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Sessa F, Polito R, Li Rosi G, Salerno M, Esposito M, Pisanelli D, Ministeri F, Messina A, Carotenuto M, Chieffi S, Messina G, Monda M. Neurobiology and medico-legal aspects of suicides among older adults: a narrative review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1449526. [PMID: 39290301 PMCID: PMC11405742 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1449526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The task of preventing suicide in older adults is an important social burden as older adults aged above 65 are exposed to singular psychological aspects that increase suicide risks. Moreover, when an older adult corpse is found, the medico-legal inspection represents a fundamental tool to identify the exact cause of death, classifying or excluding it as suicide. In this scenario, this review aims to explore the neurobiological factors that could be related to suicidal behavior in older adults. A further goal of this review is the exploration of the medico-legal aspects surrounding older adult suicides, clarifying the importance of forensic investigation. Particularly, this review examines issues such as neurotransmitter imbalances, cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, psychosocial factors related to geriatric suicide, and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, medico-legal aspects such as policy considerations, legal frameworks, mental health assessments, ethical implications and forensic investigation were explored. Considering the importance of this phenomenon, especially in western countries, a need has emerged for focused screening tools on suicidal behavior among older adults, in order to contain it. Therefore, this review makes an exhaustive appraisal of the literature giving insights into the delicate interplay between neurobiology as well as mental health in relation to older adult suicide within a medico-legal context. The comprehension of different aspects about this complex phenomenon is fundamental to propose new and more effective interventions, supporting tailored initiatives such as family support and improving healthcare, specifically towards vulnerable ageing societies to reduce older adult suicide risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sessa
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Li Rosi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Pisanelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Federica Ministeri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
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Toukhy N, Raviv B, Haruvi-Catalan L, Fennig S, Barzilay S. Ambivalent attitudes toward life and death and suicide ideation among adolescents-The mediating role of depression. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024. [PMID: 39031308 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambivalence in attitudes towards life and death are associated with suicide ideation (SI) among adolescents. However, previous research was mainly cross-sectional and did not examine through which psychopathological mechanisms (such as depression) attitudes towards life and death are associated with SI. OBJECTIVE The current longitudinal study examined the mediating role of depression at follow-up in the association between attitudes towards life and death at baseline and SI at follow-up among at-risk adolescents referred to an outpatient psychiatric clinic. METHODS 129 adolescents aged 10-18 years (75.2% females) with a history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors were assessed at clinic intake and 1 month follow-up (80% retention rate at follow-up). All participants completed a questionnaire assessing attitudes towards life and death and SI severity at clinic intake, and depression and SI severity at 1 month follow-up. RESULTS While controlling for SI severity at intake, attraction towards life at baseline, rather than attraction and repulsion towards death at baseline, led to higher SI severity at follow-up, while depression at follow-up fully mediated this association. CONCLUSIONS Attitudes towards life, as well as depression play critical roles in the development of SI among adolescents. Interventions targeting reasons for living and promoting meaning of life may be beneficial in preventing depression and SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Toukhy
- Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - B Raviv
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - L Haruvi-Catalan
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - S Fennig
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
- School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Barzilay
- Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Vimalanathane M, Abhilasha P, Prasad A, Ramachandran AS, Subramanian K. Suicidal Behavior and Its Association With Psychological Distress, Coping Mechanisms, and Resilience: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e60322. [PMID: 38883099 PMCID: PMC11177240 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent literature reveals that psychological factors such as resilience and coping mechanisms can act as buffers against suicide risk. Indian literature on the interplay between psychological risk and protective factors of suicidal behavior is scarce. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was done among suicide attempters in a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. A semi-structured proforma was used to obtain sociodemographic data and suicide attempt characteristics. Suicide intent, lethality, stressful life events, perceived stress, subjective distress, coping strategies, and resilience were recorded using standard rating scales. Inferential analyses were carried out with p≤ 0.05 set as statistical significance. Results Pesticide poisoning (46.7%) was the most common mode of suicide attempt. Significant gender differences emerged in the mode of suicide attempt, coping strategies, and resilience. Depression (48.7%) was the most common psychiatric comorbidity. Increased perceived stress was associated with the presence of psychiatric comorbidity, past history of suicide attempts, and high-intent suicide attempts. Maladaptive coping strategies were associated with substance abuse and a history of past suicide attempts. Low resilience levels were associated with hanging attempts, psychiatric or substance use disorder comorbidity, past history of suicide attempts, high-intent suicide attempts, and less lethal suicide attempts. Conclusion Perceived stress levels, coping strategies, and resilience have significant relationships with suicidal behavior and act as avenues for suicide prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayura Vimalanathane
