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Qin X, Wang S, Huang J, Hu B, Yang X, Liang L, Zhou R, Huang W. Rhein alleviates MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease by suppressing neuroinflammation via MAPK/IκB pathway. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1396345. [PMID: 38933815 PMCID: PMC11202316 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1396345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with a rapid increase in incidence in recent years. Existing treatments cannot slow or stop the progression of PD. It was proposed that neuroinflammation leads to neuronal death, making targeting neuroinflammation a promising therapeutic strategy. Our previous studies have demonstrated that rhein protects neurons in vitro by inhibiting neuroinflammation, and it has been found to exhibit neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy, but its neuroprotective mechanisms and effects on PD are still unclear. Methods PD animal model was induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). ELISA, RT-qPCR, western blot and Immunofluorescence were used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines and M1 polarization markers. The protein expression levels of signaling pathways were measured by western blot. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed that rhein did not damage the liver and kidney. Two behavioral tests, pole test and rotarod test, were used to evaluate the improvement effect of rhein on movement disorders. The number of neurons in the substantia nigra was evaluated by Nissl staining. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein. Results Rhein inhibited the activation of MAPK/IκB signaling pathway and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and M1 polarization markers of microglia in vivo. In a mouse model of PD, rhein ameliorated movement disorders, reduced dopaminergic neuron damage and α-synuclein deposition. Conclusion Rhein inhibits neuroinflammation through MAPK/IκB signaling pathway, thereby reducing neurodegeneration, α-synuclein deposition, and improving movement disorders in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Neurology, Yichang Central People’s Hospital, Yichang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Binbin Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liying Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Qin X, Li B, Hu B, Huang J, Tian X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Huang W. Rhein inhibits M1 polarization of BV2 microglia through MAPK/IκB signalling pathway and reduces neurotoxicity caused by neuroinflammation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38858813 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhein is an anthraquinone compound with anti-inflammatory pharmacological activity. It has been found to play a neuroprotective role in neurological diseases, but the neuroprotective mechanism of rhein remains unclear. METHODS SH-SY5Y cells serving as neuron-like cells and BV2 microglia were used. The toxicity of rhein on BV2 microglia and the viability of SH-SY5Y cells were measured by CCK-8 assay. The mRNA expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by qPCR and ELISA. Iba1, CD86 and pathway signalling protein in BV2 microglia were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to neuroinflammation was analysed through flow cytometry. RESULTS Rhein inhibited MAPK/IκB signalling pathways. Further studies revealed that rhein inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and iNOS in BV2 cells and also inhibited the expression of M1 polarization markers Iba1 and CD86 in BV2 cells. Furthermore, rhein reduced the apoptotic rate and restored cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that rhein inhibited microglia M1 polarization via MAPK/IκB signalling pathway and protected nerve cells through suppressing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China
| | - Bowen Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Binbin Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Juan Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingfu Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ye Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Zhao J, Zhu R, He F, Wu M, Wu Y, Meng X, Liu X. Neuroprotective effects of galectin‑1 on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating oxidative stress. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:154. [PMID: 38476925 PMCID: PMC10928996 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the pathology of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Galectin-1 has shown an anti-oxidative stress effect. The present study investigated whether this anti-oxidative stress effect can account for the neuroprotective actions of galectin-1 induced by cerebral I/R injury. A cerebral I/R injury model was created in C57Bl/6 mice by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, after which the mice were treated with galectin-1 for 3 days. Infarct volumes were measured. A rotarod test and neurological deficit score assessment was performed to evaluate the neurological deficits. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA), while the anti-oxidative stress status was assessed by measuring molecules such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidation enzyme (GSH-Px) in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere of mice. The inflammatory cytokines, including Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured, and the expression of microglia was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere of mice. Galectin-1 treatment ameliorated neurological deficits and reduced infarct volumes in the mice model with cerebral I/R injury. Moreover, it was demonstrated that galectin-1 can significantly alleviate cerebral I/R injury in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere by decreasing the production of ROS and MDA, but increasing the production of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px. Galectin-1 treatment decreased microglia expression, and IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere of mice. Galectin-1 could improve the outcome of cerebral I/R injury by alleviating oxidative stress. Moreover, the neuroprotective effect of galectin-1 in cerebral ischemia could be related to its anti-oxidative stress effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Feifei He
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Miao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Yufu Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Department of Neurology, Liaoyuan City Central Hospital, Liaoyuan, Jilin 136200, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
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Sun G, Kropp KA, Kirchner M, Plückebaum N, Selich A, Serrero M, Dhingra A, Cabrera JR, Ritter B, Bauerfeind R, Wyler E, Landthaler M, Schambach A, Sodeik B, Mertins P, Viejo-Borbolla A. Herpes simplex virus type 1 modifies the protein composition of extracellular vesicles to promote neurite outgrowth and neuroinfection. mBio 2024; 15:e0330823. [PMID: 38275838 PMCID: PMC10865794 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03308-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The highly prevalent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes a range of diseases, including cold sores, blinding keratitis, and life-threatening encephalitis. HSV-1 initially replicates in epithelial cells, enters the peripheral nervous system via neurites, and establishes lifelong infection in the neuronal cell bodies. Neurites are highly dynamic structures that grow or retract in response to attractive or repulsive cues, respectively. Here, we show that infection with HSV-1, but not with a mutant virus lacking glycoprotein G (gG), reduced the repulsive effect of epithelial cells on neurite outgrowth and facilitated HSV-1 invasion of neurons. HSV-1 gG was required and sufficient to induce neurite outgrowth by modifying the protein composition of extracellular vesicles, increasing the amount of neurotrophic and neuroprotective proteins, including galectin-1. Antibodies directed against galectin-1 neutralized the capacity of extracellular vesicles released from HSV-1-infected cells to promote neurite outgrowth. Our study provides new insights into the neurotropism of HSV-1 and identifies a viral protein that modifies the protein composition of extracellular vesicles to stimulate neurite outgrowth and invasion of the nervous system.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) must infect neurites (or nerve endings) to establish a chronic infection in neurons. Neurites are highly dynamic structures that retract or grow in the presence of repulsive or attractive proteins. Some of these proteins are released by epithelial cells in extracellular vesicles and act upon interaction with their receptor present on neurites. We show here that HSV-1 infection of epithelial cells modulated their effect on neurites, increasing neurite growth. Mechanistically, HSV-1 glycoprotein G (gG) modifies the protein composition of extracellular vesicles released by epithelial cells, increasing the amount of attractive proteins that enhance neurite outgrowth and facilitate neuronal infection. These results could inform of therapeutic strategies to block HSV-1 induction of neurite outgrowth and, thereby, neuronal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Sun
