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Wang R, Lian T, He M, Guo P, Yu S, Zuo L, Hu Y, Zhang W. Clinical features and neurobiochemical mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease. J Neurol 2024; 271:1959-1972. [PMID: 38151574 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate clinical features, influencing factors and neurobiochemical mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in Parkinson disease (PD). Total 39 patients were divided into the PD with OD (PD-OD) and PD with no OD (PD-nOD) groups according to overall olfactory function, including threshold, discrimination and identification, assessed by Sniffin' Sticks test. Motor function and non-motor symptoms were rated by multiple scales. Dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured. We found that the PD-OD group showed significantly lower score of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, higher scores of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) Screening Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale than the PD-nOD group (p < 0.05). RBD Screening Questionnaire score was independently associated with the scores of overall olfactory function and discrimination (p < 0.05). Dopamine and acetylcholine levels in CSF from the PD-OD group was significantly lower than that from the PD-nOD group (p < 0.05). Dopamine and acetylcholine levels in CSF were significantly and positively correlated with the scores of overall olfactory function, threshold, discrimination and identification in PD patients (p < 0.05). RBD Screening Questionnaire score was significantly and negatively correlated with acetylcholine level in CSF in PD patients with poor olfactory detection (p < 0.05). This investigation reveals that PD-OD is associated with cognitive impairment, probable RBD and excessive daytime sleepiness. PD-OD is correlated with the decreased levels of dopamine and acetylcholine in CSF. RBD is an independent influencing factor of overall olfactory function and discrimination, and the decreased acetylcholine level in CSF may be the common neurobiochemical basis of RBD and OD in PD patients.
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Grants
- 2016YFC1306000 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2016YFC1306300 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 81970992 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81571229 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81071015 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 30770745 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82201639 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2022-2-2048 Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (CFH)
- kz201610025030 Key Technology R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission
- 4161004 Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China
- 7082032 Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China
- JJ2018-48 Project of Scientific and Technological Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing
- Z121107001012161 Capital Clinical Characteristic Application Research
- 2009-3-26 High Level Technical Personnel Training Project of Beijing Health System, China
- BIBD-PXM2013_014226_07_000084 Project of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders
- 20071D0300400076 Excellent Personnel Training Project of Beijing, China
- IDHT20140514 Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and Teacher Career Development for Universities and Colleges Under Beijing Municipality
- JING-15-2 Beijing Healthcare Research Project, China
- 2015-JL-PT-X04 Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China
- 10JL49 Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China
- 14JL15 Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China
- PYZ2018077 Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- 2019-028 Science and Technology Development Fund of Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Tenghong Lian
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Mingyue He
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Shuyang Yu
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Lijun Zuo
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 10053, China.
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Tansey MG, Boles J, Holt J, Cole C, Neighbarger N, Urs N, Uriarte-Huarte O. Locus coeruleus injury modulates ventral midbrain neuroinflammation during DSS-induced colitis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3952442. [PMID: 38559083 PMCID: PMC10980147 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3952442/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a decades-long prodrome, consisting of a collection of non-motor symptoms that emerges prior to the motor manifestation of the disease. Of these non-motor symptoms, gastrointestinal dysfunction and deficits attributed to central norepinephrine (NE) loss, including mood changes and sleep disturbances, are frequent in the PD population and emerge early in the disease. Evidence is mounting that injury and inflammation in the gut and locus coeruleus (LC), respectively, underlie these symptoms, and the injury of these systems is central to the progression of PD. In this study, we generate a novel two-hit mouse model that captures both features, using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce gut inflammation and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) to lesion the LC. We first confirmed the specificity of DSP-4 for central NE using neurochemical methods and fluorescence light-sheet microscopy of cleared tissue, and established that DSS-induced outcomes in the periphery, including weight loss, gross indices of gut injury and systemic inflammation, the loss of tight junction proteins in the colonic epithelium, and markers of colonic inflammation, were unaffected with DSP-4 pre-administration. We then measured alterations in neuroimmune gene expression in the ventral midbrain in response to DSS treatment alone as well as the extent to which prior LC injury modified this response. In this two-hit model we observed that DSS-induced colitis activates the expression of key cytokines and chemokines in the ventral midbrain only in the presence of LC injury and the typical DSS-associated neuroimmune is blunted by pre-LC lesioning with DSP-4. In all, this study supports the growing appreciation for the LC as neuroprotective against inflammation-induced brain injury and draws attention to the potential for NEergic interventions to exert disease-modifying effects under conditions where peripheral inflammation may compromise ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons and increase the risk for development of PD.
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Boles JS, Holt J, Cole CL, Neighbarger NK, Urs NM, Huarte OU, Tansey MG. Locus coeruleus injury modulates ventral midbrain neuroinflammation during DSS-induced colitis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.580010. [PMID: 38405709 PMCID: PMC10888767 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.580010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a decades-long prodrome, consisting of a collection of non-motor symptoms that emerges prior to the motor manifestation of the disease. Of these non-motor symptoms, gastrointestinal dysfunction and deficits attributed to central norepinephrine (NE) loss, including mood changes and sleep disturbances, are frequent in the PD population and emerge early in the disease. Evidence is mounting that injury and inflammation in the gut and locus coeruleus (LC), respectively, underlie these symptoms, and the injury of these systems is central to the progression of PD. In this study, we generate a novel two-hit mouse model that captures both features, using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce gut inflammation and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) to lesion the LC. We first confirmed the specificity of DSP-4 for central NE using neurochemical methods and fluorescence light-sheet microscopy of cleared tissue, and established that DSS-induced outcomes in the periphery, including weight loss, gross indices of gut injury and systemic inflammation, the loss of tight junction proteins in the colonic epithelium, and markers of colonic inflammation, were unaffected with DSP-4 pre-administration. We then measured alterations in neuroimmune gene expression in the ventral midbrain in response to DSS treatment alone as well as the extent to which prior LC injury modified this response. In this two-hit model we observed that DSS-induced colitis activates the expression of key cytokines and chemokines in the ventral midbrain only in the presence of LC injury and the typical DSS-associated neuroimmune is blunted by pre-LC lesioning with DSP-4. In all, this study supports the growing appreciation for the LC as neuroprotective against inflammation-induced brain injury and draws attention to the potential for NEergic interventions to exert disease-modifying effects under conditions where peripheral inflammation may compromise ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons and increase the risk for development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Sondag Boles
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jenny Holt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra L. Cole
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Noelle K. Neighbarger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nikhil M. Urs
