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Jia Q, Li J, Guo X, Li Y, Wu Y, Peng Y, Fang Z, Zhang X. Neuroprotective effects of chaperone-mediated autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1291-1298. [PMID: 37905878 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chaperone-mediated autophagy is one of three types of autophagy and is characterized by the selective degradation of proteins. Chaperone-mediated autophagy contributes to energy balance and helps maintain cellular homeostasis, while providing nutrients and support for cell survival. Chaperone-mediated autophagy activity can be detected in almost all cells, including neurons. Owing to the extreme sensitivity of neurons to their environmental changes, maintaining neuronal homeostasis is critical for neuronal growth and survival. Chaperone-mediated autophagy dysfunction is closely related to central nervous system diseases. It has been shown that neuronal damage and cell death are accompanied by chaperone-mediated autophagy dysfunction. Under certain conditions, regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy activity attenuates neurotoxicity. In this paper, we review the changes in chaperone-mediated autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases, brain injury, glioma, and autoimmune diseases. We also summarize the most recent research progress on chaperone-mediated autophagy regulation and discuss the potential of chaperone-mediated autophagy as a therapeutic target for central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - You Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zongping Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Guarino A, Pignata P, Lovisari F, Asth L, Simonato M, Soukupova M. Cognitive comorbidities in the rat pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1392977. [PMID: 38872822 PMCID: PMC11171745 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1392977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with epilepsy are prone to cognitive decline, depression, anxiety and other behavioral disorders. Cognitive comorbidities are particularly common and well-characterized in people with temporal lobe epilepsy, while inconsistently addressed in epileptic animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ascertain whether there is good evidence of cognitive comorbidities in animal models of epilepsy, in particular in the rat pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. We searched the literature published between 1990 and 2023. The association of spontaneous recurrent seizures induced by pilocarpine with cognitive alterations has been evaluated by using various tests: contextual fear conditioning (CFC), novel object recognition (NOR), radial and T-maze, Morris water maze (MWM) and their variants. Combination of results was difficult because of differences in methodological standards, in number of animals employed, and in outcome measures. Taken together, however, the analysis confirmed that pilocarpine-induced epilepsy has an effect on cognition in rats, and supports the notion that this is a valid model for assessment of cognitive temporal lobe epilepsy comorbidities in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Guarino
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Pignata
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Lovisari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laila Asth
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie Soukupova
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Qiu Y, Song B, Xie M, Tao Y, Yin Z, Wang M, Ma C, Chen Z, Wang Z. Causal links between gut microbiomes, cytokines and risk of different subtypes of epilepsy: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1397430. [PMID: 38855442 PMCID: PMC11157073 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1397430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent research suggests a potential link between the gut microbiome (GM) and epilepsy. We undertook a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to determine the possible causal influence of GM on epilepsy and its various subtypes, and explore whether cytokines act as mediators. Methods We utilized Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary statistics to examine the causal relationships between GM, cytokines, and four epilepsy subtypes. Furthermore, we assessed whether cytokines mediate the relationship between GM and epilepsy. Significant GMs were further investigated using transcriptomic MR analysis with genes mapped from the FUMA GWAS. Sensitivity analyses and reverse MR were conducted for validation, and false discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Results We pinpointed causal relationships between 30 GMs and various epilepsy subtypes. Notably, the Family Veillonellaceae (OR:1.03, 95%CI:1.02-1.05, p = 0.0003) consistently showed a strong positive association with child absence epilepsy, and this causal association endured even after FDR correction (p-FDR < 0.05). Seven cytokines were significantly associated with epilepsy and its subtypes. A mediating role for cytokines has not been demonstrated. Sensitivity tests validated the primary MR analysis outcomes. Additionally, no reverse causality was detected between significant GMs and epilepsy. Of the mapped genes of notable GMs, genes like BLK, FDFT1, DOK2, FAM167A, ZSCAN9, RNGTT, RBM47, DNAJC21, SUMF1, TCF20, GLO1, TMTC1, VAV2, and RNF14 exhibited a profound correlation with the risk factors of epilepsy subtypes. Conclusion Our research validates the causal role of GMs and cytokines in various epilepsy subtypes, and there has been no evidence that cytokines play a mediating role between GM and epilepsy. This could provide fresh perspectives for the prevention and treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingyi Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Minjia Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Tao
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ziqian Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhouqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Dong Y, Zhang X, Wang Y. Interleukins in Epilepsy: Friend or Foe. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:635-657. [PMID: 38265567 PMCID: PMC11127910 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder with recurrent unprovoked seizures, affecting ~ 65 million worldwide. Evidence in patients with epilepsy and animal models suggests a contribution of neuroinflammation to epileptogenesis and the development of epilepsy. Interleukins (ILs), as one of the major contributors to neuroinflammation, are intensively studied for their association and modulatory effects on ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. ILs are commonly divided into pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and therefore are expected to be pathogenic or neuroprotective in epilepsy. However, both protective and destructive effects have been reported for many ILs. This may be due to the complex nature of ILs, and also possibly due to the different disease courses that those ILs are involved in. In this review, we summarize the contributions of different ILs in those processes and provide a current overview of recent research advances, as well as preclinical and clinical studies targeting ILs in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Xia Zhang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Xu F, Chen A, Pan S, Wu Y, He H, Han Z, Lu L, Orgil B, Chi X, Yang C, Jia S, Yu C, Mi J. Systems genetics analysis reveals the common genetic basis for pain sensitivity and cognitive function. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14557. [PMID: 38421132 PMCID: PMC10850811 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence of a strong correlation between pain sensitivity and cognitive function under both physiological and pathological conditions. However, the detailed mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the current study, we sought to explore candidate genes and common molecular mechanisms underlying pain sensitivity and cognitive function with a transcriptome-wide association study using recombinant inbred mice from the BXD family. METHODS The pain sensitivity determined by Hargreaves' paw withdrawal test and cognition-related phenotypes were systematically analyzed in 60 strains of BXD mice and correlated with hippocampus transcriptomes, followed by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and systems genetics analysis. RESULTS The pain sensitivity showed significant variability across the BXD strains and co-varies with cognitive traits. Pain sensitivity correlated hippocampual genes showed a significant involvement in cognition-related pathways, including glutamatergic synapse, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, QTL mapping identified a genomic region on chromosome 4, potentially regulating the variation of pain sensitivity. Integrative analysis of expression QTL mapping, correlation analysis, and Bayesian network modeling identified Ring finger protein 20 (Rnf20) as the best candidate. Further pathway analysis indicated that Rnf20 may regulate the expression of pain sensitivity and cognitive function through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, particularly through interactions with genes Ppp2r2b, Ppp2r5c, Col9a3, Met, Rps6, Tnc, and Kras. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that pain sensitivity is associated with genetic background and Rnf20-mediated PI3K-Akt signaling may involve in the regulation of pain sensitivity and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Xu