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Marieluise Kirchner
- Proteomics platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Plückebaum
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anton Selich
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manutea Serrero
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Akshay Dhingra
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jorge Rubén Cabrera
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Birgit Ritter
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Research Core Unit for Laser Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Proteomics platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Xia X, Chen J, Ren H, Zhou C, Zhang Q, Cheng H, Wang X. Gypenoside Pretreatment Alleviates the Cerebral Ischemia Injury via Inhibiting the Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1140-1156. [PMID: 37688709 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely related to prognosis in ischemic stroke. Microglia are the main immune cells in the nervous system. Under physiological conditions, microglia participate in clearance of dead cells, synapse pruning and regulation of neuronal circuits to maintain the overall health of the nervous system. Once ischemic stroke occurs, microglia function in the occurrence and progression of neuroinflammation. Therefore, the regulation of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. The anti-inflammatory activity of gypenosides (GPs) has been confirmed to be related to the activity of microglia in other neurological diseases. However, the role of GPs in neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke has not been studied. In this study, we investigated whether GPs could reduce neuroinflammation by regulating microglia and the underlying mechanism through qRT-PCR and western blot. Results showed that GPs pretreatment mitigated blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage in the mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and improved motor function. According to the results of immunofluorescence staining, GPs pretreatment alleviated neuroinflammation in MCAO mice by reducing the number of microglia and promoting their phenotypic transformation from M1 to M2. Furthermore, GPs pretreatment reduced the number of astrocytes in the penumbra and inhibited their polarization into the A1 type. We applied oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) on BV2 cells to mimic ischemic conditions in vitro and found similar effect as that in vivo. At the molecular level, the STAT-3/HIF1-α and TLR-4/NF-κB/HIF1-α pathways were involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of GPs in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this research indicates that GPs are potential therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke and has important reference significance to further explore the possibility of GPs application in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyuan Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haoyang Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Wang J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Fan X, Yang H, Liu Y, Ma T. Function and inhibition of P38 MAP kinase signaling: Targeting multiple inflammation diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115973. [PMID: 38103797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural host defense mechanism that protects the body from pathogenic microorganisms. A growing body of research suggests that inflammation is a key factor in triggering other diseases (lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.). However, there is no consensus on the complex mechanism of inflammatory response, which may include enzyme activation, mediator release, and tissue repair. In recent years, p38 MAPK, a member of the MAPKs family, has attracted much attention as a central target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, many p38 MAPK inhibitors attempting to obtain marketing approval have failed at the clinical trial stage due to selectivity and/or toxicity issues. In this paper, we discuss the mechanism of p38 MAPK in regulating inflammatory response and its key role in major inflammatory diseases and summarize the synthetic or natural products targeting p38 MAPK to improve the inflammatory response in the last five years, which will provide ideas for the development of novel clinical anti-inflammatory drugs based on p38 MAPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yushi Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Cen Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hongliu Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Kim J, Lee S, Hong DG, Yang S, Tran CS, Kwak J, Kim MJ, Rajarathinam T, Chung KW, Jung YS, Ishigami A, Chang SC, Lee H, Yun H, Lee J. Amelioration of Astrocyte-Mediated Neuroinflammation by EI-16004 Confers Neuroprotection in an MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease Model. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:1. [PMID: 38294608 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in motor impairment due to dopaminergic neuronal loss. The pathology of PD is closely associated with neuroinflammation, which can be characterized by astrocyte activation. Thus, targeting the inflammatory response in astrocytes might provide a novel therapeutic approach. We conducted a luciferase assay on an in-house chemical library to identify compounds with anti-inflammatory effects capable of reducing MPP+-induced NF-κB activity in astrocytes. Among the compounds identified, EI-16004, a novel 3-benzyl-N-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamides, exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect by significantly reducing MPP+-induced astrocyte activation. Biochemical analysis and docking simulation indicated that EI-16004 inhibited the MPP+-induced phosphorylation of p65 by attenuating ERK phosphorylation, and EI-16004 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in astrocytes. In vivo studies on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model in male C57BL/6 mice showed that EI-16004 ameliorated motor impairment and protected against dopaminergic neuronal loss, and EI-16004 effectively mitigated the MPTP-induced astrocyte activation in striatum (STR) and substantia nigra (SN). These results indicate EI-16004 is a potential neuroprotective agent for the prevention and treatment of astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammatory conditions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulah Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Geun Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonguk Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Cong So Tran
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsook Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Thenmozhi Rajarathinam
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeseung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Chakraborty J, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty S, Narayan MN. Entanglement of MAPK pathways with gene expression and its omnipresence in the etiology for cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194988. [PMID: 37739217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) is one of the most well characterized cellular signaling pathways that controls fundamental cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. These cellular functions are consequences of transcription of regulatory genes that are influenced and regulated by the MAP-Kinase signaling cascade. MAP kinase components such as Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) sense external cues or ligands and transmit these signals via multiple protein complexes such as RAS-RAF, MEK, and ERKs and eventually modulate the transcription factors inside the nucleus to induce transcription and other regulatory functions. Aberrant activation, dysregulation of this signaling pathway, and genetic alterations in any of these components results in the developmental disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Over the years, the MAPK pathway has been a prime pharmacological target, to treat complex human disorders that are genetically linked such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The current review re-visits the mechanism of MAPK pathways in gene expression regulation. Further, a current update on the progress of the mechanistic understanding of MAPK components is discussed from a disease perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Chakraborty
- Institute for Advancing Health through Agriculture, Texas A&M Agrilife, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Sohag Chakraborty
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Mahesh N Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, USA.