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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Krohn F, Lancini E, Ludwig M, Leiman M, Guruprasath G, Haag L, Panczyszyn J, Düzel E, Hämmerer D, Betts M. Noradrenergic neuromodulation in ageing and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105311. [PMID: 37437752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem structure located in the lower pons and is the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain. Via its phasic and tonic firing, it modulates cognition and autonomic functions and is involved in the brain's immune response. The extent of degeneration to the LC in healthy ageing remains unclear, however, noradrenergic dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite their differences in progression at later disease stages, the early involvement of the LC may lead to comparable behavioural symptoms such as preclinical sleep problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms as a result of AD and PD pathology. In this review, we draw attention to the mechanisms that underlie LC degeneration in ageing, AD and PD. We aim to motivate future research to investigate how early degeneration of the noradrenergic system may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD and PD which may also be relevant to other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Krohn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Lancini
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - M Ludwig
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Leiman
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - G Guruprasath
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L Haag
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Panczyszyn
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Hämmerer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Betts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Zhou R, Chen SH, Zhao Z, Tu D, Song S, Wang Y, Wang Q, Feng J, Hong JS. Complement C3 Enhances LPS-Elicited Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Via the Mac1/NOX2 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5167-5183. [PMID: 37268807 PMCID: PMC10415527 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies showed increased expression of complements in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, the mechanism regulating the expression of complements and their roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration are unclear. We hypothesized that acute neuroinflammation increases the expression and activation of brain complements, which, in turn, participate in chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. We initially focused on the complement component C3, because C3 can activate microglia by binding to C3 receptors and attaching to damaged neurons destined to be phagocytosed by microglia. We found that complement C3 is upregulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neuron/glial cultures. Mechanistic studies revealed that microglia-released proinflammatory factors initiated the enhanced expression of C3 in astroglia during acute neuroinflammation. On the other hand, the sustained C3 expression during chronic neuroinflammation requires releasing damage-associated molecule patterns (DAMPs) from damaged/degenerating brain cells. Our results suggested that DAMPs might act on microglial integrin receptor Mac1 to trigger the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX2). Activated microglial NOX2 increases the production of extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevating the levels of intracellular ROS of astroglia and sustaining the astroglial C3 expression. This was supported by the findings showing reduced C3 expression and attenuated neurodegeneration in LPS-treated neuron/glial cultures prepared from mice deficient in Mac1 or NOX2. LPS-induced neurodegeneration and oxidative stress are significantly reduced in C3 KO neuron/glial cultures and mouse brains. Together, this study provides the first evidence demonstrating the role of C3 in regulating chronic neuroinflammation and in driving progressive neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhou
- Respiratory Department, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Provience, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Zhan Zhao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhen Tu
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sheng Song
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yubao Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
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Zhang Y, Li S, Hou L, Wu M, Liu J, Wang R, Wang Q, Zhao J. NLRP3 mediates the neuroprotective effects of SVHRSP derived from scorpion venom in rotenone-induced experimental Parkinson's disease model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116497. [PMID: 37072089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese medicine, scorpion is used to treat diseases with symptoms such as trembling, convulsion and dementia. Our laboratory employs patented technology to extract and purify the active single component from scorpion venom. We then utilize mass spectrometry to determine the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide and synthesize it artificially to acquire the polypeptide with a purity of 99.3%, named SVHRSP (Scorpion Venom Heat-Resistant Peptide). SVHRSP has been demonstrated to display potent neuroprotective efficacy in Parkinson's disease. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the molecular mechanisms and potential molecular targets of SVHRSP-afforded neuroprotection in PD mouse models, as well as to investigate the role of NLRP3 in SVHRSP-mediated neuroprotection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PD mouse model was induced by rotenone and the neuroprotective role of SVHRSP on the PD mouse model was measured using the gait test, rotarod test, the number of dopaminergic neurons, and the activation of microglia. RNA sequencing and GSEA analysis were performed to find the differentially biological pathways regulated by SVHRSP. Primary mid-brain neuron-glial cultures and NLRP3-/- mice were applied to verify the role of NLRP3 by using qRT-PCR, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunostaining. RESULTS SVHRSP-afforded dopaminergic neuroprotection was accompanied with inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory pathways. Importantly, depletion of microglia markedly reduced the neuroprotective efficacy of SVHRSP against rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in vitro. SVHRSP inhibited microglial NOD-like receptor pathway, mRNA expression and protein level of NLRP3 in rotenone PD mice. SVHRSP also reduced rotenone-induced caspse-1 activation and IL-1β maturation, indicating that SVHRSP mitigated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome by MCC950 or genetic deletion of NLRP3 almost abolished SVHRSP-afforded anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective effects and improvement of motor performance in response to rotenone. CONCLUSIONS NLRP3 mediated the neuroprotective effects of SVHRSP in rotenone-induced experimental PD model, providing additional evidence for the mechanisms of SVHRSP-afforded anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China; Center of Genome and Personalized Medicine, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Sheng Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Liyan Hou
- Dalian Medical University Library, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Mingyang Wu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China; School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Ray Chaudhuri K, Leta V, Bannister K, Brooks DJ, Svenningsson P. The noradrenergic subtype of Parkinson disease: from animal models to clinical practice. Nat Rev Neurol 2023:10.1038/s41582-023-00802-5. [PMID: 37142796 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many advances in understanding the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease (PD) have been based on research addressing its motor symptoms and phenotypes. Various data-driven clinical phenotyping studies supported by neuropathological and in vivo neuroimaging data suggest the existence of distinct non-motor endophenotypes of PD even at diagnosis, a concept further strengthened by the predominantly non-motor spectrum of symptoms in prodromal PD. Preclinical and clinical studies support early dysfunction of noradrenergic transmission in both the CNS and peripheral nervous system circuits in patients with PD that results in a specific cluster of non-motor symptoms, including rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, pain, anxiety and dysautonomia (particularly orthostatic hypotension and urinary dysfunction). Cluster analyses of large independent cohorts of patients with PD and phenotype-focused studies have confirmed the existence of a noradrenergic subtype of PD, which had been previously postulated but not fully characterized. This Review discusses the translational work that unravelled the clinical and neuropathological processes underpinning the noradrenergic PD subtype. Although some overlap with other PD subtypes is inevitable as the disease progresses, recognition of noradrenergic PD as a distinct early disease subtype represents an important advance towards the delivery of personalized medicine for patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Valentina Leta
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Bannister
- Central Modulation of Pain Lab, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David J Brooks
