1
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Abubaker M, Greaney A, Newport D, Mulvihill JJE. Characterization of primary human leptomeningeal cells in 2D culture. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26744. [PMID: 38434413 PMCID: PMC10906397 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the integrity of brain barriers is critical for a healthy central nervous system. While extensive research has focused on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the brain vasculature and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus, the barriers formed by the meninges have not received as much attention. These membranes create a barrier between the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as between CSF and blood. Recent studies have revealed that this barrier has been implicated in the development of neurological and immunological disorders. In order to gain a deeper comprehension of the functioning and significance of the meningeal barriers, sophisticated models of these barriers, need to be created. The aim of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of commercially available primary leptomeningeal cells (LMCs) that form the meningeal barriers, in a cultured environment, including their morphology, proteomics, and barrier properties, and to determine whether passaging of these cells affects their behaviour in comparison to their in vivo state. The results indicate that higher passage numbers significantly alter the morphology and protein localisation and expression of the LMCs. Furthermore, the primary cell culture co-stained for S100A6 and E-cadherin suggesting it is a co-culture of both pial and arachnoid cells. Additionally, cultured LMCs showed an increase in vimentin and cytokeratin expression and a lack of junctional proteins localisation on the cell membrane, which could suggest loss of epithelial properties due to culture, preventing barrier formation. This study shows that the LMCs may be a co-culture of pial and arachnoid cells, that the optimal LMC passage range is between passages two and five for experimentation and that the primary human LMCs form a weak barrier when in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannthalah Abubaker
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aisling Greaney
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Newport
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John J E Mulvihill
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
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2
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Kveštak D, Mihalić A, Jonjić S, Brizić I. Innate lymphoid cells in neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1364485. [PMID: 38450285 PMCID: PMC10915051 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1364485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are largely tissue-resident cells that participate in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and react early to inflammatory events. Mature ILCs are divided into three major groups based on the transcription factors required for their development and function. Under physiological conditions, ILCs are present within the choroid plexus and meninges while the CNS parenchyma is almost devoid of these cells. However, pathological conditions such as autoimmune neuroinflammation and viral infections of the CNS result in the infiltration of ILCs into parenchyma. In this article, we provide an overview of the involvement and function of the ILCs within the CNS during physiological conditions and in infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegeneration, and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kveštak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Andrea Mihalić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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3
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Santisteban MM, Schaeffer S, Anfray A, Faraco G, Brea D, Wang G, Sobanko MJ, Sciortino R, Racchumi G, Waisman A, Park L, Anrather J, Iadecola C. Meningeal interleukin-17-producing T cells mediate cognitive impairment in a mouse model of salt-sensitive hypertension. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:63-77. [PMID: 38049579 PMCID: PMC10999222 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN), a disease afflicting over one billion individuals worldwide, is a leading cause of cognitive impairment, the mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. In the present study, in a mouse model of HTN, we find that the neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction depends on interleukin (IL)-17, a cytokine elevated in individuals with HTN. However, neither circulating IL-17 nor brain angiotensin signaling can account for the dysfunction. Rather, IL-17 produced by T cells in the dura mater is the mediator released in the cerebrospinal fluid and activating IL-17 receptors on border-associated macrophages (BAMs). Accordingly, depleting BAMs, deleting IL-17 receptor A in brain macrophages or suppressing meningeal T cells rescues cognitive function without attenuating blood pressure elevation, circulating IL-17 or brain angiotensin signaling. Our data unveil a critical role of meningeal T cells and macrophage IL-17 signaling in the neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model of HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Santisteban
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Samantha Schaeffer
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antoine Anfray
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giuseppe Faraco
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Brea
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gang Wang
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J Sobanko
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rose Sciortino
