatinha H, Smith KA, Krüger K. Exercise and adrenergic regulation of immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:303-318. [PMID: 34302965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has a profound impact on immunity, exerting a multitude of positive effects in indications such as immunosenescence, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The immune, endocrine and central nervous systems work in a highly synergistic manner and it has become apparent that catecholamine signaling through leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) is a key mechanism by which exercise mediates improvements in immune function to help mitigate numerous disease conditions. Central to this is the preferential mobilization and redistribution of effector lymphocytes with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity, their interaction with muscle-derived cytokines, and the effects of catecholamine signaling on mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism and the resulting inflammatory response. Here, we review the impact of acute and chronic exercise on adrenergic regulation of immunity in the context of aging, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory disease. We also put forth our contention that exercise interventions designed to improve immunity, prevent disease and reduce inflammation should consider the catecholamine-AR signaling axis as a therapeutic target and ask whether or not the adrenergic signaling machinery can be 'trained' to improve immune responses to stress, disease or during the normal physiological process of aging. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to augment leukocyte catecholamine signaling to boost the effects of exercise on immunity in individuals with desensitized β-ARs or limited exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Tim K Boßlau
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weyh
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Grace M Niemiro
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle A Smith
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karsten Krüger
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany.
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Role of β-Adrenergic Receptors and Estrogen in Cardiac Repair after Myocardial Infarction: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168957. [PMID: 34445662 PMCID: PMC8396463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with an intense inflammatory response that is critical for cardiac repair but is also involved in the pathogenesis of adverse cardiac remodeling, i.e., the set of size, geometry, and structure changes that represent the structural substrate for the development of post-MI heart failure. Deciphering the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiac repair after MI is, therefore, critical to favorably regulate cardiac wound repair and to prevent development of heart failure. Catecholamines and estrogen play an active role in regulating the inflammatory response in the infarcted area. For example, stress-induced catecholamines alter recruitment and trafficking of leukocytes to the heart. Additionally, estrogen affects rate of cardiac rupture during the acute phase of MI, as well as infarct size and survival in animal models of MI. In this review, we will summarize the role of β-adrenergic receptors and estrogen in cardiac repair after infarction in preclinical studies.
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7
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Budni J, Moretti M, Freitas AE, Neis VB, Ribeiro CM, de Oliveira Balen G, Rieger DK, Leal RB, Rodrigues ALS. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of folic acid in a mouse model of depression induced by TNF-α. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113512. [PMID: 34358572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid has been reported to exert antidepressant effects, but its ability to abrogate the depressive-like behavior and signaling pathways alterations elicited by an inflammatory model of depression remains to be established. This study examined: a) the efficacy of folic acid in a mouse model of depression induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α); b) whether the administration of subthreshold doses of folic acid and antidepressants (fluoxetine, imipramine, and bupropion), MK-801, or 7-nitroindazole cause antidepressant-like effects; c) the effects of TNF-α and/or folic acid on hippocampal p38MAPK, Akt, ERK, and JNK phosphorylation. Folic acid reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) in control mice (10-50 mg/kg, p.o) and abolished the depressive-like behavior elicited by TNF-α (0.001 fg/site, i.c.v.) in this test (1-50 mg/kg, p.o). Coadministration of subthreshold doses of folic acid (1 mg/kg, p.o.) and fluoxetine, imipramine, bupropion, MK-801, or 7-nitroindazole produced an antidepressant-like effect in mice exposed or not to TNF-α. TNF-α-treated mice presented increased p38MAPK phosphorylation and decreased Akt phosphorylation, and the later effect was prevented by folic acid (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Additionally, ERK1 phosphorylation was increased in mice treated with TNF-α + folic acid (1 mg/kg), but no effects on ERK2 or JNK1/2/3 phosphorylation were found in any group. The results indicate the efficacy of folic acid to counteract the depressive-like behavior induced by a pro-inflammatory cytokine, an effect that might be associated with the activation of monoaminergic systems, inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, as well as Akt modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Budni
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Andiara E Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Vivian B Neis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Camille M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Grasiela de Oliveira Balen
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora K Rieger
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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Adrenergic and Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Pulmonary Health Effects of Air Pollution. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9060132. [PMID: 34200050 PMCID: PMC8226814 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9060132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adrenergic receptors (ARs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are activated by circulating catecholamines and glucocorticoids, respectively. These receptors regulate the homeostasis of physiological processes with specificity via multiple receptor subtypes, wide tissue-specific distribution, and interactions with other receptors and signaling processes. Based on their physiological roles, ARs and GRs are widely manipulated therapeutically for chronic diseases. Although these receptors play key roles in inflammatory and cellular homeostatic processes, little research has addressed their involvement in the health effects of air pollution. We have recently demonstrated that ozone, a prototypic air pollutant, mediates pulmonary and systemic effects through the activation of these receptors. A single exposure to ozone induces the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes, resulting in the release of epinephrine and corticosterone into the circulation. These hormones act as ligands for ARs and GRs. The roles of beta AR (βARs) and GRs in ozone-induced pulmonary injury and inflammation were confirmed in a number of studies using interventional approaches. Accordingly, the activation status of ARs and GRs is critical in mediating the health effects of inhaled irritants. In this paper, we review the cellular distribution and functions of ARs and GRs, their lung-specific localization, and their involvement in ozone-induced health effects, in order to capture attention for future research.
