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Zhang Q, Yang G, Luo Y, Jiang L, Chi H, Tian G. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: insights from peripheral immune cells. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:38. [PMID: 38877498 PMCID: PMC11177389 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious brain disorder characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid plaques, tau pathology, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cerebrovascular dysfunction. The presence of chronic neuroinflammation, breaches in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and increased levels of inflammatory mediators are central to the pathogenesis of AD. These factors promote the penetration of immune cells into the brain, potentially exacerbating clinical symptoms and neuronal death in AD patients. While microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role in AD, recent evidence suggests the infiltration of cerebral vessels and parenchyma by peripheral immune cells, including neutrophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, and monocytes in AD. These cells participate in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, which is expected to play a huge role in future immunotherapy. Given the crucial role of peripheral immune cells in AD, this article seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of their contributions to neuroinflammation in the disease. Understanding the role of these cells in the neuroinflammatory response is vital for developing new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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Zhang H, Cao F, Zhou Y, Wu B, Li C. Peripheral Immune Cells Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04266-6. [PMID: 38842674 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with progressive memory and cognitive loss. Neuroinflammation is a central mechanism involved in the progression of AD. With the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), peripheral immune cells and inflammatory molecules enter into AD brain. However, the exact relationship between peripheral immune cells and AD remains unknown due to various challenges. This study aimed to investigate the potential causal association between peripheral immune cells and AD by using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) analysis. We conducted a TSMR to decipher the causal relationship between AD and 731 types of peripheral immune cell parameters from the TBNK, regulatory T cell (Treg), myeloid cell, monocyte, maturation stages of T cell, dendritic cell (DC), and B cell panels. Various analytical methods were employed, including inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR Egger, and weighted median methods. The Cochran's Q statistic, MR-Egger intercept, and MR-PRESSO tests were used to verify the heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy of the results. To further verify our results, we also conducted a replication analysis. The analysis identified CD33 on CD14 + monocyte (OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; p = 1.14E-04; adjust-p = 0.042) had an increased risk association for AD, which was verified by the replication study. CD33 on CD33dim HLA DR + CD11b- cell (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; p = 2.87E-04; adjust-p = 0.035) had an increased risk association for AD, while secreting CD4 regulatory T cell %CD4 regulatory T cell (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99; p = 1.90E-04; adjust-p = 0.046) and CD25 on switched memory B cell (OR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.98; p = 2.87E-04; adjust-p = 0.042) were discovered to be related to a lower risk of AD. However, the causal effect of these three immune cells on AD was insufficiently validated in the replication analysis. The MR analysis suggests a potential causal relationship between peripheral immune cells and the risk of AD. Further extensive research is needed on the specific role of peripheral immune cells in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houwen Zhang
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangzheng Cao
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunrong Li
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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Li W, Sun B, Zhang X, Liu T, Zhu W, Liu X, Qu D, Hu C, Zhu S, Wang H. Near-Infrared-II Imaging Revealed Hypothermia Regulates Neuroinflammation Following Brain Injury by Increasing the Glymphatic Influx. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13836-13848. [PMID: 38753820 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Advanced in vivo imaging techniques have facilitated the comprehensive visual exploration of animal biological processes, leading to groundbreaking discoveries such as the glymphatic system. However, current limitations of macroscopic imaging techniques impede the precise investigation of physiological parameters regulating this specialized lymphatic transport system. While NIR-II fluorescence imaging has demonstrated advantages in peripheral lymphatic imaging, there are few reports regarding its utilization in the glymphatic system. To address this, a noninvasive transcranial macroscopic NIR-II fluorescence imaging model is developed using a cyanine dye-protein coupled nanoprobe. NIR-II imaging with high temporal and spatial resolution reveals that hypothermia can increase the glymphatic influx by reducing the flow rate of cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, respiratory rate, respiratory amplitude, and heart rate all play a role in regulating the glymphatic influx. Thus, targeting the glymphatic influx may alter the trajectory of immune inflammation following brain injury, providing therapeutic prospects for treating brain injury with mild hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Donghao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Changchen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, P.R. China
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
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Chen Z, Balachandran YL, Chong WP, Chan KWY. Roles of Cytokines in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5803. [PMID: 38891990 PMCID: PMC11171747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuroimmune system is a collection of immune cells, cytokines, and the glymphatic system that plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Of particular focus are cytokines, a group of immune signaling molecules that facilitate communication among immune cells and contribute to inflammation in AD. Extensive research has shown that the dysregulated secretion of certain cytokines (IL-1β, IL-17, IL-12, IL-23, IL-6, and TNF-α) promotes neuroinflammation and exacerbates neuronal damage in AD. However, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-3, IL-33, and IL-35) are also secreted during AD onset and progression, thereby preventing neuroinflammation. This review summarizes the involvement of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in AD pathology and discusses their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Z.C.); (Y.L.B.)