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Kiss T, Mir Y, Stefancsik G, Ganbat G, Askarova A, Monostori E, Dulka K, Szebeni GJ, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Csiszár A, Legradi A. Galectin-1 as a marker for microglia activation in the aging brain. Brain Res 2023; 1818:148517. [PMID: 37557976 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Microglia cells, the immune cells residing in the brain, express immune regulatory molecules that have a central role in the manifestation of age-related brain characteristics. Our hypothesis suggests that galectin-1, an anti-inflammatory member of the beta-galactoside-binding lectin family, regulates microglia and neuroinflammation in the aging brain. Through our in-silico analysis, we discovered a subcluster of microglia in the aged mouse brain that exhibited increased expression of galectin-1 mRNA. In our Western blotting experiments, we observed a decrease in galectin-1 protein content in our rat primary cortical cultures over time. Additionally, we found that the presence of lipopolysaccharide, an immune activator, significantly increased the expression of galectin-1 protein in microglial cells. Utilizing flow cytometry, we determined that a portion of the galectin-1 protein was localized on the surface of the microglial cells. As cultivation time increased, we observed a decrease in the expression of activation-coupled molecules in microglial cells, indicating cellular exhaustion. In our mixed rat primary cortical cell cultures, we noted a transition of amoeboid microglial cells labeled with OX42(CD11b/c) to a ramified, branched phenotype during extended cultivation, accompanied by a complete disappearance of galectin-1 expression. By analyzing the transcriptome of a distinct microglial subpopulation in an animal model of aging, we established a correlation between chronological aging and galectin-1 expression. Furthermore, our in vitro study demonstrated that galectin-1 expression is associated with the functional activation state of microglial cells exhibiting specific amoeboid morphological characteristics. Based on our findings, we identify galectin-1 as a marker for microglia activation in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kiss
- Pediatric Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Yaqub Mir
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Stefancsik
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gantulga Ganbat
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Aruzhan Askarova
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eva Monostori
- Lymphocyte Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karolina Dulka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gabor J Szebeni
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, ELKH, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Departments of Public Health and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, ELKH, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Anna Csiszár
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Departments of Public Health and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Adam Legradi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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10
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Liu Y, Wang L, Yang G, Chi X, Liang X, Zhang Y. Sirtuins: Promising Therapeutic Targets to Treat Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1210. [PMID: 37627275 PMCID: PMC10452362 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability globally, with ischemic stroke (IS) accounting for over 80% of all stroke cases. The pathological process of IS involves numerous signal molecules, among which are the highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzymes known as sirtuins (SIRTs). SIRTs modulate various biological processes, including cell differentiation, energy metabolism, DNA repair, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Importantly, several studies have reported a correlation between SIRTs and IS. This review introduces the general aspects of SIRTs, including their distribution, subcellular location, enzyme activity, and substrate. We also discuss their regulatory roles and potential mechanisms in IS. Finally, we describe the current therapeutic methods based on SIRTs, such as pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological therapeutic/rehabilitative interventions, epigenetic regulators, potential molecules, and stem cell-derived exosome therapy. The data collected in this study will potentially contribute to both clinical and fundamental research on SIRTs, geared towards developing effective therapeutic candidates for future treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Liuding Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Guang Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China;
| | - Xiansu Chi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
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11
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Zheng L, Xia J, Ge P, Meng Y, Li W, Li M, Wang M, Song C, Fan Y, Zhou Y. The interrelation of galectins and autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110336. [PMID: 37262957 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital physiological process that maintains intracellular homeostasis by removing damaged organelles and senescent or misfolded molecules. However, excessive autophagy results in cell death and apoptosis, which will lead to a variety of diseases. Galectins are a type of animal lectin that binds to β-galactosides and can bind to the cell surface or extracellular matrix glycans, affecting a variety of immune processes in vivo and being linked to the development of many diseases. In many cases, galectins and autophagy both play important regulatory roles in the cellular life course, yet our understanding of the relationship between them is still incomplete. Galectins and autophagy may share common etiological cofactors for some diseases. Hence, we summarize the relationship between galectins and autophagy, aiming to draw attention to the existence of multiple associations between galectins and autophagy in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, which provide new ideas for etiological diagnosis, drug development, and therapeutic targets for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Jing Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Pengyu Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuhan Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Weili Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Mingming Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuying Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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12
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Han W, Meißner EM, Neunteibl S, Günther M, Kahnt J, Dolga A, Xie C, Plesnila N, Zhu C, Blomgren K, Culmsee C. Dying transplanted neural stem cells mediate survival bystander effects in the injured brain. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:173. [PMID: 36854658 PMCID: PMC9975220 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) transplants provide neuroprotection in models of acute brain injury, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we provide evidence that caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death of NSPCs is required for sending survival signals to the injured brain. The secretome of dying NSPCs contains heat-stable proteins, which protect neurons against glutamate-induced toxicity and trophic factor withdrawal in vitro, and from ischemic brain damage in vivo. Our findings support a new concept suggesting a bystander effect of apoptotic NSPCs, which actively promote neuronal survival through the release of a protective "farewell" secretome. Similar protective effects by the secretome of apoptotic NSPC were also confirmed in human neural progenitor cells and neural stem cells but not in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) or human dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that the observed effects are cell type specific and exist for neural progenitor/stem cells across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Eva-Maria Meißner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Neunteibl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Madeline Günther
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kahnt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Ecophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Amalia Dolga
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology - Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Clinic Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg, Germany.
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13
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Peng Q, Zhang G, Guo X, Dai L, Xiong M, Zhang Z, Chen L, Zhang Z. Galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway mediates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1046992. [DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1046992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a crucial immunoregulatory mediator in the central nervous system. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation play a key role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it remains unknown whether Gal-9 is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. We found that MPP+ treatment promoted the expression of Gal-9 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MIP-1α) in a concentration-dependent manner in BV2 cells. Gal-9 enhanced neurodegeneration and oxidative stress induced by MPP+ in SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons. Importantly, deletion of Gal-9 or blockade of Tim-3 ameliorated microglial activation, reduced dopaminergic neuronal loss, and improved motor performance in an MPTP-induced mouse model of PD. These observations demonstrate a pathogenic role of the Gal-9/Tim-3 pathway in exacerbating microglial activation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of PD.
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14
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the progressive loss of specific neurons. The exact mechanisms of action of these diseases are unknown, and many studies have focused on pathways related to abnormal accumulation and processing of proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress leading to apoptotic death. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that aberrant cell cycle re-entry plays a major role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. The activation of the cell cycle in mature neurons could be promoted by several signaling mechanisms, including c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascades; post-translational modifications such as Tau-phosphorylation; and DNA damage response. In all these events, implicated Cdk5, a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase, seems to be responsible for several cellular processes in neurons including axon growth, neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, neuronal migration, and maintenance of neuronal survival. However, under pathological conditions, Cdk5 dysregulation may lead to cell cycle re-entry in post-mitotic neurons. Thus, Cdk5 hyperactivation, by its physiologic activator p25, hyper-phosphorylates downstream substrates related to neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage response, signaling pathway disturbance, and Ubiquitin proteasome malfunction contributing to cell cycle re-entry in post-mitotic neurons. It also describes how all these factors are linked to a greater or lesser extent with Cdk5. Thus, it offers a global vision of the function of cell cycle-related proteins in mature neurons with a focus on Cdk5 and how this protein contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease by cell cycle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain,Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14071 Córdoba, Spain,Correspondence to: Raquel Requejo-Aguilar, PhD, .