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Anran Chen
- The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Shuijing Pan
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Yingying Wu
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Hongjie He
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Zhe Han
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Lu Lu
- University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | | | - XiaoDong Chi
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Cunhua Yang
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Shushan Jia
- Department of AnesthesiologyYanTai Affiliated Hospital of BinZhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Cuicui Yu
- The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Jia Mi
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
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Lullmann O, van der Plas E, Harshman LA. Understanding the impact of pediatric kidney transplantation on cognition: A review of the literature. Pediatr Transplant 2023; 27:e14597. [PMID: 37664967 PMCID: PMC11034761 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a relatively rare childhood disease that is associated with a wide array of medical comorbidities. Roughly half of all pediatric patients acquire CKD due to congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract, and of those with congenital disease, 50% will progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) necessitating a kidney transplantation. The medical sequelae of advanced CKD/ESKD improve dramatically following successful kidney transplantation; however, the impact of kidney transplantation on neurocognition in children is less clear. It is generally thought that cognition improves following kidney transplantation; however, our knowledge on this topic is limited by the sparsity of high-quality data in the context of the relative rarity of pediatric CKD/ESKD. METHOD We conducted a narrative review to gauge the scope of the literature, using the PubMed database and the following keywords: cognition, kidney, brain, pediatric, neurocognition, intelligence, executive function, transplant, immunosuppression, and neuroimaging. RESULTS There are few published longitudinal studies, and existing work often includes wide heterogeneity in age at transplant, variable dialysis exposure/duration prior to transplant, and unaccounted cofounders which persist following transplantation, including socio-economic status. Furthermore, the impact of long-term maintenance immunosuppression on the brain and cognitive function of pediatric kidney transplant (KT) recipients remains unknown. CONCLUSION In this educational review, we highlight what is known on the topic of neurocognition and neuroimaging in the pediatric KT population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Lullmann
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City, IA
| | - Ellen van der Plas
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City, IA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine; Little Rock, AR
| | - Lyndsay A. Harshman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City, IA
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Rana AK, Kumar R, Shukla DN, Singh D. Lithium co-administration with rutin improves post-stroke neurological outcomes via suppressing Gsk-3β activity in a rat model. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:107-119. [PMID: 37414348 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of adult disability worldwide. Reperfusion is the only therapeutic option with a lot of side effects. In the current study, we investigated the efficacy of rutin and lithium co-treatment in improving post-stroke neurological outcomes in a transient global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury rat model. Middle-aged male rats were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. NORT and Y-maze were used to assess the cognitive processes. Lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and nitric oxide assays were performed to study oxidative stress. The excitotoxicity index was calculated by HPLC. Real time-PCR and western blotting were performed to study gene and protein expressions. The co-administration of rutin and lithium improved the overall survival, recognition memory, spatial working memory, and neurological score following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Further, a marked decrease in malonaldehyde, protein carbonyls, and nitric oxide levels was observed following combined treatment. The mRNA expression of antioxidant (Hmox1 and Nqo1) and pro-inflammatory (Il2, Il6, and Il1β) markers were significantly attenuated in the rutin and lithium co-administrated group. The treatment inhibited the Gsk-3β and maintained a normal pool of the downstream β-catenin and Nrf2 proteins. The results revealed that co-administration of rutin and lithium had a neuroprotective potential, suggesting it to be a viable treatment to overcome post-stroke deaths and neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Rana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajneesh Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Durgesh Nandan Shukla
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Abdolrahmani M, Mirazi N, Hosseini A. Effect of Duvelisib, a Selective PI3K Inhibitor on Seizure Activity in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Convulsions Animal Model. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231198013. [PMID: 37720697 PMCID: PMC10503276 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231198013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, which is caused by abnormal brain activity. A wide variety of studies have shown the importance of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway in epilepsy pathogenesis. Duvelisib (DUV) is a selective inhibitor of PI3K. The present study investigated the anticonvulsant potential of DUV in a rat model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions. Male Wistar rats (200-250 g, 8 weeks old) were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with DUV at different doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, or vehicle 30 minutes prior to PTZ (70 mg/kg, IP) treatment. Based on Racine's scale, behavioral seizures were assessed. The results showed that pretreatment with DUV prolonged the seizure stages according to the Racine scale, significantly decreased the duration of general tonic-clonic seizure and reduced the number of myoclonic jerks (P < .05). In conclusion, we found that PI3K antagonist DUV significantly reduced PTZ-induced seizures, indicating that DUV exerts an anticonvulsant effect by inhibiting PI3K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Abdolrahmani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Naser Mirazi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Hosseini
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Rana AK, Sharma S, Kumar R, Singh D. Buckwheat tartary regulates the Gsk-3β/β-catenin pathway to prevent neurobehavioral impairments in a rat model of surgical menopause. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1859-1875. [PMID: 37133802 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Menopause is a natural aging process characterized by decreased levels of sex hormones in females. Deprivation of estrogen following menopause results in alterations of dendritic arborization of the neuron that leads to neurobehavioral complications. Hormone replacement therapy is in practice to manage postmenopausal conditions but is associated with a lot of adverse effects. In the present study, the efficacy of buckwheat tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum) whole seed extract was investigated against the neurobehavioral complication in middle-aged ovariectomized rats, which mimic the clinical postmenopausal condition. Hydroalcoholic extraction (80% ethanol) was done, and quantification of major marker compounds in the extract was performed using HPLC. Oral treatment of the extract following the critical window period rescued the reconsolidation process of spatial and recognition memory, as well as depression-like behavior. Gene expression analysis disclosed elevated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that largely disturb the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in ovariectomized rats. Gfap and Pparγ expression also showed reactive astrogliosis in the rats subjected to ovariectomy. The extract treatment reverted the elevated oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and expression of the studied genes. Furthermore, protein expression analysis revealed that Gsk-3β was activated differentially in the brain, as suggested by β-catenin protein expression, which was normalized following the treatment with extract and rescued the altered neurobehavioral process. The results of the current study concluded that Fagopyrum tataricum seed extract is better option to overcome the neurobehavioral complications associated with the menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Rana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajneesh Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Zhao W, Xie C, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu J, Xia Z. Advances in the mTOR signaling pathway and its inhibitor rapamycin in epilepsy. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2995. [PMID: 37221133 PMCID: PMC10275542 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epilepsy is one of the most common and serious brain syndromes and has adverse consequences on a patient's neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social wellbeing, thereby threatening their quality of life. Some patients with epilepsy experience poor treatment effects due to the unclear pathophysiological mechanisms of the syndrome. Dysregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is thought to play an important role in the onset and progression of some epilepsies. METHODS This review summarizes the role of the mTOR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and the prospects for the use of mTOR inhibitors. RESULTS The mTOR pathway functions as a vital mediator in epilepsy development through diverse mechanisms, indicating that the it has great potential as an effective target for epilepsy therapy. The excessive activation of mTOR signaling pathway leads to structural changes in neurons, inhibits autophagy, exacerbates neuron damage, affects mossy fiber sprouting, enhances neuronal excitability, increases neuroinflammation, and is closely associated with tau upregulation in epilepsy. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that mTOR inhibitors exhibit significant antiepileptic effects in both clinical applications and animal models. Specifically, rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of TOR, reduces the intensity and frequency of seizures. Clinical studies in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex have shown that rapamycin has the function of reducing seizures and improving this disease. Everolimus, a chemically modified derivative of rapamycin, has been approved as an added treatment to other antiepileptic medicines. Further explorations are needed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and application value of mTOR inhibitors in epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the mTOR signaling pathway provides a promising prospect for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of GerontologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanChina
| | - Cong Xie
- Department of GerontologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanChina
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of GerontologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanChina
| | - Ju Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular MedicineMedical Research CenterShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Jinzhi Liu
- Department of GerontologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanChina
- Department of NeurologyLiaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Shandong First Medical UniversityLiaochengChina
- Department of GerontologyCheeloo College of MedicineShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of Geriatric NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanChina
| | - Zhangyong Xia
- Department of NeurologyLiaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Shandong First Medical UniversityLiaochengChina
- Department of NeurologyCheeloo College of MedicineLiaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
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Sharma S, Rana AK, Rahmatkar SN, Patial V, Singh D. Protective effect of Nardostachys jatamansi extract against lithium-pilocarpine-induced spontaneous recurrent seizures and associated cardiac irregularities in a rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116280. [PMID: 36813245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant widely used for the ethnomedical treatment of various ailments. The underground parts of the plants are used in traditional medicine to manage epilepsy and other cardiovascular conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of a characterized hydroalcoholic extract (NJET) of Nardostachys jatamansi in the lithium-pilocarpine rat model of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and associated cardiac irregularities. MATERIALS AND METHODS NJET was prepared by percolation using 80% ethanol. The dried NEJT was subjected to UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS for chemical characterization. Molecular docking studies were performed using the characterized compounds to understand mTOR interactions. The animals showing SRS following lithium-pilocarpine administration were treated with NJET for 6 weeks. Afterward, seizure severity, cardiac parameters, serum biochemistry, and histopathological parameters were studied. The cardiac tissue was processed for specific protein and gene expression studies. RESULTS The UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS characterized 13 compounds in NJET. The identified compounds subjected to molecular docking showed promising binding affinities toward mTOR. There was a dose-dependent decrease in the severity of SRS following the extract administration. A reduction in mean arterial pressure and serum biochemical markers (lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase) was also observed following NJET treatment in epileptic animals. Histopathological investigations revealed reduced degenerative changes and decreased fibrosis following the extract treatment. The cardiac mRNA level of Mtor, Rps6, Hif1a, and Tgfb3 was reduced in the extract-treated groups. Further, a similar reduction in the protein expression of p-mTOR and HIF-1α was also observed following NJET treatment in the cardiac tissue. CONCLUSIONS The results concluded that NJET treatment reduces lithium-pilocarpine-induced recurrent seizures and associated cardiac irregularities via downregulation of the mTOR signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anil Kumar Rana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shubham Nilkanth Rahmatkar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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12
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Okotrub SV, Rozhkova IN, Brusentsev EY, Gornostaeva AM, Ragaeva DS, Chuyko EA, Amstislavsky SY. Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Exogenous Gonadotropin on Brain Development in Mice. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 52:1073-1081. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-022-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
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13
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Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid eye disease (TED), a vision-threatening and disfiguring autoimmune process, has thwarted our efforts to understand its pathogenesis and develop effective and safe treatments. Recent scientific advances have facilitated improved treatment options. OBJECTIVE Review historically remote and recent advances in understanding TED. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS PubMed was scanned using search terms including thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, thyroid eye disease, Graves' orbitopathy, autoimmune thyroid disease, and orbital inflammation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Strength of scientific evidence, size, scope, and controls of clinical trials/observations. RESULTS Glucocorticoid steroids are widely prescribed systemic medical therapy. They can lessen inflammation-related manifestations of TED but fail to reliably reduce proptosis and diplopia, 2 major causes of morbidity. Other current therapies include mycophenolate, rituximab (anti-CD20 B cell-depleting monoclonal antibody), tocilizumab (interleukin-6 receptor antagonist), and teprotumumab (IGF-I receptor inhibitor). Several new therapeutic approaches have been proposed including targeting prostaglandin receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor, mTOR, and cholesterol pathways. Of potentially greater long-term importance are attempts to restore immune tolerance. CONCLUSION Despite their current wide use, steroids may no longer enjoy first-tier status for TED as more effective and better tolerated medical options become available. Multiple current and emerging therapies, the rationales for which are rooted in theoretical and experimental science, promise better options. These include teprotumumab, rituximab, and tocilizumab. Restoration of immune tolerance could ultimately become the most effective and safe medical management for TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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14