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, UK
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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McKay JL, Nye J, Goldstein FC, Sommerfeld B, Smith Y, Weinshenker D, Factor SA. Levodopa responsive freezing of gait is associated with reduced norepinephrine transporter binding in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106048. [PMID: 36813207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing of gait (FOG) is a major cause of falling in Parkinson's disease (PD) and can be responsive or unresponsive to levodopa. Pathophysiology is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To examine the link between noradrenergic systems, the development of FOG in PD and its responsiveness to levodopa. METHODS We examined norepinephrine transporter (NET) binding via brain positron emission tomography (PET) to evaluate changes in NET density associated with FOG using the high affinity selective NET antagonist radioligand [11C]MeNER (2S,3S)(2-[α-(2-methoxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine) in 52 parkinsonian patients. We used a rigorous levodopa challenge paradigm to characterize PD patients as non-freezing (NO-FOG, N = 16), levodopa responsive freezing (OFF-FOG, N = 10), and levodopa-unresponsive freezing (ONOFF-FOG, N = 21), and also included a non-PD FOG group, primary progressive freezing of gait (PP-FOG, N = 5). RESULTS Linear mixed models identified significant reductions in whole brain NET binding in the OFF-FOG group compared to the NO-FOG group (-16.8%, P = 0.021) and regionally in the frontal lobe, left and right thalamus, temporal lobe, and locus coeruleus, with the strongest effect in right thalamus (P = 0.038). Additional regions examined in a post hoc secondary analysis including the left and right amygdalae confirmed the contrast between OFF-FOG and NO-FOG (P = 0.003). A linear regression analysis identified an association between reduced NET binding in the right thalamus and more severe New FOG Questionnaire (N-FOG-Q) score only in the OFF-FOG group (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION This is the first study to examine brain noradrenergic innervation using NET-PET in PD patients with and without FOG. Based on the normal regional distribution of noradrenergic innervation and pathological studies in the thalamus of PD patients, the implications of our findings suggest that noradrenergic limbic pathways may play a key role in OFF-FOG in PD. This finding could have implications for clinical subtyping of FOG as well as development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lucas McKay
- Jean & Paul Amos Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jonathan Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Felicia C Goldstein
- Neuropsychology Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Barbara Sommerfeld
- Jean & Paul Amos Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Jean & Paul Amos Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stewart A Factor
- Jean & Paul Amos Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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9
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Iannitelli AF, Segal A, Pare JF, Mulvey B, Liles LC, Sloan SA, McCann KE, Dougherty JD, Smith Y, Weinshenker D. Tyrosinase-induced neuromelanin accumulation triggers rapid dysregulation and degeneration of the mouse locus coeruleus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.07.530845. [PMID: 36945637 PMCID: PMC10028911 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.530845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), while early non-motor symptoms such as anxiety and sleep disturbances are likely mediated by dysfunction of locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) neurons. The LC develops α-synuclein pathology prior to SN DA neurons in PD, and later undergoes degeneration, but the mechanisms responsible for its vulnerability are unknown. The SN and LC are the only structures in the brain that produces appreciable amounts of neuromelanin (NM), a dark cytoplasmic pigment. It has been proposed that NM initially plays a protective role by sequestering toxic catecholamine metabolites and heavy metals, but may become harmful during aging and PD as they overwhelm cellular machinery and are released during neurodegeneration. Rodents do not naturally produce NM, limiting the study of causal relationships between NM and PD-associated LC pathology. Adapting a viral-mediated approach for expression of human tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for peripheral melanin production, we successfully promoted pigmentation in mouse LC neurons that recapitulates key features of endogenous NM found in primates, including eumelanin and pheomelanin, lipid droplets, and a double-membrane encasement. Pigment expression results in mild neurodegeneration, reduced NE levels, transcriptional changes, and novelty-induced anxiety phenotypes as early as 1-week post-injection. By 6-weeks, NM accumulation is associated with severe LC neurodegeneration and a robust neuroinflammatory response. These phenotypes are reminiscent of LC dysfunction in PD, validating this model for studying the consequences of pigment accumulation in the LC as it relates to neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa F. Iannitelli
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arielle Segal
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jean-Francoise Pare
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Bernard Mulvey
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - L. Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven A. Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katharine E. McCann
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joseph D. Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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10
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Song S, Tu D, Meng C, Liu J, Wilson B, Wang Q, Shih YYI, Gao HM, Hong JS. Dysfunction of the noradrenergic system drives inflammation, α-synucleinopathy, and neuronal loss in mouse colon. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1083513. [PMID: 36845109 PMCID: PMC9950510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1083513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and pathological evidence revealed that α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology seen in PD patients starts in the gut and spreads via anatomically connected structures from the gut to the brain. Our previous study demonstrated that depletion of central norepinephrine (NE) disrupted brain immune homeostasis, producing a spatiotemporal order of neurodegeneration in the mouse brain. The purpose of this study was 1) to determine the role of peripheral noradrenergic system in the maintenance of gut immune homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of PD and 2) to investigate whether NE-depletion induced PD-like α-syn pathological changes starts from the gut. For these purposes, we investigated time-dependent changes of α-synucleinopathy and neuronal loss in the gut following a single injection of DSP-4 (a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin) to A53T-SNCA (human mutant α-syn) over-expression mice. We found DPS-4 significantly reduced the tissue level of NE and increased immune activities in gut, characterized by increased number of phagocytes and proinflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, a rapid-onset of α-syn pathology was observed in enteric neurons after 2 weeks and delayed dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra was detected after 3-5 months, associated with the appearance of constipation and impaired motor function, respectively. The increased α-syn pathology was only observed in large, but not in the small, intestine, which is similar to what was observed in PD patients. Mechanistic studies reveal that DSP-4-elicited upregulation of NADPH oxidase (NOX2) initially occurred only in immune cells during the acute intestinal inflammation stage, and then spread to enteric neurons and mucosal epithelial cells during the chronic inflammation stage. The upregulation of neuronal NOX2 correlated well with the extent of α-syn aggregation and subsequent enteric neuronal loss, suggesting that NOX2-generated reactive oxygen species play a key role in α-synucleinopathy. Moreover, inhibiting NOX2 by diphenyleneiodonium or restoring NE function by salmeterol (a β2-receptor agonist) significantly attenuated colon inflammation, α-syn aggregation/propagation, and enteric neurodegeneration in the colon and ameliorated subsequent behavioral deficits. Taken together, our model of PD shows a progressive pattern of pathological changes from the gut to the brain and suggests a potential role of the noradrenergic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Song
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dezhen Tu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengbo Meng
- In Vivo Neurobiology Group, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Belinda Wilson
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Qingshan Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hui-Ming Gao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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11
