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Li H, Watkins LR, Wang X. Microglia in neuroimmunopharmacology and drug addiction. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1912-1924. [PMID: 38302560 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic and debilitating disease that is considered a global health problem. Various cell types in the brain are involved in the progression of drug addiction. Recently, the xenobiotic hypothesis has been proposed, which frames substances of abuse as exogenous molecules that are responded to by the immune system as foreign "invaders", thus triggering protective inflammatory responses. An emerging body of literature reveals that microglia, the primary resident immune cells in the brain, play an important role in the progression of addiction. Repeated cycles of drug administration cause a progressive, persistent induction of neuroinflammation by releasing microglial proinflammatory cytokines and their metabolic products. This contributes to drug addiction via modulation of neuronal function. In this review, we focus on the role of microglia in the etiology of drug addiction. Then, we discuss the dynamic states of microglia and the correlative and causal evidence linking microglia to drug addiction. Finally, possible mechanisms of how microglia sense drug-related stimuli and modulate the addiction state and how microglia-targeted anti-inflammation therapies affect addiction are reviewed. Understanding the role of microglia in drug addiction may help develop new treatment strategies to fight this devastating societal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Ye J, Gao S, Liu Z, Chen X, He J, Hu Z. The HMGB1-RAGE axis in nucleus accumbens facilitates cocaine-induced conditioned place preference via modulating microglial activation. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3457. [PMID: 38450910 PMCID: PMC10918599 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Repeated exposure to cocaine induces microglial activation. Cocaine exposure also induces a release of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) from neurons into the extracellular space in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). HMGB1 is an important late inflammatory mediator of microglial activation. However, whether the secretion of HMGB1 acts on microglia or contributes to cocaine addiction is largely unknown. METHODS Rats were trained by intraperitoneal cocaine administration and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Expression of HMGB1 was regulated by viral vectors. Activation of microglia was inhibited by minocycline. Interaction of HMGB1 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) was disrupted by peptide. RESULTS Cocaine injection facilitated HMGB1 signaling, together with the delayed activation of microglia concurrently in the NAc. Furthermore, the inhibition of HMGB1 or microglia activation attenuated cocaine-induced CPP. Box A, a specific antagonist to interrupt the interaction of HMGB1 and RAGE, abolished the expression of cocaine reward memory. Meanwhile, the inhibition of HMGB1-RAGE interaction suppressed cocaine-induced microglial activation, as well as the consolidation of cocaine-induced memory. CONCLUSION All above results suggest that the neural HMGB1 induces activation of microglia through RAGE, which contributes to the consolidation of cocaine reward memory. These findings offer HMGB1-RAGE axis as a new target for the treatment of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shuang‐Qi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Departments of NeurosurgeryThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Zi‐Cun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jin‐Gang He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhuang‐Li Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Yang X, Li T, Liu J, Sun H, Cheng L, Song X, Han Z, Luo H, Han W, Xie L, Jiang L. Effects of minocycline on dendrites, dendritic spines, and microglia in immature mouse brains after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14352. [PMID: 37438982 PMCID: PMC10848062 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate whether minocycline could influence alterations of microglial subtypes, the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines, the microstructures of synapses and synaptic proteins, or even cognition outcomes in immature male mice following status epilepticus (SE) induced by kainic acid. METHODS Golgi staining was performed to visualize the dendrites and dendritic spines of neurons of the hippocampus. The microstructures of synapses and synaptic proteins were observed using transmission electron microscopy and western blotting analysis, respectively. Microglial reactivation and their markers were evaluated using flow cytometry. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to analyze spatial learning and memory ability. RESULTS Significant partial spines increase (predominate in thin spines) was observed in the dendrites of neurons after acute SE and partial loss (mainly in thin spines) was presented by days 14 and 28 post-SE. The postsynaptic ultrastructure was impaired on the 7th and 14th days after SE. The proportion of M1 microglia increased significantly only after acute SE Similarly, the proportion of M2 microglia increased in the acute stage with high expression levels of all surface markers. In contrast, a decrease in M2 microglia and their markers was noted by day 14 post-SE. Minocycline could reverse the changes in dendrites and synaptic proteins caused by SE, and increase the levels of synaptic proteins. Meanwhile, minocycline could inhibit the reactivation of M1 microglia and the expression of their markers, except for promoting CD200R. In addition, treatment with minocycline could regulate the expression of M2 microglia and their surface markers, as well as ameliorating the impaired spatial learning and memory on the 28th day after SE. CONCLUSIONS Dendritic spines and microglia are dynamically changed after SE. Minocycline could ameliorate the impaired cognition in the kainic acid-induced mouse model by decreasing the damage to dendrites and altering microglial reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Li Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Xiaojie Song