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15
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Ji X, Han L, Zhang W, Sun L, Xu S, Qiu X, Fan S, Li Z. Molecular, cellular and neurological consequences of infection by the neglected human pathogen Nocardia. BMC Biol 2022; 20:251. [PMID: 36352407 PMCID: PMC9647956 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nocardia is a facultative intracellular pathogen that infects the lungs and brains of immunocompromised patients with consequences that can be fatal. The incidence of such infections is rising, immunocompetent individuals are also being infected, and there is a need to learn more about this neglected bacterial pathogen and the interaction with its human host. Results We have applied dual RNA-seq to assess the global transcriptome changes that occur simultaneously in Nocardia farcinica (N. farcinica) and infected human epithelial alveolar host cells, and have tested a series of mutants in this in vitro system to identify candidate determinants of virulence. Using a mouse model, we revealed the profiles of inflammation-related factors in the lung after intranasal infection and confirmed that nbtB and nbtS are key virulence genes for Nocardia infection in vivo. Regarding the host response to infection, we found that the expression of many histones was dysregulated during the infection of lung cells, indicating that epigenetic modification might play a crucial role in the host during Nocardia infection. In our mouse model, Nocardia infection led to neurological symptoms and we found that 15 of 22 Nocardia clinical strains tested could cause obvious PD-like symptoms. Further experiments indicated that Nocardia infection could activate microglia and drive M1 microglial polarization, promote iNOS and CXCL-10 production, and cause neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra, all of which may be involved in causing PD-like symptoms. Importantly, the deletion of nbtS in N. farcinica completely attenuated the neurological symptoms. Conclusions Our data contribute to an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of both the host and Nocardia during infection and provide valuable clues for future studies of this neglected human pathogen, especially those addressing the underlying causes of infection-related neurological symptoms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01452-7.
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16
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Pacheco ALD, de Melo IS, de Araujo Costa M, Amaral MMC, de Gusmão Taveiros Silva NK, Santos YMO, Gitaí DLG, Duzzioni M, Borbely AU, Silva RS, Donatti ALF, Mestriner L, Fuzo CA, Cummings RD, Garcia-Cairasco N, Dias-Baruffi M, de Castro OW. Neuroprotective Effect of Exogenous Galectin-1 in Status Epilepticus. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7354-7369. [PMID: 36171480 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Intrahippocampal pilocarpine microinjection (H-PILO) induces status epilepticus (SE) that can lead to spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and neurodegeneration in rodents. Studies using animal models have indicated that lectins mediate a variety of biological activities with neuronal benefits, especially galectin-1 (GAL-1), which has been identified as an effective neuroprotective compound. GAL-1 is associated with the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, programmed cell death, and immune responses, as well as attenuating neuroinflammation. Here, we administrated GAL-1 to Wistar rats and evaluated the severity of the SE, neurodegenerative and inflammatory patterns in the hippocampal formation. Administration of GAL-1 caused a reduction in the number of class 2 and 4 seizures, indicating a decrease in seizure severity. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in inflammation and neurodegeneration 24 h and 15 days after SE. Overall, these results suggest that GAL-1 has a neuroprotective effect in the early stage of epileptogenesis and provides new insights into the roles of exogenous lectins in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Igor Santana de Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Maisa de Araujo Costa
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Mariah Morais Celestino Amaral
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Nívea Karla de Gusmão Taveiros Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Yngrid Mickaelli Oliveira Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Urban Borbely
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Ferreira Donatti
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa Mestriner
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alessandro Fuzo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil.
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17
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Galectins—Potential Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911012. [PMID: 36232314 PMCID: PMC9569834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in medicine have increased the longevity of humans, resulting in a higher incidence of chronic diseases. Due to the rise in the elderly population, age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent. The available treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and do not cure the underlying cause of the disease. Therefore, it has become imperative to discover new markers and therapies to modulate the course of disease progression and develop better treatment options for the affected individuals. Growing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor and one of the main inducers of neuronal damage and degeneration. Galectins (Gals) are a class of β-galactoside-binding proteins (lectins) ubiquitously expressed in almost all vital organs. Gals modulate various cellular responses and regulate significant biological functions, including immune response, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell growth, through their interaction with glycoproteins and glycolipids. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the Gal superfamily, with Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 in prime focus. Their roles have been described in modulating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we discuss the role of Gals in the causation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. We describe the role of Gals in microglia and astrocyte modulation, along with their pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In addition, we discuss the potential use of Gals as a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammation and restoring tissue damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Association between Galectin Levels and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081062. [PMID: 36008956 PMCID: PMC9406080 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins with an affinity for β-galactosides that have roles in neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. Several studies indicate that patients with neurodegenerative diseases have alterations in the concentration of galectins in their blood and brain. However, the results of the studies are contradictory; hence, a meta-analysis is performed to clarify whether patients with neurodegenerative diseases have elevated galectin levels compared to healthy individuals. Related publications are obtained from the databases: PubMed, Central-Conchrane, Web of Science database, OVID-EMBASE, Scope, and EBSCO host until February 2022. A pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) is calculated by fixed-effect or random-effect model analysis. In total, 17 articles are included in the meta-analysis with a total of 905 patients. Patients with neurodegenerative diseases present a higher level of galectin expression compared to healthy individuals (MDS = 0.70, 95% CI 0.28–1.13, p = 0.001). In the subgroup analysis by galectin type, a higher galectin-3 expression is observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD) expressed higher levels of galectin-3. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have higher levels of galectin-9. In conclusion, our meta-analysis shows that patients with neurovegetative diseases have higher galectin levels compared to healthy individuals. Galectin levels are associated with the type of disease, sample, detection technique, and region of origin of the patients.