| | - Yekkuni L. Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Z.C.); (Y.L.B.)
| | - Wai Po Chong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Kannie W. Y. Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Z.C.); (Y.L.B.)
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Azargoonjahromi A. Immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease: focusing on the efficacy of gantenerumab on amyloid-β clearance and cognitive decline. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024:rgae066. [PMID: 38767981 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Gantenerumab, a human monoclonal antibody (mAb), has been thought of as a potential agent to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) by specifically targeting regions of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide sequence. Aβ protein accumulation in the brain leads to amyloid plaques, causing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal damage, and neurotransmitter dysfunction, thereby causing cognitive decline in AD. Gantenerumab involves disrupting Aβ aggregation and promoting the breakdown of larger Aβ aggregates into smaller fragments, which facilitates the action of Aβ-degrading enzymes in the brain, thus slowing down the progression of AD. Moreover, Gantenerumab acts as an opsonin, coating Aβ plaques and enhancing their recognition by immune cells, which, combined with its ability to improve the activity of microglia, makes it an intriguing candidate for promoting Aβ plaque clearance. Indeed, the multifaceted effects of Gantenerumab, including Aβ disaggregation, enhanced immune recognition, and improved microglia activity, may position it as a promising therapeutic approach for AD. Of note, reports suggest that Gantenerumab, albeit its capacity to reduce or eliminate Aβ, has not demonstrated effectiveness in reducing cognitive decline. This review, after providing an overview of immunotherapy approaches that target Aβ in AD, explores the efficacy of Gantenerumab in reducing Aβ levels and cognitive decline.
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Yang B, Hu S, Jiang Y, Xu L, Shu S, Zhang H. Advancements in Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Research for Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04126-3. [PMID: 38564138 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurological diseases are a major cause of the global burden of disease. Although the mechanisms of the occurrence and development of neurological diseases are not fully clear, most of them are associated with cells mediating neuroinflammation. Yet medications and other therapeutic options to improve treatment are still very limited. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), as a delightfully potent breakthrough technology, not only identifies various cell types and response states but also uncovers cell-specific gene expression changes, gene regulatory networks, intercellular communication, and cellular movement trajectories, among others, in different cell types. In this review, we describe the technology of scRNA-seq in detail and discuss and summarize the application of scRNA-seq in exploring neurological diseases, elaborating the corresponding specific mechanisms of the diseases as well as providing a reliable basis for new therapeutic approaches. Finally, we affirm that scRNA-seq promotes the development of the neuroscience field and enables us to have a deeper cellular understanding of neurological diseases in the future, which provides strong support for the treatment of neurological diseases and the improvement of patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuqi Hu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiru Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song Shu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Tan S, Pan S, Wei L, Chen W, Pan B, Kong G, Chen J, Xie Y. Association of peripheral B cells and delirium: combined single-cell sequencing and Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1343726. [PMID: 38379709 PMCID: PMC10876872 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1343726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Delirium seriously affects the prognosis of patients and greatly reduces the ability to work and live. Peripheral inflammatory events may contribute to the development of delirium, the mechanism of which is still unclear. There is a lack of effective diagnostic and treatments for delirium in clinical practice. The study aims to investigate alterations in peripheral immune cell subsets under inflammatory stress and to explore causal associations with delirium. Methods Single-cell transcriptional sequencing data of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intervention were processed by the Seurat package in R software. PBMC subsets and cellular markers were defined after downscaling and clustering by the Harmony algorithm to identify characteristic subsets in the context of inflammatory stress. Subsequently, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was used to explore the causal associations of these inflammation-related PBMC subsets and their molecular phenotypes with delirium. Based on publicly available genetic data, the study incorporated 70 PBMC-associated immune traits, including 8 types of circulating immune cells, 33 B cell subsets and molecular phenotypes, 13 T cell subsets, and 16 B cell-associated cytokines. The results were also validated for robustness, heterogeneity, and horizontal pleiotropy. Results Under LPS-induced inflammatory stress, B cells, T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells in human PBMC showed significant activation and quantitative changes. Of these, only lymphocyte and B cell counts were causally associated with delirium risk. This risk link is also seen in the TNF pathway. Further studies of B cells and their subsets revealed that this association may be related to unswitched memory B cells and CD27 expressed on memory B cells. Annotation of the screened SNPs revealed significant polymorphisms