- Department of Psychiatry, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-be University), Puducherry, IND
| | | | - Amritha Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Sree Gokulam Medical College Hospital and Research Foundation, Trivandrum, IND
| | - Arul Saravanan Ramachandran
- Department of Psychiatry, SRM (Sri Ramaswamy Memorial) Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, SRM (Sri Ramaswamy Memorial) Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, IND
| | - Karthick Subramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-be University), Puducherry, IND
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de la Torre-Luque A, Essau CA, Lara E, Leal-Leturia I, Borges G. Childhood emotional dysregulation paths for suicide-related behaviour engagement in adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:2581-2592. [PMID: 36418505 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at identifying the heterogeneous trajectories of emotional dysregulation across childhood and to study the relationship between specific trajectories and adolescent suicide-related behaviour (SRB). Data from the Millennium Cohort Study (N = 13,853 children; 49.07% female, M = 3.13 years at baseline, SD = 0.2) were used to identify the emotional dysregulation trajectories from 3 to 8 years old, using growth mixture modelling. Moreover, 1992 participants (52.86% female) from the initial sample were used to study the relationship between childhood emotional dysregulation trajectory and engagement in both self-harm and suicide attempt at age 17, using logistic regression. Some other time-invariant and proximal (adolescent) risk factors were incorporated into this analysis. Six emotional dysregulation trajectories were identified. Self-harm at age 17 was significantly associated with the history of self-harm and other proximal factors, but not with emotional dysregulation trajectory membership. Childhood trajectories featured by earlier emotional dysregulation were associated with higher risk of lifetime suicide attempt, as well as other proximal factors (concurrent self-harm). This study found differential risk profiles involved in both SRB forms. A relationship between early emotional dysregulation and suicide attempt engagement in adolescence was identified. Early interventions should be developed to deal with SRB risk factors from childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM)School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2 Seneca Avenue, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Elvira Lara
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Leal-Leturia
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
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Williams R, Chiesa M, Moselli M, Frattini C, Casini M, Fonagy P. The relationship between mood disorders, personality disorder and suicidality in adolescence: does general personality disturbance play a significant role in predicting suicidal behavior? Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2023; 10:32. [PMID: 37907967 PMCID: PMC10619325 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-023-00238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current research points to the importance personality pathology and Major Depression e as relevant psycopathological risk factors for understanding suicidal risk in adolescence. Literature has mainly focused on the role of BPD, however current orientations in personality pathological functioning suggest that BPD may be the representative of a general personality disturbance, a factor of vulnerability underlying diverse psychopathological variants and aspects of maladaptive functioning. However, recent studies seem to have neglected the contributions that other specific personality disorders and personality pathology as a general factor of vulnerability for suicidality; and only marginally investigated the interaction of personality disorder (PD) as an overall diagnosis and individual PDs and major depression (MDD). In this paper, the independent and cumulative effects of MDD and DSM-IV PDs on suicidal risk are investigated in a sample of adolescents observed in a longitudinal window of observation ranging from three months preceding the assessment to a six-month follow up period of clinical monitoring. METHODS A sample of 118 adolescents (mean age = 15.48 ± 1.14) referred for assessment and treatment on account of suicidal ideation or behavior were administered the CSSRS, SCID II, Kiddie-SADS at admission at inpatient and outpatient Units. All subjects included in the study had reported suicidal ideation or suicide attempts at the C-SSRS; The CSSRS was applied again to all patients who reported further suicidal episodes during the six-months follow-up period of clinical monitoring. Dimensional diagnoses of PDs was obtained by summing the number of criteria met by each subject at SCID-%-PD 5, In order, to test the significance of the associations between the variables chosen as predictors (categorical and dimensional PDs and MD diagnosis), and the suicidal outcomes variables suicide attempts, number of suicide attempts and potential lethality of suicide attempt, non-parametric bivariate correlations, logistic regression models and mixed-effects Poisson regression were performed PD. RESULTS The categorical and dimensional diagnosis of PD showed to be a significant risk factors for suicide attempt and their recurrence, independently of BPD, that anyway was confirmed to be a specific significant risk factor for suicidal behaviors. Furthermore, PD assessed at a categorical and dimensional level and Major Depression exert an influence on suicidal behaviors and their lethality both as independent and cumulative risk factors. LIMITATIONS Besides incorporating dimensional thinking into our approach to assessing psychopathology, our study still relied on traditionally defined assessment of PD. Future studies should include AMPD-defined personality pathology in adolescence to truly represent dimensional thinking. CONCLUSION These results point to the importance of early identification of the level of severity of personality pathology at large and its co-occurrence with Major Depression for the management of suicidal risk in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Williams