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Yang X, Yun Y, Wang P, Zhao J, Sun X. Upregulation of RCAN1.4 by HIF1α alleviates OGD-induced inflammatory response in astrocytes. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1224-1240. [PMID: 35836352 PMCID: PMC9380140 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of human mortality and long‐term disability worldwide. As one of the main forms of regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), the contribution of RCAN1.4 in diverse biological and pathological conditions has been implicated. But the role of RCAN1.4 in ischemic stroke progression remains elusive. This study is to explore the expression changes and roles of RCAN1.4 in ischemic stroke as well as the underlying mechanisms for these changes and effects of RCAN1.4 in ischemic stroke. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion model in C57BL/6J mice and oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) model in primary astrocytes were performed to induce the cerebral ischemic stroke. The expression pattern of RCAN1.4 was assessed using real‐time quantitative PCR and western blotting in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, the underlying mechanism for the elevation of RCAN1.4 in the upstream was investigated. Lentiviruses were administrated, and the effect of RCAN1.4 in postischemic inflammation was clearly clarified. Results Here we uncovered that RCAN1.4 was dramatically increased in mouse ischemic brains and OGD‐induced primary astrocytes. HIF1α, activated upon OGD, significantly upregulated RCAN1.4 gene expression through specifically binding to the RCAN1.4 promoter region and activating its promoter activity. The functional hypoxia‐responsive element (HRE) was located between −254 and −245 bp in the RCAN1.4 promoter region. Moreover, elevated RCAN1.4 alleviated the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1β, IL6 and reduced expression of iNOS, COX2 in primary astrocytes upon OGD, whereas RCAN1.4 silencing has the opposite effect. Of note, RCAN1.4 overexpression inhibited OGD‐induced NF‐κB activation in primary astrocytes, leading to decreased degradation of IκBα and reduced nuclear translocation of NF‐κB/p65. Interpretation Our results reveal a novel mechanism underscoring the upregulation of RCAN1.4 by HIF1α and the protective effect of RCAN1.4 against postischemic inflammation, suggesting its significance as a promising therapeutic target for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Yun
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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20
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Ramírez Hernández E, Alanis Olvera B, Carmona González D, Guerrero Marín O, Pantoja Mercado D, Valencia Gil L, Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Sánchez Salgado JL, Limón ID, Zenteno E. Neuroinflammation and galectins: a key relationship in neurodegenerative diseases. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:685-699. [PMID: 35653015 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a pathological condition that is associated with the loss of neuronal function and structure. In neurodegenerative diseases, mounting evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor that contributes to neuronal damage and neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of microglia, the neuroimmune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which have been implicated as active contributors to neuronal damage. Glycan structure modification is defining the outcome of neuroinflammation and neuronal regeneration; moreover, the expression of galectins, a group of lectins that specifically recognize β-galactosides, has been proposed as a key factor in neuronal regeneration and modulation of the inflammatory response. Of the different galectins identified, galectin-1 stimulates the secretion of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes and promotes neuronal regeneration, whereas galectin-3 induces the proliferation of microglial cells and modulates cell apoptosis. Galectin-8 emerged as a neuroprotective factor, which, in addition to its immunosuppressive function, could generate a neuroprotective environment in the brain. This review describes the role of galectins in the activation and modulation of astrocytes and microglia and their anti- and proinflammatory functions within the context of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, it discusses the potential use of galectins as a therapeutic target for the inflammatory response and remodeling in damaged tissues in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Alanis Olvera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Carmona González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Guerrero Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denisse Pantoja Mercado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucero Valencia Gil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis F Hernández-Zimbrón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Sánchez Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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21
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Martin-Saldaña S, Chevalier MT, Pandit A. Therapeutic potential of targeting galectins – A biomaterials-focused perspective. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Dordoe C, Wang X, Lin P, Wang Z, Hu J, Wang D, Fang Y, Liang F, Ye S, Chen J, Zhao Y, Xiong Y, Yang Y, Lin L, Li X. Non-mitogenic fibroblast growth factor 1 protects against ischemic stroke by regulating microglia/macrophage polarization through Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. Neuropharmacology 2022; 212:109064. [PMID: 35452626 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that participate in response to pathological process after ischemic injury. Non-mitogenic fibroblast growth factor 1 (nmFGF1) is an effective neuroprotective factor that is also known as a metabolic regulator. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of the neuroprotective ability of nmFGF1 on microglia in mice after photothrombosis (PT) stroke model, to determine whether it could ameliorate ischemic injury in stroke experiment. We discovered that the intranasal administration of nmFGF1 reduced infarct size and ameliorated neurological deficits in behavioral assessment by regulating the secretion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, in the in vitro experiments, we found that nmFGF1 regulated the expression levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Evidence have shown that when nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfr2) is activated, it inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation to alleviate inflammation. Interestingly, nmFGF1 treatment in vivo remarkably inhibited NF-κB pathway activation and activated Nrf2 pathway. In addition, nmFGF1 and NF-κB inhibitor (BAY11-7082) inhibited NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. Moreover, in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia, the anti-inflammatory effect produced by nmFGF1 was knocked down by Nrf2 siRNA. These results indicate that nmFGF1 promoted functional recovery in experimental stroke by modulating microglia/macrophage-mediated neuroinflammation via Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways, making nmFGF1 a potential agent against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Confidence Dordoe
- Pingyang Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325400, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ping Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Yani Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Fei Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yeli Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, China
| | - Yunjun Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Pingyang Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325400, China.
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23
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Yang Z, Wei F, Zhang B, Luo Y, Xing X, Wang M, Chen R, Sun G, Sun X. Cellular Immune Signal Exchange From Ischemic Stroke to Intestinal Lesions Through Brain-Gut Axis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:688619. [PMID: 35432368 PMCID: PMC9010780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.688619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a vital pivot for the human circulatory system, the brain-gut axis is now being considered as an important channel for many of the small immune molecules’ transductions, including interleukins, interferons, neurotransmitters, peptides, and the chemokines penetrating the mesentery and blood brain barrier (BBB) during the development of an ischemic stroke (IS). Hypoxia-ischemia contributes to pituitary and neurofunctional disorders by interfering with the molecular signal release and communication then providing feedback to the gut. Suffering from such a disease on a long-term basis may cause the peripheral system’s homeostasis to become imbalanced, and it can also lead to multiple intestinal complications such as gut microbiota dysbiosis (GMD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and even the tumorigenesis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Correspondingly, these complications will deteriorate the cerebral infarctions and, in patients suffering with IS, it can even ruin the brain’s immune system. This review summarized recent studies on abnormal immunological signal exchange mediated polarization subtype changes, in both macrophages and microglial cells as well as T-lymphocytes. How gut complications modulate the immune signal transduction from the brain are also elucidated and analyzed. The conclusions drawn in this review could provide guidance and novel strategies to benefit remedies for both IS and relative gut lesions from immune-prophylaxis and immunotherapy aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhao Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rongchang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guibo Sun, ; Xiaobo Sun,
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guibo Sun, ; Xiaobo Sun,
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24
