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Roodveldt C, Bernardino L, Oztop-Cakmak O, Dragic M, Fladmark KE, Ertan S, Aktas B, Pita C, Ciglar L, Garraux G, Williams-Gray C, Pacheco R, Romero-Ramos M. The immune system in Parkinson's disease: what we know so far. Brain 2024; 147:3306-3324. [PMID: 38833182 PMCID: PMC11449148 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized neuropathologically by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain, the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in neurons and chronic neuroinflammation. In the past two decades, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies have consistently shown the involvement of inflammatory responses mediated by microglia and astrocytes, which may be elicited by pathological α-syn or signals from affected neurons and other cell types, and are directly linked to neurodegeneration and disease development. Apart from the prominent immune alterations seen in the CNS, including the infiltration of T cells into the brain, more recent studies have demonstrated important changes in the peripheral immune profile within both the innate and adaptive compartments, particularly involving monocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This review aims to integrate the consolidated understanding of immune-related processes underlying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, focusing on both central and peripheral immune cells, neuron-glia crosstalk as well as the central-peripheral immune interaction during the development of Parkinson's disease. Our analysis seeks to provide a comprehensive view of the emerging knowledge of the mechanisms of immunity in Parkinson's disease and the implications of this for better understanding the overall pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Roodveldt
- Centre for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, University of Seville-CSIC, Seville 41092, Spain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ozgur Oztop-Cakmak
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, ‘VINČA’ Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kari E Fladmark
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sibel Ertan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Busra Aktas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15200, Turkey
| | - Carlos Pita
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucia Ciglar
- Center Health & Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gaetan Garraux
- Movere Group, Faculty of Medicine, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Huechuraba 8580702, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia 7510156, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine & The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience—DANDRITE, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Shi X, Wang Y, Yin Y, Yang F, Zhang Y, He X, Wen D, Ma K, Li BX. Analysis of the Relationship Between Parkinson's Disease and Diabetic Retinopathy Based on Bioinformatics Methods. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6395-6406. [PMID: 38308666 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to explore the relationship and potential mechanism between Parkinson's disease (PD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) using bioinformatics methods. We first examined the causal relationship between PD and DR by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. The datasets of PD and DR patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, we performed the Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and immune infiltration analysis. We also constructed a protein-protein interaction network and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Finally, an online website was used for drug prediction. The MR analysis demonstrated a causal relationship between DR and PD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-0.93; p = 3.24E - 04), in which DR acted as a protective factor against PD. There were 81 DEGs identified from the PD and DR datasets, of which 29 genes had protein interaction relationships, and enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly related to immune pathways. As indicated by immune cell infiltration analysis, the expression of immune cells between PD and the control group was significantly different. ROC curve results showed five genes had diagnostic value, and several potential chemical compounds were predicted to target the genes. Our findings demonstrate a reduced risk of PD in patients with DR. We also found that PD and DR are closely related in terms of inflammation, which provides clues for further exploring the common mechanisms and interaction of these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinYu Shi
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - YiNi Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - YaPing Yin
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - YiNan Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Xin He
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 962nd Hospital of The PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, 45 Xuefu Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150006
| | - Da Wen
- Academic Affairs Office, Main Building, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Kun Ma
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081.
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081.
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3
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Freuchet A, Pinçon A, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Inflammation and heterogeneity in synucleinopathies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1432342. [PMID: 39281666 PMCID: PMC11392857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1432342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a huge healthcare challenge which is predicted to increase with an aging population. Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), present complex challenges in understanding their onset and progression. They are characterized by the abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein in the brain leading to neurodegeneration. Accumulating evidence supports the existence of distinct subtypes based on the site of α-synuclein aggregation initiation, genetics, and, more recently, neuroinflammation. Mediated by both central nervous system-resident cells, peripheral immune cells, and gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation appears as a key process in the onset and progression of neuronal loss. Sex-based differences add another layer of complexity to synucleinopathies, influencing disease prevalence - with a known higher incidence of PD in males compared to females - as well as phenotype and immune responses. Biological sex affects neuroinflammatory pathways and the immune response, suggesting the need for sex-specific therapeutic strategies and biomarker identification. Here, we review the heterogeneity of synucleinopathies, describing the etiology, the mechanisms by which the inflammatory processes contribute to the pathology, and the consideration of sex-based differences to highlight the need for personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Freuchet
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Anaëlle Pinçon
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Master de Biologie, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia S Lindestam Arlehamn
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
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4
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Guimarães RP, de Resende MCS, Tavares MM, Belardinelli de Azevedo C, Ruiz MCM, Mortari MR. Construct, Face, and Predictive Validity of Parkinson's Disease Rodent Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8971. [PMID: 39201659 PMCID: PMC11354451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease globally. Current drugs only alleviate symptoms without halting disease progression, making rodent models essential for researching new therapies and understanding the disease better. However, selecting the right model is challenging due to the numerous models and protocols available. Key factors in model selection include construct, face, and predictive validity. Construct validity ensures the model replicates pathological changes seen in human PD, focusing on dopaminergic neurodegeneration and a-synuclein aggregation. Face validity ensures the model's symptoms mirror those in humans, primarily reproducing motor and non-motor symptoms. Predictive validity assesses if treatment responses in animals will reflect those in humans, typically involving classical pharmacotherapies and surgical procedures. This review highlights the primary characteristics of PD and how these characteristics are validated experimentally according to the three criteria. Additionally, it serves as a valuable tool for researchers in selecting the most appropriate animal model based on established validation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayanne Poletti Guimarães
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
| | - Maria Clara Souza de Resende
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
| | - Miguel Mesquita Tavares
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
| | - Caio Belardinelli de Azevedo
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
| | - Miguel Cesar Merino Ruiz
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
- Neurological Rehabilitation Unit, Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasília 70335-901, Brazil
| | - Márcia Renata Mortari
- Neuropharma Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (R.P.G.); (M.C.S.d.R.); (M.M.T.); (C.B.d.A.); (M.C.M.R.)