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" - University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Chiesa
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Moselli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" - University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Camillla Frattini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" - University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - MariaPia Casini
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuro-Psychiatry, "Sapienza" - University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Risk and Protective Factors in Ecuadorian Adolescent Survivors of Suicide. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030549. [PMID: 36980107 PMCID: PMC10047342 DOI: 10.3390/children10030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is one of the main causes of death among the adolescent population, which is why it is considered an important mental-health problem. In addition to this situation, for each suicide, the group of people who survive it (known as suicide survivors) can present serious emotional affectations, becoming a population at risk for this problem. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of suicide-survivor status on risk factors and protective factors for suicide. A total of 440 adolescents with a mean age of 15.78 (SD = 1.74) participated, who were divided according to survivor status, identified as the SV group (79 cases), and non-survivors, identified as the NSV group—adolescents that did not have experience or contact with a suicide attempt (361 cases). A questionnaire of sociodemographic characterization and risk conditions, the Alexian Brother Urge to Self-Injure (ABUSI), the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test (TECA) were applied. Descriptive statistics, mean difference for independent samples, contingency tables, X2 statistic, Fisher’s exact statistic, and Cohen’s d coefficient were used. The results show significant differences between SV and NSV participants in risk and protective factors regarding the presence of a greater adoption of perspective and emotional understanding. On the other hand, NSV adolescents presented higher scores of perceived social supports regarding risk factors, and there was a higher proportion of a history of suicide attempt, severity/hospitalization, impulse to self-harm, and level of suicidal risk in the SV group. The need to incorporate forms of suicide prevention with the survivor population is discussed, increasing the possibilities of postvention.
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Leben Novak L, Gomboc V, Poštuvan V, De Leo D, Rosenstein Ž, Drobnič Radobuljac M. The Influence of Insecure Attachment to Parents on Adolescents' Suicidality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2827. [PMID: 36833524 PMCID: PMC9957427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Insecure attachment has been identified as a risk factor for adolescent psychopathology and, consequently, for suicidal behavior. We aimed to highlight the relationship between the attachment styles of adolescents and their suicidal behavior and to investigate the role of each parent in the suicidality pathway of adolescents. The sample consisted of 217 adolescent inpatients who were at the highest risk for suicidal behavior and who were hospitalized in the Unit for Intensive Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Self-report questionnaires assessing their attachment to their parents, their acquired capability for attempting suicide, their suicidality, and a number of traumatic life events were administered. The results showed a higher level of attachment avoidance rather than attachment anxiety among the most at-risk adolescents. An acquired capability for suicide (ACS) mediated the positive correlation between adolescents' attachment avoidance in relation to the mother or father and their suicidality. The suppressive mediating effect of an ACS on the association between attachment anxiety in relation to the father and suicidality was detected. The odds ratio for attempted suicide was more than two times higher for adolescents who were insecurely attached to their father compared to adolescents who were insecurely attached to their mother. Our results confirmed the importance of attachment, especially paternal attachment, in developing suicidality during adolescence. Preventive and clinical interventions should target these important domains with the aim of decreasing suicidality among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Leben Novak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vanja Gomboc
- Andrej Marušič Institute, Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Department of Psychology, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Vita Poštuvan
- Andrej Marušič Institute, Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Department of Psychology, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Diego De Leo
- Andrej Marušič Institute, Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Department of Psychology, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Rosenstein