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Sharma S, Rana AK, Sharma A, Singh D. Inhibition of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Attenuates Recurrent Seizures Associated Cardiac Damage in a Zebrafish Kindling Model of Chronic Epilepsy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:334-349. [PMID: 34537895 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is primarily linked with the cardiac irregularities that occur due to recurrent seizures. Our previous studies found a role of mTOR pathway activation in seizures-linked cardiac damage in a rat model. In continuation to the earlier work, the present study was devised to explore the role of rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor and clinically used immunosuppressive agent) in a zebrafish kindling model and associated cardiac damage. Adult zebrafish were incubated with increasing concentrations of rapamycin (1, 2 and, 4 μM), followed by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) exposure to record seizure latency and severity. In another experiment, zebrafish were subjected to a standardized PTZ kindling protocol. The kindled fish were treated daily with rapamycin for up to 25 days, along with PTZ to record seizure severity. At the end, zebrafish heart was excised for carbonylation assay, gene expression, and protein quantification studies. In the acute PTZ convulsion test, treatment with rapamycin showed a significant increase in seizure latency and decreased seizure severity without any change in seizure incidence. Treatment with rapamycin also reduced the severity of seizures in kindled fish. The cardiac expressions of gpx, nppb, kcnh2, scn5a, mapk8, stat3, rps6 and ddit were decreased, whereas the levels of trxr2 and beclin 1 were increased following rapamycin treatment in kindled fish. Furthermore, rapamycin treatment also decreased p-mTOR expression and protein carbonyls level in the fish cardiac tissue. The present study concluded that rapamycin reduces seizures and associated cardiac damage by inhibiting mTOR activation in the zebrafish kindling model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Anil Kumar Rana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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15
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Zhang Q, Zheng L, Su G, Luo D, Huang M, Feng Y, Zhao M. Peptide WCPFSRSF ameliorates excitotoxicity and elevates synaptic plasticity in glutamate-damaged SH-SY5Y cells by modulating the PI3K/mTOR/EIF4E and BDNF/CREB/TrkB pathways. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE Our understanding of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO, A.K.A Graves' orbitopathy, thyroid eye disease) has advanced substantially, since one of us (TJS) wrote the 2010 update on TAO, appearing in this journal. METHODS PubMed was searched for relevant articles. RESULTS Recent insights have resulted from important studies conducted by many different laboratory groups around the World. A clearer understanding of autoimmune diseases in general and TAO specifically emerged from the use of improved research methodologies. Several key concepts have matured over the past decade. Among them, those arising from the refinement of mouse models of TAO, early stage investigation into restoring immune tolerance in Graves' disease, and a hard-won acknowledgement that the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) might play a critical role in the development of TAO, stand out as important. The therapeutic inhibition of IGF-IR has blossomed into an effective and safe medical treatment. Teprotumumab, a β-arrestin biased agonist monoclonal antibody inhibitor of IGF-IR has been studied in two multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trials demonstrated both effectiveness and a promising safety profile in moderate-to-severe, active TAO. Those studies led to the approval by the US FDA of teprotumumab, currently marketed as Tepezza for TAO. We have also learned far more about the putative role that CD34+ fibrocytes and their derivatives, CD34+ orbital fibroblasts, play in TAO. CONCLUSION The past decade has been filled with substantial scientific advances that should provide the necessary springboard for continually accelerating discovery over the next 10 years and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Neag
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - T J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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17
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Rana AK, Sharma S, Patial V, Singh D. Lithium therapy subdues neuroinflammation to maintain pyramidal cells arborization and rescues neurobehavioural impairments in ovariectomized rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1706-1723. [PMID: 35018576 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen deprivation as a consequence of menopause alters the brain neuronal circuit and results in the development of neurobehavioural symptoms later. Hormone replacement therapy to some extent helps to overcome these abnormalities but is associated with various adverse events. Lithium therapy is being used to manage multiple neuropsychiatric disorders and is reported to maintain structural synaptic plasticity, suppress neuroinflammation, and promote adult neurogenesis. The present study examined the effect of lithium treatment on the neurobehavioural impairments in ovariectomized rat model mimicking clinical postmenopausal condition. A protective effect of lithium treatment was observed on the reconsolidation of spatial and recognition memory along with depression-like behaviour in ovariectomized rats. The Golgi-Cox staining revealed increased dendritic length and spine density in the pyramidal neurons of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, layer V of the somatosensory cortex, and layer II/III of the prefrontal cortex in the treated group. A significant reduction in pro-inflammatory markers, Il2, II6, and Il1b, was observed in the hippocampus, somatosensory cortex, and prefrontal cortex following lithium treatment. mRNA expression studies of Gfap and Pparg, along with histopathological analysis, suggested reactive astrogliosis to be a major contributor of neuroinflammation in ovariectomized rats that was normalized following lithium treatment. Further, the treatment inhibited Gsk-3β activity and maintained the normal level of β-catenin, CREB, and BDNF. The results revealed a defensive role of lithium against ovariectomy-induced neurobehavioural impairments, thus suggesting it to be a potential therapeutic agent for managing postmenopausal neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Rana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, 176061, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, 176061, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, 176061, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, 176061, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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18
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Roy A, Han VZ, Bard AM, Wehle DT, Smith SEP, Ramirez JM, Kalume F, Millen KJ. Non-synaptic Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms Underlie Neuronal Hyperactivity in a Genetic Model of PIK3CA-Driven Intractable Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:772847. [PMID: 34899181 PMCID: PMC8662737 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.772847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients harboring mutations in the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway-encoding genes often develop a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy. A significant proportion remains unresponsive to conventional anti-seizure medications. Understanding mutation-specific pathophysiology is thus critical for molecularly targeted therapies. We previously determined that mouse models expressing a patient-related activating mutation in PIK3CA, encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), are epileptic and acutely treatable by PI3K inhibition, irrespective of dysmorphology. Here we report the physiological mechanisms underlying this dysregulated neuronal excitability. In vivo, we demonstrate epileptiform events in the Pik3ca mutant hippocampus. By ex vivo analyses, we show that Pik3ca-driven hyperactivation of hippocampal pyramidal neurons is mediated by changes in multiple non-synaptic, cell-intrinsic properties. Finally, we report that acute inhibition of PI3K or AKT, but not MTOR activity, suppresses the intrinsic hyperactivity of the mutant neurons. These acute mechanisms are distinct from those causing neuronal hyperactivity in other AKT-MTOR epileptic models and define parameters to facilitate the development of new molecularly rational therapeutic interventions for intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achira Roy
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Victor Z Han
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Angela M Bard
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Devin T Wehle
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen E P Smith