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gianfranco Racchumi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Zhang J, Liu S, Wu Y, Tang Z, Wu Y, Qi Y, Dong F, Wang Y. Enlarged Perivascular Space and Index for Diffusivity Along the Perivascular Space as Emerging Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Neurological Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 44:14. [PMID: 38158515 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The existence of lymphatic vessels or similar clearance systems in the central nervous system (CNS) that transport nutrients and remove cellular waste is a neuroscientific question of great significance. As the brain is the most metabolically active organ in the body, there is likely to be a potential correlation between its clearance system and the pathological state of the CNS. Until recently the successive discoveries of the glymphatic system and the meningeal lymphatics solved this puzzle. This article reviews the basic anatomy and physiology of the glymphatic system. Imaging techniques to visualize the function of the glymphatic system mainly including post-contrast imaging techniques, indirect lymphatic assessment by detecting increased perivascular space, and diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) are discussed. The pathological link between glymphatic system dysfunction and neurological disorders is the key point, focusing on the enlarged perivascular space (EPVS) and the index of diffusivity along the perivascular space (ALPS index), which may represent the activity of the glymphatic system as possible clinical neuroimaging biomarkers of neurological disorders. The pathological link between glymphatic system dysfunction and neurological disorders is the key point, focusing on the enlarged perivascular space (EPVS) and the index for of diffusivity along the perivascular space (ALPS index), which may represent the activity of the glymphatic system as possible clinical neuroimaging biomarkers of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shengwen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yaqi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhijian Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yasong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yiwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fangyong Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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He Y, Guan J, Lai L, Zhang X, Chen B, Wang X, Wu R. Imaging of brain clearance pathways via MRI assessment of the glymphatic system. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14945-14956. [PMID: 38149988 PMCID: PMC10781494 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Glymphatic clearance dysfunction may play an important role in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and the progression of ageing. However, in vivo imaging of the glymphatic system is challenging. In this study, we describe an MRI method based on chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) of the Angiopep-2 probe to visualize the clearance function of the glymphatic system. We injected rats with Angiopep-2 via the tail vein and performed in vivo MRI at 7 T to track differences in Angiopep-2 signal changes; we then applied the same principles in a bilateral deep cervical lymph node ligation rat model and in ageing rats. We demonstrated the feasibility of Angiopep-2 CEST for visualizing the clearance function of the glymphatic system. Finally, a pathological assessment was performed. Within the model group, the deep cervical lymph node ligation group and the ageing group showed higher CEST signal than the control group. We conclude that this new MRI method can visualize clearance in the glymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jitian Guan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lingfeng Lai
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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6
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Wu A, Zhang J. Neuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:283. [PMID: 38012702 PMCID: PMC10683283 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of most common and severe mental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) significantly increases the risks of premature death and other medical conditions for patients. Neuroinflammation is the abnormal immune response in the brain, and its correlation with MDD is receiving increasing attention. Neuroinflammation has been reported to be involved in MDD through distinct neurobiological mechanisms, among which the dysregulation of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus (HPC) is receiving increasing attention. The DG of the hippocampus is one of two niches for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain, and neurotrophic factors are fundamental regulators of this neurogenesis process. The reported cell types involved in mediating neuroinflammation include microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, meningeal leukocytes, and peripheral immune cells which selectively penetrate the blood-brain barrier and infiltrate into inflammatory regions. This review summarizes the functions of the hippocampus affected by neuroinflammation during MDD progression and the corresponding influences on the memory of MDD patients and model animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbiao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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7
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Quintana JF, Sinton MC, Chandrasegaran P, Kumar Dubey L, Ogunsola J, Al Samman M, Haley M, McConnell G, Kuispond Swar NR, Ngoyi DM, Bending D, de Lecea L, MacLeod A, Mabbott NA. The murine meninges acquire lymphoid tissue properties and harbour autoreactive B cells during chronic Trypanosoma brucei infection. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002389. [PMID: 37983289 PMCID: PMC10723712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The meningeal space is a critical brain structure providing immunosurveillance for the central nervous system (CNS), but the impact of infections on the meningeal immune landscape is far from being fully understood. The extracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness, accumulates in the meningeal spaces, ultimately inducing severe meningitis and resulting in death if left untreated. Thus, sleeping sickness represents an attractive model to study immunological dynamics in the meninges during infection. Here, by combining single-cell transcriptomics and mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) with in vivo interventions, we found that chronic T. brucei infection triggers the development of ectopic lymphoid aggregates (ELAs) in the murine meninges. These infection-induced ELAs were defined by the presence of ER-TR7+ fibroblastic reticular cells, CD21/35+ follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), CXCR5+ PD1+ T follicular helper-like phenotype, GL7+ CD95+ GC-like B cells, and plasmablasts/plasma cells. Furthermore, the B cells found in the infected meninges produced high-affinity autoantibodies able to recognise mouse brain antigens, in a process dependent on LTβ signalling. A mid-throughput screening identified several host factors recognised by these autoantibodies, including myelin basic protein (MBP), coinciding with cortical demyelination and brain pathology. In humans, we identified the presence of autoreactive IgG antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of second stage HAT patients that recognised human brain lysates and MBP, consistent with our findings in experimental infections. Lastly, we found that the pathological B cell responses we observed in the meninges required the presence of T. brucei in the CNS, as suramin treatment before the onset of the CNS stage prevented the accumulation of GL7+ CD95+ GC-like B cells and brain-specific autoantibody deposition. Taken together, our data provide evidence that the meningeal immune response during chronic T. brucei infection results in the acquisition of lymphoid tissue-like properties, broadening our understanding of meningeal immunity in the context of chronic infections. These findings have wider implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation ELAs during chronic inflammation resulting in autoimmunity in mice and humans, as observed in other autoimmune neurodegenerative disorders, including neuropsychiatric lupus and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Quintana
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Sinton
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Praveena Chandrasegaran
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow United Kingdom
| | | | - John Ogunsola
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Moumen Al Samman
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Michael Haley
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gail McConnell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nono-Raymond Kuispond Swar
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - David Bending
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Annette MacLeod
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Santorella E, Balsbaugh JL, Ge S, Saboori P, Baker D, Pachter JS. Proteomic interrogation of the meninges reveals the molecular identities of structural components and regional distinctions along the CNS axis. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:74. [PMID: 37858244 PMCID: PMC10588166 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord, affording physical protection while also serving as a niche of neuroimmune activity. Though possessing stromal qualities, its complex cellular and extracellular makeup has yet to be elaborated, and it remains unclear whether the meninges vary along the neuroaxis. Hence, studies were carried-out to elucidate the protein composition and structural organization of brain and spinal cord meninges in normal, adult Biozzi ABH mice. First, shotgun, bottom-up proteomics was carried-out. Prominent proteins at both brain and spinal levels included Type II collagen and Type II keratins, representing extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeletal categories, respectively. While the vast majority of total proteins detected was shared between both meningeal locales, more were uniquely detected in brain than in spine. This pattern was also seen when total proteins were subdivided by cellular compartment, except in the case of the ECM category where brain and spinal meninges each had near equal number of unique proteins, and Type V and type III collagen registered exclusively in the spine. Quantitative analysis revealed differential expression of several collagens and cytoskeletal proteins between brain and spinal meninges. High-resolution immunofluorescence and immunogold-scanning electronmicroscopy on sections from whole brain and spinal cord - still encased within bone -identified major proteins detected by proteomics, and highlighted their association with cellular and extracellular elements of variously shaped arachnoid trabeculae. Western blotting aligned with the proteomic and immunohistological analyses, reinforcing differential appearance of proteins in brain vs spinal meninges. Results could reflect regional distinctions in meninges that govern protective and/or neuroimmune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Santorella
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jeremy L Balsbaugh
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Shujun Ge
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Parisa Saboori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manhattan College, Bronx, NY, 10071, USA
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Mapunda JA, Pareja J, Vladymyrov M, Bouillet E, Hélie P, Pleskač P, Barcos S, Andrae J, Vestweber D, McDonald DM, Betsholtz C, Deutsch U, Proulx ST, Engelhardt B. VE-cadherin in arachnoid and pia mater cells serves as a suitable landmark for in vivo imaging of CNS immune surveillance and inflammation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5837. [PMID: 37730744 PMCID: PMC10511632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Meninges cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord and contribute to protection and immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS). How the meningeal layers establish CNS compartments with different accessibility to immune cells and immune mediators is, however, not well understood. Here, using 2-photon imaging in female transgenic reporter mice, we describe VE-cadherin at intercellular junctions of arachnoid and pia