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Iannitelli AF, Kelberman MA, Lustberg DJ, Korukonda A, McCann KE, Mulvey B, Segal A, Liles LC, Sloan SA, Dougherty JD, Weinshenker D. The Neurotoxin DSP-4 Dysregulates the Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System and Recapitulates Molecular and Behavioral Aspects of Prodromal Neurodegenerative Disease. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0483-22.2022. [PMID: 36635251 PMCID: PMC9829100 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0483-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is among the earliest sites of tau and α-synuclein pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively. The onset of these pathologies coincides with loss of noradrenergic fibers in LC target regions and the emergence of prodromal symptoms including sleep disturbances and anxiety. Paradoxically, these prodromal symptoms are indicative of a noradrenergic hyperactivity phenotype, rather than the predicted loss of norepinephrine (NE) transmission following LC damage, suggesting the engagement of complex compensatory mechanisms. Because current therapeutic efforts are targeting early disease, interest in the LC has grown, and it is critical to identify the links between pathology and dysfunction. We employed the LC-specific neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4), which preferentially damages LC axons, to model early changes in the LC-NE system pertinent to AD and PD in male and female mice. DSP-4 (two doses of 50 mg/kg, one week apart) induced LC axon degeneration, triggered neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and reduced tissue NE levels. There was no LC cell death or changes to LC firing, but transcriptomics revealed reduced expression of genes that define noradrenergic identity and other changes relevant to neurodegenerative disease. Despite the dramatic loss of LC fibers, NE turnover and signaling were elevated in terminal regions and were associated with anxiogenic phenotypes in multiple behavioral tests. These results represent a comprehensive analysis of how the LC-NE system responds to axon/terminal damage reminiscent of early AD and PD at the molecular, cellular, systems, and behavioral levels, and provides potential mechanisms underlying prodromal neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa F Iannitelli
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael A Kelberman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Daniel J Lustberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anu Korukonda
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Katharine E McCann
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Bernard Mulvey
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Arielle Segal
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Steven A Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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12
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Trebesova H, Olivero G, Marchi M, Grilli M. The Anti-Aggregative Peptide KLVFF Mimics Aβ1-40 in the Modulation of Nicotinic Receptors: Implications for Peptide-Based Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092231. [PMID: 36140331 PMCID: PMC9496455 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the inhibition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation has emerged as a potential strategy for Alzheimer’s disease. KLVFF, a small peptide corresponding to the aminoacidic sequence 16-20 of Aβ, reduces Aβ fibrillation dose dependently. Therefore, the toxic and functional characterization of its brain activity is fundamental for clarifying its potential therapeutic role. Accordingly, we studied the modulatory role of KLVFF on the cholinergic receptors regulating dopamine and noradrenaline release in rat synaptosomes. Nicotinic receptors on dopaminergic nerve terminals in the nucleus acccumbens are inhibited by KLVFF, which closely resembles full-length Aβ1-40. Moreover, KLVFF entrapped in synaptosomes does not modify the nicotinic receptor’s function, suggesting that external binding to the receptor is required for its activity. The cholinergic agent desformylflustrabromine counteracts the KLVFF effect. Remarkably, muscarinic receptors on dopaminergic terminals and nicotinic receptors regulating noradrenaline release in the hippocampus are completely insensitive to KLVFF. Based on our findings, KLVFF mimics Aβ1-40 as a negative modulator of specific nicotinic receptor subtypes affecting dopamine transmission in the rat brain. Therefore, new pharmacological strategies using the anti-aggregative properties of KLVFF need to be evaluated for potential interference with nicotinic receptor-mediated transmission.
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13
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Zhang X, Tu D, Li S, Li N, Li D, Gao Y, Tian L, Liu J, Zhang X, Hong JS, Hou L, Zhao J, Wang Q. A novel synthetic peptide SVHRSP attenuates dopaminergic neurodegeneration by inhibiting NADPH oxidase-mediated neuroinflammation in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:363-374. [PMID: 35760232 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) ameliorates symptoms but fails to block disease progression. This study was conducted to explore the protective effects of SVHRSP, a synthetic heat-resistant peptide derived from scorpion venom, against dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental models of PD. Results showed that SVHRSP dose-dependently reduced the loss of dopaminergic neuron in the nigrostriatal pathway and motor impairments in both rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid (MPTP/p)-induced mouse PD models. Microglial activation and imbalance of M1/M2 polarization were also abrogated by SVHRSP in both models. In rotenone-treated primary midbrain neuron-glial cultures, loss of dopaminergic neuron and microglial activation were mitigated by SVHRSP. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elicited microglial activation, M1 polarization and related dopaminergic neurodegeneration in primary cultures were also abrogated by SVHRSP, suggesting that inhibition of microglial activation contributed to SVHRSP-afforded neuroprotection. Mechanistic studies revealed that SVHRSP blocked both LPS- and rotenone-induced microglial NADPH oxidase (NOX2) activation by preventing membrane translocation of cytosolic subunit p47phox. NOX2 knockdown by siRNA markedly attenuated the inhibitory effects of SVHRSP against LPS- and rotenone-induced gene expressions of proinflammatory factors and related neurotoxicity. Altogether, SVHRSP protects dopaminergic neurons by blocking NOX2-mediated microglial activation in experimental PD models, providing experimental basis for the screening of clinical therapeutic drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Dezhen Tu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Na Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Donglai Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Liyan Hou
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Qingshan Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
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14
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Barut J, Rafa-Zabłocka K, Jurga AM, Bagińska M, Nalepa I, Parlato R, Kreiner G. Genetic lesions of the noradrenergic system trigger induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in the ventral midbrain. Neurochem Int 2022; 155:105302. [PMID: 35150790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor deficits caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, clinical data revealed that not only the dopaminergic system is affected in PD. Postmortem studies showed degeneration of noradrenergic cells in the locus coeruleus (LC) to an even greater extent than that observed in the SN/VTA. Pharmacological models support the concept that modification of noradrenergic transmission can influence the PD-like phenotype induced by neurotoxins. Nevertheless, there are no existing data on animal models regarding the distant impact of noradrenergic degeneration on intact SN/VTA neurons. The aim of this study was to create a transgenic mouse model with endogenously evoked progressive degeneration restricted to noradrenergic neurons and investigate its long-term impact on the dopaminergic system. To this end, we selectively ablated the transcription initiation factor-IA (TIF-IA) in neurons expressing dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) by the Cre-loxP system. This mutation mimics a condition of nucleolar stress affecting neuronal survival. TIF-IADbhCre mice were characterized by selective, progressive degeneration of noradrenergic neurons, followed by phenotypic alterations associated with sympathetic system impairment. Our studies did not show any loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the SN/VTA of mutant mice; however, we observed increased indices of oxidative stress, enhanced markers of glial cell activation, inflammatory processes and isolated degenerating cells positive for FluoroJade C. These results were supported by gene expression profiling of VTA and SN from TIF-IADbhCre mice, revealing that 34 out of 246 significantly regulated genes in the SN/VTA were related to PD. Overall, our results shed new light on the possible negative influence of noradrenergic degeneration on dopaminergic neurons, reinforcing the neuroprotective role of noradrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Barut
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafa-Zabłocka
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Agnieszka M Jurga
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Monika Bagińska
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland.