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Chen Y, Zhou Y, Li XC, Ma X, Mi WL, Chu YX, Wang YQ, Mao-Ying QL. Neuronal GRK2 regulates microglial activation and contributes to electroacupuncture analgesia on inflammatory pain in mice. Biol Res 2022; 55:5. [PMID: 35115050 PMCID: PMC8812183 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the development of chronic pain. Acupuncture is an alternative therapy widely used for pain management. In this study, we investigated the role of spinal neuronal GRK2 in electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia. Methods The mice model of inflammatory pain was built by subcutaneous injection of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) into the plantar surface of the hind paws. The mechanical allodynia of mice was examined by von Frey test. The mice were subjected to EA treatment (BL60 and ST36 acupuncture points) for 1 week. Overexpression and downregulation of spinal neuronal GRK2 were achieved by intraspinal injection of adeno associated virus (AAV) containing neuron-specific promoters, and microglial activation and neuroinflammation were evaluated by real-time PCR. Results Intraplantar injection with CFA in mice induced the decrease of GRK2 and microglial activation along with neuroinflammation in spinal cord. EA treatment increased the spinal GRK2, reduced neuroinflammation, and significantly decreased CFA-induced mechanical allodynia. The effects of EA were markedly weakened by non-cell-specific downregulation of spinal GRK2. Further, intraspinal injection of AAV containing neuron-specific promoters specifically downregulated neuronal GRK2, and weakened the regulatory effect of EA on CFA-induced mechanical allodynia and microglial activation. Meanwhile, overexpression of spinal neuronal GRK2 decreased mechanical allodynia. All these indicated that the neuronal GRK2 mediated microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and subsequently contributed to CFA-induced inflammatory pain. Conclusion The restoration of the spinal GRK2 and subsequent suppression of microglial activation and neuroinflammation might be an important mechanism for EA analgesia. Our findings further suggested that the spinal GRK2, especially neuronal GRK2, might be the potential target for EA analgesia and pain management, and we provided a new experimental basis for the EA treatment of pain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40659-022-00374-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chen Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Mi
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xia Chu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Liang Mao-Ying
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Nio-Kobayashi J, Itabashi T. Galectins and Their Ligand Glycoconjugates in the Central Nervous System Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:767330. [PMID: 34720894 PMCID: PMC8554236 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.767330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins consisting of 15 members in mammals. Galectin-1,-3,-4,-8, and -9 are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and regulate various physiological and pathological events. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular expression and role of galectins in the CNS, and discusses their functions in neurite outgrowth, myelination, and neural stem/progenitor cell niches, as well as in ischemic/hypoxic/traumatic injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Galectins are expressed in both neurons and glial cells. Galectin-1 is mainly expressed in motoneurons, whereas galectin-3-positive neurons are broadly distributed throughout the brain, especially in the hypothalamus, indicating its function in the regulation of homeostasis, stress response, and the endocrine/autonomic system. Astrocytes predominantly contain galectin-1, and galectin-3 and−9 are upregulated along with its activation. Activated, but not resting, microglia contain galectin-3, supporting its phagocytic activity. Galectin-1,−3, and -4 are characteristically expressed during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Galectin-3 from microglia promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, while galectin-1 and axonal galectin-4 suppress its differentiation and myelination. Galectin-1- and- 3-positive cells are involved in neural stem cell niche formation in the subventricular zone and hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the migration of newly generated neurons and glial cells to the olfactory bulb or damaged lesions. In neurodegenerative diseases, galectin-1,-8, and -9 have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Galectin-3 facilitates pro-inflammatory action; however, it also plays an important role during the recovery period. Several ligand glycoconjugates have been identified so far such as laminin, integrins, neural cell adhesion molecule L1, sulfatide, neuropilin-1/plexinA4 receptor complex, triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain. N-glycan branching on lymphocytes and oligodendroglial progenitors mediated by β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5/GnTV) influences galectin-binding, modulating inflammatory responses and remyelination in neurodegenerative diseases. De-sulfated galactosaminoglycans such as keratan sulfate are potential ligands for galectins, especially galectin-3, regulating neural regeneration. Galectins have multitudinous functions depending on cell type and context as well as post-translational modifications, including oxidization, phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and cleavage, but there should be certain rules in the expression patterns of galectins and their ligand glycoconjugates, possibly related to glucose metabolism in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Itabashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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26
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Yue Y, Du Z, Tao J, Shi L. Inhibition of microRNA-297 alleviates THLE-2 cell injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via SIRT3. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:125-133. [PMID: 34559973 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been acknowledged that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) assume a critical role in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced hepatocyte injury. Therefore, cell experiments were performed in this study to investigate the mechanism of miR-297 in H/R-induced hepatocyte injury with the involvement of Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and NLRP3. Initially, THLE-2 cells were utilized for H/R challenge. After miR-297 antagomir and NLRP3 adenovirus vector delivery, THLE-2 cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by MTT, EdU and TUNEL assays, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to evaluate the levels of apoptosis-related indicators (Bax and Bcl-2) and inflammation-related indicators (IL-6 and IL-10), western blot analysis to detect NLRP3 and Cleaved Caspase-1 expression. The binding relation between miR-297 and SIRT3 was examined using dual-luciferase assay. The results showed that miR-297 antagomir repressed the apoptosis and inflammation induced by H/R treatment in THLE-2 cells. Mechanistically, miR-297 antagomir diminished the extent of IκBα and NF-κB phosphorylation and NLRP3 activation in H/R-induced THLE-2 cells by targeting SIRT3. Furthermore, NLRP3 overexpression normalized the promoting effects of miR-297 antagomir on proliferation and its inhibitory effects on apoptosis and inflammation in H/R-induced THLE-2 cells. In summary, our results elucidated that miR-297 antagomir repressed H/R-induced THLE-2 cell injury via SIRT3 promotion and NLRP3 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an, China;
| | - Zhilin Du
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China;
| | - Jie Tao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China;
| | - Lei Shi
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China;
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27
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Liu Y, Deng J, Liu Y, Li W, Nie X. FGF, Mechanism of Action, Role in Parkinson's Disease, and Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:675725. [PMID: 34234672 PMCID: PMC8255968 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.675725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with severe disability and adverse effects on life quality. In PD, motor dysfunction can occur, such as quiescence, muscle stiffness, and postural instability. PD is also associated with autonomic nervous dysfunction, sleep disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and other non-motor symptoms. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compact (SNPC), Lewy body, and neuroinflammation are the main pathological features of PD. The death or dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in the dense part of the substantia nigra leads to dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia and motor dysfunction. The formation of the Lewy body is associated with the misfolding of α-synuclein, which becomes insoluble and abnormally aggregated. Astrocytes and microglia mainly cause neuroinflammation, and the activation of a variety of pro-inflammatory transcription factors and regulatory proteins leads to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. At present, PD is mainly treated with drugs that increase dopamine concentration or directly stimulate dopamine receptors. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a family of cellular signaling proteins strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. FGF and its receptor (FGFR) play an essential role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system as well as in neuroinflammation and have been shown to improve the survival rate of dopaminergic neurons. This paper summarized the mechanism of FGF and its receptors in the pathological process of PD and related signaling pathways, involving the development and protection of dopaminergic neurons in SNPC, α-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. It provides a reference for developing drugs to slow down or prevent the potential of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Junyu Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xuqiang Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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28