mater cells that form the leptomeninges and border the subarachnoid space (SAS) filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). VE-cadherin expression also marked a layer of Prox1+ cells located within the arachnoid beneath and separate from E-cadherin+ arachnoid barrier cells. In vivo imaging of the spinal cord and brain in female VE-cadherin-GFP reporter mice allowed for direct observation of accessibility of CSF derived tracers and T cells into the SAS bordered by the arachnoid and pia mater during health and neuroinflammation, and detection of volume changes of the SAS during CNS pathology. Together, the findings identified VE-cadherin as an informative landmark for in vivo imaging of the leptomeninges that can be used to visualize the borders of the SAS and thus potential barrier properties of the leptomeninges in controlling access of immune mediators and immune cells into the CNS during health and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Pareja
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Elisa Bouillet
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Hélie
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petr Pleskač
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Barcos
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Donald M McDonald
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Campus Flemingsberg, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Li Y, Wang X, Dong H, Xia Q, Zhao P. Transcriptomic Analysis of Starvation on the Silkworm Brain. INSECTS 2023; 14:658. [PMID: 37504664 PMCID: PMC10380768 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Starvation imposes significant stress on animal survival and development, resulting in organ damage within the organism. The brain, being one of the most vital organs in animals, plays a crucial role in coordinating the physiological functions of other organs. However, performing brain experiments on the human body is challenging. In this work, we selected the silkworm, a model Lepidoptera organism, due to its favorable characteristics. A comprehensive transcriptome analysis was conducted on the brain of silkworm subjected to starvation treatment. The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed significant alterations in 330 genes following the period of starvation. Through an enrichment analysis, we successfully identified pathways associated with metabolism, hormones, immunity, and diseases. Our findings highlight the transcriptional response of the brain to starvation, providing valuable insights for comprehending the impact of starvation stress in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haonan Dong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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11
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Su Y, Zheng H, Shi C, Li X, Zhang S, Guo G, Yu W, Zhang S, Hu Z, Yang J, Xia Z, Mao C, Xu Y. Meningeal immunity and neurological diseases: new approaches, new insights. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:125. [PMID: 37231449 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The meninges, membranes surrounding the central nervous system (CNS) boundary, harbor a diverse array of immunocompetent immune cells, and therefore, serve as an immunologically active site. Meningeal immunity has emerged as a key factor in modulating proper brain function and social behavior, performing constant immune surveillance of the CNS, and participating in several neurological diseases. However, it remains to be determined how meningeal immunity contributes to CNS physiology and pathophysiology. With the advances in single-cell omics, new approaches, such as single-cell technologies, unveiled the details of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying meningeal immunity in CNS homeostasis and dysfunction. These new findings contradict some previous dogmas and shed new light on new possible therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the complicated multi-components, powerful meningeal immunosurveillance capability, and its crucial involvement in physiological and neuropathological conditions, as recently revealed by single-cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Guangyu Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenkai Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhengwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zongping Xia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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12
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Manjili MH. The adaptation model of immunity: A new insight into aetiology and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13255. [PMID: 36680379 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Current research and drug development for multiple sclerosis (MS) is fully influenced by the self-nonself (SNS) model of immunity, suggesting that breakage of immunological tolerance towards self-antigens expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for pathogenesis of MS; thus, immune suppressive drugs are recommended for the management of the disease. However, this model provides incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and progression of MS and limits our ability to effectively treat this neurological disease. Some pre-clinical and clinical reports have been misunderstood; some others have been underappreciated because of the lack of a theoretical model that can explain them. Also, current immunotherapies are guided according to the models that are not designed to explain the functional outcomes of an immune response. The adaptation model of immunity is proposed to offer a new understanding of the existing data and galvanize a new direction for the treatment of MS. According to this model, the immune system continuously communicates with the CNS through the adaptation receptors (AdRs) and adaptation ligands (AdLs) or co-receptors, signal IV, to support cell growth and neuroplasticity. Alterations in the expression of the neuronal AdRs results in MS by shifting the cerebral inflammatory immune responses from remyelination to demyelination. Therefore, novel therapeutics for MS should be focused on the discovery and targeting of the AdR/AdL axis in the CNS rather than carrying on with immune suppressive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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13