- Unit for Intensive Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Mental Health, University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Jung YE, Jun TY, Woo YS, Yim HW, Kim JB, Kim JM, Seo HJ. The Change of Suicidal Ideation Over a 12-Week Naturalistic Treatment of Depression: Comparison Between Young People and Older Adults. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:9-17. [PMID: 36721881 PMCID: PMC9890046 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the differences in suicidality between young people and older adults with depression over the course of 12-week naturalistic treatment with antidepressants. METHODS A total of 565 patients who had moderate to severe depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D] score ≥14) and significant suicidal ideation (Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation [SSI-B] score ≥6) were recruited from 18 hospitals. Participants were classified into two groups: the younger group (13-24 years of age, n=82) and the older group (≥25 years of age, n=483). Total scores over time on the SSI-B, HAM-D, and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) were assessed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS At baseline, the younger group had lower HAM-D scores (21.0 vs. 22.2; p=0.028) but higher SSI-B scores (19.4 vs. 15.6; p<0.001) compared with the older group. The overall 12-week proportion of patients with resolved suicidality was 44.1% in the younger group and 69.2% in the older group. Although the improvement in the HAM-D and HAM-A scores did not differ between the groups, suicidal ideation in the younger group remained more severe than in the older group throughout the treatment. The ratio of the subjects who achieved HAM-D remission or response but did not achieve SSI-B remission was significantly higher in the younger group than in the older group. CONCLUSION These data suggest that in depressed youths, suicide risk is a serious concern throughout the course of depression even when favorable treatment outcomes are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youn Jun
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sup Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Yim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Bum Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jun Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Fasakin OW, Oboh G, Ademosun AO, Lawal AO. The modulatory effects of alkaloid extracts of Cannabis sativa, Datura stramonium, Nicotiana tabacum and male Carica papaya on neurotransmitter, neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory systems linked to anxiety and depression. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2447-2476. [PMID: 35665872 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the modulatory effects of alkaloid extracts of Cannabis sativa (CSAE), Datura stramonium (DSAE), Nicotiana tabacum (NTAE) and male Carica papaya (CMAE) on neurotransmitter, neurotrophic and neuro-inflammatory systems linked to anxiety and depression. Male Wistar rats were orally administered the alkaloid extracts in doses of 5, 50, 500, and 2000 mg/kg for 90 days. On day 91, neurobehavioural studies were evaluated, rats were sacrificed, brain hippocampus removed and tissue homogenate prepared. Biochemical, cytokine and neurotransmitter metabolisms were estimated in the hippocampus. Expressions of genes linked to anxiety and depression were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Results showed CSAE, NTAE and CMAE act as anxiolytic and antidepressant agents by depleting TNF-α, IL-1β and reactive oxygen species concentrations, and monoamine oxidase, angiotensin 1-converting enzyme and acetylcholinesterase activities while elevating IL-10 and dopamine concentrations and glutamate dehydrogenase activity at doses of 5, 50 and 500. Same doses of CSAE, NTAE and CMAE also depleted the gene expressions of GSK3β, JNK, NF-ĸB, and Nesfatin-1 while increasing expressions of CREB, BDNF, serotonin and Nrf2. However, administration of DSAE and 2000 mg/kg CSAE, NTAE and CMAE had adverse modulatory effects on the neurochemical concentrations and activities as well as the gene expressions of the evaluated neurotransmitter, neurotrophic and inflammatory systems. In conclusion, the study established the sub-chronic instrumentalization potential of CSAE, CMAE, and NTAE for anxiolytic and anti-depressive moods, though their use may be associated with dependence and addiction, which may result in more detrimental effects than any therapeutic potential they may proffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide Wilson Fasakin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, 340001, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, 340001, Nigeria.
| | - Ayokunle Olubode Ademosun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, 340001, Nigeria
| | - Akeem O Lawal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, 340001, Nigeria
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Espelage DL, Boyd RC, Renshaw TL, Jimerson SR. Addressing Youth Suicide Through School-Based Prevention and Postvention: Contemporary Scholarship Advancing Science, Practice, and Policy. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/2372966x.2022.2069958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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van Velzen LS, Toenders YJ, Avila-Parcet A, Dinga R, Rabinowitz JA, Campos AI, Jahanshad N, Rentería ME, Schmaal L. Classification of suicidal thoughts and behaviour in children: results from penalised logistic regression analyses in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Br J Psychiatry 2022; 220:210-218. [PMID: 35135639 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2022.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite efforts to predict suicide risk in children, the ability to reliably identify who will engage in suicide thoughts or behaviours has remained unsuccessful. AIMS We apply a novel machine-learning approach and examine whether children with suicide thoughts or behaviours could be differentiated from children without suicide thoughts or behaviours based on a combination of traditional (sociodemographic, physical health, social-environmental, clinical psychiatric) risk factors, but also more novel risk factors (cognitive, neuroimaging and genetic characteristics). METHOD The study included 5885 unrelated children (50% female, 67% White, 9-11 years of age) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. We performed penalised logistic regression analysis to distinguish between: (a) children with current or past suicide thoughts or behaviours; (b) children with a mental illness but no suicide thoughts or behaviours (clinical controls); and (c) healthy control children (no suicide thoughts or behaviours and no history of mental illness). The model was subsequently validated with data from seven independent sites involved in the ABCD study (n = 1712). RESULTS Our results showed that we were able to distinguish the suicide thoughts or behaviours group from healthy controls (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve: 0.80 child-report, 0.81 for parent-report) and clinical controls (0.71 child-report and 0.76-0.77 parent-report). However, we could not distinguish children with suicidal ideation from those who attempted suicide (AUROC: 0.55-0.58 child-report; 0.49-0.53 parent-report). The factors that differentiated the suicide thoughts or behaviours group from the clinical control group included family conflict, prodromal psychosis symptoms, impulsivity, depression severity and history of mental health treatment. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights that mostly clinical psychiatric factors were able to distinguish children with suicide thoughts or behaviours from children without suicide thoughts or behaviours. Future research is needed to determine if these variables prospectively predict subsequent suicidal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S van Velzen
- Orygen, Australia; and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yara J Toenders
- Orygen, Australia; and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aina Avila-Parcet
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Spain
| | - Richard Dinga
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Jill A Rabinowitz
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Adrián I Campos
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia; and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia; and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, Australia; and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Fan Q, Li Y, Gao Y, Nazari N, Griffiths MD. Self-Compassion Moderates the Association Between Body Dissatisfaction and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 21:1-18. [PMID: 35039750 PMCID: PMC8754517 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying risk and protective factors for suicidal ideation during adolescence is essential for suicide prevention. One potential risk factor is body dissatisfaction which appears to peak during adolescence. The present study investigated the self-compassion buffering effects in the relationship between body dissatisfaction and suicidal ideation. A convenience sample comprising 580 adolescents (mean age 16.35 years; SD = .87; range 14-18 years) was recruited from public schools. The results indicated a strong positive association between body dissatisfaction and suicidal ideation (Cohen's f 2 = .25). The association was significantly moderated by the self-compassion (β = - .16, SE = .04, p = .01, t = 2.4.34, .95% CI [- .16, - .01]). Structural equation modeling analysis showed that the lack of self-kindness was associated with a moderate suicidal ideation level (Cohen's f 2 = .14). Also, higher levels of self-judgment predicted suicidal ideation with a moderate to large effect size (Cohen's f 2 = .28). The findings suggest that therapeutic programs designed to develop self-compassion should be implemented to reduce the risk of suicidal ideation among adolescents with body dissatisfaction. The findings empirically show that a higher degree of self-judgment is strongly associated with suicidal thoughts among adolescents, which must be systematically addressed in clinical studies on suicidal risk. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-021-00727-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fan
- Institute of Mental Health, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 210017 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yang Li
- Mental Health Education Center, Nanjing Forest Police College, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Nabi Nazari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Harika-Germaneau G, Lafay-Chebassier C, Langbour N, Thirioux B, Wassouf I, Noël X, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Preliminary Evidence That the Short Allele of 5-HTTLPR Moderates the Association of Psychiatric Symptom Severity on Suicide Attempt: The Example in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:770414. [PMID: 35432015 PMCID: PMC9010527 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.770414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of symptoms represents an important source of distress in patients with a psychiatric disease. However, the extent to which this endogenous stress factor interacts with genetic vulnerability factors for predicting suicide risks remains unclear. METHODS We evaluated whether the severity of symptoms interacts with a genetic vulnerability factor (the serotonin transporter gene-linked promoter region variation) in predicting the frequency of lifetime suicide attempts in patients with a psychiatric disease. Symptom severity and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were collected from a sample of 95 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Lifetime suicide attempt was the primary outcome, and antecedent of multiple suicide attempts was the secondary outcome. RESULTS The gene-by-symptoms interaction was associated with an excess risk of suicide attempts (OR = 4.39, 95CI[1.44, 13.38], p < 0.009) and of multiple suicide attempts (OR = 4.18, 95CI[1.04, 16.77], p = 0.043). Symptom severity (moderate, severe, or extreme) was associated with an approximately five-fold increase in the odds of a lifetime suicide attempt in patients carrying one or two copies of the short allele of 5-HTTLPR. No such relationship was found for patients carrying the long allele. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence for the gene-by-stress interaction on suicide attempt when stress is operationalized as symptom severity. Progress in suicide research may come from efforts to investigate the gene-by-symptoms interaction hypothesis in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Harika-Germaneau
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Claire Lafay-Chebassier
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Vigilances, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Langbour
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Bérangère Thirioux
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Issa Wassouf
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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