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Tanner MA, Thomas TP, Maitz CA, Grisanti LA. β2-Adrenergic Receptors Increase Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation Through the Gαs/ERK1/2-Dependent Secretion of Interleukin-6. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228507. [PMID: 33198112 PMCID: PMC7697911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are an important resident cell population in the heart involved in maintaining homeostasis and structure during normal conditions. They are also crucial in disease states for sensing signals and initiating the appropriate repair responses to maintain the structural integrity of the heart. This sentinel role of cardiac fibroblasts occurs, in part, through their ability to secrete cytokines. β-adrenergic receptors (βAR) are also critical regulators of cardiac function in the normal and diseased state and a major therapeutic target clinically. βAR are known to influence cytokine secretion in various cell types and they have been shown to be involved in cytokine production in the heart, but their role in regulating cytokine production in cardiac fibroblasts is not well understood. Thus, we hypothesized that βAR activation on cardiac fibroblasts modulates cytokine production to influence fibroblast function. Using primary fibroblast cultures from neonatal rats and adult mice, increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion occurred following β2AR activation. The use of pharmacological inhibitors and genetic manipulations showed that IL-6 elevations occurred through the Gαs-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and resulted in increased fibroblast proliferation. In vivo, a lack of β2AR resulted in increased infarct size following myocardial infarction and impaired wound closure in a murine dermal wound healing assay. These findings identify an important role for β2AR in regulating fibroblast proliferation through Gαs/ERK1/2-dependent alterations in IL-6 and may lead to the development of improved heart failure therapies through targeting fibrotic function of β2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A. Tanner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (M.A.T.); (T.P.T.)
| | - Toby P. Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (M.A.T.); (T.P.T.)
| | - Charles A. Maitz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Laurel A. Grisanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (M.A.T.); (T.P.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +573-884-8852
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10
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Hong S. Inflammation at the interface of physical and neuropsychiatric outcomes: Investigation of neuroendocrine regulatory pathways to inform therapeutics. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:270-274. [PMID: 32353522 PMCID: PMC10637350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzi Hong
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0804, La Jolla, California 92093-0804, USA.
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11
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Sex-specific roles of cellular inflammation and cardiometabolism in obesity-associated depressive symptomatology. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:2045-2056. [PMID: 31089263 PMCID: PMC6774832 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and depression are complex conditions with stronger comorbid relationships among women than men. Inflammation and cardiometabolic dysfunction are likely mechanistic candidates for increased depression risk, and their prevalence differs by sex. Whether these relationships extend to depressive symptoms is poorly understood. Therefore, we analyzed sex in associations between inflammation and metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria on depressive symptomatology. Specifically, we examined whether sex positively moderates the relationship between depressive symptoms and inflammation among women, and whether MetS has parallel effects among men. METHODS Depressive symptoms, MetS, and inflammation were assessed in 129 otherwise healthy adults. Depressive symptoms were assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-Ia). Monocyte inflammation regulation (BARIC) was quantified using flow cytometry measurement of TNF-α suppression by β-agonist. Moderation effects of sex on associations between BARIC, MetS criteria, and BDI were estimated using two-way ANOVA and linear regression, adjusting for BMI, and by sex subgroup analyses. RESULTS Obese individuals reported more depressive symptoms. Sex did not formally moderate this relationship, though BDI scores tended to differ by BMI among women, but not men, in subgroup analysis. Poorer inflammation control and higher MetS criteria were correlated with somatic depressive symptoms. Sex moderated associations between MetS criteria and somatic symptoms; among men, MetS criteria predicted somatic symptoms, not among women. Subgroup analysis further indicated that poorer inflammation control tended to be associated with higher somatic symptoms in women. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that obesity-related inflammation and MetS factors have sex-specific effects on depressive symptoms in a non-clinical population. Although pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sex differences remain to be elucidated, our findings suggest that distinct vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms exist between women and men, and highlight the need to consider sex as a key biological variable in obesity-depression relationships. Future clinical studies on comorbid obesity and depression should account for sex, which may optimize therapeutic strategies.