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Li H, Hu M, Huang Z, Wang Y, Xu Y, Deng J, Zhu M, Feng W, Xu X. A single-cell atlas reveals the heterogeneity of meningeal immunity in a mouse model of Methyl CpG binding protein 2 deficiency. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1056447. [PMID: 36703978 PMCID: PMC9871622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a DNA methylation reader protein. Mutations in MeCP2 are the major cause of Rett syndrome (RTT). Increasing evidence has shown that dysregulated immunity and chronic subclinical inflammation are linked to MeCP2 deficiency and contribute to RTT development and deterioration. The meninges surrounding the central nervous system (CNS) contain a wide repertoire of immune cells that participate in immune surveillance within the CNS and influence various brain functions; however, the characterization and role of meningeal immunity in CNS with MeCP2 deficiency remain poorly addressed. Here, we used single-cell sequencing to profile Mecp2-deficient meningeal immune cells from the dura mater, which has been reported to contain the most meningeal immune cells during homeostasis. Data showed that the meninges of Mecp2-null mice contained the same diverse immune cell populations as control mice and showed an up-regulation of immune-related processes. B cell populations were greater in Mecp2-null mice than in control mice, and the expression of genes encoding for immunoglobulins was remarkably higher. Mecp2-deficient meninges also contained more cytotoxic CD8+ T cells than control meninges. With increased interferon-γ transcription in T and natural killer cells, meningeal macrophages showed decreased suppression and increased activity in Mecp2-deficienct mice. Together, these findings provide novel insights into meningeal immunity, which is a less studied aspect of neuroimmune interactions in Mecp2-mutated diseases, and offer an essential resource for comparative analyses and data exploration to better understand the functional role of meningeal immunity in RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Huiping Li, ; Weijun Feng, ; Xiu Xu,
| | - Meixin Hu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuxi Huang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxin Deng
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Feng
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Huiping Li, ; Weijun Feng, ; Xiu Xu,
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Huiping Li, ; Weijun Feng, ; Xiu Xu,
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14
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Lannes-Vieira J, Vilar-Pereira G, Barrios LC, Silva AA. Anxiety, depression, and memory loss in Chagas disease: a puzzle far beyond neuroinflammation to be unpicked and solved. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220287. [PMID: 37018799 PMCID: PMC10072003 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, and memory loss have been described in patients with chronic Chagas disease (CD), a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Social, psychological, and biological stressors may take part in these processes. There is a consensus on the recognition of an acute nervous form of CD. In chronic CD patients, a neurological form is associated with immunosuppression and neurobehavioural changes as sequelae of stroke. The chronic nervous form of CD has been refuted, based on the absence of histopathological lesions and neuroinflammation; however, computed tomography shows brain atrophy. Overall, in preclinical models of chronic T. cruzi infection in the absence of neuroinflammation, behavioural disorders such as anxiety and depression, and memory loss are related to brain atrophy, parasite persistence, oxidative stress, and cytokine production in the central nervous system. Interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-bearing microglial cells are colocalised with astrocytes carrying T. cruzi amastigote forms. In vitro studies suggest that IFNγ fuels astrocyte infection by T. cruzi and implicate IFNγ-stimulated infected astrocytes as sources of TNF and nitric oxide, which may also contribute to parasite persistence in the brain tissue and promote behavioural and neurocognitive changes. Preclinical trials in chronically infected mice targeting the TNF pathway or the parasite opened paths for therapeutic approaches with a beneficial impact on depression and memory loss. Despite the path taken, replicating aspects of the chronic CD and testing therapeutic schemes in preclinical models, these findings may get lost in translation as the chronic nervous form of CD does not fulfil biomedical model requirements, as the presence of neuroinflammation, to be recognised. It is hoped that brain atrophy and behavioural and neurocognitive changes are sufficient traits to bring the attention of researchers to study the biological and molecular basis of the central nervous system commitment in chronic CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Glaucia Vilar-Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leda Castaño Barrios
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Andrea Alice Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Apoio à Pesquisa em Nefrologia e Ciências Médicas, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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15