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15
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Markoutsa E, Mayilsamy K, Gulick D, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Extracellular vesicles derived from inflammatory-educated stem cells reverse brain inflammation-implication of miRNAs. Mol Ther 2022; 30:816-830. [PMID: 34371179 PMCID: PMC8821927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the development of age-related diseases. In Alzheimer's disease, neuronal cell death is attributed to amyloidbeta oligomers that trigger microglial activation. Stem cells have shown promise as therapies for inflammatory diseases- because of their paracrine activity combined with their ability to respond to the inflammatory environment. However, the mechanisms underlying stem cell-promoted neurological recovery are poorly understood. To elucidate these mechanisms, we first primed stem cells with the secretome of lipopolysaccharide- or amyloidbeta-activated microglia. Then, we compared the immunomodulatory effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from primed and non-primed stem cells. Our results demonstrate that EVs from primed cells are more effective in inhibiting microglia and astrocyte activation, amyloid deposition, demyelination, memory loss and motor and anxiety-like behavioral dysfunction, compared to EVs from non-primed cells. MicroRNA (miRNA) profiling revealed the upregulation of at least 19 miRNAs on primed-stem cell EVs. The miRNA targets were identified, and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the overexpressed miRNAs target key genes on the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. Overall, our results demonstrate that priming mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with the secretome of activated microglia results in the release of miRNAs from EVs with enhanced immune regulatory potential able to fight neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Markoutsa
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Division of Translational Medicine and Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA,Corresponding author: Eleni Markoutsa, Division of Translational Medicine and Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Mrsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Mrsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, USA
| | - Dannielle Gulick
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Mrsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, USA
| | - Shyam S. Mohapatra
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Division of Translational Medicine and Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Mrsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, USA,Corresponding author: Subhra Mohapatra, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Mrsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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16
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Memou A, Dimitrakopoulos L, Kedariti M, Kentros M, Lamprou A, Petropoulou-Vathi L, Valkimadi PE, Rideout HJ. Defining (and blocking) neuronal death in Parkinson's disease: Does it matter what we call it? Brain Res 2021; 1771:147639. [PMID: 34492263 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, comprised of both familial and idiopathic forms, behind only Alzheimer's disease (AD). The disease is characterized, regardless of the pathogenesis, primarily by a loss of DA neurons in the ventral midbrain as well as noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus; however, by the time symptoms manifest, considerable neuronal loss in both areas has occurred. Neuroprotective strategies thus have to be paired with more sensitive and specific biomarker assays that can identify early at-risk patients in order to initiate disease-modifying therapies at an earlier stage in the disease. Complicating this is the fact that multiple forms of cell death mediate the neuronal loss; however, with a common underlying element that the cell death is considered a "regulated" form of cell death, in contrast to an un-controlled necrotic cell death process. In this review we focus our discussion on several categories of regulated cell death in the context of PD: apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagic cell death. In clinical studies as well as experimental in vivo models of PD, there is evidence for a role of each of these forms of cell death in the loss of midbrain DA neurons, and specific therapeutic strategies have been proposed and tested. What remains unclear however is the relative contributions of these distinct forms of cell death to the overall loss of DA neurons, whether they occur at different stages of the disease, or whether specific sub-regions within the midbrain are more susceptible to specific death triggers and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Memou
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lampros Dimitrakopoulos
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kedariti
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis Kentros
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andriana Lamprou
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lilian Petropoulou-Vathi
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Polytimi-Eleni Valkimadi
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Hardy J Rideout
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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O'Neill E, Griffin ÉW, O'Sullivan R, Murray C, Ryan L, Yssel J, Harkin A, Cunningham C. Acute neuroinflammation, sickness behavior and working memory responses to acute systemic LPS challenge following noradrenergic lesion in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:357-368. [PMID: 33307172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC)-derived noradrenaline is important in cognition and decreases with age, but the impact of prior noradrenaline deficiency on vulnerability to inflammation-induced acute cognitive dysfunction is unclear. Here we assessed whether noradrenergic depletion, in female mice, impacted upon inflammation, locomotor activity and working memory directly after acute systemic immune challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a paradigm we have previously used to capture delirium-like acute cognitive deficits. Mice received 2 doses of the LC-selective noradrenergic toxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4; 50 mg/kg i.p.) and were challenged, 2 weeks later, with LPS (100 μg/kg i.p.). DSP-4 dramatically reduced noradrenaline concentrations and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive afferents in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. This did not significantly alter numbers of Pu.1-positive microglia, Iba1-positive microglial morphology or mRNA expression of microglia-associated gene transcripts (Tyrobp, Sall1, Cd68, Sra2, Clec7a) in the hippocampus or frontal cortex and produced modest reductions in Cx3cr1 and P2ry12. LPS induced blood and brain cytokine levels, cFOS activation and locomotor responses that were highly similar in DSP-4- and vehicle-treated mice, although LPS-induced plasma TNF-α was significantly reduced in those treated with DSP-4. Importantly, prior noradrenergic depletion did not predispose to LPS-induced T-maze working memory deficits. The data demonstrate that significant depletion of noradrenaline in the hippocampus and frontal cortex does not prompt acutely exaggerated neuroinflammation or leave the brain vulnerable to acute, transient working memory deficits upon low dose LPS challenge. These findings have implications for our understanding of the impact of systemic inflammation on the aging and vulnerable brain during septic encephalopathy and delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Éadaoin W Griffin
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ruairi O'Sullivan
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Carol Murray
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lucy Ryan
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Justin Yssel
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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18
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Jing L, Hou L, Zhang D, Li S, Ruan Z, Zhang X, Hong JS, Wang Q. Microglial Activation Mediates Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus Neurodegeneration via Complement Receptor 3 in a Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1341-1356. [PMID: 33859489 PMCID: PMC8044341 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s299927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic exposure to the insecticide rotenone can damage dopaminergic neurons and lead to an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Whereas it is not clear whether rotenone induces neurodegeneration of noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC/NE) neurons. Chronic neuroinflammation mediated by microglia has been involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Evidence shows that complement receptor 3 (CR3) is a crucial regulator of microglial activation and related neurodegeneration. However, it is not clear whether CR3 mediates rotenone-elicited degeneration of LC/NE neurons through microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Materials and Methods Wild type (WT) and CR3 knockout (KO) mice were treated with rotenone. PLX3397 and minocycline were used to deplete or inactivate the microglia. Leukadherin-1 (LA-1) was used to modulate CR3. LC/NE neurodegeneration, microglial phenotype, and expression of CR3 were determined by using immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured by using commercial kits. Results Rotenone exposure led to dose- and time-dependent LC/NE neuronal loss and microglial activation in mice. Depletion of microglia by PLX3397 or inhibition of microglial activation by minocycline significantly reduced rotenone-induced LC/NE neurodegeneration. Mechanistic studies revealed that CR3 played an essential role in the rotenone-induced activation of microglia and neurodegeneration of LC/NE neurons. Rotenone elevated the expression of CR3, and genetic ablation of CR3 markedly reduced rotenone-induced microglial activation and M1 polarization. LA-1 also suppressed rotenone-induced toxic microglial M1 activation. Furthermore, lack of CR3 or treatment with LA-1 reduced oxidative stress in the brainstem of rotenone-intoxicated mice. Finally, we found that mice deficient in CR3 or treated with LA-1 were more resistant to rotenone-induced LC/NE neurodegeneration than WT or vehicle-treated mice, respectively. Conclusion Our results indicate that CR3-mediated microglial activation participates in rotenone-induced LC/NE neurodegeneration, providing novel insight into environmental toxin-induced neurotoxicity and related Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jing