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Fagundes CP, Brown RL, Chen MA, Murdock KW, Saucedo L, LeRoy A, Wu EL, Garcini LM, Shahane AD, Baameur F, Heijnen C. Grief, depressive symptoms, and inflammation in the spousally bereaved. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 100:190-197. [PMID: 30368120 PMCID: PMC6889080 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Grief is conceptualized by strong negative emotions, which include longing, sadness, and preoccupations with thoughts, recollections, and images of the spouse. In the initial months after the loss of a spouse, those who are widowed are at risk for cardiovascular problems and premature mortality. In the general population, depression is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, a key predictor of cardiovascular problems, morbidity, and mortality. Although depression and grief share similarities, they are distinct constructs. We aimed to identify if grief was related to inflammation among those who had a spouse recently die. We also sought to determine if those who are widowed and already experience elevated levels of depressive symptoms compared with the general population had higher levels of inflammation compared with those who are widowed who report fewer depressive symptoms. Ninety-nine recently bereaved individuals (M = 84.74 days since passing, SD = 18.17) completed a blood draw and psychological assessments. Proinflammatory T cell-derived cytokines were assessed, which included interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL17-A, and IL-2. Bereaved individuals with a higher grief severity (using an established cut-score) had higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α than those with less grief severity. Those who experienced higher levels of depression exhibited elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared with those who had lower levels of depression (using a continuous measure of depressive symptoms, as well as an established cut score). This is the first study to demonstrate that inflammatory markers can distinguish those who are widowed based on grief severity such that those who are higher on grief severity have higher levels of inflammation compared with those who are lower on grief severity. These findings also add to the broader literature on depression and inflammation by showing that even in a population with high levels of depressive symptoms, there is a positive relationship between depression and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Fagundes
- Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | | | | | - Kyle W Murdock
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | | | | | - E Lydia Wu
- Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Faiza Baameur
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cobi Heijnen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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13
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Jansen van Vuren E, Malan L, von Känel R, Lammertyn L, Cockeran M, Malan NT. Longitudinal changes of cardiac troponin and inflammation reflect progressive myocyte stretch and likelihood for hypertension in a Black male cohort: The SABPA study. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:708-716. [PMID: 30626934 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation was cross-sectionally associated with subclinical wall remodeling and hypertension. Whether longitudinal changes (∆) in inflammation, myocyte injury (troponin T), and stretch (N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) are associated with hypertension and ECG left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG-LVH) is unclear. The first prospective analysis in Africa assessing these associations included a cohort of Black and White teachers (N = 338; aged 20-63 years). Fasting blood samples were obtained to measure tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Ambulatory blood pressure, 2-lead ECG and resting 10-lead ECG values were obtained. A higher mean hypertensive status (62%) was evident in Blacks compared to Whites (44%, p < 0.001). Over 3-years, NT-proBNP increased in both ethnic groups. No associations were evident in women or in White men. In Black men, ECG-LVH at follow-up was positively associated with baseline cTnT (Adj R2 0.43; β = 0.48; 95% CI 0.28-0.68, p < 0.001) and baseline SBP (Adj R2 0.43; β = 0.29; 95% CI 0.09-0.49, p = 0.006). In Black men, baseline TNF-α (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.05-2.14, p = 0.03) and decreased ΔTNF-α (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.26-3.40, p = 0.004) increased the likelihood for cTnT levels ≥ 4.2 ng/L. Here, baseline NT-proBNP (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.01-1.23, p = 0.03) and ΔNT-proBNP progression (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.81, p = 0.04) increased the likelihood for 24-h hypertension. In conclusion, chronically increased levels of markers of myocyte injury accompanied by progressive myocardial stretch, reflective of cardiac metabolic overdemand, may ultimately increase hypertension and ischemic heart disease risk in a cohort of Black males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmé Jansen van Vuren
- North-West University, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Leoné Malan
- North-West University, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Roland von Känel
- North-West University, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Potchefstroom, South Africa.,University Hospital Zurich, Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leandi Lammertyn
- North-West University, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Potchefstroom, South Africa.,North-West University, MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marike Cockeran
- North-West University, Medicine Usage in South Africa (MUSA), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas T Malan