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Guo X, Zhang G, Peng Q, Huang L, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Emerging Roles of Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S355-S366. [PMID: 36683509 PMCID: PMC10473149 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs), the functional lymphatic system present in the meninges, are the key drainage route responsible for the clearance of molecules, immune cells, and cellular debris from the cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph nodes. Aging and ApoE4, the two most important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), induce mLV dysfunction, decrease cerebrospinal fluid influx and outflux, and exacerbate amyloid pathology and cognitive dysfunction. Dysfunction of mLVs results in the deposition of metabolic products, accelerates neuroinflammation, and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Thus, mLVs represent a novel therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize the structure and function of mLVs and to discuss the potential effect of aging and ApoE4 on mLV dysfunction, as well as their roles in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinyu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liqin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Meningeal macrophages protect against viral neuroinfection. Immunity 2022; 55:2103-2117.e10. [PMID: 36323311 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The surface of the central nervous system (CNS) is protected by the meninges, which contain a dense network of meningeal macrophages (MMs). Here, we examined the role of tissue-resident MM in viral infection. MHC-II- MM were abundant neonatally, whereas MHC-II+ MM appeared over time. These barrier macrophages differentially responded to in vivo peripheral challenges such as LPS, SARS-CoV-2, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Peripheral LCMV infection, which was asymptomatic, led to a transient infection and activation of the meninges. Mice lacking macrophages but conserving brain microglia, or mice bearing macrophage-specific deletion of Stat1 or Ifnar, exhibited extensive viral spread into the CNS. Transcranial pharmacological depletion strategies targeting MM locally resulted in several areas of the meninges becoming infected and fatal meningitis. Low numbers of MHC-II+ MM, which is seen upon LPS challenge or in neonates, corelated with higher viral load upon infection. Thus, MMs protect against viral infection and may present targets for therapeutic manipulation.
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17
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Altered meningeal immunity contributing to the autism-like behavior of BTBR T Itpr3/J mice. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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Wang F, Xu S, Pan F, Verkhratsky A, Huang JH. Editorial: Natural products and brain energy metabolism: Astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1039904. [PMID: 36263143 PMCID: PMC9576193 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1039904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Fushun Wang, ; Shijun Xu,
| | - Shijun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Fushun Wang, ; Shijun Xu,
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Medical Psychology, Shandong University Medical School, Jinan, China
| | - Alex Verkhratsky
- Department of Physiology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J. H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
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19
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Tu T, Peng Z, Song Z, Ma Y, Zhang H. New insight into DAVF pathology—Clues from meningeal immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858924. [PMID: 36189220 PMCID: PMC9520480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the current access in techniques, studies have significantly advanced the knowledge on meningeal immunity, revealing that the central nervous system (CNS) border acts as an immune landscape. The latest concept of meningeal immune system is a tertiary structure, which is a comprehensive overview of the meningeal immune system from macro to micro. We comprehensively reviewed recent advances in meningeal immunity, particularly the new understanding of the dural sinus and meningeal lymphatics. Moreover, based on the clues from the meningeal immunity, new insights were proposed into the dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) pathology, aiming to provide novel ideas for DAVF understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghong Peng
- Department of Health Management Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zihao Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjie Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongjie Ma, ; Hongqi Zhang,
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongjie Ma, ; Hongqi Zhang,
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Site-Specific Considerations on Engineered T Cells for Malignant Gliomas. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071738. [PMID: 35885047 PMCID: PMC9312945 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. Despite the recent advances in immunotherapeutic approaches for several tumor entities, limited response has been observed in malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma (GBM). Conversely, one of the emerging immunotherapeutic modalities is chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cell therapy, which demonstrated promising clinical responses in other solid tumors. Current pre-clinical and interventional clinical studies suggest improved efficacy when CAR-T cells are delivered locoregionally, rather than intravenously. In this review, we summarize possible CAR-T cell administration routes including locoregional therapy, systemic administration with and without focused ultrasound, direct intra-arterial drug delivery and nanoparticle-enhanced delivery in glioma. Moreover, we discuss published as well as ongoing and planned clinical trials involving CAR-T cell therapy in malignant glioma. With increasing neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant combinatorial immunotherapeutic concepts and modalities with specific modes of action for malignant glioma, selection of administration routes becomes increasingly important.
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21
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Chen Z, Liu P, Xia X, Wang L, Li X. Living on the border of the CNS: Dural immune cells in health and disease. Cell Immunol 2022; 377:104545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra Kisler
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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