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Hou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzheng Ruan
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
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19
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Hansen N. Locus Coeruleus Malfunction Is Linked to Psychopathology in Prodromal Dementia With Lewy Bodies. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:641101. [PMID: 33732141 PMCID: PMC7956945 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.641101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The locus coeruleus (LC) is a nucleus in the human brainstem with a variety of noradrenaline-driven functions involved in cognition, emotions, and perception. Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) constitutes a neurodegenerative disease involving deposits of alpha-synuclein, first appearing in the brainstem. The goal of this narrative review is to delineate the relationship between the expression of psychiatric symptoms as an early-onset of DLB and the degeneration of the LC's noradrenaline system. Methods: We searched in PubMed for relevant articles concerning LC degeneration and psychiatric symptoms in prodromal DLB in this narrative review. We rely on the McKeith criteria for prodromal psychiatric DLB. Results: We found four studies that document neuronal loss, deposits of Lewy bodies and other hints for neurodegeneration in the LC in patients with DLB. Furthermore, we reviewed theories and studies on how the degenerated noradrenaline LC system contributes to psychiatric DLB's phenotype. We hypothesized how anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, and depressive symptoms might occur in DLB patients due to degenerated noradrenergic neurons entailing consecutive altered noradrenergic transmission in the LC's projection areas. Conclusions: LC degeneration in prodromal DLB might cause psychiatric symptoms as the first and non-motor manifestation of DLB, as the LC is affected earlier by degeneration than are dopaminergic structures such as the substantia nigra, which are impaired later in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Urrutia PJ, Bórquez DA, Núñez MT. Inflaming the Brain with Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010061. [PMID: 33419006 PMCID: PMC7825317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron and inflammation are intertwined in a bidirectional relationship, where iron modifies the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages, and in turn, these cells secrete diffusible mediators that reshape neuronal iron homeostasis and regulate iron entry into the brain. Secreted inflammatory mediators include cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), notably hepcidin and nitric oxide (·NO). Hepcidin is a small cationic peptide with a central role in regulating systemic iron homeostasis. Also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hepcidin can reduce iron export from neurons and decreases iron entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1). Likewise, ·NO selectively converts cytosolic aconitase (c-aconitase) into the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), which regulates cellular iron homeostasis through its binding to iron response elements (IRE) located in the mRNAs of iron-related proteins. Nitric oxide-activated IRP1 can impair cellular iron homeostasis during neuroinflammation, triggering iron accumulation, especially in the mitochondria, leading to neuronal death. In this review, we will summarize findings that connect neuroinflammation and iron accumulation, which support their causal association in the neurodegenerative processes observed in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Daniel A. Bórquez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, 8370007 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Marco Tulio Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29787360
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21
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Role of Microgliosis and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis and Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1283-1300. [PMID: 33387119 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked primarily by motor symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability and resting tremor associated with dopaminergic neuronal loss in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and deficit of dopamine in the basal ganglia. These motor symptoms can be preceded by pre-motor symptoms whose recognition can be useful to apply different strategies to evaluate risk, early diagnosis and prevention of PD progression. Although clinical characteristics of PD are well defined, its pathogenesis is still not completely known, what makes discoveries of therapies capable of curing patients difficult to be reached. Several theories about the cause of idiopathic PD have been investigated and among them, the key role of inflammation, microglia and the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of PD has been considered. In this review, we describe the role and relation of both the inflammasome and microglial activation with the pathogenesis, symptoms, progression and the possibilities for new therapeutic strategies in PD.
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22
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Ano Y, Ohya R, Yamazaki T, Takahashi C, Taniguchi Y, Kondo K, Takashima A, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Hop bitter acids containing a β-carbonyl moiety prevent inflammation-induced cognitive decline via the vagus nerve and noradrenergic system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20028. [PMID: 33208787 PMCID: PMC7674441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of age-related cognitive decline and dementia is becoming a high priority because of the rapid growth of aging populations. We have previously shown that hop bitter acids such as iso-α-acids (IAAs) and matured hop bitter acids (MHBAs) activate the vagus nerve and improve memory impairment. Moreover, supplements with MHBAs were shown to improve memory retrieval in older adults. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been entirely elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effects of MHBAs and the common β-tricarbonyl moiety on memory impairment induced by the activation of microglia and the loss of the noradrenergic system. MHBAs and a model compound with β-tricarbonyl moiety were administered to LPS-inoculated mice and 5 × FAD Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice, following the evaluation in behavioral tests and microglial activation. To evaluate the association of noradrenaline with MHBAs effects, mice treated with N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4), a noradrenergic neurotoxin that selectively damages noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus, were subjected to the behavioral evaluation. MHBAs reduced brain inflammation and improved LPS-induced memory impairment. A model compound possessing the β-tricarbonyl moiety improved the LPS-induced memory impairment and neuronal loss via the vagus nerve. Additionally, the protective effects of MHBAs on memory impairment were attenuated by noradrenaline depletion using DSP-4. MHBAs suppressed the activation of microglia and improved the memory impairment in 5 × FAD mice, which was also attenuated by noradrenaline depletion. Treatment with MHBAs increased cholecystokinin production from the intestinal cells. Generally, cholecystokinin activates the vagal nerve, which stimulate the noradrenergic neuron in the locus ceruleus. Taken together, our results reveal that food ingredients such as hop bitter acids with a β-tricarbonyl moiety suppress microglial activation and improve memory impairment induced by inflammation or AD pathology via the activation of the gut-brain axis and noradrenergic system. Supplements with hop bitter acids, including MHBAs, might be a novel approach for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Ano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan. .,Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company Ltd, 1-13-5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Rena Ohya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company Ltd, 1-13-5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company Ltd, 1-13-5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Chika Takahashi
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company Ltd, 1-13-5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Taniguchi
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company Ltd, 1-13-5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Keiji Kondo
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company Ltd, 1-13-5 Fukuura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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23
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Locus Coeruleus Modulates Neuroinflammation in Parkinsonism and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228630. [PMID: 33207731 PMCID: PMC7697920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus Coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic nucleus of the central nervous system, and its neurons widely innervate the whole brain. LC is severely degenerated both in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), years before the onset of clinical symptoms, through mechanisms that differ among the two disorders. Several experimental studies have shown that noradrenaline modulates neuroinflammation, mainly by acting on microglia/astrocytes function. In the present review, after a brief introduction on the anatomy and physiology of LC, we provide an overview of experimental data supporting a pathogenetic role of LC degeneration in AD and PD. Then, we describe in detail experimental data, obtained in vitro and in vivo in animal models, which support a potential role of neuroinflammation in such a link, and the specific molecules (i.e., released cytokines, glial receptors, including pattern recognition receptors and others) whose expression is altered by LC degeneration and might play a key role in AD/PD pathogenesis. New imaging and biochemical tools have recently been developed in humans to estimate in vivo the integrity of LC, the degree of neuroinflammation, and pathology AD/PD biomarkers; it is auspicable that these will allow in the near future to test the existence of a link between LC-neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration directly in patients.