- North-West University, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Willemze RA, Welting O, van Hamersveld P, Verseijden C, Nijhuis LE, Hilbers FW, Meijer SL, Heesters BA, Folgering JHA, Darwinkel H, Blancou P, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Seppen J, Heinsbroek SEM, de Jonge WJ. Loss of intestinal sympathetic innervation elicits an innate immune driven colitis. Mol Med 2019; 25:1. [PMID: 30616543 PMCID: PMC6322236 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system exert control over innate immune responses. In inflammatory bowel disease, sympathetic innervation in intestinal mucosa is reduced. Our aim was to investigate the role of sympathetic innervation to the intestine on regulation of the innate immune responses. METHODS In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, we evaluated the effect of adrenergic receptor activation on cytokine production and metabolic profile. In vivo, the effect of sympathetic denervation on mucosal innate immune responses using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), or using surgical transection of the superior mesenteric nerve (sympathectomy) was tested in Rag1-/- mice that lack T- and B-lymphocytes. RESULTS In murine macrophages, adrenergic β2 receptor activation elicited a dose-dependent reduction of LPS-induced cytokines, reduced LPS-induced glycolysis and increased maximum respiration. Sympathectomy led to a significantly decreased norepinephrine concentration in intestinal tissue. Within 14 days after sympathectomy, mice developed clinical signs of colitis, colon oedema and excess colonic cytokine production. Both 6-OHDA and sympathectomy led to prominent goblet cell depletion and histological damage of colonic mucosa. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the sympathetic nervous system plays a regulatory role in constraining innate immune cell reactivity towards microbial challenges, likely via the adrenergic β2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Willemze
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Olaf Welting
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia van Hamersveld
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Verseijden
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens E Nijhuis
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisca W Hilbers
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren L Meijer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H A Folgering
- Charles River Laboratories, Discovery, De Mudden 16, 9747 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Darwinkel
- Charles River Laboratories, Discovery, De Mudden 16, 9747 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Blancou
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Nice Sophia Antipolis University, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Jurgen Seppen
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid E M Heinsbroek
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Du X, Yu J, Mi W. The effect of dexmedetomidine on the perioperative hemodynamics and postoperative cognitive function of elderly patients with hypertension: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12851. [PMID: 30412077 PMCID: PMC6221648 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive dysfunction after surgery, a common clinical manifestation of postoperative psychonosema. It usually occurs after heart surgery, hip replacement, mandibular fractures, and other major operations. Dexmedetomidine can exert sedative, analgesic, anxiolytic effect, inhibits the sympathetic activity, maintains hemodynamic balance, helps reduce the amount of anesthetic agents, and relatively slightly depresses respiration. Preoperative administration of dexmedetomidine for sedation has been reported to reduce the incidence of acute postoperative delirium. But currently there is no study on the effect of dexmedetomidine on the postoperative cognitive function of elderly patients with essential hypertension. METHODS/DESIGN This study is a prospective, single-center, double-blind controlled clinical trial. Elderly patients aged between 60 and 80 years old, diagnosed with primary hypertension for 1 year or longer will be included, and randomized into 2 groups. Patients in observational group will be given a loading dose of dexmedetomidine at 0.8 μg/kg, pumped for over 10 minutes. Although patients in control group will be pumped of the same volume of normal saline within 10 minutes, before the induction of anesthesia. Minimental state examination and levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein will be set as primary endpoints. Baseline characteristics of patients will be summarized by groups and compared using Chi-square or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables and 2-sample t tests or Wilcoxon rank sum test for the continuous variables. Repeated measurement analysis of covariance model will also be used for the comparison of endpoints between 2 groups. CONCLUSION The present study is designed to investigate the effect of the application of dexmedetomidine on postoperative myocardial injury and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, also to explore the association between inflammatory factors and postoperative cognitive function. With this study, we are expecting to find out an appropriate anesthesia method for elderly people with hypertension to alleviate the postoperative adverse effects caused by medical treatments. TRIALS REGISTRATION This study was registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/) with the ID ChiCTR-IPR-16009156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiang Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA Medical School/Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Jianshe Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Weidong Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA Medical School/Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
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16