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Caridi B, Doncheva D, Sivaprasad S, Turowski P. Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Common Retinal Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:687495. [PMID: 34079467 PMCID: PMC8165321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the retina are major causes of visual impairment and blindness in developed countries and, due to an ageing population, their prevalence is continually rising. The lack of effective therapies and the limitations of those currently in use highlight the importance of continued research into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a major role in driving vascular dysfunction in retinal disease and has therefore become a key therapeutic target. Recent evidence also points to a potentially similarly important role of galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins. Indeed, they have been implicated in regulating fundamental processes, including vascular hyperpermeability, angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which also play a prominent role in retinopathies. Here, we review direct evidence for pathological roles of galectins in retinal disease. In addition, we extrapolate potential roles of galectins in the retina from evidence in cancer, immune and neuro-biology. We conclude that there is value in increasing understanding of galectin function in retinal biology, in particular in the context of the retinal vasculature and microglia. With greater insight, recent clinical developments of galectin-targeting drugs could potentially also be of benefit to the clinical management of many blinding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Caridi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dilyana Doncheva
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Shen Z, Xu H, Song W, Hu C, Guo M, Li J, Li J. Galectin-1 ameliorates perioperative neurocognitive disorders in aged mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:842-856. [PMID: 33942523 PMCID: PMC8193703 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incidence of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is higher in the elderly patients undergoing surgery. Microglia activation‐mediated neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of PND. Galectin‐1 has been identified as a pivotal modulator in the central nervous system (CNS), while the role of galectin‐1 in PND induced by microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation is still undetermined. Methods An exploratory laparotomy model anesthetized with isoflurane was employed to investigate the role of galectin‐1 on PND in aged mice. Open field test and Morris water maze were used to test the cognitive function 3‐ or 7‐days post‐surgery. The activation of microglia in the hippocampus of aged mice was tested by immunohistochemistry. Western blot, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) were employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results Galectin‐1 attenuated the cognitive dysfunction induced by surgery in aged mice and inhibited microglial activity. Moreover, galectin‐1 decreased the expression level of inflammatory proteins (interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α), and prevented neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Galectin‐1 inhibited the inflammation of BV2 microglial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide via decreasing the translocation of NF‐κB p65 and c‐Jun, while this kind of inhibition was rescued when overexpressing IRAK1. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence that galectin‐1 may inhibit IRAK1 expression, thus suppressing inflammatory response, inhibiting neuroinflammation, and improving ensuing cognitive dysfunction. Collectively, these findings unveil that galectin‐1 may elicit protective effects on surgery‐induced neuroinflammation and neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuwen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ahani-Nahayati M, Shariati A, Mahmoodi M, Olegovna Zekiy A, Javidi K, Shamlou S, Mousakhani A, Zamani M, Hassanzadeh A. Stem cell in neurodegenerative disorders; an emerging strategy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:291-311. [PMID: 33650716 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are a diversity of disorders, surrounding Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's diseases (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) accompanied by some other less common diseases generally characterized by either developed deterioration of central or peripheral nervous system structurally or functionally. Today, with the viewpoint of an increasingly aging society, the number of patients with neurodegenerative diseases and sociomedical burdens will spread intensely. During the last decade, stem cell technology has attracted great attention for treating neurodegenerative diseases worldwide because of its unique attributes. As acknowledged, there are several categories of stem cells being able to proliferate and differentiate into various cellular lineages, highlighting their significance in the context of regenerative medicine. In preclinical models, stem cell therapy using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and neural progenitor or stem cells (NPCs or NSCs) along with pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)-derived neuronal cells could elicit desired therapeutic effects, enabling functional deficit rescue partially. Regardless of the noteworthy progress in our scientific awareness and understanding of stem cell biology, there still exist various challenges to defeat. In the present review, we provide a summary of the therapeutic potential of stem cells and discuss the current status and prospect of stem cell strategy in neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, AD, PD, ALS, and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ahani-Nahayati
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shariati
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Mahmoodi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angelina Olegovna Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamran Javidi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.,Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shamlou
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Mousakhani
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Zamani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurosciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Liu F, Cheng X, Zhong S, Liu C, Jolkkonen J, Zhang X, Liang Y, Liu Z, Zhao C. Communications Between Peripheral and the Brain-Resident Immune System in Neuronal Regeneration After Stroke. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1931. [PMID: 33042113 PMCID: PMC7530165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia may cause irreversible neural network damage and result in functional deficits. Targeting neuronal repair after stroke potentiates the formation of new connections, which can be translated into a better functional outcome. Innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain and the periphery triggered by ischemic damage participate in regulating neural repair after a stroke. Immune cells in the blood circulation and gut lymphatic tissues that have been shaped by immune components including gut microbiota and metabolites can infiltrate the ischemic brain and, once there, influence neuronal regeneration either directly or by modulating the properties of brain-resident immune cells. Immune-related signalings and metabolites from the gut microbiota can also directly alter the phenotypes of resident immune cells to promote neuronal regeneration. In this review, we discuss several potential mechanisms through which peripheral and brain-resident immune components can cooperate to promote first the resolution of neuroinflammation and subsequently to improved neural regeneration and a better functional recovery. We propose that new insights into discovery of regulators targeting pro-regenerative process in this complex neuro-immune network may lead to novel strategies for neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxi Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute and Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xiuchun Zhang
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhouyang Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhao F, Tian H, Chinnathambi A, Alharbi SA, Yang H. Neuroprotective effect of rhaponticin against Parkinson disease: Insights from in vitro BV-2 model and in vivo MPTP-induced mice model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22631. [PMID: 32926752 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative illness associated with the loss or damage to neurons of the dopaminergic system in the brain. Few therapeutic approaches and considerable side effects of conventional drugs necessitate a new therapeutic agent to treat patients with PD. Rhaponticin is a natural hydroxystilbene, found in herbal plants such as Rheum rhaponticum, and known to have desirable biological activity including anti-inflammatory properties. However, the neuroinflammation on rhaponticin levels has only been investigated partially so far. So, the current study explored whether rhaponticin could ameliorate the pathophysiology observed in both the in vitro microglial BV-2 cells and the in vivo (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydropyridine [MPTP])-mediated PD model. The results show rhaponticin significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated microglial activation by suppressing nitric oxide synthase in conjunction with abridged reactive oxygen species production together with proinflammatory mediator reduction. In vivo rhaponticin treatment improves motor impairments as well as the loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-treated mice possibly through suppression via mediators of inflammation. Taken together, these results offer evidence that rhaponticin exerts anti-inflammatory effects and neuroprotection in an LPS-induced microglial model and the MPTP-induced mouse models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan, China