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24
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Song S, Liu J, Zhang F, Hong JS. Norepinephrine depleting toxin DSP-4 and LPS alter gut microbiota and induce neurotoxicity in α-synuclein mutant mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15054. [PMID: 32929122 PMCID: PMC7490385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the genetic mutation and toxicant exposure in producing gut microbiota alteration and neurotoxicity. Homozygous α-synuclein mutant (SNCA) mice that overexpress human A53T protein and littermate wild-type mice received a single injection of LPS (2 mg/kg) or a selective norepinephrine depleting toxin DSP-4 (50 mg/kg), then the motor activity, dopaminergic neuron loss, colon gene expression and gut microbiome were examined 13 months later. LPS and DSP-4 decreased rotarod and wirehang activity, reduced dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and SNCA mice were more vulnerable. SNCA mice had 1,000-fold higher human SNCA mRNA expression in the gut, and twofold higher gut expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and translocator protein (TSPO). LPS further increased expression of TSPO and IL-6 in SNCA mice. Both LPS and DSP-4 caused microbiome alterations, and SNCA mice were more susceptible. The altered colon microbiome approximated clinical findings in PD patients, characterized by increased abundance of Verrucomicrobiaceae, and decreased abundance of Prevotellaceae, as evidenced by qPCR with 16S rRNA primers. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was increased by LPS in SNCA mice. This study demonstrated a critical role of α-synuclein and toxins interactions in producing gut microbiota disruption, aberrant gut pro-inflammatory gene expression, and dopaminergic neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Song
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA. .,Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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25
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Wang Q, Oyarzabal EA, Song S, Wilson B, Santos JH, Hong JS. Locus coeruleus neurons are most sensitive to chronic neuroinflammation-induced neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:359-368. [PMID: 31923552 PMCID: PMC7316605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) develops over decades through spatiotemporal stages that ascend from the brainstem to the forebrain. The mechanism behind this caudo-rostral neurodegeneration remains largely undefined. In unraveling this phenomenon, we recently developed a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elicited chronic neuroinflammatory mouse model that displays sequential losses of neurons in brainstem, substantia nigra, hippocampus and cortex. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms of caudo-rostral neurodegeneration and focused our efforts on the earliest neurodegeneration of vulnerable noradrenergic locus coeruleus (NE-LC) neurons in the brainstem. We found that compared with neurons in other brain regions, NE-LC neurons in untreated mice displayed high levels of mitochondrial oxidative stress that was severely exacerbated in the presence of LPS-elicited chronic neuroinflammation. In agreement, NE-LC neurons in LPS-treated mice displayed early reduction of complex IV expression and mitochondrial swelling and loss of cristae. Mechanistically, the activation of the superoxide-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX2) on NE-LC neurons was essential for their heightened vulnerability during chronic neuroinflammation. LPS induced early and high expressions of NOX2 in NE-LC neurons. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of NOX2 markedly reduced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in LPS-treated mice. Furthermore, inhibition of NOX2 significantly ameliorated LPS-induced NE-LC neurodegeneration. More importantly, post-treatment with NOX2 inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium when NE-LC neurodegeneration had already begun, still showed high efficacy in protecting NE-LC neurons from degeneration in LPS-treated mice. This study strongly supports that chronic neuroinflammation and NOX2 expression among vulnerable neuronal populations contribute to caudo-rostral degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Wang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Esteban A. Oyarzabal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheng Song
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Belinda Wilson
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janine H. Santos
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Chronic Manganese Administration with Longer Intervals Between Injections Produced Neurotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1941-1952. [PMID: 32488470 PMCID: PMC7378106 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Subacute exposure to manganese (Mn) produced Parkinson’s disease-like syndrome called Manganism. Chronic onset and progression are characteristics of Manganism, therefore, this study aimed to examine Mn toxicity following chronic exposures. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected Mn2+ 1 and 5 mg/kg, every 10 days for 150 days (15 injections). Animal body weight and behavioral activities were recorded. At the end of experiments, the brain and liver were collected for morphological and molecular analysis. Chronic Mn exposure did not affect animal body weight gain, but the high dose of Mn treatment caused 20% mortality after 140 days of administration. Motor activity deficits were observed in a dose-dependent manner at 148 days of Mn administration. Immunofluorescence double staining of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) revealed the activation of microglia and loss of dopaminergic neurons. The chronic neuroinflammation mediators TNFα, inflammasome Nlrp3, Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIb, and formyl peptide receptor-1 were increased, implicating chronic Mn-induced neuroinflammation. Chronic Mn exposure also produced liver injury, as evidenced by hepatocyte degeneration with pink, condensed nuclei, indicative of apoptotic lesions. The inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 were increased, alone with stress-related genes heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 and metallothionein. Hepatic transporters, such as multidrug resistant proteins (Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc3) and solute carrier family proteins (Slc30a1, Slc39a8 and Slc39a14) were increased in attempt to eliminate Mn from the liver. In summary, chronic Mn exposure produced neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neuron loss in the brain, but also produced inflammation to the liver, with upregulation of hepatic transporters. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11064-020-03059-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hu AL, Song S, Li Y, Xu SF, Zhang F, Li C, Liu J. Mercury sulfide-containing Hua-Feng-Dan and 70W (Rannasangpei) protect against LPS plus MPTP-induced neurotoxicity and disturbance of gut microbiota in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112674. [PMID: 32105745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mercury sulfides (HgS) are frequently included in Ayurveda, Tibetan and Chinese medicines to assist the presumed therapeutic effects, but the ethnopharmacology remains elusive. The present study examined the protective effects of α-HgS-containing Hua-Feng-Dan and β-HgS-containing 70 Wei-Zhen-Zhu-Wan (70W, Rannasangpei) against Parkinson's disease mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). METHOD A single injection of LPS (5 mg/kg ip) was given to adult male C57BL/6 mice, and 150 days later, the low dose of MPTP (15 mg/kg, ip, for 4 days) was given to produce the "two-hit" Parkinson's disease model. Together with MPTP treatment, mice were fed with clinically-relevant doses of Hua-Feng-Dan (0.6 g/kg) and 70W (0.2 g/kg) for 35 days. Rotarod test was performed to examine muscle coordination capability. At the end of the experiment, brain was transcardially perfused with paraformaldehyde, the substantia nigra was sectioned for microglia (Iba1 staining) and dopaminergic neuron (THir staining) determination. Colon bacterial DNA was extracted and subjected to qPCR analysis with 16S rRNA probes. RESULTS The low-grade, chronic neuroinflammation produced by LPS aggravated MPTP neurotoxicity, as evidenced by decreased motor activity, intensified microglia activation and loss of dopaminergic neurons. Both Hua-Feng-Dan and 70W increased rotarod activity and ameliorated the pathological lesions in the brain. In gut microbiomes examined, LPS plus MPTP increased Verrucomicrobiaceae, Methanobacteriaceae, Pronicromonosporaceae, and Clostridaceae species were attenuated by Hua-Feng-Dan and 70W. CONCLUSIONS α-HgS-containing Hua-Feng-Dan and β-HgS-containing 70W at clinical doses protected against chronic LPS plus MPTP-induced toxicity to the brain and gut, suggesting HgS-containing traditional medicines could target gut microbiota as a mechanism of their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ling Hu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Sheng Song
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Cen Li