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Dimitrov S, Hulteng E, Hong S. Inflammation and exercise: Inhibition of monocytic intracellular TNF production by acute exercise via β 2-adrenergic activation. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:60-68. [PMID: 28011264 PMCID: PMC6555138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise is shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects, yet the effects of acute exercise on cellular inflammatory responses and its mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that sympathoadrenergic activation during a single bout of exercise has a suppressive effect on monocytic cytokine production mediated by β2 adrenergic receptors (AR). We investigated the effects of 20-min moderate (65-70% VO2 peak) exercise-induced catecholamine production on LPS-stimulated TNF production by monocytes in 47 healthy volunteers and determined AR subtypes involved. We also examined the effects of β-agonist isoproterenol and endogenous β- and α-agonists epinephrine and norepinephrine, and receptor-subtype-specific β- and α-antagonists on TNF production in a series of in vitro investigations. LPS-stimulated TNF production by peripheral blood monocytes was determined intracellularly by flow cytometry, using an intracellular protein transport inhibitor. Percent TNF-producing monocytes and per-cell TNF production with and without LPS was suppressed by exercise with moderate to large effects, which was reversed by a β2-AR antagonist in spite that plasma TNF levels did not change. This inhibitory response in TNF production by exercise was mirrored by β-AR agonists in an agonist-specific and dose-dependent manner in vitro: similar isoproterenol (EC50=2.1-4.7×10-10M) and epinephrine (EC50=4.4-10×10-10M) potency and higher norepinephrine concentrations (EC50=2.6-4.3×10-8M) needed for the effects. Importantly, epinephrine levels observed during acute exercise in vivo significantly inhibited TNF production in vitro. The inhibitory effect of the AR agonists was abolished by β2-, but not by β1- or α-AR blockers. We conclude that the downregulation of monocytic TNF production during acute exercise is mediated by elevated epinephrine levels through β2-ARs. Decreased inflammatory responses during acute exercise may protect against chronic conditions with low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Dimitrov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Elaine Hulteng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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17
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Baker JG, Wilcox RG. β-Blockers, heart disease and COPD: current controversies and uncertainties. Thorax 2016; 72:271-276. [PMID: 27927840 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Treating people with cardiovascular disease and COPD causes significant clinician anxiety. β-Blockers save lives in people with heart disease, specifically postinfarction and heart failure. COPD and heart disease frequently coexist and people with both disorders have particularly high cardiovascular mortality. There are concerns about giving β-blockers to people with concomitant COPD that include reduced basal lung function, diminished effectiveness of emergency β-agonist treatments, reduced benefit of long-acting β-agonist treatment and difficulty in discriminating between asthma and COPD. β-Blockers appear to reduce lung function in both the general population and those with COPD because they are poorly selective for cardiac β1-adrenoceptors over respiratory β2-adrenoceptors, and studies have shown that higher β-agonist doses are required to overcome the β-blockade. COPD and cardiovascular disease share similar environmental risks and both disease states have high adrenergic and inflammatory activation. β-Blockers may therefore be particularly helpful in reducing cardiovascular events in this high-risk group. They may reduce the background inflammatory state, and inhibit the tachycardia and hypertension associated with both the endogenous adrenaline and high-dose β-agonist treatment associated with acute exacerbations of COPD. Some studies have suggested no increased and, at times, reduced mortality in patients with COPD taking β-blockers for heart disease. However, these are all observational studies and there are no randomised controlled trials. Potential ways to improve this dilemma include the development of highly β1-selective β-blockers or the use of non-β-blocking heart rate reducing agents, such as ivabridine, if these are proven to be beneficial in randomised controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Respiratory Medicine, Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert G Wilcox
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Mondelli V, Pariante CM. On the heart, the mind, and how inflammation killed the Cartesian dualism. Commentary on the 2015 Named Series: Psychological Risk Factors and Immune System Involvement in Cardiovascular Disease. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:14-17. [PMID: 26391234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2015 Named Series on "Psychological Risk Factors and Immune System Involvement in Cardiovascular Disease" was conceived with the idea of drawing attention to the interdisciplinary work aimed at investigating the relationships between the heart, metabolic system, brain, and mental health. In this commentary, we provide a brief overview of the manuscripts included in this Named Series and highlight how a better understanding of immune regulation will help us to move forward from the current "dualistic" perspective of the heart as separate from the mind to a more comprehensive understanding of the physiological links between cardiovascular and mental disorders. The manuscripts included in this Named Series range across a wide spectrum of topics, from understanding biological mechanisms explaining comorbidity between cardiovascular disease and psychiatric disorders to new insights into the dysregulation of inflammation associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Clearly, inflammation emerges as a cross-cutting theme across all studies. Data presented in this Series contribute to putting an end to an era in which the heart and the mind were considered to be separate entities in which the responses of one system did not affect the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mondelli
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK
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