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Ziyao Han
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Hanyu Luo
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Wei Han
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Lingling Xie
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersChongqingChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqingChina
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Traetta ME, Chaves Filho AM, Akinluyi ET, Tremblay MÈ. Neurodevelopmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:457-495. [PMID: 39207708 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This chapter will focus on microglial involvement in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD). We will describe the neuroimmune risk factors that contribute to the etiopathology of these disorders across the lifespan, including both in early life and adulthood. Microglia, being the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, could play a key role in triggering and determining the outcome of these disorders. This chapter will review preclinical and clinical findings where microglial morphology and function were examined in the contexts of ASD, schizophrenia and MDD. Clinical evidence points out to altered microglial morphology and reactivity, as well as increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting the idea that microglial abnormalities are involved in these disorders. Indeed, animal models for these disorders found altered microglial morphology and homeostatic functions which resulted in behaviours related to these disorders. Additionally, as microglia have emerged as promising therapeutic targets, we will also address in this chapter therapies involving microglial mechanisms for the treatment of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Toyin Akinluyi
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Axe Neurosciences, Center de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health (IALH), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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He H, He H, Mo L, You Z, Zhang J. Priming of microglia with dysfunctional gut microbiota impairs hippocampal neurogenesis and fosters stress vulnerability of mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:280-294. [PMID: 37914097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental disorders may be involved in neuroinflammatory processes that are triggered by gut microbiota. How gut microbiota influence microglia-mediated sensitivity to stress remains unclear. Here we explored in an animal model of depression whether disruption of the gut microbiome primes hippocampal microglia, thereby impairing neurogenesis and sensitizing to stress. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks, and effects on gut microbiota were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Fecal microbiota was transplanted from control or CUMS mice into naïve animals. The depression-like behaviors of recipients were evaluated in a forced swimming test and sucrose preference test. The morphology and phenotype of microglia in the hippocampus of recipients were examined using immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The recipients were treated with lipopolysaccharide or chronic stress exposure, and effects were evaluated on behavior, microglial responses and hippocampal neurogenesis. Finally, we explored the ability of minocycline to reverse the effects of CUMS on hippocampal neurogenesis and stress sensitivity in recipients. RESULTS CUMS altered the gut microbiome, leading to higher relative abundance of some bacteria (Helicobacter, Bacteroides, and Desulfovibrio) and lower relative abundance of some bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia). Fecal microbiota transplantation from CUMS mice to naïve animals induced microglial priming in the dentate gyrus of recipients. This microglia showed hyper-ramified morphology, and became more sensitive to LPS challenge or chronic stress, which characterized by more significant morphological changes and inflammatory responses, as well as impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and increased depressive-like behaviors. Giving minocycline to recipients reversed these effects of fecal transplantation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that gut microbiota from stressed animals can induce microglial priming in the dentate gyrus, which is associated with a hyper-immune response to stress and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. Remodeling the gut microbiome or inhibiting microglial priming may be strategies to reduce sensitivity to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Haili He
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Mo
- Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zili You
- Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Newton K, De Biase L. Substance Use and Addiction. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:343-355. [PMID: 39207701 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to reveal the molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms of addiction have largely focused on neurons. Yet accumulating data regarding the ability of glial cells to impact synaptic function, circuit activity, and behavior demands that we explore how these nonneuronal cells contribute to substance use disorders and addiction. Important work has shown that glial cells, including microglia, exhibit changes in phenotype following exposure to drugs of abuse and that modification of glial responses can impact behaviors related to drug seeking and drug taking. While these are critical first steps to understanding how microglia can impact addiction, there are still substantial gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. This chapter reviews some of the key studies that have shown how microglia are affected by and can contribute to addiction. It also discusses areas where more knowledge is urgently needed to reveal new therapeutic and preventative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keionna Newton