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5
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Clarke JR, Bacelar TS, Fernandes GG, Silva RCD, Antonio LS, Queiroz M, de Souza RV, Valadão LF, Ribeiro GS, De Lima EV, Colodeti LC, Mangeth LC, Wiecikowski A, da Silva TN, Paula-Neto HA, da Costa R, Cordeiro Y, Passos GF, Figueiredo CP. Abatacept inhibits Th17 differentiation and mitigates α-synuclein-induced dopaminergic dysfunction in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02618-1. [PMID: 39152331 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifaceted disease characterized by degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, which results in motor and non-motor dysfunctions. Accumulation of α-synuclein (αSYN) in Lewy bodies is a key pathological feature of PD. Although the exact cause of PD remains unknown, accumulating evidence suggests that brain infiltration of T cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of disease, contributing to neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Here, we used a mouse model of brain-infused aggregated αSYN, which recapitulates motor and non-motor dysfunctions seen in PD patients. We found that αSYN-induced motor dysfunction in mice is accompanied by an increased number of brain-residing Th17 (IL17+ CD4+) cells, but not CD8+ T cells. To evaluate whether the modulation of T cell response could rescue αSYN-induced damage, we chronically treated animals with abatacept (8 mg/kg, sc, 3x per week), a selective T-cell co-stimulation modulator. We found that abatacept treatment decreased Th1 (IFNƔ+ CD4+) and Th17 (IL17+ CD4+) cells in the brain, rescued motor function and prevented dopaminergic neuronal loss in αSYN-infused mice. These results highlight the significance of effector CD4+ T cells, especially Th17, in the progression of PD and introduce novel possibilities for repurposing immunomodulatory drugs used for arthritis as PD-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Clarke
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21944-590, Brazil
| | - Thiago Sa Bacelar
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Costa da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leticia S Antonio
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Queiroz
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata V de Souza
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leticia F Valadão
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Ribeiro
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle V De Lima
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21944-590, Brazil
| | - Lilian C Colodeti
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana C Mangeth
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adalgisa Wiecikowski
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Talita N da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heitor A Paula-Neto
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robson da Costa
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Giselle F Passos
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Claudia P Figueiredo
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Grotemeyer A, Petschner T, Peach R, Hoehl D, Knauer T, Thomas U, Endres H, Blum R, Sendtner M, Volkmann J, Ip CW. Standardized wireless deep brain stimulation system for mice. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:153. [PMID: 39143106 PMCID: PMC11324748 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a revolutionary technique for accessing and modulating brain circuits. DBS is used to treat dysfunctional neuronal circuits in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Despite over two decades of clinical application, the fundamental mechanisms underlying DBS are still not well understood. One reason is the complexity of in vivo electrical manipulation of the central nervous system, particularly in rodent models. DBS-devices for freely moving rodents are typically custom-designed and not commercially available, thus making it difficult to perform experimental DBS according to common standards. Addressing these challenges, we have developed a novel wireless microstimulation system for deep brain stimulation (wDBS) tailored for rodents. We demonstrate the efficacy of this device for the restoration of behavioral impairments in hemiparkinsonian mice through unilateral wDBS of the subthalamic nucleus. Moreover, we introduce a standardized and innovative pipeline, integrating machine learning techniques to analyze Parkinson's disease-like and DBS-induced gait changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grotemeyer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Petschner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Peach
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Dirk Hoehl
- Thomas RECORDING GmbH, Winchester Straße 8, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Knauer
- Thomas RECORDING GmbH, Winchester Straße 8, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Thomas
- Thomas RECORDING GmbH, Winchester Straße 8, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinz Endres
- University of Applied Science Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Ignaz-Schön-Straße 11, 97421, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Versbacherstraße 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Huang P, Wan Z, Qu S. Targeting the RUNX3-miR-186-3p-DAT-IGF1R axis as a therapeutic strategy in a Parkinson's disease model. J Transl Med 2024; 22:719. [PMID: 39103832 PMCID: PMC11299274 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increasing age of the population worldwide, the incidence rate of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing annually. Currently, the treatment strategy for PD only improves clinical symptoms. No effective treatment strategy can slow down the progression of the disease. In the present study, whole transcriptome sequencing was used to obtain the mRNA and miRNA expression profiles in a PD mouse model, which revealed the pathogenesis of PD. The transcription factor RUNX3 upregulated the miR-186-3p expression in the PD model. Furthermore, the high miR-186-3p expression in PD can be targeted to inhibit the DAT expression, resulting in a decrease in the dopamine content of dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, miR-186-3p can be targeted to inhibit the IGF1R expression and prevent the activation of the IGF1R-P-PI3K-P-AKT pathway, thus increasing the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons by regulating the cytochrome c-Bax-cleaved caspase-3 pathway. Our research showed that the RUNX3-miR-186-3p-DAT-IGF1R axis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PD, and miR-186-3p is a potential target for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiting Wan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Choe YH, Jo MG, Kim BG, Lee S, Lee B, Kim SH, Seong H, Yoo WS, Kim M, Lee DK, Kim SJ, Yun SP, Kim M. The autoimmune response induced by α-synuclein peptides drives neuronal cell death and glial cell activation. J Autoimmun 2024; 147:103256. [PMID: 38788538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons and neuroinflammation. Recent studies have identified a role of T cells in the pathogenesis of PD. Additionally, these studies suggested that α-synuclein (α-Syn) is related to abnormal T-cell responses and may act as an epitope and trigger autoimmune T-cell responses. However, it is unclear whether the α-Syn-mediated autoimmune response occurs and whether it is related to neuronal cell death and glial cell activation. In this study, we investigated the autoimmune T-cell response induced by α-Syn peptides and evaluated the neurotoxic effect of the α-Syn peptide-mediated autoimmune response. The immunization of mice with α-Syn peptides resulted in enhanced autoimmune responses, such as the peptide recall response, polarization toward Th1/Th17 cells, and regulatory T cell imbalance. Furthermore, the α-Syn autoimmune response led to the death of primary neurons cocultured with splenocytes. Treatment with conditioned media from α-Syn peptide-immunized splenocytes induced microglia and toxic A1-type astrocyte activation. Taken together, our results provide evidence of the potential role of the α-Syn-initiated autoimmune response and its contribution to neuronal cell death and glial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ho Choe
- Division of Rheumatology. Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Lillehei Heart Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55414, MN, United States; Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gi Jo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Gyu Kim
- Division of Rheumatology. Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Lee
- Division of Rheumatology. Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Bina Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Sun Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mingyo Kim
- Division of Rheumatology. Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Yang Y, Zhang Z. α-Synuclein pathology from the body to the brain: so many seeds so close to the central soil. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1463-1472. [PMID: 38051888 PMCID: PMC10883481 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals. Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Aggregated and highly phosphorylated α-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. For decades, much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson's disease as a systemic disease. Recent evidence demonstrates that, at least in some patients, the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain. Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tract triggers the gut-to-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology. However, whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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10