in CD27 and CD40 annotated by rs25680 and rs9883798, respectively. The functions of the key annotated genes may be related to the regulation of immune responses, cell differentiation, proliferation, and intercellular interactions. Conclusion The present study revealed the potential possibility that B cell, memory B cell subset, and TNF-related molecules may be involved in the development of delirium due to peripheral inflammation, which can provide clues for further investigation of delirium prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyou Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Sining Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingbing Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaoyin Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yubo Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Wen L, Bi D, Shen Y. Complement-mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and involvement of risk factors. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:135-149. [PMID: 38129195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is increasingly recognized as a key player in the synapse loss and cognitive impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, the process of complement-dependent synaptic pruning through phagocytosis is over-activated in AD brains, driving detrimental excessive synapse elimination and contributing to synapse loss, which is the strongest neurobiological correlate of cognitive impairments in AD. Herein we review recent advances in characterizing complement-mediated synapse loss in AD, summarize the underlying mechanisms, and discuss the possible involvement of AD risk factors such as aging and various risk genes. We conclude with an overview of key questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Danlei Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Aspden JW, Murphy MA, Kashlan RD, Xiong Y, Poznansky MC, Sîrbulescu RF. Intruders or protectors - the multifaceted role of B cells in CNS disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1329823. [PMID: 38269112 PMCID: PMC10806081 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1329823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are immune cells studied predominantly in the context of peripheral humoral immune responses against pathogens. Evidence has been accumulating in recent years on the diversity of immunomodulatory functions that B cells undertake, with particular relevance for pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). This review summarizes current knowledge on B cell populations, localization, infiltration mechanisms, and function in the CNS and associated tissues. Acute and chronic neurodegenerative pathologies are examined in order to explore the complex, and sometimes conflicting, effects that B cells can have in each context, with implications for disease progression and treatment outcomes. Additional factors such as aging modulate the proportions and function of B cell subpopulations over time and are also discussed in the context of neuroinflammatory response and disease susceptibility. A better understanding of the multifactorial role of B cell populations in the CNS may ultimately lead to innovative therapeutic strategies for a variety of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Aspden
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew A. Murphy
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rommi D. Kashlan
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yueyue Xiong
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ruxandra F. Sîrbulescu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Li C, Stebbins RC, Noppert GA, Carney CX, Liu C, Sapp ARM, Watson EJ, Aiello AE. Peripheral immune function and Alzheimer's disease: a living systematic review and critical appraisal. Mol Psychiatry 2023:10.1038/s41380-023-02355-x. [PMID: 38102484 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature examines the relationship between peripheral immune function and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in human populations. Our living systematic review summarizes the characteristics and findings of these studies, appraises their quality, and formulates recommendations for future research. METHODS We searched the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, and reviewed references of previous reviews and meta-analyses to identify human studies examining the relationship between any peripheral immune biomarkers and AD up to September 7th, 2023. We examined patterns of reported statistical associations (positive, negative, and null) between each biomarker and AD across studies. Evidence for each biomarker was categorized into four groups based on the proportion of studies reporting different associations: corroborating a positive association with AD, a negative association, a null association, and presenting contradictory findings. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was employed to assess the quality of the included studies. FINDINGS In total, 286 studies were included in this review. The majority were cross-sectional (n = 245, 85.7%) and hospital-based (n = 248, 86.7%), examining relationships between 187 different peripheral immune biomarkers and AD. Cytokines were the most frequently studied group of peripheral immune biomarkers. Evidence supported a positive association with AD for six biomarkers, including IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, ACT, IL-18, and IL-12, and a negative association for two biomarkers, including lymphocytes and IL-6R. Only a small proportion of included studies (n = 22, 7.7%) were deemed to be of high quality based on quality assessment. INTERPRETATION Existing research on peripheral immune function and AD exhibits substantial methodological variations and limitations, with a notable lack of longitudinal, population-based studies investigating a broad range of biomarkers with prospective AD outcomes. The extent and manner in which peripheral immune function can contribute to AD pathophysiology remain open questions. Given the biomarkers that we identified to be associated with AD, we posit that targeting peripheral immune dysregulation may present a promising intervention point to reduce the burden of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihua Li