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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Hou L, Qu X, Qiu X, Huang R, Zhao X, Wang Q. Integrin CD11b mediates locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurodegeneration in a mouse Parkinson's disease model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:148. [PMID: 32375810 PMCID: PMC7201626 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC/NE) neurons in the brainstem is reported in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Strong evidence suggested that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration in PD. We recently recognized integrin CD11b, the α-chain of macrophage antigen complex-1 (Mac-1, also called CR3), as a key regulator for microglial activation. However, whether CD11b is involved in LC/NE neurodegeneration in PD remains to be investigated. METHODS LC/NE neurodegeneration and microglial activation were compared between wild type (WT) and CD11b KO mice after treated with paraquat and maneb, two pesticides that widely used to create PD model. The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in CD11b-mediated microglial dysfunction and LC/NE neurodegeneration was further explored. LC/NE neurodegeneration, microglial phenotype, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were determined by using Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR technologies. RESULTS Paraquat and maneb co-exposure elevated the expressions of CD11b in the brainstem of mice, and CD11b knockout significantly reduced LC/NE neurodegeneration induced by paraquat and maneb. Mitigated microglial activation and gene expressions of proinflammatory cytokines were also observed in paraquat and maneb-treated CD11b-/- mice. Mechanistically, CD11b-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to paraquat and maneb-induced LC/NE neurodegeneration. Compared with WT controls, CD11b deficiency reduced paraquat and maneb-induced NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation, and interleukin-1β production in mice. Furthermore, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by glybenclamide, a sulfonylurea inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome, was found to be able to suppress microglial proinflammatory activation and nuclear factor-κB activation induced by paraquat and maneb. Moreover, reduced reactive oxygen species production, NADPH oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions as well as 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde levels were detected in combined glybenclamide and paraquat and maneb-treated mice compared with paraquat and maneb alone group. Finally, we found that glybenclamide treatment ameliorated LC/NE neurodegeneration and α-synuclein aggregation in paraquat and maneb-treated mice. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that CD11b mediates LC/NE neurodegeneration through NLRP3 inflammation-dependent microglial proinflammatory activation in a two pesticide-induced mouse PD model, providing a novel insight into the immune pathogenesis of LC/NE neuronal damage in related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Hou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xingyue Qu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaofei Qiu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention/Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, 266033, China.,School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ruixue Huang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Qingshan Wang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China. .,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Paredes-Rodriguez E, Vegas-Suarez S, Morera-Herreras T, De Deurwaerdere P, Miguelez C. The Noradrenergic System in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:435. [PMID: 32322208 PMCID: PMC7157437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is well accepted that in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the neurodegenerative process occurs in stages and that damage to other areas precedes the neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is considered a pathophysiological hallmark of PD. This heterogeneous and progressive neurodegeneration may explain the diverse symptomatology of the disease, including motor and non-motor alterations. In PD, one of the first areas undergoing degeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC). This noradrenergic nucleus provides extensive innervation throughout the brain and plays a fundamental neuromodulator role, participating in stress responses, emotional memory, and control of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Early in the disease, LC neurons suffer modifications that can condition the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments, and importantly, can lead to the appearance of common non-motor symptomatology. The noradrenergic system also exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect on the dopaminergic degeneration and noradrenergic damage can consequently condition the progress of the disease. From the pharmacological point of view, it is also important to understand how the noradrenergic system performs in PD, since noradrenergic medication is often used in these patients, and drug interactions can take place when combining them with the gold standard drug therapy in PD, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). This review provides an overview about the functional status of the noradrenergic system in PD and its contribution to the efficacy of pharmacological-based treatments. Based on preclinical and clinical publications, a special attention will be dedicated to the most prevalent non-motor symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paredes-Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Sergio Vegas-Suarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Teresa Morera-Herreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdere
- Centre National de la Recherche scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA UMR 5287), Bordeaux, France
| | - Cristina Miguelez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou R, Li Y, Gao Y, Tu D, Wilson B, Song S, Feng J, Hong JS, Yakel JL. A novel role of NLRP3-generated IL-1β in the acute-chronic transition of peripheral lipopolysaccharide-elicited neuroinflammation: implications for sepsis-associated neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:64. [PMID: 32070376 PMCID: PMC7029475 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated acute brain inflammation, if unresolved, may cause chronic neuroinflammation and resultant neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known how the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation, which is critical for the following progressive neurodegeneration, occurs in sepsis. The goal of this study was to investigate potential immune factors regulating the transition process using a widely used endotoxemia LPS mouse model. This model shows distinct acute and chronic phases of neuroinflammation and recapitulates many cardinal features of Parkinson's disease, thus, providing a unique opportunity for studying phase transition of neuroinflammation. METHODS C57BL/6 J, NLRP3-/-, and IL-1R1-/- mice were employed. Mild and severe endotoxemia were produced by LPS ip injection at 1 or 5 mg/kg. Neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo was assessed with proinflammatory cytokine expression by qPCR or ELISA and microglial activation by immunohistochemical analysis. Neurodegeneration was measured by manual and stereological counts of nigral dopaminergic neurons and immunohistochemical analysis of protein nitrosylation and α-synuclein phosphorylation. RESULTS LPS-elicited initial increases in mouse brain mRNA levels of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1, and nigral microglial activation were not dose-related. By contrast, the delayed increase in brain mature IL-1β levels was dependent on LPS doses and protracted nigral microglial activation was only observed in high dose of LPS-treated mice. LPS-elicited increase in brain mature IL-1β but not IL-1α level was NLRP3-dependent. After high dose LPS treatment, deficiency of NLRP3 or IL-1R1 did not prevent the initiation of acute neuroinflammation but abolished chronic neuroinflammation. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3-IL-1β axis repressed LPS-stimulated upregulation of chronic neuroinflammatory mediators including MHC-II, NOX2, and Mac1, and protected dopaminergic neurons. Ten months after LPS-elicited severe endotoxemia, nigral persisted microglial activation, elevated nitrosylated proteins and phosphorylated α-synuclein, and significant neuronal degeneration developed in wild-type mice but not in NLRP3-/- or IL-1R1-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovers a novel role of the NLRP3-IL-1β signaling pathway in gauging the severity of sepsis-associated inflammation and determining whether acute neuroinflammation will resolve or transition to low grade chronic neuroinflammation. These findings also provide novel targets for developing therapy for severe systemic infection-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhao
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Yubao Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| | - Ran Zhou
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yun Gao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Dezhen Tu
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Belinda Wilson
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sheng Song
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jing Feng
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jerrel L Yakel
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Lesion of the Locus Coeruleus Damages Learning and Memory Performance in Paraquat and Maneb-induced Mouse Parkinson’s Disease Model. Neuroscience 2019; 419:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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