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Huenchuguala S, Segura-Aguilar J. Targets to Search for New Pharmacological Treatment in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease According to the Single-Neuron Degeneration Model. Biomolecules 2024; 14:673. [PMID: 38927076 PMCID: PMC11201619 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest problems in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is the lack of new drugs that slow its progression. L-Dopa remains the star drug in the treatment of this disease, although it induces severe side effects. The failure of clinical studies with new drugs depends on the use of preclinical models based on neurotoxins that do not represent what happens in the disease since they induce rapid and expansive neurodegeneration. We have recently proposed a single-neuron degeneration model for idiopathic Parkinson's disease that requires years to accumulate enough lost neurons for the onset of motor symptoms. This single-neuron degeneration model is based on the excessive formation of aminochrome during neuromelanin synthesis that surpass the neuroprotective action of the enzymes DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2, which prevent the neurotoxic effects of aminochrome. Although the neurotoxic effects of aminochrome do not have an expansive effect, a stereotaxic injection of this endogenous neurotoxin cannot be used to generate a preclinical model in an animal. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the strategies for pharmacologically increasing the expression of DT diaphorase and GSTM2-2 and molecules that induce the expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2, such as pramipexole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile;
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
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11
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Saponjic J, Mejías R, Nikolovski N, Dragic M, Canak A, Papoutsopoulou S, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Fladmark KE, Ntavaroukas P, Bayar Muluk N, Zeljkovic Jovanovic M, Fontán-Lozano Á, Comi C, Marino F. Experimental Models to Study Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4330. [PMID: 38673915 PMCID: PMC11050170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, age-related, progressive multisystem disease associated with neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. This review discusses the methodological approaches used to study the changes in central and peripheral immunity in PD, the advantages and limitations of the techniques, and their applicability to humans. Although a single animal model cannot replicate all pathological features of the human disease, neuroinflammation is present in most animal models of PD and plays a critical role in understanding the involvement of the immune system (IS) in the pathogenesis of PD. The IS and its interactions with different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Even though culture models do not fully reflect the complexity of disease progression, they are limited in their ability to mimic long-term effects and need validation through in vivo studies. They are an indispensable tool for understanding the interplay between the IS and the pathogenesis of this disease. Understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms may lead to potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD. We believe that the development of methodological guidelines for experiments with animal models and PD patients is crucial to ensure the validity and consistency of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rebeca Mejías
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Neda Nikolovski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Asuman Canak
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Turkey;
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | | | - Kari E. Fladmark
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Panagiotis Ntavaroukas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey;
| | - Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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12
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Ruiz-Fernández I, Sánchez-Díaz R, Ortega-Sollero E, Martín P. Update on the role of T cells in cognitive impairment. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:799-815. [PMID: 37559406 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has long been considered an immune-privileged site, with minimal interaction between immune cells, particularly of the adaptive immune system. Previously, the presence of immune cells in this organ was primarily linked to events involving disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or inflammation. However, current research has shown that immune cells are found patrolling CNS under homeostatic conditions. Specifically, T cells of the adaptive immune system are able to cross the BBB and are associated with ageing and cognitive impairment. In addition, T-cell infiltration has been observed in pathological conditions, where inflammation correlates with poor prognosis. Despite ongoing research, the role of this population in the ageing brain under both physiological and pathological conditions is not yet fully understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the interactions between T cells and other immune and CNS parenchymal cells, and examine the molecular mechanisms by which these interactions may contribute to normal brain function and the scenarios in which disruption of these connections lead to cognitive impairment. A comprehensive understanding of the role of T cells in the ageing brain and the underlying molecular pathways under normal conditions could pave the way for new research to better understand brain disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Díaz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Martín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
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Guan Y, Tang G, Li L, Shu J, Zhao Y, Huang L, Tang J. Herbal medicine and gut microbiota: exploring untapped therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disease management. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:146-164. [PMID: 38225532 PMCID: PMC10830735 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota that exists in the human gastrointestinal tract is incredibly important for the maintenance of general health as it contributes to multiple aspects of host physiology. Recent research has revealed a dynamic connection between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, that can influence neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Indeed, imbalances in the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, play a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases, particularly NDs. Herbal medicine has been used for centuries to treat human diseases, including NDs. These compounds help to relieve symptoms and delay the progression of NDs by improving intestinal barrier function, reducing neuroinflammation, and modulating neurotransmitter production. Notably, herbal medicine can mitigate the progression of NDs by regulating the gut microbiota. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the potential mechanisms by which herbal medicine regulates the gut microbiota in the treatment of NDs can help explain the pathogenesis of NDs from a novel perspective and propose novel therapeutic strategies for NDs. In this review, we investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of herbal medicine, focusing on its ability to regulate the gut microbiota and restore homeostasis. We also highlight the challenges and future research priorities of the integration of herbal medicine and modern medicine. As the global population ages, access to this information is becoming increasingly important for developing effective treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Guan
- Department of Brain Disease, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, China
| | - Guohua Tang
- Department of Brain Disease, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jianzhong Shu
- Department of Brain Disease, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- Department of Brain Disease, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Brain Disease, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Brain Disease, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, China.
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14
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Zaccai S, Nemirovsky A, Lerner L, Alfahel L, Eremenko E, Israelson A, Monsonego A. CD4 T-cell aging exacerbates neuroinflammation in a late-onset mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:17. [PMID: 38212835 PMCID: PMC10782641 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-03007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Accumulating evidence suggests that ALS is not solely a neuronal cell- or brain tissue-autonomous disease and that neuroinflammation plays a key role in disease progression. Furthermore, whereas both CD4 and CD8 T cells were observed in spinal cords of ALS patients and in mouse models of the disease, their role in the neuroinflammatory process, especially considering their functional changes with age, is not fully explored. In this study, we revealed the structure of the CD4 T-cell compartment during disease progression of early-onset SOD1G93A and late-onset SOD1G37R mouse models of ALS. We show age-related changes in the CD4 T-cell subset organization between these mutant SOD1 mouse models towards increased frequency of effector T cells in spleens of SOD1G37R mice and robust infiltration of CD4 T cells expressing activation markers and the checkpoint molecule PD1 into the spinal cord. The frequency of infiltrating CD4 T cells correlated with the frequency of infiltrating CD8 T cells which displayed a more exhausted phenotype. Moreover, RNA-Seq and immunohistochemistry analyses of spinal cords from SOD1G37R mice with early clinical symptoms demonstrated immunological trajectories reminiscent of a neurotoxic inflammatory response which involved proinflammatory T cells and antigen presentation related pathways. Overall, our findings suggest that age-related changes of the CD4 T cell landscape is indicative of a chronic inflammatory response, which aggravates the disease process and can be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Zaccai
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences and The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Anna Nemirovsky
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Livnat Lerner
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Leenor Alfahel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences and The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Eremenko
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Adrian Israelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences and The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Alon Monsonego
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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15