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Franck Kalume
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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19
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Parrilla C, Mele DA, Gelli S, Zelano L, Bussu F, Rigante M, Savino G, Scarano E. Multidisciplinary approach to orbital decompression. A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 41:S90-S101. [PMID: 34060524 PMCID: PMC8172106 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-suppl.1-41-2021-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic orbital surgery has become a highly evolving multidisciplinary surgical field thanks to development in technical skills of ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists. These advances expanded the clinical application of orbital decompression, with a growing body of literature describing the multidisciplinary management of thyroid eye disease and compressive optic neuropathy, since 1990. Although techniques have improved considerably, only few Randomized Control Trials (RCT) provide evidence to support recommendations in clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of orbital decompression to clarify which is the most standardized therapeutic strategy. In the literature, we observed several approaches with contradicting results and the comparison of different surgical techniques was biased by inclusion of patients at different stage of disease (active or inactive), different surgical indications (dysthyroid neuropathy or disfiguring proptosis) and measures of outcomes (such as different system for ocular motility evaluation). The timing of surgical decompression is one of the debated issues. One RCT focusing on Graves’ orbitopathy showed how intravenous corticosteroids achieve better visual recovery than surgical orbital decompression; but in case of absent or poor response to medical therapy the patient should undergo surgery within two weeks. There is slight evidence that the removal of the medial and lateral wall (so-called balanced decompression) with or without fat removal could be the most effective surgical technique, with low complication rate, but an increasing number of authors are promoting, for selected cases, a pure endoscopic surgical approach (with removal of medial and infero-medial orbital wall), less invasive than the balanced one; the latter indicated to more severe proptosis or diplopia after endoscopic procedure. Three-wall decompression is chosen for high degrees of proptosis, but complications are more frequent. Timing of surgical orbital decompression, in particular when a concomitant optic neuropathy is present, is still to be determined. Additional ophthalmological procedures are needed to restore normal eye function and cosmesis. Strabismus surgery to address diplopia and lowering the position of the upper eyelid represent some of the additional steps for the final rehabilitation of Graves’ orbitopathy. The main clinical outcomes including visual acuity, proptosis, and new-onset diplopia are changing. Recent studies focused on the development of imaging measurements in order to objectively evaluate the surgical results and QOL questionnaires are gaining increasing importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Parrilla
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery Unit, "A. Gemelli" Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Antonio Mele
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery Unit, "A. Gemelli" Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Gelli
- Endocrinology Unit, "A. Gemelli" Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zelano
- Endocrinology Unit, "A. Gemelli" Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Rigante
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery Unit, "A. Gemelli" Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Gustavo Savino
- Ophthalmology Unit, "A. Gemelli" Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Scarano
- Division of Otolaryngology, Azienda Ospedaliera Pia Fondazione di Culto e Religione Cardinale G. Panico, Tricase, Italy
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20
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Li Y, Zhang J, Sun H, Chen Y, Li W, Yu X, Zhao X, Zhang L, Yang J, Xin W, Jiang Y, Wang G, Shi W, Zhu D. lnc-Rps4l-encoded peptide RPS4XL regulates RPS6 phosphorylation and inhibits the proliferation of PASMCs caused by hypoxia. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1411-1424. [PMID: 33429084 PMCID: PMC8058491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation caused by hypoxia is an important pathological process of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Prevention of PASMCs proliferation can effectively reduce PH mortality. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the proliferation process. Recent evidence has demonstrated that functional peptides encoded by lncRNAs play important roles in cell pathophysiological process. Our previous study has demonstrated that lnc-Rps4l with high coding ability mediates the PASMCs proliferation under hypoxic conditions. We hypothesize in this study that a lnc-Rps4l-encoded peptide is involved in hypoxic-induced PASMCs proliferation. The presence of peptide 40S ribosomal protein S4 X isoform-like (RPS4XL) encoded by lnc-Rps4l in PASMCs under hypoxic conditions was confirmed by bioinformatics, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Inhibition of proliferation by the peptide RPS4XL was demonstrated in hypoxic PASMCs by MTT, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and immunofluorescence assays. By using the bioinformatics, coimmunoprecipitation (coIP), and mass spectrometry, RPS6 was identified to interact with RPS4XL. Furthermore, lnc-Rps4l-encoded peptide RPS4XL inhibited the RPS6 process via binding to RPS6 and inhibiting RPS6 phosphorylation at p-RPS6 (Ser240+Ser244) phosphorylation site. These results systematically elucidate the role and regulatory network of Rps4l-encoded peptide RPS4XL in PASMCs proliferation. These discoveries provide potential targets for early diagnosis and a leading compound for treatment of hypoxic PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Li
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, P.R. China
| | - Junting Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, P.R. China
| | - Hanliang Sun
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, P.R. China
| | - Wendi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiufeng Yu
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xin
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, P.R. China
| | - Guilin Wang
- College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163319, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Shi
- College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163319, P.R. China
| | - Daling Zhu
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, P.R. China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, P.R. China.
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21
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4E-BP2-dependent translation in parvalbumin neurons controls epileptic seizure threshold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025522118. [PMID: 33876772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025522118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates multiple signals to regulate critical cellular processes such as mRNA translation, lipid biogenesis, and autophagy. Germline and somatic mutations in mTOR and genes upstream of mTORC1, such as PTEN, TSC1/2, AKT3, PIK3CA, and components of GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes, are associated with various epileptic disorders. Increased mTORC1 activity is linked to the pathophysiology of epilepsy in both humans and animal models, and mTORC1 inhibition suppresses epileptogenesis in humans with tuberous sclerosis and animal models with elevated mTORC1 activity. However, the role of mTORC1-dependent translation and the neuronal cell types mediating the effect of enhanced mTORC1 activity in seizures remain unknown. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and 2 (4E-BP2) are translational repressors downstream of mTORC1. Here we show that the ablation of 4E-BP2, but not 4E-BP1, in mice increases the sensitivity to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- and kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. We demonstrate that the deletion of 4E-BP2 in inhibitory, but not excitatory neurons, causes an increase in the susceptibility to PTZ-induced seizures. Moreover, mice lacking 4E-BP2 in parvalbumin, but not somatostatin or VIP inhibitory neurons exhibit a lowered threshold for seizure induction and reduced number of parvalbumin neurons. A mouse model harboring a human PIK3CA mutation that enhances the activity of the PI3K-AKT pathway (Pik3ca H1047R-Pvalb ) selectively in parvalbumin neurons shows susceptibility to PTZ-induced seizures. Our data identify 4E-BP2 as a regulator of epileptogenesis and highlight the central role of increased mTORC1-dependent translation in parvalbumin neurons in the pathophysiology of epilepsy.