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay De Biase
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Gano A, Deak T, Pautassi RM. A review on the reciprocal interactions between neuroinflammatory processes and substance use and misuse, with a focus on alcohol misuse. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2023; 49:269-282. [PMID: 37148274 PMCID: PMC10524510 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2201944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: The last decade has witnessed a surge of findings implicating neuroinflammatory processes as pivotal players in substance use disorders. The directionality of effects began with the expectation that the neuroinflammation associated with prolonged substance misuse contributes to long-term neuropathological consequences. As the literature grew, however, it became evident that the interactions between neuroinflammatory processes and alcohol and drug intake were reciprocal and part of a pernicious cycle in which disease-relevant signaling pathways contributed to an escalation of drug intake, provoking further inflammation-signaling and thereby exacerbating the neuropathological effects of drug misuse.Objectives: The goal of this review and its associated special issue is to provide an overview of the emergent findings relevant to understanding these reciprocal interactions. The review highlights the importance of preclinical and clinical studies in testing and validation of immunotherapeutics as viable targets for curtailing substance use and misuse, with a focus on alcohol misuse.Methods: A narrative review of the literature on drug and neuroinflammation was conducted, as well as articles published in this Special Issue on Alcohol- and Drug-induced Neuroinflammation: Insights from Pre-clinical Models and Clinical Research.Results: We argue that (a) demographic variables and genetic background contribute unique sensitivity to drug-related neuroinflammation; (b) co-morbidities between substance use disorders and affect dysfunction may share common inflammation-related signatures that predict the efficacy of immunotherapeutic drugs; and (c) examination of polydrug interactions with neuroinflammation is a critical area where greater research emphasis is needed.Conclusions: This review provides an accessible and example-driven review of the relationship between drug misuse, neuroinflammatory processes, and their resultant neuropathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Gano
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States of America
| | - Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Marcos Pautassi
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC – CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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Avalos MP, Guzman AS, Garcia-Keller C, Mongi-Bragato B, Esparza MA, Rigoni D, Sanchez MA, Calfa GD, Bollati FA, Cancela LM. Impairment of glutamate homeostasis in the nucleus accumbens core underpins cross-sensitization to cocaine following chronic restraint stress. Front Physiol 2022; 13:896268. [PMID: 36091376 PMCID: PMC9462460 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.896268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the facilitating influence of stress on drug abuse is well documented, the mechanisms underlying this interaction have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study explores the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning the sensitized response to the psychomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine following chronic restraint stress (CRS), emphasizing the differential contribution of both subcompartments of the nucleus accumbens (NA), the core (NAcore) and shell (NAshell), to this phenomenon. Adult male Wistar rats were restrained for 2 h/day for 7 days and, 2 weeks after the last stress exposure (day 21), all animals were randomly assigned to behavioral, biochemical or neurochemical tests. Our results demonstrated that the enduring CRS-induced increase in psychostimulant response to cocaine was paralleled by an increase of extracellular dopamine levels in the NAcore, but not the NAshell, greater than that observed in the non-stress group. Furthermore, we found that CRS induced an impairment of glutamate homeostasis in the NAcore, but not the NAshell. Its hallmarks were increased basal extracellular glutamate concentrations driven by a CRS-induced downregulation of GLT-1, blunted glutamate levels in response to cocaine and postsynaptic structural remodeling in pre-stressed animals. In addition, ceftriaxone, a known GLT-1 enhancer, prevented the CRS-induced GLT-1 downregulation, increased basal extracellular glutamate concentrations and changes in structural plasticity in the NAcore as well as behavioral cross-sensitization to cocaine, emphasizing the biological importance of GLT-1 in the comorbidity between chronic stress exposure and drug abuse. A future perspective concerning the paramount relevance of the stress-induced disruption of glutamate homeostasis as a vulnerability factor to the development of stress and substance use disorders during early life or adulthood of descendants is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Flavia A. Bollati
- Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana M. Cancela
- Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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