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Fredlund F, Jimenez-Ferrer I, Grabert K, Belfiori LF, Luk K, Swanberg M. Ciita Regulates Local and Systemic Immune Responses in a Combined rAAV-α-synuclein and Preformed Fibril-Induced Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:693-711. [PMID: 38728204 PMCID: PMC11191526 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-240062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) pathology, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants associated with PD and α-Syn specific CD4+ T lymphocytes in PD patients highlight the importance of antigen presentation in PD etiology. The class II transactivator (CIITA) regulates major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) expression. Reduced Ciita levels significantly increase α-Syn pathology, nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in α-Syn-induced rat PD models. Objective Characterize immune profiles associated with enhanced PD-like pathology observed in rats expressing lower Ciita levels (DA.VRA4) compared to the background strain (DA). Methods To model PD, we combined rAAV-mediated α-Syn overexpression in the substantia nigra with striatal injection of α-Syn preformed fibrils. Immune profiles in brain and blood were analyzed by flow cytometry and multiplexed ELISA in naïve rats, 4- and 8 weeks post rAAV injection. Results Flow cytometry showed Ciita-dependent regulation of MHCII on microglia, brain macrophages and circulating myeloid cells. The MHCII-dependent microglial response was highest at 4 weeks post rAAV injection, whereas the MHCII levels in circulating myeloid cells was highest at 8 weeks. There was no major infiltration of macrophages or T lymphocytes into the CNS in response to α-Syn and only subtle Ciita- and/or α-Syn-dependent changes in the T lymphocyte compartment. Lower Ciita levels were consistently associated with higher TNF levels in serum. Conclusions Ciita regulates susceptibility to PD-like pathology through minor but detectable changes in resident and peripheral immune cells and TNF levels, indicating that mild immunomodulatory therapies could have therapeutic effects in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Fredlund
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Itzia Jimenez-Ferrer
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathleen Grabert
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lautaro Francisco Belfiori
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kelvin Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Nies YH, Yahaya MF, Lim WL, Teoh SL. Microarray-based Analysis of Differential Gene Expression Profile in Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Zebrafish Model. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:761-772. [PMID: 37291778 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230608122552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Despite much clinical and laboratory research that has been performed to explore the mechanisms of Parkinson's disease (PD), its pathogenesis remains elusive to date. Therefore, this study aimed to identify possible regulators of neurodegeneration by performing microarray analysis of the zebrafish PD model's brain following rotenone exposure. METHODS A total of 36 adult zebrafish were divided into two groups: control (n = 17) and rotenonetreated (n = 19). Fish were treated with rotenone water (5 μg/L water) for 28 days and subjected to locomotor behavior analysis. Total RNA was extracted from the brain tissue after rotenone treatment. The cDNA synthesized was subjected to microarray analysis and subsequently validated by qPCR. RESULTS Administration of rotenone has significantly reduced locomotor activity in zebrafish (p < 0.05), dysregulated dopamine-related gene expression (dat, th1, and th2, p < 0.001), and reduced dopamine level in the brain (p < 0.001). In the rotenone-treated group, genes involved in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (gzm3, cd8a, p < 0.001) and T cell receptor signaling (themis, lck, p < 0.001) were upregulated significantly. Additionally, gene expression involved in microgliosis regulation (tyrobp, p < 0.001), cellular response to IL-1 (ccl34b4, il2rb, p < 0.05), and regulation of apoptotic process (dedd1, p < 0.001) were also upregulated significantly. CONCLUSION The mechanisms of T cell receptor signaling, microgliosis regulation, cellular response to IL-1, and apoptotic signaling pathways have potentially contributed to PD development in rotenonetreated zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hui Nies
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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17
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Manjarres Z, Calvo M, Pacheco R. Regulation of Pain Perception by Microbiota in Parkinson Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:7-36. [PMID: 37863655 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain perception involves current stimulation in peripheral nociceptive nerves and the subsequent stimulation of postsynaptic excitatory neurons in the spinal cord. Importantly, in chronic pain, the neural activity of both peripheral nociceptors and postsynaptic neurons in the central nervous system is influenced by several inflammatory mediators produced by the immune system. Growing evidence has indicated that the commensal microbiota plays an active role in regulating pain perception by either acting directly on nociceptors or indirectly through the modulation of the inflammatory activity on immune cells. This symbiotic relationship is mediated by soluble bacterial mediators or intrinsic structural components of bacteria that act on eukaryotic cells, including neurons, microglia, astrocytes, macrophages, T cells, enterochromaffin cells, and enteric glial cells. The molecular mechanisms involve bacterial molecules that act directly on neurons, affecting their excitability, or indirectly on non-neuronal cells, inducing changes in the production of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory mediators. Importantly, Parkinson disease, a neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorder that affects mainly the dopaminergic neurons implicated in the control of voluntary movements, involves not only a motor decline but also nonmotor symptomatology, including chronic pain. Of note, several recent studies have shown that Parkinson disease involves a dysbiosis in the composition of the gut microbiota. In this review, we first summarize, integrate, and classify the molecular mechanisms implicated in the microbiota-mediated regulation of chronic pain. Second, we analyze the changes on the commensal microbiota associated to Parkinson disease and propose how these changes affect the development of chronic pain in this pathology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The microbiota regulates chronic pain through the action of bacterial signals into two main locations: the peripheral nociceptors and the postsynaptic excitatory neurons in the spinal cord. The dysbiosis associated to Parkinson disease reveals increased representation of commensals that potentially exacerbate chronic pain and reduced levels of bacteria with beneficial effects on pain. This review encourages further research to better understand the signals involved in bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host communication to get the clues for the development of probiotics with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulmary Manjarres
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., R.P.); Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (Z.M., M.C.) and División de Anestesiología, Escuela de Medicina (M.C.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., M.C.); and Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Margarita Calvo
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., R.P.); Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (Z.M., M.C.) and División de Anestesiología, Escuela de Medicina (M.C.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., M.C.); and Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., R.P.); Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (Z.M., M.C.) and División de Anestesiología, Escuela de Medicina (M.C.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain, Santiago, Chile (Z.M., M.C.); and Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile (R.P.)
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18
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Sampson T. Microbial amyloids in neurodegenerative amyloid diseases. FEBS J 2023:10.1111/febs.17023. [PMID: 38041542 PMCID: PMC11144261 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Human-disease associated amyloidogenic proteins are not unique in their ability to form amyloid fibrillar structures. Numerous microbes produce amyloidogenic proteins that have distinct functions for their physiology in their amyloid form, rather than solely detrimental. Emerging data indicate associations between various microbial organisms, including those which produce functional amyloids, with neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review some of the evidence suggesting that microbial amyloids impact amyloid disease in host organisms. Experimental data are building a foundation for continued lines of enquiry and suggest that that direct or indirect interactions between microbial and host amyloids may be a contributor to amyloid pathologies. Inhibiting microbial amyloids or their interactions with the host may therefore represent a tangible target to limit various amyloid pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Sampson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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19
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Zaichick S, Caraveo G. Harnessing IGF-1 and IL-2 as biomarkers for calcineurin activity to tailor optimal FK506 dosage in α-synucleinopathies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1292555. [PMID: 38094080 PMCID: PMC10716490 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1292555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rise in Calcium (Ca2+) and hyperactive Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin represent two key determinants of a-synuclein (a-syn) pathobiology implicated in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Calcineurin activity can be inhibited with FK506, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compound. Our previous work demonstrated a protective effect of low doses of FK506 against a-syn pathology in various models of a-syn related pathobiology. Methods: Control and a-syn-expressing mice (12-18 months old) were injected with vehicle or two single doses of FK506 administered 4 days apart. Cerebral cortex and serum from these mice were collected and assayed using a meso scale discovery quickplex SQ 120 for cytokines and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IGF-1. Results: In this study we present evidence that reducing calcineurin activity with FK506 in a-syn transgenic mice increased insulin growth factor (IGF-1), while simultaneously decreasing IL-2 levels in both cerebral cortex and serum. Discussion: The highly conserved Ca2+/calcineurin signaling pathway is known to be affected in a-syn-dependent human disease. FK506, an already approved drug for other uses, exhibits high brain penetrance and a proven safety profile. IL-2 and IGF-1 are produced throughout life and can be measured using standard clinical methods. Our findings provide two potential biomarkers that could guide a clinical trial of FK506 in PD patients, without posing significant logistical or regulatory challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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20