- Social Environment and Health Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rebecca C Stebbins
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Grace A Noppert
- Social Environment and Health Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Constanza X Carney
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ashley R M Sapp
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elijah J Watson
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
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Lu J, Liang F, Bai P, Liu C, Xu M, Sun Z, Tian W, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Quan Q, Khatri A, Shen Y, Marcantonio E, Crosby G, Culley D, Wang C, Yang G, Xie Z. Blood tau-PT217 contributes to the anesthesia/surgery-induced delirium-like behavior in aged mice. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4110-4126. [PMID: 37249148 PMCID: PMC10524579 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood phosphorylated tau at threonine 217 (tau-PT217) is a newly established biomarker for Alzheimer's disease and postoperative delirium in patients. However, the mechanisms and consequences of acute changes in blood tau-PT217 remain largely unknown. METHODS We investigated the effects of anesthesia/surgery on blood tau-PT217 in aged mice, and evaluated the associated changes in B cell populations, neuronal excitability in anterior cingulate cortex, and delirium-like behavior using positron emission tomography imaging, nanoneedle technology, flow cytometry, electrophysiology, and behavioral tests. RESULTS Anesthesia/surgery induced acute increases in blood tau-PT217 via enhanced generation in the lungs and release from B cells. Tau-PT217 might cross the blood-brain barrier, increasing neuronal excitability and inducing delirium-like behavior. B cell transfer and WS635, a mitochondrial function enhancer, mitigated the anesthesia/surgery-induced changes. DISCUSSION Acute increases in blood tau-PT217 may contribute to brain dysfunction and postoperative delirium. Targeting B cells or mitochondrial function may have therapeutic potential for preventing or treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Feng Liang
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Ping Bai
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Chenghao Liu
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zhengwang Sun
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Wenjie Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Qimin Quan
- NanoMosaic, Inc., Woburn, MA, 01801, United States
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Yuan Shen
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
- Anesthesia and Brain Research Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Mental Health Center affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Edward Marcantonio
- Divisions of General Medicine and Primary Care and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Gregory Crosby
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Deborah Culley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
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Rego S, Sanchez G, Da Mesquita S. Current views on meningeal lymphatics and immunity in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:55. [PMID: 37580702 PMCID: PMC10424377 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related form of dementia associated with the accumulation of pathological aggregates of amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. These phenomena are accompanied by exacerbated inflammation and marked neuronal loss, which altogether contribute to accelerated cognitive decline. The multifactorial nature of AD, allied to our still limited knowledge of its etiology and pathophysiology, have lessened our capacity to develop effective treatments for AD patients. Over the last few decades, genome wide association studies and biomarker development, alongside mechanistic experiments involving animal models, have identified different immune components that play key roles in the modulation of brain pathology in AD, affecting its progression and severity. As we will relay in this review, much of the recent efforts have been directed to better understanding the role of brain innate immunity, and particularly of microglia. However, and despite the lack of diversity within brain resident immune cells, the brain border tissues, especially the meninges, harbour a considerable number of different types and subtypes of adaptive and innate immune cells. Alongside microglia, which have taken the centre stage as important players in AD research, there is new and exciting evidence pointing to adaptive immune cells, namely T and B cells found in the brain and its meninges, as important modulators of neuroinflammation and neuronal (dys)function in AD. Importantly, a genuine and functional lymphatic vascular network is present around the brain in the outermost meningeal layer, the dura. The meningeal lymphatics are directly connected to the peripheral lymphatic system in different mammalian species, including humans, and play a crucial role in preserving a "healthy" immune surveillance of the CNS, by shaping immune responses, not only locally at the meninges, but also at the level of the brain tissue. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive view on our current knowledge about the meningeal lymphatic vasculature, emphasizing its described roles in modulating CNS fluid and macromolecule drainage, meningeal and brain immunity, as well as glial and neuronal function in aging and in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Rego
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guadalupe Sanchez
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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