| | - Huijun Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Beiya Orthopedics Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hongan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Wang D, Liu F, Zhu L, Lin P, Han F, Wang X, Tan X, Lin L, Xiong Y. FGF21 alleviates neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke by modulating the temporal and spatial dynamics of microglia/macrophages. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:257. [PMID: 32867781 PMCID: PMC7457364 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resident microglia and macrophages are the predominant contributors to neuroinflammation and immune reactions, which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. Controlling inflammatory responses is considered a promising therapeutic approach for stroke. Recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 (rhFGF21) presents anti-inflammatory properties by modulating microglia and macrophages; however, our knowledge of the inflammatory modulation of rhFGF21 in focal cerebral ischemia is lacking. Therefore, we investigated whether rhFGF21 improves ischemic outcomes in experimental stroke by targeting microglia and macrophages. Methods C57BL/6 mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and randomly divided into groups that received intraperitoneal rhFGF21 or vehicle daily starting at 6 h after reperfusion. Behavior assessments were monitored for 14 days after MCAO, and the gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed via qRT-PCR. The phenotypic variation of microglia/macrophages and the presence of infiltrated immune cells were examined by flow cytometry and immunostaining. Additionally, magnetic cell sorting (MACS) in combination with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to purify microglia and macrophages. Results rhFGF21 administration ameliorated neurological deficits in behavioral tests by regulating the secretion of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. rhFGF21 also attenuated the polarization of microglia/macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and the accumulation of peripheral immune cells after stroke, accompanied by a temporal evolution of the phenotype of microglia/macrophages and infiltration of peripheral immune cells. Furthermore, rhFGF21 treatment inhibited M1 polarization of microglia and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression through its actions on FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) by suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). Conclusions rhFGF21 treatment promoted functional recovery in experimental stroke by modulating microglia/macrophage-mediated neuroinflammation via the NF-κB and PPAR-γ signaling pathways, making it a potential anti-inflammatory agent for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyun Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanyi Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianxi Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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Kelley KW, Peng YP, Liu Q, Chang HC, Spencer SJ, Hutchinson MR, Shimada A. Psychoneuroimmunology goes East: Development of the PNIRS China affiliate and its expansion into PNIRS Asia-Pacific. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:75-87. [PMID: 32304882 PMCID: PMC7156953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society (PNIRS) created an official Chinese regional affiliate in 2012, designated PNIRSChina. Now, just eight years later, the program has been so successful in advancing the science of psychoneuroimmunology that it has expanded to the whole of Asia-Oceania. In 2017, PNIRSChina became PNIRSAsia-Pacific. Between 2012 and 2019, this outreach affiliate of PNIRS organized seven symposia at major scientific meetings in China as well as nine others in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. This paper summarizes the remarkable growth of PNIRSAsia-Pacific. Here, regional experts who have been instrumental in organizing these PNIRSAsia-Pacific symposia briefly review and share their views about the past, present and future state of psychoneuroimmunology research in China, Taiwan, Australia and Japan. The newest initiative of PNIRSAsia-Pacific is connecting Asia-Pacific laboratories with those in Western countries through a simple web-based registration system. These efforts not only contribute to the efforts of PNIRS to serve a truly global scientific society but also to answer the imperative call of increasing diversity in our science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Kelley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Department of Animal Sciences, College of ACES, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 212 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Cancer Center Room 317, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Chih Chang
- Mind-Body Interface Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics
| | - Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, 181-8612 Tokyo, Japan
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Albert-Gascó H, Ros-Bernal F, Castillo-Gómez E, Olucha-Bordonau FE. MAP/ERK Signaling in Developing Cognitive and Emotional Function and Its Effect on Pathological and Neurodegenerative Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4471. [PMID: 32586047 PMCID: PMC7352860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathway of the microtubule-associated protein kinase or extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) is a common mechanism of extracellular information transduction from extracellular stimuli to the intracellular space. The transduction of information leads to changes in the ongoing metabolic pathways and the modification of gene expression patterns. In the central nervous system, ERK is expressed ubiquitously, both temporally and spatially. As for the temporal ubiquity, this signaling system participates in three key moments: (i) Embryonic development; (ii) the early postnatal period; and iii) adulthood. During embryonic development, the system is partly responsible for the patterning of segmentation in the encephalic vesicle through the FGF8-ERK pathway. In addition, during this period, ERK directs neurogenesis migration and the final fate of neural progenitors. During the early postnatal period, ERK participates in the maturation process of dendritic trees and synaptogenesis. During adulthood, ERK participates in social and emotional behavior and memory processes, including long-term potentiation. Alterations in mechanisms related to ERK are associated with different pathological outcomes. Genetic alterations in any component of the ERK pathway result in pathologies associated with neural crest derivatives and mental dysfunctions associated with autism spectrum disorders. The MAP-ERK pathway is a key element of the neuroinflammatory pathway triggered by glial cells during the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as prionic diseases. The process triggered by MAPK/ERK activation depends on the stage of development (mature or senescence), the type of cellular element in which the pathway is activated, and the anatomic neural structure. However, extensive gaps exist with regards to the targets of the phosphorylated ERK in many of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Albert-Gascó
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK;
| | - Francisco Ros-Bernal
- U.P Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Esther Castillo-Gómez
- U.P Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (E.C.-G.)
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco E. Olucha-Bordonau
- U.P Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (E.C.-G.)
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Galectins in the brain: advances in neuroinflammation, neuroprotection and therapeutic opportunities. Curr Opin Neurol 2020; 33:381-390. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang M, Zong HF, Chang KW, Han H, Yasir Rizvi M, Iffat Neha S, Li ZY, Yang WN, Qian YH. 5-HT 1AR alleviates Aβ-induced cognitive decline and neuroinflammation through crosstalk with NF-κB pathway in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106354. [PMID: 32143008 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor is significant for the regulation of mood and memory. However, the role of 5-HT1AR in β-Amyloid protein (Aβ)-induced cognitive decline, neuroinflammation and the possible mechanism remains elusive. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effects of 5-HT1AR on Aβ-induced learning and memory decline and neuroinflammation in mice. Novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests were performed to observe learning and memory behavior in mice. Protein levels of Iba1, GFAP, MAP2, TNF-α, Tβ4, C-fos, IKK-β, IKB-α, NF-κBp65, phospho-NF-κBp65 in the hippocampus were examined by immunostaining or western blotting. Aβ1-42-treatment inducing learning and memory decline was shown in novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests; neuroinflammation shown in immunostaining. Our study found out that 5-HT1AR inhibitor WAY100635 showed significant improvement in Aβ-induced learning and memory decline. Moreover, WAY100635 decreases levels of Iba1, GFAP, and TNF-α in the hippocampus, which were related to neuroinflammation. While treatment with 5-HT1AR agonist 8-OH-DPAT or ERK inhibitor U0126 exerted no effects or even aggravated Aβ-induced learning and memory decline. In addition, WAY100635 could downregulate phospho-NF-κB in the hippocampus of Aβ1-42-injected mice. These results provide new insight into the mechanism, for 5-HT1AR in Aβ-induced cognitive impairments through crosstalk with the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our data indicated that WAY100635 was involved in the protective effects against neuroinflammation and improvement of learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West, China
| | - Hang-Fan Zong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West, China
| | - Ke-Wei Chang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West, China; Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mohammad Yasir Rizvi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West, China
| | - Saema Iffat Neha
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West, China
| | - Wei-Na Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West, China; Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology-Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West, China; Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
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