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Ip CW, Wischhusen J. Versatile guardians: regenerative regulatory T cells in Parkinson's disease rodent models. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:430. [PMID: 37981647 PMCID: PMC10658175 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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21
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McFleder RL, Makhotkina A, Groh J, Keber U, Imdahl F, Peña Mosca J, Peteranderl A, Wu J, Tabuchi S, Hoffmann J, Karl AK, Pagenstecher A, Vogel J, Beilhack A, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Saliba AE, Volkmann J, Ip CW. Brain-to-gut trafficking of alpha-synuclein by CD11c + cells in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7529. [PMID: 37981650 PMCID: PMC10658151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the brain and gut is a critical component of several neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). One trigger of the immune system in PD is aggregation of the pre-synaptic protein, α-synuclein (αSyn). Understanding the mechanism of propagation of αSyn aggregates is essential to developing disease-modifying therapeutics. Using a brain-first mouse model of PD, we demonstrate αSyn trafficking from the brain to the ileum of male mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the ileal αSyn aggregations are contained within CD11c+ cells. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that ileal CD11c+ cells are microglia-like and the same subtype of cells is activated in the brain and ileum of PD mice. Moreover, by utilizing mice expressing the photo-convertible protein, Dendra2, we show that CD11c+ cells traffic from the brain to the ileum. Together these data provide a mechanism of αSyn trafficking between the brain and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L McFleder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Janos Groh
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Keber
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Imdahl
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Josefina Peña Mosca
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (ZEMM), Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alina Peteranderl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sawako Tabuchi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Karl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Pagenstecher
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (ZEMM), Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - James B Koprich
- Atuka Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Brotchie
- Atuka Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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22
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de Fàbregues O, Sellés M, Ramos-Vicente D, Roch G, Vila M, Bové J. Relevance of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in the onset of Parkinson's disease and examination of its possible etiologies: infectious or autoimmune? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106308. [PMID: 37741513 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells are responsible for local immune surveillance in different tissues, including the brain. They constitute the first line of defense against pathogens and cancer cells and play a role in autoimmunity. A recently published study demonstrated that CD8 T cells with markers of residency containing distinct granzymes and interferon-γ infiltrate the parenchyma of the substantia nigra and contact dopaminergic neurons in an early premotor stage of Parkinson's disease. This infiltration precedes α-synuclein aggregation and neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, suggesting a relevant role for CD8 T cells in the onset of the disease. To date, the nature of the antigen that initiates the adaptive immune response remains unknown. This review will discuss the role of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in brain immune homeostasis and in the onset of Parkinson's disease and other neurological diseases. We also discuss how aging and genetic factors can affect the CD8 T cell immune response and how animal models can be misleading when studying human-related immune response. Finally, we speculate about a possible infectious or autoimmune origin of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol de Fàbregues
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital
| | - Maria Sellés
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Ramos-Vicente
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerard Roch
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Bové
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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23
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Lauritsen J, Romero-Ramos M. The systemic immune response in Parkinson's disease: focus on the peripheral immune component. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:863-878. [PMID: 37598092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
During Parkinson's disease (PD), both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are affected. In parallel, innate immune cells respond early to neuronal changes and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology. Moreover, some of the affected neuronal groups innervate organs with a relevant role in immunity. Consequently, not only microglia, but also peripheral immune cells are altered, resulting in a systemic immune response. Innate and adaptive immune cells may participate in the neurodegenerative process by acting peripherally, infiltrating the brain, or releasing mediators that can protect or harm neurons. However, the sequence of the changes and the significance of each immune compartment in the disease remain to be clarified. In this review, we describe current understanding of the peripheral immune response in PD and discuss the road ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Lauritsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty & Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty & Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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24
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Hwang S, Jang J, Park K, Yim YS. Unveiling the enigma of Brain-resident immune cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.559602. [PMID: 37808712 PMCID: PMC10557645 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has been extensively studied in traditional immune hubs like the spleen and lymph nodes. However, recent advances in immunology highlight unique immune cell characteristics across anatomical compartments. In this study, we challenged conventional thinking by uncovering distinct immune cell populations within the brain parenchyma, separate from those in the blood, meninges, and choroid plexus, with unique transcriptional profiles. Brain-resident immune cells are not derived from maternal immune cells, and age-related changes, with an increase in CD8 + T cells in aged mice, are noted. Alzheimer's disease (AD) alters microglia's interaction with brain-resident immune cells, emphasizing immune-brain dynamics. Furthermore, we reveal dynamic immune cell interactions and essential cytokine roles in brain homeostasis, with stable cytokine expression but emerging signaling pathways in AD. In summary, this study advances our understanding of brain-resident immune cells in both normal and pathological conditions.
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25
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Jiang SS, Wang YL, Xu QH, Gu LY, Kang RQ, Yang WY, Zhang BR, Tian J, Pu JL. Cytokine and chemokine map of peripheral specific immune cell subsets in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:117. [PMID: 37491350 PMCID: PMC10368737 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral immune cells play a vital role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, their cytokine and chemokine secretion functions remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to explore the cytokine and chemokine secretion functions of specific immune cell subtypes in drug-naïve patients with PD at different ages of onset. We included 10 early-onset and 10 late-onset patients with PD and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). We used mass cytometry to select specific immune cell subsets and evaluate intracellular cytokine and chemokine expression. Statistical tests included t-tests, analysis of variance, bivariate correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis. Compared with HCs, patients with PD exhibited significantly decreased intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in selected clusters (e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, and CC-chemokine ligand (CCL)17). Specific cytokines and cell clusters were associated with clinical symptoms. TNF-α played an important role in cognitive impairment. Intracellular TNF-α levels in the naïve CD8+ T-cell cluster C16 (CD57- naïve CD8+ T) and natural killer (NK) cell cluster C32 (CD57- CD28- NK) were negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. The C16 cluster affected cognitive function and motor symptoms. Increased TNF-α and decreased interferon-γ expression in C16 correlated with increased Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III scores in patients with PD. In summary, we developed a more detailed cytokine and chemokine map of peripheral specific CD8+ T cell and NK cell subsets, which revealed disrupted secretory function in patients with PD and provided unique clues for further mechanistic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiu-Han Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu-Yan Gu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui-Qing Kang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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26