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22
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El-Sayed SS, El-Yamany MF, Salem HA, El-Sahar AE. New insights into the effects of vinpocetine against neurobehavioral comorbidities in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy via the downregulation of the hippocampal PI3K/mTOR signalling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:626-640. [PMID: 33772295 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As one of the most frequent worldwide neurological disorders, epilepsy is an alteration of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by abnormal increases in neuronal electrical activity. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway has been investigated as an interesting objective in epilepsy research. Vinpocetine (VNP), a synthesized derivative of the apovincamine alkaloid, has been used in different cerebrovascular disorders. This study aimed to examine the modulatory effects of VNP on neurobehavioral comorbidities via the mTOR signalling pathway in a lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pil) rat model of seizures. METHODS In male Wistar rats, seizures were induced with a single administration of pilocarpine (60 mg/kg; i.p.) 20 hours after the delivery of a single dose of lithium (3 mEq/kg; i.p.). VNP (10 mg/kg; i.p.) was administered daily for 14 consecutive days before Li-Pil administration. KEY FINDINGS VNP had a protective effect against Li-Pil-induced seizures. VNP improved both the locomotor and cognitive abilities, moreover, VNP exerted a neuroprotective action, as verified histologically and by its inhibitory effects on hippocampal glutamate excitotoxicity, mTOR pathway, and inflammatory and apoptotic parameters. CONCLUSIONS VNP is a valuable candidate for epilepsy therapy via its modulation of the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis with emphasis on its modulatory effect on mTOR signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham A Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
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Anterior thalamic nuclei deep brain stimulation inhibits mossy fiber sprouting via 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling pathway in a chronic epileptic monkey model. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:326-333. [PMID: 33410631 PMCID: PMC7846430 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective method of controlling epilepsy, especially temporal lobe epilepsy. Mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) plays an indispensable role in the pathogenesis and progression of epilepsy, but the effect of ATN-DBS on MFS in the chronic stage of epilepsy and the potential underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ATN-DBS on MFS, as well as potential signaling pathways by a kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptic model. Methods Twenty-four rhesus monkeys were randomly assigned to control, epilepsy (EP), EP-sham-DBS, and EP-DBS groups. KA was injected to establish the chronic epileptic model. The left ATN was implanted with a DBS lead and stimulated for 8 weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate MFS and levels of potential molecular mediators in the hippocampus. One-way analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey post hoc correction, was used to analyze the statistical significance of differences among multiple groups. Results ATN-DBS is found to significantly reduce seizure frequency in the chronic stage of epilepsy. The number of ectopic granule cells was reduced in monkeys that received ATN stimulation (P < 0.0001). Levels of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) in the hippocampus, together with Akt phosphorylation, were noticeably reduced in monkeys that received ATN stimulation (P = 0.0030 and P = 0.0001, respectively). ATN-DBS also significantly reduced MFS scores in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA3 sub-regions (all P < 0.0001). Conclusion ATN-DBS is shown to down-regulate the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and Akt phosphorylation and to reduce the number of ectopic granule cells, which may be associated with the reduced MFS in chronic epilepsy. The study provides further insights into the mechanism by which ATN-DBS reduces epileptic seizures.
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Sharma S, Sharma M, Rana AK, Joshi R, Swarnkar MK, Acharya V, Singh D. Deciphering key regulators involved in epilepsy-induced cardiac damage through whole transcriptome and proteome analysis in a rat model. Epilepsia 2020; 62:504-516. [PMID: 33341939 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a major outcome of cardiac dysfunction in patients with epilepsy. In continuation of our previous work, the present study was envisaged to explore the key regulators responsible for cardiac damage associated with chronic seizures using whole transcriptome and proteome analysis in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS A standard lithium-pilocarpine protocol was used to induce recurrent seizures in rats. The isolated rat heart tissue was subjected to transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. An integrated approach of RNA-Seq, proteomics, and system biology analysis was used to identify key regulators involved in seizure-linked cardiac changes. The analyzed differential expression patterns and network interactions were supported by gene and protein expression studies. RESULTS Altogether, 1157 differentially expressed genes and 1264 proteins were identified in the cardiac tissue of epileptic animals through RNA-Seq and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, respectively. The network analysis revealed seven critical genes-STAT3, Myc, Fos, Erbb2, Erbb3, Notch1, and Mapk8-that could play a role in seizure-mediated cardiac changes. The LC-MS/MS analysis supported the activation of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway in the heart of epileptic animals. Furthermore, our gene and protein expression studies established a key role of STAT3, Erbb, and Mapk8 to develop cardiac changes linked with recurrent seizures. SIGNIFICANCE The present multi-omics study identified STAT3, Mapk8, and Erbb as key regulators involved in seizure-associated cardiac changes. It provided a deeper understanding of molecular, cellular, and network-level operations of the identified regulators that lead to cardiac changes in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Meetal Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Functional Genomics and Complex System Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Anil Kumar Rana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Swarnkar
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Vishal Acharya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Functional Genomics and Complex System Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Lee ACH, Kahaly GJ. Novel Approaches for Immunosuppression in Graves' Hyperthyroidism and Associated Orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:17-30. [PMID: 33511082 PMCID: PMC7802437 DOI: 10.1159/000508789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO) are associated with significant adverse health consequences. All conventional treatment options have limitations regarding efficacy and safety. Most importantly, they do not specifically address the underlying immunological mechanisms. We aim to review the latest development of treatment approaches in these two closely related disorders. SUMMARY Immunotherapies of GH have recently demonstrated clinical efficacy in preliminary studies. They include ATX-GD-59, an antigen-specific immunotherapy which restores immune tolerance to the thyrotropin receptor; iscalimab, an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody which blocks the CD40-CD154 costimulatory pathway in B-T cell interaction; and K1-70, a thyrotropin receptor-blocking monoclonal antibody. Novel treatment strategies have also become available in GO. Mycophenolate significantly increased the overall response rate combined with standard glucocorticoid (GC) treatment compared to GC monotherapy. Tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin 6 receptor monoclonal antibody, displayed strong anti-inflammatory action in GC-resistant cases. Teprotumumab, an anti-insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor monoclonal antibody, resulted in remarkable improvement in terms of disease activity, proptosis, and diplopia. Further, rituximab appears to be useful in active disease of recent onset without impending dysthyroid optic neuropathy. KEY MESSAGES Therapeutic advances will continue to optimize our management of GH and associated orbitopathy in an effective and safe manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chun Hong Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - George J. Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- *George J. Kahaly, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstraße 1, DE–55131 Mainz (Germany),