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Zhang W, Xiao D, Mao Q, Xia H. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:267. [PMID: 37433768 PMCID: PMC10336149 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and so on, have suggested that inflammation is not only a result of neurodegeneration but also a crucial player in this process. Protein aggregates which are very common pathological phenomenon in neurodegeneration can induce neuroinflammation which further aggravates protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. Actually, inflammation even happens earlier than protein aggregation. Neuroinflammation induced by genetic variations in CNS cells or by peripheral immune cells may induce protein deposition in some susceptible population. Numerous signaling pathways and a range of CNS cells have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, although they are still far from being completely understood. Due to the limited success of traditional treatment methods, blocking or enhancing inflammatory signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, and many of them have got exciting results in animal models or clinical trials. Some of them, although very few, have been approved by FDA for clinical usage. Here we comprehensively review the factors affecting neuroinflammation and the major inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also summarize the current strategies, both in animal models and in the clinic, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
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27
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Acharya S, Lumley AI, Zhang L, Vausort M, Devaux Y. GATA3 as a Blood-Based RNA Biomarker for Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10040. [PMID: 37373190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding novel biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) is crucial for early disease diagnosis, severity assessment and identifying novel disease-modifying drug targets. Our study aimed at investigating the GATA3 mRNA levels in whole blood samples of idiopathic PD (iPD) patients with different disease severities as a biomarker for iPD. The present study is a cross-sectional, case-control study, with samples obtained from the Luxembourg Parkinson's cohort (LuxPARK). iPD (N = 319) patients, along with age-matched controls without PD (non-PD; N = 319) were included in this study. Blood GATA3 mRNA expression was measured using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assays. The capacity of GATA3 expression levels to establish the diagnosis of iPD (primary end-point) and assess disease severity (secondary end-point) was determined. The blood levels of GATA3 were significantly lower in iPD patients, compared to non-PD controls (p ≤ 0.001). Logistic regression models showed a significant association of GATA3 expression with iPD diagnosis after adjustment for the confounders (p = 0.005). Moreover, the addition of GATA3 expression to a baseline clinical model improved its iPD diagnosis capacity (p = 0.005). There was a significant association of GATA3 expression levels with the overall disease severity (p = 0.002), non-motor experiences of daily living (nm-EDL; p = 0.003) and sleep disturbances (p = 0.01). Our results suggest that GATA3 expression measured in blood may serve as a novel biomarker and may help in the diagnosis of iPD and assessment of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Acharya
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andrew I Lumley
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Lu Zhang
- Bioinformatics Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Mélanie Vausort
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
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28
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Soulet D, Di Paolo T. Impact of Sex on Neuroimmune contributions to Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2023:110668. [PMID: 37196734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Inflammation has been observed in both the idiopathic and familial forms of PD. Importantly, PD is reported more often in men than in women, men having at least 1.5- fold higher risk to develop PD than women. This review summarizes the impact of biological sex and sex hormones on the neuroimmune contributions to PD and its investigation in animal models of PD. Innate and peripheral immune systems participate in the brain neuroinflammation of PD patients and is reproduced in neurotoxin, genetic and alpha-synuclein based models of PD. Microglia and astrocytes are the main cells of the innate immune system in the central nervous system and are the first to react to restore homeostasis in the brain. Analysis of serum immunoprofiles in female and male control and PD patients show that a great proportion of these markers differ between male and female. The relationship between CSF inflammatory markers and PD clinical characteristics or PD biomarkers shows sex differences. Conversely, in animal models of PD, sex differences in inflammation are well documented and the beneficial effects of endogenous and exogenous estrogenic modulation in inflammation have been reported. Targeting neuroinflammation in PD is an emerging therapeutic option but gonadal drugs have not yet been investigated in this respect, thus offering new opportunities for sex specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada.
| | - Marc Morissette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada.
| | - Denis Soulet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6, Canada.
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29
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Yu X, Liu MM, Zheng CY, Liu YT, Wang Z, Wang ZY. Telomerase reverse transcriptase and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1165632. [PMID: 37063844 PMCID: PMC10091515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are chronic conditions that result in progressive damage to the nervous system, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Age is a major risk factor for NDs. Telomere shortening is a biological marker of cellular aging, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) has been shown to slow down this process by maintaining telomere length. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes the brain a unique immune organ, and while the number of T cells present in the central nervous system is limited, they play an important role in NDs. Research suggests that NDs can be influenced by modulating peripheral T cell immune responses, and that TERT may play a significant role in T cell senescence and NDs. This review focuses on the current state of research on TERT in NDs and explores the potential connections between TERT, T cells, and NDs. Further studies on aging and telomeres may provide valuable insights for developing therapeutic strategies for age-related diseases.
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30
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Grotemeyer A, Fischer JF, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Blum R, Volkmann J, Ip CW. Inflammasome inhibition protects dopaminergic neurons from α-synuclein pathology in a model of progressive Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:79. [PMID: 36945016 PMCID: PMC10029189 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been suggested as a pathogenetic mechanism contributing to Parkinson's disease (PD). However, anti-inflammatory treatment strategies have not yet been established as a therapeutic option for PD patients. We have used a human α-synuclein mouse model of progressive PD to examine the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of inflammasome inhibition on dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). As the NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3)-inflammasome is a core interface for both adaptive and innate inflammation and is also highly druggable, we investigated the implications of its inhibition. Repeat administration of MCC950, an inhibitor of NLRP3, in a PD model with ongoing pathology reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the SN. Furthermore, the anti-inflammasome treatment mitigated microglial activation and modified the aggregation of α-synuclein protein in DA neurons. MCC950-treated mice showed significantly less neurodegeneration of DA neurons and a reduction in PD-related motor behavior. In summary, early inflammasome inhibition can reduce neuroinflammation and prevent DA cell death in an α-synuclein mouse model for progressive PD.
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Grants
- A-303, A-421, N-362, Z-2/79 Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
- A-303, A-421, N-362, Z-2/79 Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
- A-303, A-421, N-362, Z-2/79 Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
- 424778381-TRR 295 A01, A02, A06 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- 424778381-TRR 295 A01, A02, A06 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- 424778381-TRR 295 A01, A02, A06 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grotemeyer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Judith F Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - James B Koprich
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Atuka Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Brotchie
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Atuka Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Blum
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Torrente D, Su EJ, Schielke GP, Warnock M, Mann K, Lawrence DA. Opposing effects of β-2 and β-1 adrenergic receptor signaling on neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neuron survival in α-synuclein-mediated neurotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:56. [PMID: 36864439 PMCID: PMC9983231 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) are the primary source of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain and degeneration of these neurons is reported in the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD), even prior to dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra (SN), which is a hallmark of PD pathology. NE depletion is generally associated with increased PD pathology in neurotoxin-based PD models. The effect of NE depletion in other models of PD-like α-synuclein-based models is largely unexplored. In PD models and in human patients, β-adrenergic receptors' (AR) signaling is associated with a reduction of neuroinflammation and PD pathology. However, the effect of NE depletion in the brain and the extent of NE and β-ARs signaling involvement in neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic neuron survival is poorly understood. METHODS Two mouse models of PD, a 6OHDA neurotoxin-based model and a human α-synuclein (hα-SYN) virus-based model of PD, were used. DSP-4 was used to deplete NE levels in the brain and its effect was confirmed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. A pharmacological approach was used to mechanistically understand the impact of DSP-4 in the hα-SYN model of PD using a norepinephrine transporter (NET) and a β-AR blocker. Epifluorescence and confocal imaging were used to study changes in microglia activation and T-cell infiltration after β1-AR and β2-AR agonist treatment in the hα-SYN virus-based model of PD. RESULTS Consistent with previous studies, we found that DSP-4 pretreatment increased dopaminergic neuron loss after 6OHDA injection. In contrast, DSP-4 pretreatment protected dopaminergic neurons after hα-SYN overexpression. DSP-4-mediated protection of dopaminergic neurons after hα-SYN overexpression was dependent on β-AR signaling since using a β-AR blocker prevented DSP-4-mediated dopaminergic neuron protection in this model of PD. Finally, we found that the β-2AR agonist, clenbuterol, reduced microglia activation, T-cell infiltration, and dopaminergic neuron degeneration, whereas xamoterol a β-1AR agonist showed increased neuroinflammation, blood brain barrier permeability (BBB), and dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the context of hα-SYN-mediated neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the effects of DSP-4 on dopaminergic neuron degeneration are model specific, and suggest that in the context of α-SYN-driven neuropathology, β2-AR specific agonists may have therapeutic benefit in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Torrente
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0644, USA
| | - Enming J Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gerald P Schielke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark Warnock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kris Mann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0644, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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32
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Lv QK, Tao KX, Wang XB, Yao XY, Pang MZ, Liu JY, Wang F, Liu CF. Role of α-synuclein in microglia: autophagy and phagocytosis balance neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:443-462. [PMID: 36598534 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and is characterized by accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Neuroinflammation driven by microglia is an important pathological manifestation of PD. α-Syn is a crucial marker of PD, and its accumulation leads to microglia M1-like phenotype polarization, activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, and impaired autophagy and phagocytosis in microglia. Autophagy of microglia is related to degradation of α-syn and NLRP3 inflammasome blockage to relieve neuroinflammation. Microglial autophagy and phagocytosis of released α-syn or fragments from apoptotic neurons maintain homeostasis in the brain. A variety of PD-related genes such as LRRK2, GBA and DJ-1 also contribute to this stability process. OBJECTIVES Further studies are needed to determine how α-syn works in microglia. METHODS A keyword-based search was performed using the PubMed database for published articles. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the interaction between microglia and α-syn in PD pathogenesis and the possible mechanism of microglial autophagy and phagocytosis in α-syn clearance and inhibition of neuroinflammation. This may provide a novel insight into treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Kun Lv
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kang-Xin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Dong-Chen X, Yong C, Yang X, Chen-Yu S, Li-Hua P. Signaling pathways in Parkinson's disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:73. [PMID: 36810524 PMCID: PMC9944326 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and its treatment remains a big challenge. The pathogenesis of PD may be related to environmental and genetic factors, and exposure to toxins and gene mutations may be the beginning of brain lesions. The identified mechanisms of PD include α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and gut dysbiosis. The interactions among these molecular mechanisms complicate the pathogenesis of PD and pose great challenges to drug development. At the same time, the diagnosis and detection of PD are also one of obstacles to the treatment of PD due to its long latency and complex mechanism. Most conventional therapeutic interventions for PD possess limited effects and have serious side effects, heightening the need to develop novel treatments for this disease. In this review, we systematically summarized the pathogenesis, especially the molecular mechanisms of PD, the classical research models, clinical diagnostic criteria, and the reported drug therapy strategies, as well as the newly reported drug candidates in clinical trials. We also shed light on the components derived from medicinal plants that are newly identified for their effects in PD treatment, with the expectation to provide the summary and outlook for developing the next generation of drugs and preparations for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Dong-Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - ShenTu Chen-Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li-Hua
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China.
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Badr M, McFleder RL, Wu J, Knorr S, Koprich JB, Hünig T, Brotchie JM, Volkmann J, Lutz MB, Ip CW. Expansion of regulatory T cells by CD28 superagonistic antibodies attenuates neurodegeneration in A53T-α-synuclein Parkinson's disease mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:319. [PMID: 36587195 PMCID: PMC9805693 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells (Treg) are a subgroup of T lymphocytes involved in maintaining immune balance. Disturbance of Treg number and impaired suppressive function of Treg correlate with Parkinson's disease severity. Superagonistic anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (CD28SA) activate Treg and cause their expansion to create an anti-inflammatory environment. METHODS Using the AAV1/2-A53T-α-synuclein Parkinson's disease mouse model that overexpresses the pathogenic human A53T-α-synuclein (hαSyn) variant in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, we assessed the neuroprotective and disease-modifying efficacy of a single intraperitoneal dose of CD28SA given at an early disease stage. RESULTS CD28SA led to Treg expansion 3 days after delivery in hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice. At this timepoint, an early pro-inflammation was observed in vehicle-treated hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice with elevated percentages of CD8+CD69+ T cells in brain and increased levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the cervical lymph nodes and spleen. These immune responses were suppressed in CD28SA-treated hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice. Early treatment with CD28SA attenuated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the SN of hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice accompanied with reduced brain numbers of activated CD4+, CD8+ T cells and CD11b+ microglia observed at the late disease-stage 10 weeks after AAV injection. In contrast, a later treatment 4 weeks after AAV delivery failed to reduce dopaminergic neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that immune modulation by Treg expansion at a timepoint of overt inflammation is effective for treatment of hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice and suggest that the concept of early immune therapy could pose a disease-modifying option for Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badr
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rhonda L. McFleder
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jingjing Wu
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knorr
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - James B. Koprich
- grid.417188.30000 0001 0012 4167Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.511892.6Atuka Inc, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Thomas Hünig
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Brotchie
- grid.417188.30000 0001 0012 4167Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.511892.6Atuka Inc, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jens Volkmann
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B. Lutz
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Mechanisms of Autoimmune Cell in DA Neuron Apoptosis of Parkinson's Disease: Recent Advancement. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7965433. [PMID: 36567855 PMCID: PMC9771667 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7965433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that manifests as motor and nonmotor symptoms due to the selective loss of midbrain DArgic (DA) neurons. More and more studies have shown that pathological reactions initiated by autoimmune cells play an essential role in the progression of PD. Autoimmune cells exist in the brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges; they are considered inducers of neuroinflammation and regulate the immune in the human brain in PD. For example, T cells can recognize α-synuclein presented by antigen-presenting cells to promote neuroinflammation. In addition, B cells will accelerate the apoptosis of DA neurons in the case of PD-related gene mutations. Activation of microglia and damage of DA neurons even form the self-degeneration cycle to deteriorate PD. Numerous autoimmune cells have been considered regulators of apoptosis, α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and neuroinflammation of DA neurons in PD. The evidence is mounting that autoimmune cells promote DA neuron apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the regulation and function of B cell, T cell, and microglia as well as NK cell in PD pathogenesis, focusing on DA neuron apoptosis to understand the disease better and propose potential target identification for the treatment in the early stages of PD. However, there are still some limitations in our work, for example, the specific mechanism of PD progression caused by autoimmune cells in mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, and autophagy has not been clarified in detail, which needs to be summarized in further work.