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Evolving targets for anti-epileptic drug discovery. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rana AK, Sharma S, Singh D. Differential activation of Gsk-3β in the cortex and the hippocampus induces cognitive and behavioural impairments in middle-aged ovariectomized rat. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 4:100019. [PMID: 35755628 PMCID: PMC9216607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Gsk-3β) aberration act as a crucial pathogenic factor in several neurological conditions. However its role in menopause associated behavioural impairments is still not unclear. The present study was designed to understand the role of Gsk-3β in the progression of neurobehavioural impairments in middle-aged ovariectomized (ovx) rats. The animals showed a significant impairment in spatial and recognition memory, along with anxiety and depression-like behaviour following 22 weeks of ovx. The genomic expression of ERα, ERβ, Nrf2, HO-1, TNFα, and IL-6 was altered in both the cortex and the hippocampus of ovx rats. Protein expression of p-Gsk-3β(Ser9) was significantly downregulated in the cortex after ovx. However, the hippocampus showed a surprisingly opposite trend in the levels of p-Gsk-3β(Ser9) as that of the cortex. Differential activation of Gsk-3β and its downstream proteins such as β-catenin and p-mTOR were also altered following ovx. The study concluded that differential activation of Gsk-3β, along with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the cortex and the hippocampus, leads to the induction of cognitive and behaviour impairments in ovx rats. Cognitive and behaviour impairment was displayed by rats after ovariectomy (ovx). Estrogen receptors differentially expressed in the cortex and the hippocampus region of ovx rats. Differential activation of Gsk-3β was observed in the cortex and the hippocampus after ovx. Expression of β-catenin and p-mTOR also altered in both the regions of the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Rana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Corresponding author. Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Bonezi V, Genvigir FDV, Salgado PDC, Felipe CR, Tedesco-Silva H, Medina-Pestana JO, Cerda A, Doi SQ, Hirata MH, Hirata RDC. Differential expression of genes related to calcineurin and mTOR signaling and regulatory miRNAs in peripheral blood from kidney recipients under tacrolimus-based therapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1051. [PMID: 33145270 PMCID: PMC7575939 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Genetic and epigenetics factors have been implicated in drug response, graft function and rejection in solid organ transplantation. Differential expression of genes involved in calcineurin and mTOR signaling pathway and regulatory miRNAs was analyzed in the peripheral blood of kidney recipient cohort (n=36) under tacrolimus-based therapy. Methods PPP3CA, PPP3CB, MTOR, FKBP1A, FKBP1B and FKBP5 mRNA expression and polymorphisms in PPP3CA and MTOR were analyzed by qPCR. Expression of miRNAs targeting PPP3CA (miR-30a, miR-145), PPP3CB (miR-10b), MTOR (miR-99a, miR-100), and FKBP1A (miR-103a) was measured by qPCR array. Results PPP3CA and MTOR mRNA levels were reduced in the first three months of treatment compared to pre-transplant (P<0.05). PPP3CB, FKBP1A, FKBP1B, and FKBP5 expression was not changed. In the 3rd month of treatment, the expression of miR-99a, which targets MTOR, increased compared to pre-transplant (P<0.05). PPP3CA c.249G>A (GG genotype) and MTOR c.2997C>T (TT genotype) were associated with reduced expression of PPP3CA mRNA and MTOR, respectively. FKBP1B mRNA levels were higher in patients with acute rejection (P=0.026). Conclusions The expression of PPP3CA, MTOR and miR-99a in the peripheral blood of renal recipients is influenced by tacrolimus-based therapy and by PPP3CA and MTOR variants. These molecules can be potential biomarkers for pharmacotherapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Bonezi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Dalla Vecchia Genvigir
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Cássia Salgado
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Rosso Felipe
- Nephrology Division, Hospital do Rim, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helio Tedesco-Silva
- Nephrology Division, Hospital do Rim, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alvaro Cerda
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Sonia Quateli Doi
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosario Dominguez Crespo Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kim JE, Park H, Lee JE, Kim TH, Kang TC. PTEN Is Required for The Anti-Epileptic Effects of AMPA Receptor Antagonists in Chronic Epileptic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165643. [PMID: 32781725 PMCID: PMC7460838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is one of the ligand-gated ion channels for glutamate, which is an important player in the generation and spread of seizures. The efficacy of AMPAR functionality is regulated by the trafficking, synaptic targeting, and phosphorylation. Paradoxically, AMPAR expression and its phosphorylation level are decreased in the epileptic hippocampus. Therefore, the roles of AMPAR in seizure onset and neuronal hyperexcitability in ictogenesis remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that AMPAR antagonists (perampanel and GYKI 52466) decreased glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 (GRIA1) surface expression in the epileptic rat hippocampus. They also upregulated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) expression and restored to basal levels the upregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT1 phosphorylations. Dipotassium bisperoxovanadium(pic) dihydrate (BpV(pic), a PTEN inhibitor) co-treatment abolished the anti-epileptic effects of perampanel and GYKI 52466. Therefore, our findings suggest that PTEN may be required for the anti-epileptic effects of AMPAR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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GABRG2 Deletion Linked to Genetic Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus Affects the Expression of GABA A Receptor Subunits and Other Genes at Different Temperatures. Neuroscience 2020; 438:116-136. [PMID: 32418750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAA) subunits and sodium channel genes, especially GABRG2 and SCN1A, have been reported to be associated with febrile seizures (FS) and genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+). GEFS+ is a well-known family of epileptic syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance in children. Its most common phenotypes are febrile seizures often with accessory afebrile generalized tonic-clonic seizures, febrile seizures plus (FS+), severe epileptic encephalopathy, as well as other types of generalized or localization-related seizures. However, the pathogenesis of febrile seizures remains largely unknown. Here, we generated a GABRG2 gene knockout cell line (HT22GABRG2KO) by applying the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic deletion in HT-22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line to explore the function of GABRG2 in vitro. With mRNA-seq, we found significant changes in the expression profiles of several epilepsy-related genes when GABRG2 was knockout, some of them showing temperature-induced changes as well. Kyoto Encyclopedia Gene and Genomic (KEGG) analysis revealed a significant alteration in the MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. We also observed an up-regulation of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family after GABRG2 knockout. Furthermore, the significant decrease in expression of GABRA1 and CACNA1A (but not others) with an increase in temperature is a novel finding. In summary, mutations in the GABAA receptor can lead to a decrease in numbers of receptors, which may cause the impairment of GABAergic pathway signaling. This data has been the first time to reveal that GABRG2 mutations would affect the function of other genes, and based on this finding we hope this work would also provide a new direction for the research of GABRG2 in GEFS+. It also may provide a molecular basis for the severity of epilepsy, and guide the clinical medication for the treatment of the epilepsy focused on the function on GABAA receptors, which, might be a new strategy for genetic diagnosis and targeted treatment of epilepsy.