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36
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Gate D. New Perspectives on Immune Involvement in Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S5-S11. [PMID: 35811535 PMCID: PMC9535554 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates immune dysfunction in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). For instance, impaired cellular and humoral immune responses are emerging as established pathological hallmarks in PD. Further, in experimental models of PD, inflammatory cell activation and immune dysregulation are evident. Genetic and epidemiologic studies have drawn associations between autoimmune disease and PD. Distillation of these various lines of evidence indicates dysregulated immunogenetics as a primary risk factor for PD. This article will present novel perspectives on the association between genetic risk factors and immune processes in PD. The objective of this work is to synthesize the data surrounding the role of immunogenetics in PD to maximize the potential of targeting the immune system as a therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gate
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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37
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Reagin KL, Funk KE. The role of antiviral CD8 + T cells in cognitive impairment. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102603. [PMID: 35810534 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the immune system on the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, is a rapidly growing area of investigation. Evidence from human patients and animal models implicates neurotropic viral infections, and specifically the antiviral immune response of brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, as potential drivers of disease pathology. While infiltration and retention of CD8+ T cells within the brain following viral infection is associated with improved survival, CD8+ T cells also contribute to neuronal death and gliosis which underlie cognitive impairment in several disease models. Here we review the role of antiviral CD8+ T cells as potential mediators of cognitive impairment and highlight the mechanisms by which brain-resident CD8+ T cells may contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Reagin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Kristen E Funk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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38
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Fathi M, Vakili K, Yaghoobpoor S, Qadirifard MS, Kosari M, Naghsh N, Asgari taei A, Klegeris A, Dehghani M, Bahrami A, Taheri H, Mohamadkhani A, Hajibeygi R, Rezaei Tavirani M, Sayehmiri F. Pre-clinical Studies Identifying Molecular Pathways of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:855776. [PMID: 35912090 PMCID: PMC9327618 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.855776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by neuroinflammation, formation of Lewy bodies, and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. In this review, we summarize evidence obtained by animal studies demonstrating neuroinflammation as one of the central pathogenetic mechanisms of PD. We also focus on the protein factors that initiate the development of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Our targeted literature search identified 40 pre-clinical in vivo and in vitro studies written in English. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway is demonstrated as a common mechanism engaged by neurotoxins such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), as well as the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The α-synuclein protein, which plays a prominent role in PD neuropathology, may also contribute to neuroinflammation by activating mast cells. Meanwhile, 6-OHDA models of PD identify microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) as one of the contributors to neuroinflammatory processes in this model. Immune responses are used by the central nervous system to fight and remove pathogens; however, hyperactivated and prolonged immune responses can lead to a harmful neuroinflammatory state, which is one of the key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Qadirifard
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Kosari
- The First Clinical College, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Navid Naghsh
- Department of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Mina Dehghani
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Bahrami
- Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Taheri
- Dental School, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Fatemeh Sayehmiri
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Rauschenberger L, Behnke J, Grotemeyer A, Knorr S, Volkmann J, Ip CW. Age-dependent neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in a genetic A30P/A53T double-mutated α-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105798. [PMID: 35750147 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is closely interwoven with the process of aging. Moreover, increasing evidence from human postmortem studies and from animal models for PD point towards inflammation as an additional factor in disease development. We here assessed the impact of aging and inflammation on dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the hm2α-SYN-39 mouse model of PD that carries the human, A30P/A53T double-mutated α-synuclein gene. At 2-3 months of age, no significant differences were observed comparing dopaminergic neuron numbers of the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta of hm2α-SYN-39 mice with wildtype controls. At an age of 16-17 months, however, hm2α-SYN-39 mice revealed a significant loss of dopaminergic SN neurons, of dopaminergic terminals in the striatum as well as a reduction of striatal dopamine levels compared to young, 2-3 months transgenic mice and compared to 16-17 months old wildtype littermates. A significant age-related correlation of infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers with dopaminergic terminal loss of the striatum was found in hm2α-SYN-39 mice, but not in wildtype controls. In the striatum of 16-17 months old wildtype mice a slightly elevated CD8+ T cell count and CD11b+ microglia cell count was observed compared to younger aged mice. Additional analyses of neuroinflammation in the nigrostriatal tract of wildtype mice did not yield any significant age-dependent changes of CD4+, CD8+ T cell and B220+ B cell numbers, respectively. In contrast, a significant age-dependent increase of CD8+ T cells, GFAP+ astrocytes as well as a pronounced increase of CD11b+ microglia numbers were observed in the SN of hm2α-SYN-39 mice pointing towards a neuroinflammatory processes in this genetic mouse model for PD. The findings in the hm2α-SYN-39 mouse model strengthen the evidence that T cell and glial cell responses are involved in the age-related neurodegeneration in PD. The slow and age-dependent progression of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in the hm2α-SYN-39 PD rodent model underlines its translational value and makes it suitable for studying anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rauschenberger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Behnke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Grotemeyer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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40
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Grotemeyer A, McFleder RL, Wu J, Wischhusen J, Ip CW. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease - Putative Pathomechanisms and Targets for Disease-Modification. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878771. [PMID: 35663989 PMCID: PMC9158130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive and debilitating chronic disease that affects more than six million people worldwide, with rising prevalence. The hallmarks of PD are motor deficits, the spreading of pathological α-synuclein clusters in the central nervous system, and neuroinflammatory processes. PD is treated symptomatically, as no causally-acting drug or procedure has been successfully established for clinical use. Various pathways contributing to dopaminergic neuron loss in PD have been investigated and described to interact with the innate and adaptive immune system. We discuss the possible contribution of interconnected pathways related to the immune response, focusing on the pathophysiology and neurodegeneration of PD. In addition, we provide an overview of clinical trials targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Gopinath A, Mackie P, Hashimi B, Buchanan AM, Smith AR, Bouchard R, Shaw G, Badov M, Saadatpour L, Gittis A, Ramirez-Zamora A, Okun MS, Streit WJ, Hashemi P, Khoshbouei H. DAT and TH expression marks human Parkinson's disease in peripheral immune cells. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:72. [PMID: 35672374 PMCID: PMC9174333 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by a loss of dopamine neurons, decreased dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. However, this validation approach cannot be used for diagnostic, drug effectiveness or investigational purposes in human patients because midbrain tissue is accessible postmortem. PD pathology affects both the central nervous and peripheral immune systems. Therefore, we immunophenotyped blood samples of PD patients for the presence of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and discovered that DAT+/TH+ monocytic MDSCs, but not granulocytic MDSCs are increased, suggesting a targeted immune response to PD. Because in peripheral immune cells DAT activity underlies an immune suppressive mechanism, we investigated whether expression levels of DAT and TH in the peripheral immune cells marks PD. We found drug naïve PD patients exhibit differential DAT+/TH+ expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared to aged/sex matched healthy subjects. While total PBMCs are not different between the groups, the percentage of DAT+/TH+ PBMCs was significantly higher in drug naïve PD patients compared to healthy controls irrespective of age, gender, disease duration, disease severity or treatment type. Importantly, treatment for PD negatively modulates DAT+/TH+ expressing PBMCs. Neither total nor the percentage of DAT+/TH+ PBMCs were altered in the Alzheimer's disease cohort. The mechanistic underpinning of this discovery in human PD was revealed when these findings were recapitulated in animal models of PD. The reverse translational experimental strategy revealed that alterations in dopaminergic markers in peripheral immune cells are due to the disease associated changes in the CNS. Our study demonstrates that the dopaminergic machinery on peripheral immune cells displays an association with human PD, with exciting implications in facilitating diagnosis and investigation of human PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Gopinath
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Phillip Mackie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Basil Hashimi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Aidan R Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Gerry Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- EnCor Biotechnology, Inc, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Martin Badov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leila Saadatpour
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aryn Gittis
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, UF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, UF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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