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Hodges SL, Lugo JN. Therapeutic role of targeting mTOR signaling and neuroinflammation in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2020; 161:106282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Taylor PN, Zhang L, Lee RWJ, Muller I, Ezra DG, Dayan CM, Kahaly GJ, Ludgate M. New insights into the pathogenesis and nonsurgical management of Graves orbitopathy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:104-116. [PMID: 31889140 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graves orbitopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease or thyroid-associated orbitopathy, is visually disabling, cosmetically disfiguring and has a substantial negative impact on a patient's quality of life. There is increasing awareness of the need for early diagnosis and rapid specialist input from endocrinologists and ophthalmologists. Glucocorticoids are the mainstay of treatment; however, recurrence occurs frequently once these are withdrawn. Furthermore, in >60% of cases, normal orbital anatomy is not restored, and skilled rehabilitative surgery is required. Clinical trials have shown that considerable benefit can be derived from the addition of antiproliferative agents (such as mycophenolate or azathioprine) in preventing deterioration after steroid cessation. In addition, targeted biologic therapies have shown promise, including teprotumumab, which reduces proptosis, rituximab (anti-CD20), which reduces inflammation, and tocilizumab, which potentially benefits both of these parameters. Other strategies such as orbital radiotherapy have had their widespread role in combination therapy called into question. The pathophysiology of Graves orbitopathy has also been revised with identification of new potential therapeutic targets. In this Review we provide an up-to-date overview of the field, outline the optimal management of Graves orbitopathy and summarize the research developments in this area to highlight future research questions and direct future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard W J Lee
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilaria Muller
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Fondazione IRRCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policinico, Department of Endocrinology, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel G Ezra
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Colin M Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marian Ludgate
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Anticonvulsant action of a selective phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 in pentylenetetrazole-mediated convulsions in zebrafish. Epilepsy Res 2019; 157:106207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Effect of mycophenolate and rapamycin on renal fibrosis in lupus nephritis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1721-1744. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20190536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD) through progressive fibrosis. Mycophenolate inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and is a standard treatment for LN. The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is activated in LN. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR and is effective in preventing kidney transplant rejection, with the additional merits of reduced incidence of malignancies and viral infections. The effect of mycophenolate or rapamycin on kidney fibrosis in LN has not been investigated. We investigated the effects of mycophenolate and rapamycin in New Zealand Black and White first generation (NZB/W F1) murine LN and human mesangial cells (HMCs), focusing on mechanisms leading to kidney fibrosis. Treatment of mice with mycophenolate or rapamycin improved nephritis manifestations, decreased anti-double stranded (ds) DNA antibody titer and reduced immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition in the kidney. Both mycophenolate and rapamycin, especially the latter, decreased glomerular mTOR Ser2448 phosphorylation. Renal histology in untreated mice showed mesangial proliferation and progressive glomerulosclerosis with tubular atrophy, and increased expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN) and collagen. Both mycophenolate and rapamycin ameliorated the histopathological changes. Results from in vitro experiments showed that both mycophenolate and rapamycin decreased mesangial cell proliferation and their binding with anti-dsDNA antibodies. Mycophenolate and rapamycin also down-regulated mTOR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and inhibited fibrotic responses in mesangial cells that were induced by anti-dsDNA antibodies or TGF-β1. Our findings suggest that, in addition to immunosuppression, mycophenolate and rapamycin may reduce fibrosis in LN, which has important implications in preventing CKD in patients with LN.
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Tanwar G, Mazumder AG, Bhardwaj V, Kumari S, Bharti R, Yamini, Singh D, Das P, Purohit R. Target identification, screening and in vivo evaluation of pyrrolone-fused benzosuberene compounds against human epilepsy using Zebrafish model of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7904. [PMID: 31133639 PMCID: PMC6536720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolone-fused benzosuberene (PBS) compounds were semi-synthesized from α,β,γ-Himachalenes extracted from the essential oil of Cedrus deodara following amino-vinyl-bromide substituted benzosuberenes as intermediates. These PBSs compounds classified as an attractive source of therapeutics. The α-isoform of PI3K which is a pivotal modulator of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, responsible for neurological disorders like epilepsy, found as a potential target molecule against these 17 semi-synthesized PBS compounds using in silico ligand-based pharmacophore mapping and target screening. The compounds screened using binding affinities, ADMET properties, and toxicity that were accessed by in silico docking simulations and pharmacokinetics profiling. Ultimately two compounds viz., PBS-8 and PBS-9 were selected for further in vivo evaluation using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced clonic convulsions. Additionally, gene expression studies performed for the genes of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway which further validated our results. In conclusion, these findings suggested that PBS-8 is a promising candidate that could bedeveloped as a potential antiepileptic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Tanwar
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biotechnology division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Arindam Ghosh Mazumder
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Bhardwaj
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biotechnology division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Savita Kumari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Bharti
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Yamini
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pralay Das
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biotechnology division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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